Journal articles: 'Relative poverty'

1

Nielsen, Lynge. "Global Relative Poverty." IMF Working Papers 09, no. 93 (2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451872408.001.

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2

Ravallion, Martin, and Shaohua Chen. "Weakly Relative Poverty." Review of Economics and Statistics 93, no. 4 (November 2011): 1251–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_00127.

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3

Mehdi, Tahsin. "Poverty comparisons with common relative poverty lines." Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods 46, no. 4 (March 22, 2016): 2029–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03610926.2015.1040504.

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4

SHAW, BEVERLEY. "Poverty: absolute or relative?" Journal of Applied Philosophy 5, no. 1 (March 1988): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5930.1988.tb00226.x.

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5

Katikireddi, S. Vittal, and Ruth Dundas. "Relative poverty still matters." Lancet Public Health 2, no. 3 (March 2017): e126-e127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2468-2667(17)30029-4.

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6

Zheng, Buhong. "Statistical inference for poverty measures with relative poverty lines." Journal of Econometrics 101, no. 2 (April 2001): 337–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4076(00)00088-9.

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7

Sallila, Seppo, Heikki Hiilamo, and Reijo Sund. "Rethinking relative measures of poverty." Journal of European Social Policy 16, no. 2 (May 2006): 107–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928706062500.

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8

Charlton, BruceG. "Absolute effects of relative poverty." Lancet 344, no. 8924 (September 1994): 755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(94)92245-4.

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9

Anwar, Talat. "Prevalence of Relative Poverty in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 44, no. 4II (December 1, 2005): 1111–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v44i4iipp.1111-1131.

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Much has been written11about poverty in Pakistan. A large number of attempts have been made by various authors/institutions to estimate the poverty in Pakistan over the last four decades. However, the conceptual basis of poverty remained limited to absolute concept of poverty. The concept of absolute poverty emphasises to estimate the cost of purchasing a minimum ‘basket’ of goods required for human survival. In Pakistan, the discussion has been centered on estimating poverty lines consistent with 2550 or 2350 calorie intake per adult per day as minimum requirement. Thus, absolute definitions of poverty tend to be minimalist and are based on subsistence and the attainment of physical efficiency. Subsistence is concerned with the minimum provision needed to maintain health and working capacity.

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10

Pu, Xiaomei. "Literature Review of Relative Poverty Research." Voice of the Publisher 06, no. 03 (2020): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/vp.2020.63008.

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11

Preston, Ian. "Sampling Distributions of Relative Poverty Statistics." Applied Statistics 44, no. 1 (1995): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2986197.

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12

LAYTE, RICHARD, BRIAN NOLAN, and CHRISTOPHER T. WHELAN. "Targeting Poverty: Lessons from Monitoring Ireland's National Anti-Poverty Strategy." Journal of Social Policy 29, no. 4 (October 2000): 553–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279400006073.

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In 1997 the Irish government adopted the National Anti-Poverty Strategy (NAPS), a global target for the reduction of poverty which illuminates a range of issues relating to official poverty targets. The Irish target is framed in terms of a relative poverty measure incorporating both relative income and direct measures of deprivation based on data on the extent of poverty from 1994. Since 1994 Ireland has experienced an unprecedented period of economic growth that makes it particularly important to assess whether the target has been achieved, but in doing so we cannot avoid asking some underlying questions about how poverty should be measured and monitored over time. After briefly outlining the nature of the NAPS measure, this article examines trends in poverty in Ireland between 1987 and 1997. Results show that the relative income and deprivation components of the NAPS measure reveal differential trends with increasing relative income poverty, but decreasing deprivation. However, this differential could be due to the fact that the direct measures of deprivation upon which NAPS is based have not been updated to take account of changes in real living standards and increasing expectations. To test whether this is so, we examine the extent to which expectations about living standards and the structure of deprivation have changed over time using confirmatory factor analysis and tests of criterion validity using different definitions of deprivation. Results show that the combined income and deprivation measure, as originally constituted, continues to identify a set of households experiencing generalised deprivation resulting from a lack of resources.

