Relevant bibliographies by topics / Relative survival

Academic literature on the topic 'Relative survival'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Relative survival"

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DAMATO, B. "Relative survival." Acta Ophthalmologica 92 (August 20, 2014): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-3768.2014.1622.x.

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Sasieni, Peter, and Adam R. Brentnall. "On standardized relative survival." Biometrics 73, no. 2 (August 23, 2016): 473–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/biom.12578.

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Henson, Donald Earl, and Lynn A. Ries. "The relative survival rate." Cancer 76, no. 10 (November 15, 1995): 1687–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19951115)76:10<1687::aid-cncr2820761002>3.0.co;2-i.

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Gibberd, R. W., and T. Hakulinen. "A Relative Survival Analysis Package." American Statistician 42, no. 3 (August 1988): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2685022.

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Perme, Maja Pohar, Janez Stare, and Jacques Estève. "On Estimation in Relative Survival." Biometrics 68, no. 1 (June 20, 2011): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0420.2011.01640.x.

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Dickman, Paul W., and Enzo Coviello. "Estimating and Modeling Relative Survival." Stata Journal: Promoting communications on statistics and Stata 15, no. 1 (April 2015): 186–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1536867x1501500112.

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Pohar, Maja, and Janez Stare. "Relative survival analysis in R." Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 81, no. 3 (March 2006): 272–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2006.01.004.

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Rebolj Kodre, Anamarija, and Maja Pohar Perme. "Informative censoring in relative survival." Statistics in Medicine 32, no. 27 (June 12, 2013): 4791–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sim.5877.

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Dickman, Paul W., Andy Sloggett, Michael Hills, and Timo Hakulinen. "Regression models for relative survival." Statistics in Medicine 23, no. 1 (2003): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sim.1597.

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Huszti, Ella, Michal Abrahamowicz, Ahmadou Alioum, Christine Binquet, and Catherine Quantin. "Relative survival multistate Markov model." Statistics in Medicine 31, no. 3 (November 3, 2011): 269–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sim.4392.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Relative survival"

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Zhang, Xinjian. "HIV/AIDS relative survival analysis." unrestricted, 2007. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-07262007-123251/.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Georgia State University, 2007.
Title from file title page. Gengsheng (Jeff) Qin, committee chair; Ruiguang (Rick) Song, Xu Zhang, Yu-Sheng Hsu, committee members. Electronic text (79 p. : col. ill.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed Sept. 16, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 38-42).
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Zhang, Xinjian. "HIV/Aids Relative Survival and Mean Residual Life Analysis." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2008. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/math_theses/43.

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HIV/Aids Relative Survival and Mean Residual Life Analysis BY XINJIAN ZHANG Under the Direction of Gengsheng (Jeff) Qin and Ruiguang (Rick) Song ABSTRACT Generalized linear models with Poisson error were applied to investigate HIV/AIDS relative survival. Relative excess risk for death within 3 years after HIV/AIDS diagnosis was significantly higher for non-Hispanic blacks, American Indians and Hispanics compared with Whites. Excess hazard for death was also higher in men injection drug users compared with men who have sex with men (MSM). The relative excess hazard of old HIV/AIDS patients is significantly higher compared with younger patients. When CD4 increased, the relative excess hazard decreased; while with the increase of HIV viral load, the relative excess hazard decreased. This is the first study to use national wide data to examine the significance of HIV viral load as a determinant risk factor of disease progression after HIV infection; The mean residual lie needs to be further analyzed. INDEX WORDS: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), Survival, Mean residual life (MRL).
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White, Ceri. "Cluster analysis : algorithms, hazards and small area relative survival." Thesis, University of South Wales, 2008. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/cluster-analysis(b799eddf-4d11-4cd2-9cd0-3d0480dcaedd).html.

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This thesis presents research that has demonstrated the use of clustering algorithms in the analysis of datasets routinely collected by cancer registries. This involved a review of existing algorithms and their application in studies of spatial and temporal variations in cancer rates. As a result of continuing public and scientific concern there has been an increase in the numbers of cancer related enquiries in recent years that has helped to raise the profile of the work of cancer registries. There are no official guidelines on the approach to be taken in such studies in relation to cluster analysis. In this study, a variety of cluster algorithms were applied to leukaemia data collected by the Welsh Cancer Intelligence and Surveillance Unit in order to propose an approach that could be adopted in future investigations of cancer incidence in Wales. For example, different methodologies have been employed to determine if an excess risk occurs near hazardous sources and one of the studies in the portfolio compares the results of using three methods to determine if an increased risk of cancer occurs in the vicinity of landfill sites and electric power lines. This uses new digital products that permit a more detailed estimation of the population at risk and permit a sensitivity analysis of the results of such investigations. In the third portfolio, analysis of relative survival at small area level has been made possible using a new level of geographical resolution that has recently been released in the United Kingdom. This study shows the benefits of using this new level of geography for small area studies of cancer survival where there are generally small numbers of deaths per spatial unit. It is anticipated that together these research studies will be of wider benefit to other registries in the UK charged with investigating spatial and temporal variations in cancer rates.
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Nelson, Christopher Paul. "The application and development of relative survival methods in coronary heart disease." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/7514.

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Relative survival is an estimate of net-survival without the need for cause-of-death information. This is achieved by matching the study cohort to the general population by various covariates, including age, sex and year of hospitalisation, in order to obtain an expected mortality rate. In this thesis relative survival methodology will be applied in heart disease where the form of the excess hazard rate is known to be very different from cancer, where this methodology originates. The dataset presented is from the Leicester Royal Infirmary coronary care unit where all admissions to the unit were recorded between 1993 and 2006, which includes all patients in Leicestershire. Only patients who present with an ST-elevated acute myocardial infarction will be studied. Relative survival is a new methodology in heart disease and this thesis will describe some of the problems that are encountered including the increased prevalence of the disease in the population and the very high early excess mortality rate that is not present in most cancers. Also investigated are period analysis models, which are also new to heart disease and allow the estimation of up-to-date information. An analysis of admission blood glucose levels and diabetic status is performed to examine the potential impact on patient prognosis in the short and long term, which involves the use of relative survival. A new methodology is developed in this thesis for relative survival that fits spline based flexible parametric models on the log cumulative excess hazard scale. This methodology holds many advantages over current relative survival techniques due to the use of non-split- time data. This thesis demonstrates these advantages. This thesis details how current relative survival methods have been extended to heart disease. A new model is developed, which is suitable in heart disease and cancer that fits flexible parametric spline based models.
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Baade, Ingrid Annette. "Survival analysis diagnostics." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1997.

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Sandin, Fredrik. "Analyzing and modeling the relative survival rate of patients diagnosed with malignant melanoma." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Mathematics, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-120229.

