Academic literature on the topic 'Relative tendency'
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Journal articles on the topic "Relative tendency"
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Sánchez, Dani, David Bastida, Jordi Burés, Carles Isart, Oriol Pineda, and Jaume Vilarrasa. "Relative Tendency of Carbonyl Compounds To Form Enamines." Organic Letters 14, no. 2 (January 6, 2012): 536–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ol203157s.
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Callan, Mitchell J., Hyunji Kim, and William J. Matthews. "Age differences in social comparison tendency and personal relative deprivation." Personality and Individual Differences 87 (December 2015): 196–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.08.003.
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Rosenblum, Lawrence D., and M. T. Turvey. "Maintenance tendency in co-ordinated rhythmic movements: Relative fluctuations and phase." Neuroscience 27, no. 1 (October 1988): 289–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(88)90238-2.
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Sturt, Elizabeth, and Eric Shur. "Sex Concordance for Schizophrenia in Proband-relative Pairs." British Journal of Psychiatry 147, no. 1 (July 1985): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.147.1.44.
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SummarySome hypotheses about the cause of schizophrenia are based on the puzzling tendency for mental illness to affect the same sex when two close relatives become psychiatrically ill. Sex-concordance rates were examined in 71 schizophrenic probands, who had at least one first-degree relative suffering from the same disorder, in order to test this tendency in a population of recently admitted patients. No unusual concordance rates were found when unaffected sibs were taken into account and relatives were stratified to take account of possible confounding factors. It would seem premature to construct hypotheses about the aetiology of schizophrenia based on evidence of this type.
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Han, Chao, Teng Ooi, and Zijiang He. "Surface integration tendency determines relative depth order between two perceptually interpolated surfaces." Journal of Vision 18, no. 10 (September 1, 2018): 806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/18.10.806.
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Ferrill, David A., Kevin J. Smart, and Alan P. Morris. "Fault failure modes, deformation mechanisms, dilation tendency, slip tendency, and conduits v. seals." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 496, no. 1 (November 8, 2019): 75–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp496-2019-7.
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AbstractFaults have complicated shapes. Non-planarity of faults can be caused by variations in failure modes, which in turn are dictated by mechanical stratigraphy interacting with the ambient stress field, as well as by linkage of fault segments. Different portions of a fault or fault zone may experience volume gain, volume conservation and volume loss simultaneously depending on the position along a fault's surface, the stresses resolved on the fault and the associated deformation mechanisms. This variation in deformation style and associated volume change has a profound effect on the ability of a fault to transmit (or impede) fluid both along and across the fault. In this paper we explore interrelated concepts of failure mode and resolved stress analysis, and provide examples of fault geometry in normal faulting and reverse faulting stress regimes that illustrate the effects of fault geometry on failure behaviour and related importance to fluid transmission. In particular, we emphasize the utility of using relative dilation tendency v. slip tendency on fault patches as a predictor of deformation behaviour, and suggest this parameter space as a new tool for evaluating conduit v. seal behaviour of faults.
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Liu, Yan, Qiang Wang, and Dong Mei Cai. "Forward Slip and Backward Slip in Radial Ring Rolling Process." Applied Mechanics and Materials 423-426 (September 2013): 820–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.423-426.820.
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During the process of radial ring rolling, relative slip or relative slip tendency occurs on the interface between the ring and the rolls. Research on the relative slip or relative slip tendency plays an important role on reducing friction to ensure the ring rolling smoothly. In this paper, the reason of relative slip or relative slip tendency is investigated that there is speed difference between tangential component of the ring and linear velocity of the rolls. According to speed difference, slip types of the interface are classified. Forward slip coefficient and backward slip coefficient are defined and derived and relations between them are studied. Comparison between the new method and the previous one is conducted via case study, which proves the rationality and effectiveness.
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Yilmaz, Emrullah, and Hüseyin Kaygin. "The Relation Between Lifelong Learning Tendency and Achievement Motivation." Journal of Education and Training Studies 6, no. 3a (March 27, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/jets.v6i3a.3141.
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The aim of this study is to reveal the relation between lifelong learning tendency and achievement motivation. The sampling of the study consisted of 570 prospective teachers attending a pedagogical formation course at two universities in Turkey in 2016. Relational screening model was used in the study and the data were collected through achievement focused motivation scale and lifelong learning tendency scale. The collected data were analysed using regression analysis on SPSS 22. As the findings suggest, there is a low, positive correlation (r=0.095) between prospective teachers’ achievement motivation and lifelong learning tendency at 95% confidence interval. As for the correlation between lifelong learning tendency and the sub-dimensions of achievement motivation, lifelong learning tendency has a significant correlation with the expansion of objective (r=0,139), self-consciousness (r=0,128) and internal effect (r=0,089). However, it doesn’t correlate significantly with external effect (r=-0,024). As the standardised regression coefficient (β) indicates, the relative order of importance of predictor values on lifelong learning tendency is as follows; external effect, expansion of objective, self-consciousness and internal effect.
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McMeekin, Peter, John Wildman, Gary A. Ford, Luke Vale, and Christopher I. Price. "Relative Distributions." Stroke 46, no. 5 (May 2015): 1381–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.115.008724.
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Background and Purpose— Analyses of trends in the delivery of time critical treatments typically report the median, but measures of central tendency may ignore important changes for specific patient groups. We considered whether this was an important effect during comparison of onset to treatment (OTT) time between 2 cohorts of patients with stroke receiving intravenous thrombolysis. Methods— After controlling for stroke severity, a relative distributions technique compared OTT for UK patients treated with recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator registered within the first and last quarters (each n=661) of the Safe Implementation of Thrombolysis in Stroke-Monitoring Study database between January 2003 and September 2010. Results— Significant differences were found between OTT distributions. Overall, the second cohort’s OTT distribution demonstrated simultaneous increases in the proportion of patients with faster and slower OTT, which resulted in no net effect on the median after correction for stroke severity. Conclusions— Medians did not adequately describe distributional changes. Faster OTT may be because of more efficient processes in acute stroke centers and improved symptom recognition by the public. Slower OTT is likely to reflect movement from a 3- to a 4.5-hour OTT target. Relative distributions offer new insights into historical trends and service evaluation where time critical treatments are involved.
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Chen, Ke, Hui Hu, Ke Chen, Zhaohui Chen, and Xin Wang. "Cracking Tendency Prediction of High-Performance Cementitious Materials." Advances in Condensed Matter Physics 2014 (2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/591084.