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13

Thompson, Brennan S. "Empirical Likelihood-Based Inference for Poverty Measures with Relative Poverty Lines." Econometric Reviews 32, no. 4 (April 2013): 513–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07474938.2012.690671.

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14

Lockwood, Victoria S. "Poverty in Paradise: Development and Relative Income Poverty in Rural Tahitian Society." Human Organization 61, no. 3 (September 2002): 210–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/humo.61.3.8pne6jp36h79m725.

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15

Orkoh, Emmanuel, Phillip Frederick Blaauw, and Carike Claassen. "Relative Effects of Income and Consumption Poverty on Time Poverty in Ghana." Social Indicators Research 147, no. 2 (July 17, 2019): 465–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-019-02158-0.

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16

Preston, Ian. "Corrigendum: Sampling Distributions of Relative Poverty Statistics." Applied Statistics 45, no. 3 (1996): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2986098.

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17

Ravallion, Martin, and Shaohua Chen. "Global poverty measurement when relative income matters." Journal of Public Economics 177 (September 2019): 104046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2019.07.005.

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18

NIEMIETZ, KRISTIAN. "Measuring Poverty: Context-Specific but not Relative." Journal of Public Policy 30, no. 3 (November 4, 2010): 241–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x10000103.

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AbstractPoverty in developed countries is commonly defined in relative terms. It is argued that a relative definition formalises the insight that poverty is a context-specific phenomenon, and that the understanding of what constitutes poverty changes with overall economic development. Yet this article argues that tagging a poverty line to mean or median incomes does not automatically anchor it in its social context. Relative measures rely on the implicit assumptions that social norms are formed at the national level, and that median income earners set social standards. A comparison with studies on ‘Subjective Well-Being’ (SWB) shows that these assumptions are rather arbitrary. At the same time, relative indicators do not take account of changes in the product market structure that disproportionately affect the poor. If low-cost substitutes for expensive items become available, the poor will be relatively more affected than median income earners. Conventional ‘absolute poverty’ indicators will be equally dismissed for not solving these problems either. A combined ‘Consensual Material Deprivation’ and ‘Budget Standard Approach’ indicator will be proposed as a more robust alternative.

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19

Thompson, Brennan Scott. "Flat rate taxes and relative poverty measurement." Social Choice and Welfare 38, no. 3 (March 30, 2011): 543–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00355-011-0537-2.

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20

Delhausse, Bernard, Axel Luttgens, and Sergio Perelman. "Comparing measures of poverty and relative deprivation." Journal of Population Economics 6, no. 1 (February 1993): 83–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00164340.

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21

Dunn, Andrew. "Relative Poverty, British Social Policy Writing and Public Experience." Social Policy and Society 16, no. 3 (August 3, 2016): 377–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746416000300.

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Relative poverty, a concept developed by left-wing social scientists, categorises as ‘poor’ those who fall seriously behind normal nationwide material standards. This article argues that the widespread view that the word ‘poverty’ means ‘relative poverty’, which in left-dominated social policy academia often extends to implying that those who do not define poverty this way are necessarily misguided, has led to an incomplete portrayal of poorer British people's lived experience. The article examines published empirical work, before presenting findings from British Social Attitudes surveys and interviews with forty unemployed Jobseeker's Allowance claimants and thirty employed people. Both the existing and new findings exposed aspects of public attitudes and experience which resonate with unanswered academic criticisms of defining poverty as relative poverty. These public contributions have tended to be glossed over or treated dismissively by social policy authors, despite them attaching importance to Left-friendly aspects of poorer people's experience and attitudes.

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22

Schefer, Krista Nadakavukaren. "Poverty and Investment Law: Starting the Discussion." Journal of World Investment & Trade 15, no. 5-6 (November 18, 2014): 908–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22119000-01506007.

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Poverty reduction is one of the international community’s highest priorities, but until today, there has been little attention to the impacts of the legal rules of the investment protection regime on poverty and on poverty’s effects on investment law’s goals. This article makes an initial effort to uncover the interactions of poverty and investment protection rules. A particular emphasis is given to the role of relative poverty in this relationship, as laws securing property protection are likely to have different impacts on extreme poverty than they do on inequalities of wealth.