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NiaziEsfyani, Sadegh. "The role of relative humidity and aerosol composition in airborne respiratory virus survival." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2021. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/214025/1/Sadegh_NiaziEsfyani_Thesis.pdf.

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This thesis presents and tests a novel hypothesis that attempts to predict the relative humidity (RH) dependent survival of airborne respiratory viruses in protein-enriched saline aerosols. The hypothesis proposed that virus-laden respiratory aerosols exist in either an effloresced (solid) or deliquesced (liquid) state, depending on the ambient air RH and that the survival of viruses embedded in such aerosols changes with that state. Experiments confirmed as predicted, that rhinovirus and influenza virus exhibited a V-shaped surviving fraction dependence on RH. Implications concerning the survival of these viruses under seasonal conditions are discussed along with strategies to control indoor airborne infection.
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Galarno, Ashton J. "Coral vs. Macroalgae: Relative Susceptibility to Sedimentation and Ocean Warming." NSUWorks, 2017. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/450.

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Sedimentation and ocean warming are two major anthropogenic stressors that directly affect coral recruitment and recovery. Many coral-dominated reefs have undergone phase shifts becoming macroalgae-dominated because of the coral population’s inability to tolerate these increasing stressors. Predicting these phase shifts requires a determination of the relative susceptibility of coral and macroalgae to these stressors. The objective of this study was to quantitatively assess the synergistic effects of sedimentation and elevated temperature on the survival and growth of Montastraea cavernosa newly settled coral juveniles, and fragments of the macroalgae, Dictyota ciliolata. A crossed experimental design tested the two temperatures and four sedimentation levels. After 12 weeks, a 2°C increase in temperature did not significantly affect survival of the M. cavernosa juveniles or fragments of D. ciliolata. Montastraea cavernosa juvenile survival was negatively affected by a decrease in sediment. Dictyota ciliolata survival was highly sensitive to the increase in sedimentation. The survival and growth of both species appeared to be susceptible to an increase in sedimentation, but in opposite ways. This study demonstrates that both M. cavernosa juveniles and D. ciliolata fragments may be more vulnerable to light caused by changes in turbidity rather than temperature.
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Sanderson, Thomas F. "Genetic Components of Male Relative to Hermaphrodite Survival in the Clam Shrimp Eulimnadia Texana." Akron, OH : University of Akron, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=akron1163711815.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Akron, Dept. of Biology, 2006.
"December, 2006." Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed 12/31/2008) Advisor, Stephen C. Weeks; Committee members, Francisco B.-G. Moore, R. Joel Duff; Department Chair, Bruce Cushing; Dean of the College, Ronald F. Levant; Dean of the Graduate School, George R. Newkome. Includes bibliographical references.
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Bayoh, Mohamed Nabie. "Studies on the development and survival of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto at various temperatures and relative humidities." Thesis, Durham University, 2001. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4952/.

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Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto is the most efficient malaria vector in Africa. Recent advances in mapping the distribution of this vector have exploited the relationship between climatic factors and vector parameters such as growth, survival and reproduction. This work was designed to investigate the effect of temperature and humidity on the development and survival of the vector and to test the use of recently developed tools in describing its distribution. The development rate and survival of the aquatic stages of the vector were investigated at 16 constant temperatures. Adults were produced between 16 -34ºC with a peak development rate at 28ºC and peak number of adults at 22 -26ºC. Larvae survived for less than 7 days at 10º, 12º, 38 º, and 40ºC but for more than 5 weeks, at 14-18ºC without any development of adults. Laboratory models accurately predicted development times at natural breeding sites in The Gambia suggesting the applicability of the models to field situations. The survival and mortality rates of adult An. gambiae s.s. were monitored at combinations of temperatures from 0-45ºC at 5 intervals and 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% relative humidity. Survival was highest at 15-25ºC and 60-100% relative humidity. The temperature - larva development relation was used to produce a distribution map across Africa while climatic data from sites at which chromosomal forms of the insect have been found were used to map the distribution of the forms across West Africa. Climate is an important determinant of insect distribution and the use of climate and vector parameters in describing or predicting vector and disease distribution will provide a cheaper and less labour intensive tool than traditional methods.
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Books on the topic "Relative survival"

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Blood relative: [the astonishing story of the survival of the Tsarevich. London: V. Gollancz, 1998.

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Dawley, Earl M. Migrational characteristics, biological observations, and relative survival of juvenile salmonids entering the Columbia River Estuary, 1966-1983. Portland, Or: U.S. Dept. of Energy, Bonneville Power Administration, Division of Fish & Wildlife, 1986.

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Relative discomfort: The family survival guide : the essential tool for living through and laughing at all of our family encounters. Kansas City, Mo: Andrews McMeel Pub., 2008.

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Moore, Kenneth A. Intensive water quality mapping of nearshore and mid-channel regions of the James River relative to SAV growth and survival using the DATAFLOW surface water quality mapping system. Gloucester Point, Va: Virginia Institute of Marine Science, 2003.

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Vincent-Lang, Doug. Effects of age-at-release on the relative contribution, survival, and run-timing of coho salmon adults to the marine sport fishery of Resurrection Bay, Alaska, during 1990 and 1991. Juneau, Alaska: Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game, Division of Sport Fish, 1992.

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Vincent-Lang, Doug. Effects of age-at-release on the relative contribution, survival, and run-timing of coho salmon adults to the marine sport fishery of Resurrection Bay, Alaska, during 1990 and 1991. Juneau, Alaska: Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game, Division of Sport Fish, 1992.

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Brooks, C. J. The human factors relating to escape and survival from helicopters ditching in water. Neuilly sur Seine: Agard, 1989.

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Bowditch, Eden Unger. The daughter-in-law's survival guide: Everything you need to know about relating to your mother-in-law. Oakland, Calif: New Harbinger, 2002.

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Fournier, Édith. J'ai commencé mon éternité: Survivre au déclin de l'autre. Montréal: Éditions de l'Homme, 2007.

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H, Brown James. Survival and growth of trees of a Canaan Valley, West Virginia seed source in relation to varying soil/site conditions. Wooster: Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Relative survival"

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Rijksen, H. D., and E. Meijaard. "Prospects of Survival." In Our vanishing relative, 353–94. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9020-9_13.

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Rijksen, H. D., and E. Meijaard. "The Orang-Utan Survival Programme." In Our vanishing relative, 395–415. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9020-9_14.

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Ng, Yew-Kwang. "Does Money Buy Happiness?" In Happiness—Concept, Measurement and Promotion, 71–78. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4972-8_7.