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The constraint ring test is widely used to assess the cracking potential for early-age cementitious materials. In this paper, the analytical expressions based on elastic mechanism are presented to estimate the residual stresses of the restrained mortar ring by considering the comprehensive effects of hydration heat, autogenous and drying shrinkage, creeping, and restraint. In the present analytical method, the stress field of the restrained ring is treated as the superposition of those caused by hydration heat, external restraint, autogenous and drying shrinkage, and creep. The factors including the properties of materials, environmental parameters such as relative humidity and temperature, the geometry effect of specimen, and the relative constraint effects of steel ring to mortar ring, are taken into account to predict the strain development with age of mortar. The temperature of the ring, the elastic modulus, the creep strain, and the split tensile strength are measured to validate the model. The age of cracking is predicted by comparing the estimated maximum tensile stress of the restrained mortar ring with the measured split tensile strength of specimen. The suitability of the present analytical method is assessed by comparing with the restraint ring test and a soundly good agreement is observed.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Relative tendency"
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Karlsson, Rolf Johan Alexander. "”en kamp på liv og død” : -Ett metaperspektiv på läroböcker, och hur de uttrycker historiekultur." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för samhälls- och kulturvetenskap (from 2013), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-85089.
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This study is based on the fact that different groups have different historical frames of references, that are based on a group's unique historical cultural structure, within which the individual operates. Research shows, among other things, that people who are perceived to have had a positive significance for their own nation are sometimes highlighted for political reasons. Research also shows that students perceive their textbooks as the only historical truth, which contributes to internalization of a certain history culture. The purpose of the study is to compare different textbooks from Sweden and Norway and in the light of the countries' different experiences compare how the Second World War is presented. The method used is comparison of relative tendency based on two main themes. The theory in the study is based on Jörn Rüsen's description of history culture as divided into three dimensions, which has not been done in a similar way before. History culture has rather been a support concept for, for example, gender. The results show that there are aspects that are portrayed unanimously positive, such as Winston Churchill, while Sweden is described to varying degrees as submissive and weak, which is a contrast to Norway, that is described as fighting and steadfast. Finland is described both positively and negatively in the source material. Furthermore, the results show that analysis of textbooks based on the concept of history culture is feasible even if it has certain problems, and that an approach using history culture can be applied to remedy some problems that previous research has described in relation to history culture in schools.Denna studie tar sin utgångspunkt i faktumet att olika grupper har olika historisk referensram, vilket grundar sig i en för gruppen unik historiekulturell struktur, inom vilken individen verkar. Forskning visar bland annat att personer som uppfattas ha haft en positiv betydelse för den egna nationen ibland lyfts fram av politiska orsaker. Forskning visar också att elever uppfattar sina läroböcker som den enda historiska sanningen, vilket leder till att de internaliserar en viss historiekultur. Syftet med studien är att jämföra olika läroböcker från Sverige och Norge och mot bakgrund av ländernas olika erfarenheter jämföra hur andra världskriget framställs. Metoden som använts är komparation av relativ tendens utifrån två huvudsakliga teman. Teorin i studien utgår från Jörn Rüsens beskrivning av historiekultur som delad i tre dimensioner vilket inte gjorts på liknade sätt tidigare, historiekultur har snarare varit stödbegrepp till exempelvis genus. Resultatet visar att det finns företeelser som lyfts från enhälligt positivt som exempelvis Winston Churchill, medan Sverige i olika grad beskrivs som undfallande och svagt vilket är en kontrast mot Norge som beskrivs som kämpande och ståndaktigt. Finland beskrivs både positivt och negativt i källmaterialet. Resultatet visar också på att en analys av läroböcker utifrån en teori om historiekultur är görbar även om den har vissa problem. Det visar också att en historiekulturell ansats kan tillämpas för att råda bot på problem som tidigare forskning beskrivit i förhållande till historiekulturen i skolan.
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Bologna, Daniele. "Investigating the Relation between Maximizing Tendency and Performance." Xavier University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=xavier151126874445227.
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Lejtnar, Petr Bc. "Tendence ve vývoji objemu a struktury veřejného dluhu zemí EU." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2007. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-1219.
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Práce se zabývá základními tendencemi ve vývoji objemu a struktury veřejného dluhu v zemích EU. Upozorňuje na nejvíce charakteristické trendy identifikované v zemích EU v posledním desetiletí a ukazuje, do jaké míry se vývoj veřejného zadlužení ČR podobá tomu evropskému. Práce se věnuje i možným příčinám, které vedou ke vzniku veřejného dluhu, důsledkům jeho existence i potenciálním možnostem řešení tohoto problému.
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Snowden, Jessica L. "Explicit and implicit bias measures : their relation and utility as predictors of criminal verdict tendency /." Electronic version (PDF), 2005. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2005/snowdenj/jessicasnowden.pdf.
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Martin, Andrew. "Storm-relative Eulerian absolute angular momentum tendency in Atlantic tropical cyclones advection and torques and their relative roles in vortex strengthening /." 2009. http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04092009-125712.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Florida State University, 2009.Advisor: T. N. Krishnamurti, Florida State University, College of Arts and Sciences, Dept. of Meteorology. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed July 6, 2009). Document formatted into pages; contains x, 77 pages. Includes bibliographical references.
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Jing-Yuh, Huang, and 黃精裕. "Testing the Secondary Mathematical Teachers’ Mathematical Pedagogical Content Relative Knowledge By measure of central tendency and of variability." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/cs922v.
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碩士國立臺北教育大學
數學暨資訊教育學系(含數學教育碩士班)
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This study tested the secondary mathematical teachers’ Mathematical Pedagogical Content Relative Knowledge(MPCRK). The first step in this study was investigating and comparing many literatures, and inducting the content of MPCRK. The second step were deeping interview of 10 senior secondary mathematics teachers and questionnaire investigation of 236 secondary mathematics teachers. The third step were using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) to investigate the factors which related with the secondary mathematical teachers’ MPCRK, and the analysis of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to construct the model of MPCRK. The purpose of this study was to know the knowledge and model of the secondary mathematical teachers that they have to be provided with “measure of central tendency and of variability”. The findings of this study were listed below: 1. The secondary mathematical teachers have to be provided with at least three kinds of knowledge about “measure of central tendency and of variability” of mathematical pedagogy : content knowledge(CK), pedagogical knowledge(PK), knowledge of learners and their characteristics(LK). It is important to MPCRK. 2. The factors which related with the secondary mathematical teachers’ MPCRK. (1) The secondary mathematical teachers’ pedagogical knowledge has differences because of the genders. (2) The secondary mathematical teachers’ knowledge of learners and their characteristics has differences because of the in-service training hours. (3) The secondary mathematical teachers’ content knowledge has differences because of the experience and region. (4) The secondary mathematical teachers’ MPCRK didn’t has differences because of the age, education, seniority and magnitude of school. 3. About the model of MPCRK : The three kinds of knowledge(CK,PK,LK) can predict the secondary mathematical teachers’ MPCRK, but the MPCRK would be moderated by teaching experience and in-service training hours.