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23

Slobodenyuk, E. D., and V. A. Anikin. "Locating the “poverty threshold” in Russia." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 1 (January 28, 2018): 104–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2018-1-104-127.

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The present paper focuses on identification of relative “poverty line” and a threshold of high poverty risks. The paper also studies key poverty factors in contemporary Russia. It demonstrates that the relative approach to poverty which is widely used in Western countries is applicable in Russia too. However, the relative poverty thresholds set at 0.5 and 0.75 medians per capita family income identify quite different groups of the poor. The threshold of 0.5 median income indicates deep poverty happened mostly to the unemployed workforce. The relative poverty threshold equal to 0.75 median income identifies the poverty of the elderly who are not considered as the poor by the absolute approach because pensions of Russians have been recently equalized to the subsistence level. Above all, the paper provides econometric estimates of socio-economic determinants of both absolute and relative poverty. It was revealed that the relative deep poverty of the working population was primarily caused by “bad” jobs rather than by “bad” human capital. Absolute poverty of workers is more or less determined by both factors.

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24

Zhang, Meiju. "Research on the Construction of Long-term Mechanism of Relative Poverty Governance in Anhui Province." Frontiers in Business, Economics and Management 3, no. 2 (March 13, 2022): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/fbem.v3i2.245.

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Regional poverty has always been an important problem perplexing the development of human society. The comprehensive analysis of relative poverty is conducive to the further implementation of the Rural Revitalization Strategy. Based on the analysis of the new characteristics of the relative poverty governance stage in Anhui Province, this paper reflects the relative poverty degree of Anhui Province by measuring the level of economic development. The results show that the counties with high relative poverty degree are mainly distributed in most areas of Northern Anhui, and there are a few areas with potential poverty risk within the region. The counties with low relative poverty degree are mainly distributed in central and southern Anhui. On the basis of combing the practical problems of relative poverty in Anhui Province at the present stage, combined with the actual conditions of regional development, this paper puts forward the construction idea of long-term mechanism for relative poverty governance in Anhui Province, so as to provide reference for gradually realizing regional coordinated development.

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25

Ravallion, Martin. "On Measuring Global Poverty." Annual Review of Economics 12, no. 1 (August 2, 2020): 167–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-081919-022924.

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This article critically assesses prevailing measures of global poverty. A welfarist interpretation of global poverty lines is augmented by the idea of normative functionings, the cost of which varies across countries. In this light, current absolute measures are seen to ignore important social effects on welfare, while popular, strongly relative measures ignore absolute levels of living. It is argued that a new hybrid measure is called for, combining absolute and weakly relative measures consistent with how national lines vary across countries. Illustrative calculations indicate that we are seeing a falling incidence of poverty globally over the past 30 years. This is mainly due to lower absolute poverty counts in the developing world. While fewer people are poor by the global absolute standard, more are poor by the country-specific relative standard. The vast bulk of poverty, both absolute and relative, is now found in the developing world.

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26

Hick, Rod. "Poverty as Capability Deprivation: Conceptualising and Measuring Poverty in Contemporary Europe." European Journal of Sociology 55, no. 3 (December 2014): 295–323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003975614000150.

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AbstractPoverty analysis is in the midst of a multidimensional “turn” due, in part, to the growing awareness of the limitations of relative income measures of poverty. In this paper, we argue that the conceptualisation of poverty remains a neglected aspect of this multidimensional turn to date, and demonstrate that the counter-intuitive results which flow from relative income analyses are not problems of measurement, but are entirely consistent with the conceptualisation of poverty under Peter Townsend’s dominantPoverty as Relative Deprivationframework. In response to these problems we articulate an alternative framework,Poverty as Capability Deprivation, drawing on Amartya Sen’s capability approach, and argue that this provides more persuasive explanations as to why some nations have greater poverty than others and why poverty remains a problem even in the richest nations.

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27

Joo, Myungkook. "Effects of federal programs on children: Absolute poverty, relative poverty, and income inequality." Children and Youth Services Review 33, no. 7 (July 2011): 1203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.02.011.