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AbstractAfter a relatively low level of survival and comfort, additional consumption does not increase happiness significantly, especially at the social level. At the individual level, people want more due to the relative competition effect which cancels out at the social level. In addition, the adaptation effects and environmental disruption effects also work to limit the contributions of higher consumption and enlarge the gap between expectation and actuality.
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Wandrag, Elizabeth M., and Jane A. Catford. "Competition between native and non-native plants." In Plant invasions: the role of biotic interactions, 281–307. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242171.0281.

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Abstract The introduction of species to new locations leads to novel competitive interactions between resident native and newly-arriving non-native species. The nature of these competitive interactions can influence the suitability of the environment for the survival, reproduction and spread of non-native plant species, and the impact those species have on native plant communities. Indeed, the large literature on competition among plants reflects its importance in shaping the composition of plant communities, including the invasion success of non-native species. While competition and invasion theory have historically developed in parallel, the increasing recognition of the synergism between the two themes has led to new insights into how non-native plant species invade native plant communities, and the impacts they have on those plant communities. This chapter provides an entry point into the aspects of competition theory that can help explain the success, dominance and impacts of invasive species. It focuses on resource competition, which arises wherever the resources necessary for establishment, survival, reproduction and spread are in limited supply. It highlights key hypotheses developed in invasion biology that relate to ideas of competition, outlines biotic and abiotic factors that influence the strength of competition and species' relative competitive abilities, and describes when and how competition between non-native and native plant species can influence invasion outcomes. Understanding the processes that influence the strength of competition between non-native and native plant species is a necessary step towards understanding the causes and consequences of biological invasions.
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Rischin, Danny. "Update of Immune Therapies in Recurrent/Metastatic Head and Neck Cancer." In Critical Issues in Head and Neck Oncology, 297–306. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63234-2_19.

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AbstractSince the initial reports of activity of pembrolizumab in recurrent/metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (R/M HNSCC), investigation of the role of immune therapies has been the major focus of clinical trials in R/M HNSCC. Randomised trials initially with nivolumab and later with pembrolizumab established overall survival benefit in patients with R/M HNSCC previously treated with platinum compared to physicians choice of 2nd line therapy, and have led to regulatory approval around the world. More recently the Keynote-048 trial has compared both pembrolizumab monotherapy and pembrolizumab + platinum/5FU to the Extreme regimen of platinum/5FU/cetuximab in the first-line R/M setting. The key findings from this trial are that pembrolizumab monotherapy compared to Extreme improved overall survival in patients with PD-L1 combined positive score (CPS) ≥ 20 and ≥ 1, and that pembro/chemotherapy improved OS in CPS ≥ 20, CPS ≥ 1 and the total population. Relative to Extreme there was less toxicity in the monotherapy arm and comparable toxicity in the pembro/chemo arm. Based on this trial use of pembrolizumab as part of first-line treatment for R/M HNSCC is appropriate for the majority of patients, and represents a new standard of care. The focus has now moved to identifying combinations that may be superior to pembrolizumab monotherapy or to chemotherapy + pembrolizumab. Some of the more promising approaches under investigation in HNSCC are discussed in this chapter. In summary, immune therapies are now the cornerstone of management of R/M HNSCC with the approval of pembrolizumab in the first-line R/M setting.
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Szturz, Petr, and Jan B. Vermorken. "High-Dose Three-Weekly or Low-Dose Weekly Cisplatin during Radiation, What to Prefer?" In Critical Issues in Head and Neck Oncology, 139–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63234-2_10.

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AbstractIn locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, adding three cycles of high-dose (100 mg/m2) cisplatin every three weeks to definitive or adjuvant radiotherapy can significantly improve locoregional control and survival. One of the major drawbacks is severe acute toxicity with about 40% of patients developing mucositis, up to one fourth suffering from dysphagia, and at least 20% having bone marrow suppression. Late toxicity has been under- and sometimes mis-reported and may even be responsible for an increase in non-cancer-related deaths in long-term survivors. Moreover, efficacy outcomes are still not satisfactory with 5-year overall survival rates ranging between 40% and 50%, excluding the growing minority of human papillomavirus-related oropharyngeal cancer cases with a markedly better prognosis. Consequently, alternative regimens have gained attention with the aim to reduce toxicity, improve adherence, and maintain adequate anti-tumour activity. Low-dose (usually 40 mg/m2) cisplatin given in weekly intervals emerged as the preferred alternative to the standard, high-dose regimen. But do we have enough evidence to support this approach and which patients might become suitable candidates? While the use of high-dose cisplatin is supported by the results of four large trials randomizing altogether 1539 patients between conventionally fractionated chemoradiation and radiotherapy alone, there are only three small, similarly designed but possibly biased studies favouring a weekly regimen. In addition, two other trials randomly assigning patients to receive either high-dose or low-dose cisplatin, provided evidence against routine administration of the latter schedule. Therefore, although weekly cisplatin may enhance short-term tolerance in terms of gastro-intestinal, hepatic, hearing, renal, and haematological side effects, it cannot be excluded that this improvement comes at the price of compromised survival with no benefit in late adverse events. We acknowledge that certain clinical scenarios, particularly in the presence of relative contraindications to high-dose cisplatin, may favour a less toxic cisplatin dose and/or administration schedule, among which the low-dose weekly regimen. In this respect, the ever-growing population of elderly patients is in particular benefitting from a careful decision, taking into account the pros and cons of such regimens.
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Leydesdorff, Loet. "Evolutionary and Institutional Triple Helix Models." In Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Scientific and Scholarly Communication, 89–113. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59951-5_5.

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AbstractThe institutional TH model focuses on relations of universities, industries, and governments in networks. Institutional arrangements develop over time along trajectories. The Triple-Helix metaphor of university-industry-government relations can also be elaborated into a neo-evolutionary model combining the vertical differentiation among the levels (in terms of relations, correlations, perspectives, and horizons of meaning) with the options for horizontal differentiation among the codes (e.g., markets, technologies, politics, etc., oper-ating in parallel). The neo-evolutionary model focuses on the interactions among selection mechanisms (markets, technologies, endowments) at the regime level. The historical and evolutionary dynamics feedback on each other. The relative weights of the historical versus evolutionary dynamics can be measured as a trade-off. Among three or more selection environments, synergy can be generated as redundancy on top of the aggregates of bilateral and unilateral contributions to the information flows. The number of new options available to an innovation system for realization may be as decisive for its survival more than the historical record of past performance.
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Kang, Jiyeon. "Real-World Data in Health Technology Assessment: Do We Know It Well Enough?" In Human Perspectives in Health Sciences and Technology, 187–203. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92612-0_12.