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Štang, Michal. "Základní pracovněprávní vztahy a jejich vývojové tendence." Doctoral thesis, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-438337.
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Basic employment relations and their development tendencies Abstract The dissertation focuses on basic employment relations and tendencies in their development. First, attention is drawn to the conception of labour law and its position within the system of law. Second, basic employment relations are analysed, namely work performed under an employment contract, and work done under agreements other than an employment contract. Only such relations allow for what is called "dependent" work which is (a) subject to superiority of an employer and subordination of the employee, (b) done on behalf of an employer, (c) in compliance with an employer's instructions, and (d) the employee must do the work in person. Dependent work is the subject of individual employment relations. Legal regulation of employment relations is analyzed in the dissertation. A significant change was introduced by the Labour Code 2006. The main principle of the Code is that "everyone may do whatever is not prohibited by the Code, and no one may be forced to do what is not imposed by the Code" (or in other words "what is not prohibited is allowed"). Section 4 of the Labour Code expressly declares the principle of subsidiarity of the Civil Code in relation to the Labour Code, namely that employment relations are governed by the Labour Code;...
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CHEN, JIA-TIAN, and 陳家添. "The study of relation between foaming tendency and chemical components of lubricating base oil." Thesis, 1989. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/37976409474119781482.
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Li, Kuei-Hsien, and 李桂仙. "Research of Relation among Sense of Meaningful Life, DepressiveMood and Suicidal Tendency of Vocational School Students in KaohsiungResearch of Relation among Sense of Meaningful Life, DepressiveMood and Suicidal Tendency of Vocational School Students." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/92267667986273213769.
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碩士國立高雄師範大學
教育學系
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Research of Relation among Sense of Meaningful Life, Depressive Mood and Suicidal Tendency of Vocational School Students in Kaohsiung Kuei-Hsien Li Abstract The purpose of this research is to get the idea of current situation of vocational high school students in Kaohsiung about their sense of meaningful life, depressive mood and suicidal tendency, to see if there are differences among the vocational high school students from separate backgrounds in Kaohsiung , to probe into the inter-relation among these three variables of various degrees, and to analyze the mutual prediction of student backgrounds, sense of meaningful life, depressive mood, and suicidal tendency. A total of 2,599 subjects, who are the vocational high school students of the 94th academic year in Kaohsiung, are sampled. The returned questionnaires reveal the following results: Ⅰ. The sense of meaningful life—current analysis In public vocational high schools, the first grade girl students in comprehensive senior high schools who major in the specialized courses and receive the democratic way of education, as a whole, possess the better sense of meaningful life. Yet, to the students who do not quite succeed in carrying out life value, the higher life goal they have, the higher sense of meaningful life they own. Ⅱ. The depressive emotion—current analysis In public vocational high schools, the first grade girl students who major in vocational courses often show their feeling of depressive mood. The condition as a whole is steady. But, “the loss of vigor” is the factor which causes high-intermediate level of depression tendency. Ⅲ. The suicidal tendency—current analysis In public vocational high schools, regarding the suicidal tendency of the students taking specialized courses in comprehensive senior high schools, the third grade girl students and those who are mainly influenced by their parents have high-intermediate level of suicidal tendency on the whole. Ⅳ. To the vocational high school students, their sense of meaningful life, depressive emotion and suicidal tendency are highly and positively co-related. Ⅴ. Vocational high school students vary in their sense of meaningful life because of the interactive function. That is, the lower depressive emotion they have, the higher sense of meaningful life they own. However, vocational high school students with different senses of meaningful life possess different depressive emotions. In other words, the lower the sense of meaningful life is, the higher the depressive emotion will be. Ⅵ. Vocational high school students’ background variables, sense of meaningful life, depressive emotion, and suicidal tendency can predict one another. Ultimately, the findings and conclusion of this research will offer several suggestions for reference to Kaohsiung vocational school students, parents, future study as well as practical works. key words: vocational high school students sense of meaningful life depressive mood suicidal tendency
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Chen, Sin-Yi, and 陳馨怡. "he Relation among Gratitude , Adolescent ,and Creative Tendency of Junior High School Students in Taiwan." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/gtem4r.
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碩士國立臺灣師範大學
教育心理與輔導學系在職進修碩士班
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the relation among gratitude , adolescent ,and creative tendency of general junior high school students in Taiwan. The researcher adopted the questionnaire survey in stratifying purposive sampling to investigate the students. There were 1206 students in this study, from 11 different junior high schools in Taiwan. Subjects consisted of students from first to third grades in junior high schools. The study employed” Inventory of Adolescent Resilience” (IAR), the Test of Williams Divergent Feeling, and ”Gratitude Resentment and Appreciation Test”, which were revised by researcher. The results of inventory revealed acceptable reliability and construct validity. The Cronbach α coefficient was moderately acceptable with vale from .801 to .832, and Test-retest reliability coefficient was moderately acceptable with vale from .817 to .832. The results of inventory revealed acceptable consistency and stability. The study employed Children’s Optimstic Beliefs Inventory and BYI-II, which were criterions, and the results of concurrent validity revealed best. This study applied descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation, Regression analysis for statistical analysis and the findings were present as the following. 1.Created acceptable reliability and construct validity in the Gratitude Inventory 2.Obvious differences concerning the gratitude are shown in the junior high school students of different family’s factor, friendship, the academic stress. 3.There is significant correlation to the relation between gratitude, adolescent and creative tendency, and the result of Regression analysis is very interesting. The gratitude anticipated adolescent and creative tendency best. The forgoing results were discussed at the latter part of this study. Some concrete suggestions on education of school and family were also provided for future researches.
Books on the topic "Relative tendency"
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Guo jia yu nong min guan xi de xian dai xing bian qian: Yi shi di nong min wei li = Modern tendency of the relation between the state and the farmers. Beijing: Zhongguo ren min da xue chu ban she, 2008.
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Consiglio nazionale dell'economia e del lavoro (Italy). Osservazioni e proposte concernenti "Previsioni, tendenze ed evoluzione relative all'impiego del fattore umano e del reddito in agricoltura con particolare riguardo all'occupazione giovanile": (assemblea, 5 febbraio 1985, n. 203/150). Roma: Consiglio nazionale dell'economia e del lavoro, 1985.
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Odiorne, James C. Opinions On Speculative Masonry: Relative To Its Origin, Nature And Tendency. Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2007.