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28

Chan, Tak Wing. "The dynamics of relative poverty in China in a comparative perspective." Chinese Journal of Sociology 8, no. 1 (January 2022): 29–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2057150x211068543.

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I use household panel data to study the dynamics of relative poverty in China, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Compared to the three Western countries, not only is relative poverty more common in China, it is also deeper and more severe. Transient poverty accounts for less than half of the total poverty in Germany or the US, but about two-thirds of that in China or the UK. Over three waves, 87% of Germans, 78% of Britons, 71% of Americans, but only 46% of Chinese were never poor. Using a multinomial logistic regression model, the determinants of poverty are found to be very similar across the four countries. But the variance explained by that model is much smaller for China than for the three Western countries. The findings of this paper also challenge some existing understanding of poverty dynamics in general.

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29

Mehdi, Tahsin. "Testing for Stochastic Dominance up to a Common Relative Poverty Line." Econometrics 8, no. 1 (February 11, 2020): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/econometrics8010005.

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Although a wide array of stochastic dominance tests exist for poverty measurement and identification, they assume the income distributions have independent poverty lines or a common absolute (fixed) poverty line. We propose a stochastic dominance test for comparing income distributions up to a common relative poverty line (i.e., some fraction of the pooled median). A Monte Carlo study demonstrates its superior performance over existing methods in terms of power. The test is then applied to some Canadian household survey data for illustration.

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30

Moller, Stephanie, Evelyne Huber, John D. Stephens, David Bradley, and Francois Nielsen. "Determinants of Relative Poverty in Advanced Capitalist Democracies." American Sociological Review 68, no. 1 (February 2003): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3088901.

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31

Hill, A., B. Shaffer, E. Doucette, S. Obenhaus, and S. Shaffer. "16 Relative Poverty and Child Mortality in Haiti." Pediatric Research 58, no. 4 (October 2005): 819. http://dx.doi.org/10.1203/00006450-200510000-00046.

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32

Moore, Pete. "UK young people's health affected by relative poverty." Lancet 349, no. 9059 (April 1997): 1152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)63032-2.

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33

Roach, J. O'N. "One in six children live in relative poverty." BMJ 320, no. 7250 (June 17, 2000): 1621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.320.7250.1621.

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34

Madden, David. "RELATIVE OR ABSOLUTE POVERTY LINES: A NEW APPROACH." Review of Income and Wealth 46, no. 2 (June 2000): 181–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.2000.tb00954.x.

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35

Emerson, Eric. "Relative Child Poverty, Income Inequality, Wealth, and Health." JAMA 301, no. 4 (January 28, 2009): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.8.

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36

Habtamu, Esmael, Tariku Wondie, Sintayehu Aweke, Zerihun Tadesse, Mulat Zerihun, Zebideru Zewdie, Kelly Callahan, et al. "Trachoma and Relative Poverty: A Case-Control Study." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 9, no. 11 (November 23, 2015): e0004228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004228.

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37

Slobodenyuk, Ekaterina D., and Svetlana V. Mareeva. "Relative Poverty in Russia: Evidence from Different Thresholds." Social Indicators Research 151, no. 1 (May 25, 2020): 135–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-020-02364-1.

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38

Aoki, Osamu. "Perceptions of Poverty in Japan: Constructing an Image of Relative Poverty Contrasted Against an Image of Extreme Poverty." Journal of Poverty 11, no. 3 (October 10, 2007): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j134v11n03_02.

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39

Luan, Tian, and Xiaoyan Liu. "An Empirical Study Based on the Impact of Smart Sensor System on Rural Relative Poverty." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021 (December 29, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3635382.