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AbstractAdvanced data science leads the fourth revolution. Data are not only contributing to developing new technologies, but also are expected to help provide scientific and systematic evidence to policymakers by combining all available evidence. In health care, big data and real-world data (RWD) are major key concepts. While they share the similarity, two data are different. As the interests in data being increased, the health technology assessment (HTA) agency faces another phase to incorporate these data in appraising new health technology. This chapter focuses on RWD to discuss the opportunities and challenges of using RWD in HTA. RWD is expected to help supplement the information of survival model, comparators, generalisability and rare cancers along with RCTs. However, there are some limitations to use RWD in HTA, such as no consensus on the definition of RWD, the risk of confounder, challenges to assess the relative treatment effects, quality of data and also generalisability issue. In order to use RWD appropriately in HTA, the deliberation based on the understanding of limitation should be accompanied.
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Popa, Monica, Daniela Curşeu, Dana Sîrbu, Ioan Stoian, and Adriana Manciu. "Approaches on H5N1 Avian Influenza Spreading in Relation with Human Health Risk." In Survival and Sustainability, 623–33. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-95991-5_57.

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Bado, Souleymane, Fatemeh Maghuly, Vitor Varzea, and Margit Laimer. "Mutagenesis of in vitro explants of Coffea spp. to induce fungal resistance." In Mutation breeding, genetic diversity and crop adaptation to climate change, 344–52. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249095.0036.

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Abstract Coffee is one of the most valuable commodity tree crops worldwide. However, it suffers from several devastating diseases and pests, for example coffee leaf rust and coffee berry borer, whose impact is being amplified by changing climatic conditions. Development of new adapted varieties remains a laborious effort by conventional breeding due to the long juvenile period in tree crops. Plant cell/tissue culture represents the ultimate method to produce large amounts of true-to-type healthy plants and of explants for mutation breeding. In fact, mutation induction combined with in vitro cell/tissue culture techniques has proved to be effective for developing improved cultivars of perennial crops. Prior to mutation breeding, cell and tissue radiosensitivity tests to various mutagens need to be performed, so that optimal treatments can be applied for large population development. Thus, different in vitro explants (plantlet, leaf, callus, embryogenic callus, globular and torpedo stage embryos) of Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora were exposed to different gamma-ray doses (0, 10, 15, 20, 40, 60 and 80 Gy). After 9-21 weeks incubation, a radiosensitivity test was conducted on the different explants and LD50 doses corresponding to 50% of viability or survival of callus, embryogenic callus, globular and torpedo stage embryos and 50% growth reduction (GR50) of shoot were also determined. Callus explants showed a relatively high radio-resistance (LD30-LD50 50-100 Gy) in comparison with entire plantlets or embryos (LD30-GR50 8-46 Gy). Globular embryo development into plantlets and also leaf area of irradiated plantlets were more severely affected by irradiation than other explants. It was possible to confirm the relative radio-resistance of unicellular explants compared with multicellular explants. Estimation of optimal mutation induction dosage range for various in vitro explants is important for tree crops, especially for coffee improvement.
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Conference papers on the topic "Relative survival"

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Ocran, Abena Fowaa. "Survival of stored-product psocids (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae) at 43% relative humidity." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.112690.

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Grzebyk, Michel, Isabelle Clerc-Urmès, Ève Bourgkard, Régis Colin, and Guy Hédelin. "P189 Use of relative survival analysis in occupational historical cohort studies." In Occupational Health: Think Globally, Act Locally, EPICOH 2016, September 4–7, 2016, Barcelona, Spain. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2016-103951.506.

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Bae, J. "EP255 Conditional relative survival of cervical cancer: a korean central cancer registry study." In ESGO Annual Meeting Abstracts. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ijgc-2019-esgo.316.

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Bae, Jaeman, Dong Wook Shin, and Kyu-Won Jung. "108 Conditional relative survival of ovarian cancer : a korean national cancer registry study." In ESGO SoA 2020 Conference Abstracts. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ijgc-2020-esgo.100.

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Shin, D., K. Jung, and J. Bae. "206 Conditional relative survival of ovarian cancer: a korean national cancer registry study." In IGCS 2020 Annual Meeting Abstracts. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ijgc-2020-igcs.177.

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Shi, Runhua, Srinivas S. Devarakonda, Lihong Liu, Gary Burton, and Glenn Mills. "Abstract 4128: Disparities in breast cancer relative survival according to payer status: Findings from national cancer data bank." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2014-4128.

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Hellman, K., C. Borgfeldt, P. Dahm-Kahler, A. Floter Rådestad, E. Hjerpe, E. Holmberg, T. Hogberg, et al. "P179 Treatment and relative survival of vulvar carcinoma in Sweden 2012–16. A population-based cohort (SweGCG study)." In ESGO Annual Meeting Abstracts. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ijgc-2019-esgo.239.

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Brunßen, A., L. Jansen, N. Eisemann, J. Weberpals, and A. Katalinic. "Recent trends in relative survival from melanoma in Germany stratified by age group, T-stage, and histological subtype." In Gemeinsam forschen – gemeinsam handeln. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1605770.

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Williams, M., R. D. Sleator, C. P. Murphy, J. McCarthy, and D. P. Berry. "690. The relative importance of linear type traits in determining survival increases as Holstein-Friesian dairy cows age." In World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-940-4_690.

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Kornaga, EN, AHG Paterson, X. Feng, DG Morris, AM Magliocco, and AC Klimowicz. "Abstract P6-09-20: Clinical utility of PgR with various cutpoints using 3 commercial assays relative to 15yr survival." In Abstracts: 2016 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; December 6-10, 2016; San Antonio, Texas. American Association for Cancer Research, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs16-p6-09-20.

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Reports on the topic "Relative survival"

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Dawley, Earl M. Migrational Characteristics, Biological Observations, and Relative Survival of Juvenile Salmonids Entering the Columbia River Estuary, 1966-1983, 1985 Final Report of Research. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5294424.

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Bryant, C. A., S. A. Wilks, and C. W. Keevil. Survival of SARS-CoV-2 on the surfaces of food and food packaging materials. Food Standards Agency, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.kww583.