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Series, Michigan Historical Reprint. Opinions on speculative masonry, relative to its origin, nature and tendency. Scholarly Publishing Office, University of Michigan Library, 2005.
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Odiorne, James C. Opinions On Speculative Masonry: Relative To Its Origin, Nature And Tendency. Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2007.
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Sharpe, James. Law Enforcement and the Local Community. Edited by Lorna Hutson. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199660889.013.29.
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Ultimately, the enforcement of the criminal law in early modern England depended upon the co-operation and involvement of a number of parochial officers: in particular the parish constables, but also churchwardens and manorial jurors. Recently social historians examining local law enforcement have rejected the earlier tendency to disparage parochial officers and have emphasized the relative efficiency of local officers, the importance of the shifting relation between central authority and local society, and the implications of social and cultural change among the bulk of the population. This paper provides an overview of these themes, and stresses the importance of the law at all social levels in early modern England.
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Anand, PB, Shailaja Fennell, and Flavio Comim, eds. Handbook of BRICS and Emerging Economies. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827535.001.0001.
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There are considerable variations in the extent to which growth has improved the position of the poor. In all cases except one the incomes of the poorest have improved over the periods for which data on distribution are available. However, in all cases there is some evidence that inequality has tended to increase. The relative importance of mineral production appears to be associated with higher levels of inequality. An important question for mineral-exporting countries is how to ensure that national mineral wealth is used to support pro-poor investment. In view of the observed tendency for decreases in the relative importance of agriculture to exacerbate income differentials, some pro-poor policy interventions are required to redress the balance.
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Wodziński, Marcin. Economy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190631260.003.0006.
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The self-image of Hasidism as a poor movement, typical of many religious groups in which the founding ethos of the group was in describing itself as untouched by earthly material desires, has been widely accepted in both common wisdom and the scholarship on Hasidism. Based on extensive narrative sources and some quantitative materials, this chapter provides a rich picture of Hasidic groups’ occupational and financial profile, which contradicts this prevailing view that the Hasidim were usually poor and detached from economic activity. It points to the Hasidim’s relative affluence, as well as to their tendency to cluster in the commercial professions and to avoid the crafts. More broadly, it points to the dynamic character of “class/church” interdependence and the ideological and cultural factors creating them. It also confirms the correlation between a religious group’s strictness and its socioeconomic strength and attractiveness.
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Nikiforidis, Lambrianos, Ashley Rae Arsena, and Kristina M. Durante. The Effect of Fertility on Women’s Intrasexual Competition. Edited by Maryanne L. Fisher. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199376377.013.23.
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This chapter examines how the ovulatory cycle affects the tactics women use to compete with one another. As fertility increases near ovulation, women’s mating psychology changes, with implications for intersexual courtship (i.e., attracting opposite-sex mates) and intrasexual competition (i.e., outshining same-sex rivals) which is the primary focus of this chapter. The ovulatory competition hypothesis refers to the effect of fertility on women’s competition, manifested mainly in the domains of physical attractiveness and relative status. Previous research shows that women’s tendency to enhance their appearance near ovulation is driven not by a desire to impress men, but by a motivation to outcompete other women, when those women are perceived as potential rivals. Moreover, the effect of fertility on women’s consumption and financial decision making stems from a desire to surpass other women in status and resources. Implications for women’s materialism, consumption of luxury items, and financial decision making are discussed.
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Stainback, Kevin. Organizations, Employment Discrimination, and Inequality. Edited by Adrienne J. Colella and Eden B. King. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199363643.013.4.
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This chapter explores theory and research that shows how employment discrimination and inequality are shaped by organizations and organizational context. More specifically, it considers how group-linked discrimination and other status-linked categorical distinctions give rise to group-level employment inequalities. It argues that categorical distinctions, such as race, gender, and citizenship, influence quality of life and life chances across institutional contexts including work, and that organizational context affects the extent to which such statuses become the basis, in part or whole, for sorting people into jobs or being exposed to opportunities and experiences. Three general forces that shape employment discrimination and group-linked inequality are discussed: inertia, the tendency for organizations—once policies, practices, and procedures are established—to produce stability and resist change over time; intraorganizational pressure, in particular the relative power of internal constituencies; and environmental pressures, both direct and diffuse, on organizations to implement organizational practices and procedures.
Book chapters on the topic "Relative tendency"
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Liwenga, Emma T., and Florian Silangwa. "Natural resource use conflicts in a changing climate: The case of the wetlands of Kilombero and Kilosa districts in Tanzania." In Climate change impacts and sustainability: ecosystems of Tanzania, 153–68. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242966.0153.
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Abstract In Tanzania studies on conflicts between subsistence farmers and agropastoralists/pastoralists as well communities versus conservationists have been frequently reported. These include studies on water use conflicts in the Pangan River Basin. Agropastoralists have also been evicted as a result of these conflicts. The overriding tendency has thus been centered on discussion about what keeps pastoralists and crop cultivators apart rather than what keeps them together. Although conflicts occur mainly as a result of resource competition, some conflicts constitute only one aspect of a much more complex interaction between the two groups. Little has been documented in examining the relative contribution of climatic and non-climatic factors in aggravating these conflicts and how this triggers various dimensions of conflicts among livelihood groups. This study examined the relative contribution of climatic and non-climatic factors as causes of natural resource conflict, based on a study conducted in Kilosa and Kilombero districts in south-central Tanzania. The study further examined conflict resolution mechanisms in terms of adaptive capacity to address these issues in a changing climate and in particular explored the roles of institutions in conflict resolution, and the associated challenges and opportunities involved. The study was conducted through a household survey, focus group discussions and expert interviews with Kilosa and Kilombero district land planning officers. The aim was to understand the challenges of land use planning and how those transformed into conflicts between users. The results of the interviews in the two districts revealed that there were land conflicts related to boundary disputes between and among villages, investors against villages or communities, and government agencies versus villages or investors. Unlike Kilosa, Kilombero District had more land conflicts involving villages and government institutions. There is a complicated land conflict in 25 villages against the Ramsar site area.
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Moebius, Stephan. "Sociology in the German Democratic Republic." In Sociology in Germany, 123–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71866-4_5.