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Solving the problem of rural poverty is a difficult problem for the country to enter a well-off society in an all-round way. Therefore, this paper conducts an experimental analysis based on the impact of smart sensor systems on the relative poverty in rural areas. This article is aimed at studying the related factors of rural poverty and improving relative poverty in rural areas. In this regard, this article proposes an intelligent processing function based on smart sensors. Multiple sensors work together to process relatively complex things. Then, through the experimental analysis of GH efficiency, the data collected in the experimental area is used as the data. Combining the Lorentz curve and Gini coefficient analysis to determine the influencing factors of rural relative poverty. This article also selected 10 areas for experimentation. The experimental results show that the proportion of middle school education from 2014 to 2020 is between 24.3% and 34%, and the number of poor people has also declined, indicating that education level is a factor affecting rural poverty. Therefore, based on the intelligent sensor system, the factors of relative poverty in rural areas can be found, and related measures can be analyzed. By implementing the rural poverty alleviation strategy, the relative poverty situation in rural areas can be effectively improved.

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40

Liu, Hao, Jingtao Wang, Haibin Liu, Yuzhuo Chen, Xinghan Liu, Yanlei Guo, and Hui Huang. "Identification of Relative Poverty Based on 2012–2020 NPP/VIIRS Night Light Data: In the Area Surrounding Beijing and Tianjin in China." Sustainability 14, no. 9 (May 5, 2022): 5559. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14095559.

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As absolute poverty in China, measured by the current standard, is being eliminated, the focus of future poverty reduction projects will necessarily shift to addressing relative poverty. Contiguous poverty areas have been identified in Hebei province around Beijing and Tianjin (HABT), and this is not conducive to the coordinated development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. The dynamic identification of relative poverty at the county level within the region must be the basis for formulating scientific strategies for poverty reduction. Night light (NTL) data can reveal socio-economic information and reflect human activities, and has a wide range of other applications for evaluating and identifying poverty. For this reason, NPP/VIIRS (Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite equipped on the Suomi National Polar orbiting Partnership satellite) NTL data from 2012 to 2020 were corrected, and NTL data for HABT were obtained. A multidimensional relative poverty index (MRPI) that assesses being “free from worries over food and clothing and having access to compulsory education, basic medical services, and safe housing” using social statistical data was created with the analytic hierarchy process and entropy weight method. A panel regression model with fixed effects was established for MRPI and corrected NPP/VIIRS NTL data. The R2 of fitting was 0.6578 and confirmed a strong correlation between MRPI and corrected NPP/VIIRS NTL data. Based on this, the MRPI estimation model was constructed based on the MRPI and corrected NPP/VIIRS NTL data, and passed the accuracy test. Finally, using the national list of poverty counties, it was verified that, at the county scale, the corrected NPP/VIIRS NTL data could effectively identify areas of relative poverty. This study lays the foundation for the use of NPP/VIIRS NTL data in the identification of areas of relative poverty. It provides a feasible method and data reference for analyzing relative poverty at a smaller scale. The dynamic identification of areas of relative poverty can also provide a basis for formulating scientific poverty reduction strategies.

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41

Kanbur, Ravi, and Diganta Mukherjee. "Poverty, relative to the ability to eradicate it: An index of poverty reduction failure." Economics Letters 97, no. 1 (October 2007): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2007.02.021.

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42

Xu, Lidan, Xiangzheng Deng, Qun’ou Jiang, and Fengkui Ma. "Identification and alleviation pathways of multidimensional poverty and relative poverty in counties of China." Journal of Geographical Sciences 31, no. 12 (December 2021): 1715–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11442-021-1919-8.

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43

Zaidi, M. Asghar, and Klaas De Vos. "Trend Analysis of Relative Poverty in Pakistan (1984-85 - 1987-88)." Pakistan Development Review 33, no. 4II (December 1, 1994): 915–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v33i4iipp.915-934.

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In this paper, we compare poverty statistics for Pakistan based on data from the Household Income and Expenditure Surveys of 1984-85 and 1987-88, using a relative concept of poverty. After a brief look at the quality of the surveys in use in Section II we recapitulate the relative poverty concept in Section III. In Section IV we compare the size and composition of the poor population in 1984-85 and 1987-88 by using relative poverty lines. In Section V we extend the analysis by differentiating results across rural and urban areas and by taking into account that the cost of living in rural areas may be lower than in urban areas. Section VI presents a number of sensitivity analyses, and Section VII concludes.