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COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, was first reported in China in December 2019. The virus has spread rapidly around the world and is currently responsible for 500 million reported cases and over 6.4 million deaths. A risk assessment published by the Foods Standards Agency (FSA) in 2020 (Opens in a new window) concluded that it was very unlikely that you could catch coronavirus via food. This assessment included the worst-case assumption that, if food became contaminated during production, no significant inactivation of virus would occur before consumption. However, the rate of inactivation of virus on products sold at various temperatures was identified as a key uncertainty, because if inactivation does occur more rapidly in some situations, then a lower risk may be more appropriate. This project was commissioned to measure the rate of inactivation of virus on the surface of various types of food and food packaging, reducing that uncertainty. The results will be used to consider whether the assumption currently made in the risk assessment remains appropriate for food kept at a range of temperatures, or whether a lower risk is more appropriate for some. We conducted a laboratory-based study, artificially contaminating infectious SARS-CoV-2 virus onto the surfaces of foods and food packaging. We measured how the amount of infectious virus present on those surfaces declined over time, at a range of temperatures and relative humidity levels, reflecting typical storage conditions. We tested broccoli, peppers, apple, raspberry, cheddar cheese, sliced ham, olives, brine from the olives, white and brown bread crusts, croissants and pain au chocolat. The foods tested were selected as they are commonly sold loose on supermarket shelves or uncovered at deli counters or market stalls, they may be difficult to wash, and they are often consumed without any further processing i.e. cooking. The food packaging materials tested were polyethylene terephthalate (PET1) trays and bottles; aluminium cans and composite drinks cartons. These were selected as they are the most commonly used food packaging materials or consumption of the product may involve direct mouth contact with the packaging. Results showed that virus survival varied depending on the foods and food packaging examined. In several cases, infectious virus was detected for several hours and in some cases for several days, under some conditions tested. For a highly infectious agent such as SARS-CoV-2, which is thought to be transmissible by touching contaminated surfaces and then the face, this confirmation is significant. For most foods tested there was a significant drop in levels of virus contamination over the first 24 hours. However, for cheddar cheese and sliced ham, stored in refrigerated conditions and a range of relative humidity, the virus levels remained high up to a week later, when the testing period was stopped. Both cheddar cheese and sliced ham have high moisture, protein and saturated fat content, possibly offering protection to the virus. When apples and olives were tested, the virus was inactivated to the limit of detection very quickly, within an hour, when the first time point was measured. We suggest that chemicals, such as flavonoids, present in the skin of apples and olives inactivate the virus. The rate of viral decrease was rapid, within a few hours, for croissants and pain au chocolat. These pastries are both coated with a liquid egg wash, which may have an inhibitory effect on the virus. Food packaging materials tested had variable virus survival. For all food packaging, there was a significant drop in levels of virus contamination over the first 24 hours, in all relative humidity conditions and at both 6°C and 21°C; these included PET1 bottles and trays, aluminium cans and composite drinks cartons.
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Shumway, Dean A., Kimberly S. Corbin, Magdoleen H. Farah, Kelly E. Viola, Tarek Nayfeh, Samer Saadi, Vishal Shah, et al. Partial Breast Irradiation for Breast Cancer. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer259.

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Objectives. To evaluate the comparative effectiveness and harms of partial breast irradiation (PBI) compared with whole breast irradiation (WBI) for early-stage breast cancer, and how differences in effectiveness and harms may be influenced by patient, tumor, and treatment factors, including treatment modality, target volume, dose, and fractionation. We also evaluated the relative financial toxicity of PBI versus WBI. Data sources. MEDLINE®, Embase®, Cochrane Central Registrar of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Scopus, and various grey literature sources from database inception to June 30, 2022. Review methods. We included randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and observational studies that enrolled adult women with early-stage breast cancer who received one of six PBI modalities: multi-catheter interstitial brachytherapy, single-entry catheter brachytherapy (also known as intracavitary brachytherapy), 3-dimensional conformal external beam radiation therapy (3DCRT), intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), proton radiation therapy, intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT). Pairs of independent reviewers screened and appraised studies. Results. Twenty-three original studies with 17,510 patients evaluated the comparative effectiveness of PBI, including 14 RCTs, 6 comparative observational studies, and 3 single-arm observational studies. PBI was not significantly different from WBI in terms of ipsilateral breast recurrence (IBR), overall survival, or cancer-free survival at 5 and 10 years (high strength of evidence [SOE]). Evidence for cosmetic outcomes was insufficient. Results were generally consistent when PBI modalities were compared with WBI, whether compared individually or combined. These PBI approaches included 3DCRT, IMRT, and multi-catheter interstitial brachytherapy. Compared with WBI, 3DCRT showed no difference in IBR, overall survival, or cancer-free survival at 5 and 10 years (moderate to high SOE); IMRT showed no difference in IBR or overall survival at 5 and 10 years (low SOE); multi-catheter interstitial brachytherapy showed no difference in IBR, overall survival, or cancer-free survival at 5 years (low SOE). Compared with WBI, IORT was associated with a higher IBR rate at 5, 10, and over 10 years (high SOE), with no difference in overall survival, cancer-free survival, or mastectomy-free survival (low to high SOE). There were significantly fewer acute adverse events (AEs) with PBI compared with WBI, with no apparent difference in late AEs (moderate SOE). Data about quality of life were limited. Head-to-head comparisons between the different PBI modalities showed insufficient evidence to estimate an effect on main outcomes. There were no significant differences in IBR or other outcomes according to patient, tumor, and treatment characteristics; however, data for subgroups were insufficient to draw conclusions. Eight studies addressed concepts closely related to financial toxicity. Compared with conventionally fractionated WBI, accelerated PBI was associated with lower transportation costs and days away from work. PBI was also associated with less subjective financial difficulty at various time points after radiotherapy. Conclusions. Clinical trials that compared PBI with WBI demonstrate no significant difference in the risk of IBR. PBI is associated with fewer acute AEs and may be associated with less financial toxicity. The current evidence supports the use of PBI in appropriately selected patients with early-stage breast cancer. Further investigation is needed to evaluate the outcomes of PBI in patients with various clinical and tumor characteristics, and to define optimal radiation treatment dose and technique for PBI.
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Weinberg, Zwi G., Adegbola Adesogan, Itzhak Mizrahi, Shlomo Sela, Kwnag Jeong, and Diwakar Vyas. effect of selected lactic acid bacteria on the microbial composition and on the survival of pathogens in the rumen in context with their probiotic effects on ruminants. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598162.bard.