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AbstractIn the GDR (German Democratic Republic), sociology did not emerge until the 1960s. In 1963, the party program of the Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands (SED, Socialist Unity Party of Germany, SUPG) explicitly called for the establishment of sociological research. GDR sociology developed under completely different conditions than in West Germany. It was overshadowed by Marxist-Leninist philosophy and political economy as well as instrumentalized by economic policy. Its focus was on the basic categories of work and production. The connection to economic policy and historical materialism promoted the tendency to economic reductionism in sociology. Sociology in the GDR was not based on the general tradition of sociology, which was understood as “bourgeois.” Besides Marx, the founding figures of sociology were avoided; not only were they seen as “bourgeois sociologists,” but many of them had also focused on meaningful action and the understanding of social processes rather than on the analysis of the laws of social development. Methodologically, the main focus was on quantitative methods. Sociology had the function of confirming the social laws whose theoretical interpretation was then reserved for historical materialism. It was not until the late 1980s that the situation changed somewhat and the relative autonomy of the social came increasingly into focus. This also led to first approaches to study the social position of women and gender relations. Overall, sociology in the GDR remained committed to a canonizing interpretation of Marxism-Leninism. In addition, it placed itself largely at the service of political power. Because of this its performance was limited enormously. Only when the social processes and dynamics could no longer be adequately described within the conventional ideological framework did certain changes occur.
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Razak, Mohamad Idham Md, Roaimah Omar, Adi Hakim Talib, Ghazali Semil @ Ismail, and Fakrulnizam Jafri. "Overview of Production and Tendency on Halal Products and Services in Malaysia and the Global Market." In Islamic perspectives relating to business, arts, culture and communication, 339–50. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-429-0_32.
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Šumskaitė, Lina, and Margarita Gedvilaitė-Kordušienė. "Childless Women’s Relationships with Children of Others: Narratives from Two Generations in Lithuania." In Close Relations, 171–92. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0792-9_11.
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AbstractA childless woman who lives in a society with pronatalist values can be in a vulnerable position. In 2006, only 1.9% of Lithuanians expressed positive attitudes about childlessness, and 84.6% valued it negatively (Stakuniene and Maslauskaite 2008), signalling the pronatalist tendency of Lithuanian society. However, some studies confirm a shift from traditional to more individualistic familial attitudes (Kanopienė et al. 2015). This chapter investigates the relationship between childless women from two generations in Lithuania and the children of these women’s relatives or friends. The analysis is based on 40 semi-structured qualitative interviews conducted in 2017–2018 with single and coupled women between the ages of 28 and 71 who are voluntarily and involuntarily childless. The women of reproductive age were considering their intentions to have or not have children in the future, and some were going through infertility treatments; women over 50 reflected on permanent childlessness. Most of the interviewed women were involved in taking care of their siblings’ or close relatives’ children during a period in their lives, and in some cases, these women became substitute parents. Only a few women stated that they avoided contact with children in their personal lives.
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Winnicott, Donald W. "Mental Hygiene of the Pre-School Child." In The Collected Works of D. W. Winnicott, 397–412. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780190271336.003.0072.
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In this paper, Winnicott argues that three distinct approaches to the study of the toddler are possible: these concern the physical, the intellectual and the emotional development, respectively. Each has its importance according to Winnicott. He discusses the common tendency to give the first, physical development, more than its share of relative attention, with the idea being that if you look after the body of the little child everything else about him looks after itself.
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Murad, M. Hassan, and Qian Shi. "Biostatistics 1: Basic Concepts." In Mayo Clinic Preventive Medicine and Public Health Board Review, 3–11. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199743018.003.0001.
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Chapter 1 reviews basic concepts of biostatistics. Topics include descriptive data, probability and odds, estimation and sampling error, hypothesis testing, and power and sample size calculations. The discussion of descriptive data includes types of data (discrete vs continuous and nominal vs ordinal), central tendency (mean, median, and mode), skewed distributions, and measures of dispersion (range, variance, standard deviation). Probability and odds are broken down into laws of probability, odds, odds ratio, relative risk, and probability distribution. The examination of estimation and sampling error covers concepts such as random error, bias, standard error, point estimation, and interval estimation.
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Pliskin, Ruthie, Daniel Yudkin, John T. Jost, and Yaacov Trope. "Myopia of the Masses." In Social Comparison, Judgment, and Behavior, 598–622. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190629113.003.0021.
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Despite pervasive income inequality, protests demanding social change are relatively rare. This chapter proposes that comparative scope—the range of social comparison targets that an individual deems relevant—partially explains why people do or do not engage in social protest. Based on research on relative deprivation, social comparison, system justification, and construal level, the authors argue that the known tendency to draw myopic social comparisons may help explain why social protest is uncommon. When individuals engage in low construal-level comparisons with proximal others, they are likely to focus on concrete secondary features of their situation, promoting system justification. For inequality to produce system-level protest, disadvantaged individuals must expand their comparative scope through processes of critical awareness and consciousness-raising that promote high-level construals of the situation to consider abstract central features of the social system. Interventions designed to expand comparative scope may therefore assist practitioners in efforts to increase protest against inequality.
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Saint-Paul, Gilles. "Responsibility Transfer." In The Tyranny of Utility. Princeton University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691128177.003.0010.
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This chapter focuses on a new feature of paternalism: responsibility transfer. Responsibility transfer means holding an individual liable for a perfectly licit action, on the grounds that this action has initiated a chain of events that had led to harm inflicted by another individual. Responsibility transfer not only originates from the will to allocate responsibility to those who are rational; it is also determined by the relative capacity to pay of the various actors involved. This partly explains why there is a tendency to take into account not only the person's presumed cognitive capacity to act responsibly but also his financial capacity to pay the damages. In a world with limited liability, it is more efficient to allocate responsibilities to those individuals or entities that can pay: this allows one to increase the penalties and get better incentives.
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Cooley, Alexander, and Daniel Nexon. "Exit Made in America." In Exit from Hegemony, 159–85. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190916473.003.0007.
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Donald Trump and Trumpism are less the cause of the current crisis in the American system than a symptom and accelerant of underlying trends. This chapter examines the continuities and differences between Trump foreign policy and that of his predecessors. It demonstrates that Trump is, in fact, unusual in the scope and scale of his dismissal of multilateralism, ability to raise doubts about American alliance commitments, and rejection of liberal internationalism. These policies magnify the longer-term tendency of the United States to adopt policies that undermine its geopolitical position, such as fiscally irresponsible tax cuts, underinvestment in domestic infrastructure and human capital, democratic backsliding, and overreliance on military instruments. In short, even if Trump had never been elected the United States would still face the erosion of its leadership from inevitable shifts in relative power, and still be failing to pursue domestic policies that might mitigate those shifts.
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Becker, Richard C., and Frederick A. Spencer. "Fundamentals and Patient Evaluation." In Fibrinolytic and Antithrombotic Therapy. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195155648.003.0033.
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Thrombophilia is the term used to describe a tendency toward developing thrombosis. This tendency may be inherited, involving polymorphism in gene coding for platelet or clotting factor proteins, or acquired due to alterations in the constituents of blood and/or blood vessels. An inherited thrombophilia is likely if there is a history of repeated episodes of thrombosis or a family history of thromboembolism. One should also consider an inherited thrombophilia when there are no obvious predisposing factors for thrombosis or when clots occur in a patient under the age of 45. Repeated episodes of thromboembolism occurring in patients over the age of 45 raise suspicion for an occult malignancy. A summary of inherited thrombophilias are summarized in Table 24.1. This list continues to grow, as new genetic polymorphisms and combined mutations are being detected. The prevalence of common thrombophilias is shown in Figure 24.1. Factor V Leiden (FVL) mutation and hyperhomocysteinemia are present in nearly 5% of the general population and are often found in patients with venous thrombosis, while deficiencies of antithrombin (AT), protein C, and protein S are relatively uncommon. Elevated levels of factor VIII (FVIII) are uncovered frequently in the general population and in patients with thrombosis. This is not surprising as FVIII is an acute-phase reactant that increases rapidly after surgery or trauma; however, prospective studies have shown that FVIII elevation in some patients cannot be attributed to a stress reaction and probably represents mutations in the genes regulating FVIII synthesis or release (Kyrle et al., 2000). The same may be true for factors IX and XI. The relative risks for thrombosis among patients with inherited thrombophilias have been determined. While AT mutations are the least common, they are associated with a substantial risk of venous thrombosis; similar risk is seen with protein C and S deficiency. In contrast, the lifetime risk of having a thromboembolic event in an individual heterozygous for FVL is comparatively low (Martinelli et al., 1998). Incidence rates markedly increase with age, and are highest among those with AT deficiency, followed by protein C and protein S, and least with FVL.
Conference papers on the topic "Relative tendency"
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U., Man Chon, and Khaled Rasheed. "A Relative Tendency Based Stock Market Prediction System." In 2010 Ninth International Conference on Machine Learning and Applications (ICMLA 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmla.2010.151.
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Syakrani, Nurjannah, Edy T. Baskoro, Tati L. R. Mengko, and A. B. Suksmono. "Implementation of measure of relative tendency to phase image filtering spacial based." In 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES (ICMNS 2012): Science for Health, Food and Sustainable Energy. AIP Publishing LLC, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4868770.
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Weishaar, Philipp C., Tobias Mielke, and Katharina Schmitz. "Impact of Differing Water Contents on Electrostatic Charging." In ASME-JSME-KSME 2019 8th Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajkfluids2019-4960.
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Abstract Hydraulic fluids underwent significant changes in their composition in these past years, which led to an increase in poor conductivity. Since well-established standards for specifying a hydraulic fluid, such as ISO 11158, make no mention of the electric conductivity, the awareness for potential complications is low. With some applications electrostatic discharges contribute to a shortened service life of the hydraulic fluid and the filter elements. Recent work on cavitation and its different forms suggest an underestimated impact of the relative humidity on fluid characteristics and the tendency for cavitation. In relation to electrostatic charges, the relative humidity of a fluid is seldom considered. The results presented in this paper offer an initial observation of the effect of relative humidity on electrostatic charging. To this end three hydraulic fluids, satisfying the specifications of an HLP 46, are prepared with three different levels of relative humidity at 20°C. Subsequently the nine samples are tested with a small-scale test bench in order to garner a qualitative comparison of the charging tendency.
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James, Matthew J., Marie A. Quintana, Robert J. Weaver, Tamara Savrin, and Badri Narayanan. "Effect of Deposit Composition on the Mechanical Properties and Cracking Tendency of Cellulosic-Covered SMAW Weld Deposits." In 2010 8th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2010-31137.
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This investigation utilizes test electrodes manufactured with boron at different levels (including no boron). The design of these electrodes is identical with the exception of the intentional changes highlighted. Gapped bead on plate (GBOP) testing is used to determine the relative propensity of the electrodes for weld metal cracking. Test electrodes are also evaluated for deposit composition, CVN impact toughness, strength, and hardness on pipe joints. This work also uses a non boron-containing test electrode whose deposit composition has been modified such that its carbon equivalent is the same as one of the boron-containing electrodes. This serves to separate the influence of the specific element boron from the influence of general carbon equivalent/hardenability on the tendency for cracking. The results indicate that the effect of changes in boron and carbon equivalent over the range tested and in this specific electrode design is very slight. In most cases, the effect is not significant when compared to the amount of variation observed in the testing. In essence, the signal was lost in the noise. In terms of susceptibility to hydrogen assisted cold cracking (HACC) — the area of most concern — there appear to be other factors that are much more influential than those tested. If the goal is to minimize the cracking sensitivity of cellulosic weld metal, simply eliminating the use of boron is not the answer. More work is required to identify these other factors and quantify their effect.
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Allan, J. "CFD Indications of Premix Flame Stability in a Gas Turbine Combustor." In ASME 1996 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/96-gt-182.
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An approach for predicting the relative tendency for weak extinction among similar gas turbine premix combustors is presented. The method involves analyzing CFD (computational fluid dynamics) solutions so as to evaluate the recirculating masses in the primary zone and the resulting potential heating rate of incoming fresh mixture. Results are illustrated for two combustor geometries which look similar but have very different behaviour. The comparison between the combustors agrees with test data when the CFD model incorporates a simulation of the flame. The inadequacy of cold flow models for the purpose is shown.
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Engeda, Abraham. "The Influence of a Diffuser Width on the Unsteady Performance of a Centrifugal Compressor Stage." In ASME 2002 Joint U.S.-European Fluids Engineering Division Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2002-31250.
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An experimental investigation was conducted to determine the effect of the vaneless diffuser width on the unsteady flow performance of a centrifugal compressor stage. Two compressor configurations with different vaneless diffuser width were investigated at four different impeller speeds and compared in the frequency and time domain. Only one diffuser rotating stall but different types of impeller rotating stalls were detected. The experiments show that the diffuser has a strong influence on the flow in the impeller including in areas way upstream. Analysis of the results indicated: • With increasing diffuser width the onset of impeller rotating stall was shifted to lower flow rates. • With increasing diffuser width the frequencies of the rotating stalls decreased. • There is a common tendency in most of the experiments to lower numbers of rotating cells with increasing relative speed. The impeller rotating stalls can be subdivided in a slow pattern with a relative speed to the impeller of 0.21 to 0.29 and a fast pattern with a relative speed of 0.50 to 0.56. This occurrence of two rotating pressure patterns confirms analytical results presented in previous investigations.