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This research project was performed in context of the apparent probiotic effect of selected lactic acid bacteria (LAB) silage inoculants on the performance of ruminants (improved feed intake, faster live-weight gain, higher milk yields and improved feed efficiency). The overall objective was to find out how LAB affect ruminant performance. The project included several “chapters” as follows: 1. The effect of LAB silage inoculants on the survival of detrimental bacteria in rumen fluid, in vitro study (Weinberg et al., The Volcani Center). An in vitro model was developed to study the interaction between selected LAB and an E. coli strain tagged with green fluorescence protein (GFP) in buffered RF. Results indicated that both LAB inoculants and E. coli survived in the RF for several days; both LAB inoculants and LAB-treated silages did not affect survival of E. coli in rumen fluid in vitro. The effect of feeding baled wheat silages treated with or without three selected LAB silage inoculants on the performance of high-lactating cows (Weinberg et al., The Volcani Center). Treatments included control (no additive), Lacobacillusbuchneri40788 (LB), Lactobacillus plantarumMTD1 40027 (LP) and Pediococcuspentosaceus30168 (PP), each applied at 10⁶ cfu/g FM. The silages were included in the TMR of 32 high milking Holstein cows in a controlled feeding experiment. All baled silages were of good quality. The LB silage had the numerically highest acetic acid and were the most stable upon aerobic exposure. The cows fed the LB silages had the highest daily milk yields, percent milk fat and protein. The microbiome of baled wheat silages and changes during ensiling of wheat and corn (Sela et al., The Volcani Center). Bacterial community of the baled silages was dominated mainly of two genera in total, dominated by Lactobacillus and Clostridium_sensu_stricto_12 with 300 other genera at very low abundance. Fungal community was composed mainly of two genera in total, dominated by Candida and Monascuswith 20 other genera at very low abundance. In addition, changes in the microbiome during ensiling of wheat and corn with and without addition of L. plantarumMTD1 was studied in mini-silos. Overall 236 bacterial genera were identified in the fresh corn but after 3 months Lactobacillus outnumbered all other species by acquiring 95% of relative abundance. The wheat silage samples are still under analysis. The effect of applying LAB inoculants at ensiling on survival of E. coli O157:H7 in alfalfa and corn silages(Adesogan et al., University of Florida). E. coli (10⁵ cfu/g) was applied to fresh alfalfa and corn at ensiling with or without L. plantarumor L. buchneri. The pathogen was added again after about 3 moths at the beginning of an aerobic exposure period. The inoculants resulted in faster decrease in pH as compared with the control (no additives) or E. coli alone and therefore, the pathogen was eliminated faster from these silages. After aerobic exposure the pathogen was not detected in the LAB treated silages, whereas it was still present in the E. coli alone samples. 5. The effect of feeding corn silage treated with or without L. buchnerion shedding of E. coli O157:H7 by dairy cows (Adesogan et al., UFL). BARD Report - Project 4704 Page 2 of 12 Five hundred cows from the dairy herd of the University of Florida were screened for E. coli shedding, out of which 14 low and 13 high shedders were selected. These cows were fed a total mixed ration (TMR) which was inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 for 21 days. The TMR included corn silage treated with or without L. buchneri. The inoculated silages were more stable upon aerobic exposure than the control silages; the silage inoculant had no significant effect on any milk or cow blood parameters. However, the silage inoculant tended to reduce shedding of E. coli regardless of high or low shedders (p = 0.06). 6. The effect of feeding baled wheat silages treated with or without three selected LAB silage inoculants on the rumen microbiome (Mizrahi et al., BGU). Rumen fluid was sampled throughout the feeding experiment in which inoculated wheat silages were included in the rations. Microbial DNA was subsequently purified from each sample and the 16S rRNA was sequenced, thus obtaining an overview of the microbiome and its dynamic changes for each experimental treatment. We observed an increase in OTU richness in the group which received the baled silage inoculated with Lactobacillus Plantarum(LP). In contrast the group fed Lactobacillus buchneri(LB) inoculated silage resulted in a significant decrease in richness. Lower OTU richness was recently associated in lactating cows with higher performance (Ben Shabatet al., 2016). No significant clustering could be observed between the different inoculation treatments and the control in non metric multi-dimentional scaling, suggesting that the effect of the treatments is not the result of an overall modulation of the microbiome composition but possibly the result of more discrete interactions. Significant phylum level changes in composition also indicates that no broad changes in taxa identity and composition occurred under any treatment A more discrete modulation could be observed in the fold change of several taxonomic groups (genus level analysis), unique to each treatment, before and after the treatment. Of particular interest is the LB treated group, in which several taxa significantly decreased in abundance. BARD Report - Project 4704 Page 3 of 12
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Garsa, Adam, Julie K. Jang, Sangita Baxi, Christine Chen, Olamigoke Akinniranye, Owen Hall, Jody Larkin, Aneesa Motala, Sydne Newberry, and Susanne Hempel. Radiation Therapy for Brain Metasases. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer242.

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Objective. This evidence report synthesizes the available evidence on radiation therapy for brain metastases. Data sources. We searched PubMed®, Embase®, Web of Science, Scopus, CINAHL®, clinicaltrials.gov, and published guidelines in July 2020; assessed independently submitted data; consulted with experts; and contacted authors. Review methods. The protocol was informed by Key Informants. The systematic review was supported by a Technical Expert Panel and is registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020168260). Two reviewers independently screened citations; data were abstracted by one reviewer and checked by an experienced reviewer. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and large observational studies (for safety assessments), evaluating whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) and stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) alone or in combination, as initial or postoperative treatment, with or without systemic therapy for adults with brain metastases due to non-small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, or melanoma. Results. In total, 97 studies, reported in 190 publications, were identified, but the number of analyses was limited due to different intervention and comparator combinations as well as insufficient reporting of outcome data. Risk of bias varied; 25 trials were terminated early, predominantly due to poor accrual. Most studies evaluated WBRT, alone or in combination with SRS, as initial treatment; 10 RCTs reported on post-surgical interventions. The combination treatment SRS plus WBRT compared to SRS alone or WBRT alone showed no statistically significant difference in overall survival (hazard ratio [HR], 1.09; confidence interval [CI], 0.69 to 1.73; 4 RCTs; low strength of evidence [SoE]) or death due to brain metastases (relative risk [RR], 0.93; CI, 0.48 to 1.81; 3 RCTs; low SoE). Radiation therapy after surgery did not improve overall survival compared with surgery alone (HR, 0.98; CI, 0.76 to 1.26; 5 RCTs; moderate SoE). Data for quality of life, functional status, and cognitive effects were insufficient to determine effects of WBRT, SRS, or post-surgical interventions. We did not find systematic differences across interventions in serious adverse events radiation necrosis, fatigue, or seizures (all low or moderate SoE). WBRT plus systemic therapy (RR, 1.44; CI, 1.03 to 2.00; 14 studies; moderate SoE) was associated with increased risks for vomiting compared to WBRT alone. Conclusion. Despite the substantial research literature on radiation therapy, comparative effectiveness information is limited. There is a need for more data on patient-relevant outcomes such as quality of life, functional status, and cognitive effects.
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Williams, Thomas. Cell Biology Board Game: Cell Survival (School Version). University of Dundee, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.20933/100001270.