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Shokri, Babak, Maziar S. Yaghmaee, and M. Reza Rahimipour. "Thermo-Physical Features of Extreme Activity of Metallic Nano-Particles." In ASME 2008 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the Fluids Engineering, Energy Sustainability, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2008-56487.
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In order to understand the physics behind the strange behaviors of materials at nano-scale, one of the most important factors is to investigate their extreme activity in different environments. This information comes directly from the cohesion (binding) energy of materials. In this report, we first review a simple thermodynamic-based theory for size dependence feature of total cohesion energy of metallic nano-particles. Then, regarding the size dependency of cohesion energy, simple theory for size dependency of enthalpy and Gibbs free energy formation of metallic nano-particles is developed. Moreover, to describe the relative activity of metallic nano-particles, hypothesis through the modified classical physico-chemical formalism of activity in a reactive medium will be presented. Series of computations for size dependency of relative activity (via relative reaction constant: nano/macro) for Zn, Al, Ag, Ga and W nano-particles in a reactive solution will be presented. Our computational results show that by decreasing the size of the particles less than 100 nm, the equilibrium reaction constant and consequently the relative activity of particles increases, which confirms the tendency observed in experiments so far. The suggested concept of size dependence reaction constant provides a quantitative scale for studying the reactions contain nano-particles.
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Wang, Yunhui, Guoxue Wang, Shuying Li, and Yufen Sun. "Analysis of Effects on Wet Compression on Surge Margin of a Small Gas Turbine." In 2002 International Joint Power Generation Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijpgc2002-26042.
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Using energy transformation method, the characteristic map of the compressor of S1A-02 gas turbine is gained. And based on this work, the effects of wet compression on compressor’s steady-state performance are studied. Simulations show that pressure-ratio increased and surge line moved up-left relative to the original one when wet compression used with the assumption that during compression process the amount of energy transferred is a function of mass flow only, which means no matter wet compression is used or not, the amount of energy transferred is the same for any given mass flow. Experiment results show the same tendency as simulation results.
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Delaire, J. P. Gilles, and Kirk M. Ivens. "FEA of Fuel Sensors: Effect of Dynamics and Temperature on Solder Joints." In ASME 2010 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2010-3815.
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Purpose –To establish printed circuit board (PCB) solder fracture risk with and without a potting compound present. Design/methodology/approach – Non-linear material properties were established for FEA of interacting sensor components in two sensor configurations under thermal and dynamic loading. Findings – Solder joints showed a clear tendency to be the most-likely-to-fail part of the sensor under the given design conditions in both load cases both with and without potting. Originality/value – Calculations indicate the specific contribution that potting had to stress under each type of load and the relative risk of failure for the sensor components based on component tensile strength.
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Wang, Chang, Puzhen Gao, and Chao Xu. "Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer in Low Frequency Pulsating Turbulent Flow in Circular Pipe." In 18th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone18-29148.
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Heat transfer characteristic of low frequency pulsating turbulent water flow in a vertical circular pipe which is heated at uniform heat flux, are experimentally studied under different conditions of Reynolds number, pulsation frequency and relative amplitude. The experiments are performed with the Reynolds number range of 3000 to 20000, pulsation frequency range of 0.033 to 0.1 Hz, and the relative amplitude range of 0.1 to 0.8. This pulsating flow situation is used to simulate the phenomenon happened in the ship power system which is induced by ocean conditions. The effects of pulsation on heat transfer characteristics are presented in terms of relative local and mean Nusselt numbers defined as the ratio of the local and mean Nusselt numbers for pulsation flow to that of the ordinary steady turbulent flow with the same time-averaged Reynolds number Reta. The results show that the relative local Nusselt number is strongly affected by Reynolds number, pulsation frequency and relative amplitude. The phenomena that the Nusselt number would increase or decrease with the increase of the Reynolds number are both observed and the variation is more notable in the entrance region than that in the fully developed region. The relative mean Nusselt number decreases initially as the Reta increases, and then recovers gradually, but finally it has the tendency to decrease again. With the increase of pulsation relative amplitude, the relative mean Nusselt number increases at first and then decreases. And for the Reynolds number range of 3176 to 6670, heat transfer enhancement is observed as the pulsation frequency raises, but complete contrary phenomena appears at Reynolds number range of 11904 to 15844. The obtained heat transfer results are analyzed and seem to be qualitatively in accordance with previous investigations.
Reports on the topic "Relative tendency"
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Witte, Joel, Svend Monson, Thomas Washington, Kris Cowart, and Rich Salasovich. An Investigation Relating Longitudinal Pilot-Induced Oscillation Tendency Ratings to Describing Function Predictions for Rate-Limited Actuators (Project MAX GAP). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada421043.
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National report 2009-2019 - Rural NEET in Serbia. OST Action CA 18213: Rural NEET Youth Network: Modeling the risks underlying rural NEETs social exclusion, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15847/cisrnyn.nrrs.2020.12.
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The situation of rural Youths Neither in Employment nor in Education or Training (NEET) aged between 15 and 34 years old, over the last decade (2010-2019) in Serbia is presen-ted in this report. The main criterion for analysis was the degree of urbanisation, where the comparison was done between rural areas, towns and suburbs, cities, and the whole country. The data available on EUROSTAT and the national Statistical office of Serbia were used as main resources for statistical interpretation. The statistical procedures used in the report rely on descriptive longitudinal analysis, using graphical displays (e.g. overlay line charts) as well as the calculation of proportional abso-lute and relative changes between observed years. The analysis of the youth population in Serbia aged 15-24 years in total as well as the youth population for different degrees of urbaisation, for the period 2010-2019, showed a de-creasing trend. In the period 2014-2019 (which is with available data for the case of Serbia) it can be ob-served that the youth employment rate is increasing in all areas of urbanisation. In contrast to the employment, the level of unemployment in Serbia is constantly decreasing in the period 2014-2019. This trend is similar for all three areas of urbanisation.The decrease in the number of early school leavers is registered in the case of entire Serbia, cities, and rural areas. The only trend of increasing of early school leavers’ rate is recorded for the towns and suburbs, for the observed period 2014-2019.In the period 2010-2019, the NEET rate is declining in Serbia for all three degrees of ur-banisation. In comparison to EU countries, Serbia is still significantly above the European average, but with a tendency of reducing the gap.
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National reports 2009-2019 - Rural NEET across Europe (14 countries reports). OST Action CA 18213: Rural NEET Youth Network: Modeling the risks underlying rural NEETs social exclusion, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15847/cisrnyn.nr14.2020.12.
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This report outlines in detail the situation of rural Youths Neither in Employment, nor in Education or Training (NEET) aged between 15 and 34 years old, over the last decade (2009-2019) in Bosnia and Herzegovina. To do this, the report utilised indicators of: you-th population; youth employment and unemployment; education; and, NEETs distribution. The characterisation of all indicators adopted the degree of urbanisation as a central cri-terion, enabling proportional comparisons between rural areas, towns and suburbs, cities and the whole country. These analyses are further divided into age subgroups and, where possible, into sex groups for greater detail. The statistical procedures adopted across the different selected dimensions involve: des-criptive longitudinal analysis; using graphical displays (e.g., overlay line charts); and, the calculation of proportional absolute and relative changes between 2009 and 2013, 2013 and 2019, and finally 2009 and 2019. These time ranges were chosen to capture the in-dicators evolution before and after the economic crisis which hit European countries. All data was extracted from ILOSTAT explorer public datasets.The analyses show that between 2009 and 2019 youth population in both rural and urban areas decreased. In general, a strong decline in youth population was observed within all categories, with the most significant decrease within the age group 25-29 (21.57%) and 15-19 (20.35%). Youth employment has tended to decrease overall, and the decrease is stron-ger within rural regions. Interestingly, youth unemployment has also tended to decrease, and a significantly higher share of unemployed youth is from rural regions. A somewhat similar trend is observed in the field of education where the number of those enrolled significantly decreased during the observed period for all education levels in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The ESLET rate tended to decrease, while the proportion of the female po-pulation tends to have higher ESLET levels compared to the male population. However, the ESLET rate is still below the 10% target defined by the Europe 2020 strategy. Finally, the proportion of NEETs in Bosnia and Herzegovina is higher in rural areas, while in general the tendency has been for it to decrease during the observed period.
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National report 2009-2019 - Rural NEET in Bosnia-Herzegovina. OST Action CA 18213: Rural NEET Youth Network: Modeling the risks underlying rural NEETs social exclusion, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15847/cisrnyn.nrba.2020.12.
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This report outlines in detail the situation of rural Youths Neither in Employment, nor in Education or Training (NEET) aged between 15 and 34 years old, over the last decade (2009-2019) in Bosnia and Herzegovina. To do this, the report utilised indicators of: you-th population; youth employment and unemployment; education; and, NEETs distribution. The characterisation of all indicators adopted the degree of urbanisation as a central cri-terion, enabling proportional comparisons between rural areas, towns and suburbs, cities and the whole country. These analyses are further divided into age subgroups and, where possible, into sex groups for greater detail. The statistical procedures adopted across the different selected dimensions involve: des-criptive longitudinal analysis; using graphical displays (e.g., overlay line charts); and, the calculation of proportional absolute and relative changes between 2009 and 2013, 2013 and 2019, and finally 2009 and 2019. These time ranges were chosen to capture the in-dicators evolution before and after the economic crisis which hit European countries. All data was extracted from ILOSTAT explorer public datasets.The analyses show that between 2009 and 2019 youth population in both rural and urban areas decreased. In general, a strong decline in youth population was observed within all categories, with the most significant decrease within the age group 25-29 (21.57%) and 15-19 (20.35%). Youth employment has tended to decrease overall, and the decrease is stron-ger within rural regions. Interestingly, youth unemployment has also tended to decrease, and a significantly higher share of unemployed youth is from rural regions. A somewhat similar trend is observed in the field of education where the number of those enrolled significantly decreased during the observed period for all education levels in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The ESLET rate tended to decrease, while the proportion of the female po-pulation tends to have higher ESLET levels compared to the male population. However, the ESLET rate is still below the 10% target defined by the Europe 2020 strategy. Finally, the proportion of NEETs in Bosnia and Herzegovina is higher in rural areas, while in general the tendency has been for it to decrease during the observed period.
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Moderada recuperación del empleo en 2021 y dinámica de las vacantes en oficios automatizables durante la pandemia. Banco de la República, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rml.18.
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En los primeros meses de 2021 la recuperación del empleo ha mermado su ritmo. Si bien la ocupación mantiene una tendencia creciente, su expansión se da a una menor velocidad que la registrada en el segundo semestre de 2020. El empleo asalariado y formal son los segmentos de más lenta recuperación, lo que se verifica no solo con los datos de la encuesta de hogares, sino también con los de registros administrativos. Este desempeño es resultado de que tanto las vacantes como las contrataciones asalariadas se mantienen relativamente estables, mientras que las tasas de separación han tendido a aumentar. Por su parte, la mayor creación de puestos de trabajo se registra en los segmentos informal y no asalariado, lo que acentúa la recomposición de la ocupación hacia los tipos de empleo de menor estabilidad en sus ingresos. En lo que respecta a la oferta, la participación laboral volvió a aumentar en febrero, luego de una relativa estabilidad en los meses previos. Lo anterior se reflejó en una reducción del ritmo de descenso de las tasas de desempleo (TD), las cuales se mantienen en niveles aún altos. Por otro lado, el mercado laboral sigue mostrando las importantes disparidades entre grupos poblacionales que agudizó la pandemia. En el caso del desempleo, si bien se han observado algunas correcciones durante los últimos meses, las brechas siguen siendo significativas para las mujeres, las personas no jefes de hogar, los jóvenes y los trabajadores con menor escolaridad. Finalmente, por el lado de los ingresos, mientras que los del segmento asalariado se han mantenido relativamente estables, los del no asalariado continúan muy por debajo de los observados un año atrás, a pesar de registrar alguna mejoría en los últimos meses. Dada la dinámica reciente en el mercado laboral y las previsiones en materia de actividad económica, se estima una reducción moderada de las TD en lo que resta de 2021. La TD nacional se ubicaría en promedio en 2021 entre un 12,8% y 15%, con un 13,9% como valor central. Por su parte, las estimaciones de la TD de largo plazo consistente con una inflación estable (Nairu) sugieren una brecha positiva de alrededor de 2,2 puntos porcentuales (pp) para el promedio de 2021, indicando que persiste un mercado laboral holgado que presiona a la baja la inflación vía costos salariales. Como es usual, este reporte se divide en dos secciones. En la primera se examinan en detalle los principales hechos coyunturales del mercado laboral. En la segunda se estudia cómo ha cambiado la demanda por nuevos puestos de trabajo durante la pandemia, utilizando como fuente de información el registro de vacantes recopilado por el Servicio Público de Empleo (SPE). Particularmente, se analizan cómo los cambios en las vacantes por ocupaciones se relacionan con ciertas características de estas, como son su potencial de automatización o teletrabajo. Finalmente, se evalúa si estos cambios en el mercado laboral sugieren un cambio en el proceso de emparejamiento entre las vacantes disponibles y las personas en búsqueda de empleo.