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Cells are the smallest units of life. The environment around cells is always changing. Cells need to adapt to survive. This curriculum linked game and lesson plan introduces the world of cells to pupils 8-13. But can they keep their cells alive? This is a guide to how the cell survival resources can be used in a lesson and can be adapted as the teacher sees fit to do so. This lesson is aimed at 8-13 year olds, and fits into an hour long session. The Cell Survival Game has been adapted for both home use and for use in the classroom, and is accompanied by a series of videos. Learning Outcomes – Cells are the smallest unit of life – There are many different types of cells, and some examples of cell types – Cells experience many dangers, and some examples of dangers – How cells notice and defend themselves against dangers Links to the Curriculum – Health and Wellbeing: I am developing my understanding of the human body – Languages: I can find specific information in a straight forward text (book and instructions) to learn new things, I discover new words and phrases (relating to cells) – Mathematics: I am developing a sense of size and amount (by using the dice), I am exploring number processes (addition and subtraction) and understand they represent quantities (steps to finish line), I am learning about measurements (cell sizes) and am exploring patterns (of cell defences against dangers) – Science: I am learning about biodiversity (different types of microbes), body systems, cells and how they work. – Technology: I am learning about new technologies (used to understand how cells work).
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Uni, Zehava, and Peter Ferket. Enhancement of development of broilers and poults by in ovo feeding. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7695878.bard.

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The specific objectives of this research were the study of the physical and nutritional properties of the In Ovo Feeding (IOF) solution (i.e. theosmostic properties and the carbohydrate: protein ratio composition). Then, using the optimal solution for determining its effect on hatchability, early nutritional status and intestinal development of broilers and turkey during the last quarter of incubation through to 7 days post-hatch (i.e. pre-post hatch period) by using molecular, biochemical and histological tools. The objective for the last research phase was the determination of the effect of in ovo feeding on growth performance and economically valuable production traits of broiler and turkey flocks reared under practical commercial conditions. The few days before- and- after hatch is a critical period for the development and survival of commercial broilers and turkeys. During this period chicks make the metabolic and physiological transition from egg nutriture (i.e. yolk) to exogenous feed. Late-term embryos and hatchlings may suffer a low glycogen status, especially when oxygen availability to the embryo is limited by low egg conductance or poor incubator ventilation. Much of the glycogen reserve in the late-term chicken embryo is utilized for hatching. Subsequently, the chick must rebuild that glycogen reserve by gluconeogenesis from body protein (mostly from the breast muscle) to support post-hatch thermoregulation and survival until the chicks are able to consume and utilize dietary nutrients. Immediately post-hatch, the chick draws from its limited body reserves and undergoes rapid physical and functional development of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) in order to digest feed and assimilate nutrients. Because the intestine is the nutrient primary supply organ, the sooner it achieves this functional capacity, the sooner the young bird can utilize dietary nutrients and efficiently grow at its genetic potential and resist infectious and metabolic disease. Feeding the embryo when they consume the amniotic fluid (IOF idea and method) showed accelerated enteric development and elevated capacity to digest nutrients. By injecting a feeding solution into the embryonic amnion, the embryo naturally consume supplemental nutrients orally before hatching. This stimulates intestinal development to start earlier as was exhibited by elevated gene expression of several functional genes (brush border enzymes an transporters , elvated surface area, elevated mucin production . Moreover, supplying supplemental nutrients at a critical developmental stage by this in ovo feeding technology improves the hatchling’s nutritional status. In comparison to controls, administration of 1 ml of in ovo feeding solution, containing dextrin, maltose, sucrose and amino acids, into the amnion of the broiler embryo increased dramatically total liver glycogen in broilers and in turkeys in the pre-hatch period. In addition, an elevated relative breast muscle size (% of broiler BW) was observed in IOF chicks to be 6.5% greater at hatch and 7 days post-hatch in comparison to controls. Experiment have shown that IOF broilers and turkeys increased hatchling weights by 3% to 7% (P<0.05) over non injected controls. These responses depend upon the strain, the breeder hen age and in ovo feed composition. The weight advantage observed during the first week after hatch was found to be sustained at least through 35 days of age. Currently, research is done in order to adopt the knowledge for commercial practice.
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Weinberg, Zwi G., Richard E. Muck, Nathan Gollop, Gilad Ashbell, Paul J. Weimer, and Limin Kung, Jr. effect of lactic acid bacteria silage inoculants on the ruminal ecosystem, fiber digestibility and animal performance. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7587222.bard.

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The overall objective of the whole research was to elucidate the mechanisms by which LAB silage inoculants enhance ruminant performance. The results generated will permit the development of better silage inoculants that maximize both silage preservation and animal performance. For this one-year BARD feasibility study, the objectives were to: 1. determine whether lactic acid bacteria (LAB) used in inoculants for silage can survive in rumen fluid (RF) 2.select the inoculants that survived best, and 3. test whether LAB silage inoculants produce bacteriocins-like substances. The most promising strains will be used in the next steps of the research. Silage inoculants containing LAB are used in order to improve forage preservation efficiency. In addition, silage inoculants enhance animal performance in many cases. This includes improvements in feed intake, liveweight gain and milk production in 25-40% of studies reviewed. The cause for the improvement in animal performance is not clear but appears to be other than direct effect of LAB inoculants on silage fermentation. Results from various studies suggest a possible probiotic effect. Our hypothesis is that specific LAB strains interact with rumen microorganisms which results in enhanced rumen functionality and animal performance. The first step of the research is to determine whether LAB of silage inoculants survive in RF. Silage inoculants (12 in the U.S. and 10 in Israel) were added to clarified and strained RF. Inoculation rate was 10 ⁶ (clarified RF), 10⁷ (strained RF) (in the U.S.) and 10⁷, 10⁸ CFU ml⁻¹ in Israel (strained RF). The inoculated RF was incubated for 72 and 96 h at 39°C, with and without 5 g 1⁻¹ glucose. Changes in pH, LAB numbers and fermentation products were monitored throughout the incubation period. The results indicated that LAB silage inoculants can survive in RF. The inoculants with the highest counts after 72 h incubation in rumen fluid were Lactobacillus plantarum MTD1 and a L. plantarum/P. cerevisiae mixture (USA) and Enterococcus faecium strains and Lactobacillus buchneri (Israel). Incubation of rumen fluid with silage LAB inoculants resulted in higher pH values in most cases as compared with that of un-inoculated controls. The magnitude of the effect varied among inoculants and typically was enhanced with the inoculants that survived best. This might suggest the mode of action of LAB silage inoculants in the rumen as higher pH enhances fibrolytic microorganisms in the rumen. Volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations in the inoculated RF tended to be lower than in the control RF after incubation. However, L. plalltarull1 MTDI resulted in the highest concentrations of VFA in the RF relative to other inoculants. The implication of this result is not as yet clear. In previous research by others, feeding silages which were inoculated with this strain consistently enhanced animal performance. These finding were recently published in Weinberg et.al.. (2003), J. of Applied Microbiology 94:1066-1071 and in Weinberg et al.. (2003), Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology (accepted). In addition, some strains in our studies have shown bacteriocins like activity. These included Pediococcus pentosaceus, Enterococcus faecium and Lactobacillus plantarum Mill 1. These results will enable us to continue the research with the LAB strains that survived best in the rumen fluid and have the highest potential to affect the rumen environment.
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Ficht, Thomas, Gary Splitter, Menachem Banai, and Menachem Davidson. Characterization of B. Melinensis REV 1 Attenuated Mutants. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7580667.bard.

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Brucella Mutagenesis (TAMU) The working hypothesis for this study was that survival of Brucella vaccines was directly related to their persistence in the host. This premise is based on previously published work detailing the survival of the currently employed vaccine strains S19 and Rev 1. The approach employed signature-tagged mutagenesis to construct mutants interrupted in individual genes, and the mouse model to identify mutants with attenuated virulence/survival. Intracellular survival in macrophages is the key to both reproductive disease in ruminants and reticuloendothelial disease observed in most other species. Therefore, the mouse model permitted selection of mutants of reduced intracellular survival that would limit their ability to cause reproductive disease in ruminants. Several classes of mutants were expected. Colonization/invasion requires gene products that enhance host-agent interaction or increase resistance to antibacterial activity in macrophages. The establishment of chronic infection requires gene products necessary for intracellular bacterial growth. Maintenance of chronic infection requires gene products that sustain a low-level metabolism during periods characterized little or no growth (1, 2). Of these mutants, the latter group was of greatest interest with regard to our originally stated premise. However, the results obtained do not necessarily support a simplistic model of vaccine efficacy, i.e., long-survival of vaccine strains provides better immunity. Our conclusion can only be that optimal vaccines will only be developed with a thorough understanding of host agent interaction, and will be preferable to the use of fortuitous isolates of unknown genetic background. Each mutant could be distinguished from among a group of mutants by PCR amplification of the signature tag (5). This approach permitted infection of mice with pools of different mutants (including the parental wild-type as a control) and identified 40 mutants with apparently defective survival characteristics that were tentatively assigned to three distinct classes or groups. Group I (n=13) contained organisms that exhibited reduced survival at two weeks post-infection. Organisms in this group were recovered at normal levels by eight weeks and were not studied further, since they may persist in the host. Group II (n=11) contained organisms that were reduced by 2 weeks post infection and remained at reduced levels at eight weeks post-infection. Group III (n=16) contained mutants that were normal at two weeks, but recovered at reduced levels at eight weeks. A subset of these mutants (n= 15) was confirmed to be attenuated in mixed infections (1:1) with the parental wild-type. One of these mutants was eliminated from consideration due to a reduced growth rate in vitro that may account for its apparent growth defect in the mouse model. Although the original plan involved construction of the mutant bank in B. melitensis Rev 1 the low transformability of this strain, prevented accumulation of the necessary number of mutants. In addition, the probability that Rev 1 already carries one genetic defect increases the likelihood that a second defect will severely compromise the survival of this organism. Once key genes have been identified, it is relatively easy to prepare the appropriate genetic constructs (knockouts) lacking these genes in B. melitensis Rev 1 or any other genetic background. The construction of "designer" vaccines is expected to improve immune protection resulting from minor sequence variation corresponding to geographically distinct isolates or to design vaccines for use in specific hosts. A.2 Mouse Model of Brucella Infection (UWISC) Interferon regulatory factor-1-deficient (IRF-1-/- mice have diverse immunodeficient phenotypes that are necessary for conferring proper immune protection to intracellular bacterial infection, such as a 90% reduction of CD8+ T cells, functionally impaired NK cells, as well as a deficiency in iNOS and IL-12p40 induction. Interestingly, IRF-1-/- mice infected with diverse Brucella abortus strains reacted differently in a death and survival manner depending on the dose of injection and the level of virulence. Notably, 50% of IRF-1-/- mice intraperitoneally infected with a sublethal dose in C57BL/6 mice, i.e., 5 x 105 CFU of virulent S2308 or the attenuated vaccine S19, died at 10 and 20 days post-infection, respectively. Interestingly, the same dose of RB51, an attenuated new vaccine strain, did not induce the death of IRF-1-/- mice for the 4 weeks of infection. IRF-1-/- mice infected with four more other genetically manipulated S2308 mutants at 5 x 105 CFU also reacted in a death or survival manner depending on the level of virulence. Splenic CFU from C57BL/6 mice infected with 5 x 105 CFU of S2308, S19, or RB51, as well as four different S2308 mutants supports the finding that reduced virulence correlates with survival Of IRF-1-/- mice. Therefore, these results suggest that IRF-1 regulation of multi-gene transcription plays a crucial role in controlling B. abortus infection, and IRF-1 mice could be used as an animal model to determine the degree of B. abortus virulence by examining death or survival. A3 Diagnostic Tests for Detection of B. melitensis Rev 1 (Kimron) In this project we developed an effective PCR tool that can distinguish between Rev1 field isolates and B. melitensis virulent field strains. This has allowed, for the first time, to monitor epidemiological outbreaks of Rev1 infection in vaccinated flocks and to clearly demonstrate horizontal transfer of the strain from vaccinated ewes to unvaccinated ones. Moreover, two human isolates were characterized as Rev1 isolates implying the risk of use of improperly controlled lots of the vaccine in the national campaign. Since atypical B. melitensis biotype 1 strains have been characterized in Israel, the PCR technique has unequivocally demonstrated that strain Rev1 has not diverted into a virulent mutant. In addition, we could demonstrate that very likely a new prototype biotype 1 strain has evolved in the Middle East compared to the classical strain 16M. All the Israeli field strains have been shown to differ from strain 16M in the PstI digestion profile of the omp2a gene sequence suggesting that the local strains were possibly developed as a separate branch of B. melitensis. Should this be confirmed these data suggest that the Rev1 vaccine may not be an optimal vaccine strain for the Israeli flocks as it shares the same omp2 PstI digestion profile as strain 16M.
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Haider, Huma. Financial Incentives to Reduce Female Infanticide, Child Marriage and Promote Girl’s Education: Impact. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.004.

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Abstract:
This review examines evidence on the key design features and impact of programmes that use Conditional Cash Transfers (CCTs) or baby bonds to reduce female infanticide, child marriage and promote girl’s education. Conditional cash transfer (CCT) schemes have been adopted to promote the survival and well-being of girls. They provide parents with financial incentives to raise daughters; to delay marrying them until age 18, and to reduce the gender imbalance in school. Given that many CCT programmes aimed at addressing girl children are relatively new, it has in many cases been too early to evaluate their effectiveness. There is thus limited evidence of the impact of their implementation and outcomes. This helpdesk report focuses on recent studies, published in the past five years, on select programmes implemented in South Asia, particularly in India, for which there is the most available information. Evidence suggests that CCT programmes aimed at supporting the girl child have succeeded in promoting school enrolment and delaying marriage in South Asia. It is less clear, however, the extent to which these transfers have affected gender-biased sex selection.
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