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44

Zhu, Shilian. "Multidimensional Relative Poverty of Farmers in Tibetan Areas – Based on a Data Analysis on Micro Surveys." Proceedings of Business and Economic Studies 4, no. 6 (December 31, 2021): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.26689/pbes.v4i6.2866.

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In 2020, the issue of absolute poverty has been solved, and China is building a well-off society in an all-round way. The issue of relative poverty is an important content of poverty reduction. Based on a survey data from Danba County in October 2020, this paper uses the AF method to calculate the incidence of multidimensional poverty and the multidimensional poverty index. The results showed that 44.65% of the farmers have multidimensional deprivation of any three indicators of relative poverty, and 2.79% of the farmers have serious multidimensional deprivation; the incidence of one-dimensional poverty in terms of “educational level index of head of household,” “per capita non-transfer income of households in 2019,” and “per capita household income in 2019” is the highest; at the same time, the contribution rate of the three indicators to the multidimensional poverty index is also higher than other indicators. Therefore, several suggestions have been put forward to alleviate the multidimensional relative poverty in the region from the aspects of industry development and education.

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45

Durongkaveroj, Wannaphong, and Taehyun Ryu. "Relative effects of trade liberalization on poverty: Evidence from Thailand." Progress in Development Studies 19, no. 4 (August 19, 2019): 264–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464993419857887.

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Trade liberalization has long been expected to contribute to poverty reduction. The economy of Thailand provides an excellent case to study this relationship because its economy has structurally transformed in the past few decades through the export-oriented growth strategies. The purpose of this article is to examine the relative effect of Thailand’s accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995 on poverty reduction, using a unique data set compiled from labour force survey and tariff data. Variation in production composition across provinces allows us to examine a relative impact of such trade reform. Using the instrument variable estimation, we found that provinces in which employers are concentrated in industries exposed to a greater tariff reduction experience more rapid poverty reduction and more income growth than less exposed provinces. This impact on poverty and income is also more pronounced in urban areas. We hypothesize that labour mobility is a potential channel underpinning this effect.

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46

Basson, Yvette. "Relative poverty in female disability grant recipients in South Africa." De Jure 54, no. 1 (September 30, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2225-7160/2021/v54a20.

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It is a well-established fact that adequate social security measures are used as a tool to allow persons a measure of financial security and support in the event of certain contingencies. Historically, disability has been one of the "core" contingencies, which is covered by social security schemes. The purpose of social security in providing for this contingency is to compensate for income lost or reduced as a result of disability. The fact that more women in South Africa have disabilities than men leads to the conclusion that women with disabilities are more negatively affected by poverty than men with disabilities. This in turn makes a woman with a disability more likely to be dependent on the disability grant than a man with a disability. The link between gender, disability and poverty will be discussed to illustrate the socio-economic position of female disability grant recipients in comparison to male disability grant recipients. This article will address the relative poverty of female disability grant recipients and make recommendations to address this relative poverty.

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47

Park, Yhesaem, and Almas Heshmati. "The Effects of Labor Market Characteristics on Women’s Poverty in Korea." Economies 7, no. 4 (November 5, 2019): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies7040110.

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Background: Poverty in Korea is not gender neutral. Both male headed and female headed households experience poverty in distinct ways. This research discusses poverty and how it has evolved in Korea from a gender perspective. Methods: It describes the characteristics of poverty among the working population based on gender and other household attributes. It measures poverty relative to the mean and median incomes of the population in three ways: headcount, poverty gap, and poverty severity. The study uses the probit model to estimate the incidence of poverty and the Heckman sample selection model to analyze poverty’s gap and severity. Our empirical results are based on an unbalanced household level panel covering the period 2006–2016. Results: Our results indicate that multiple factors including issues related to the labor market and demographic characteristics contribute to women’s poverty. Within the working population, women are less likely to be poor than men because they share their partners’ incomes. However, single female workers with children are the poorest demographic group. Conclusion: “Part-time jobs” are a critical factor in determining women’s poverty status, while “work years” and “the quality of occupation” have a crucial impact on the incidence and severity of poverty.

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48

Wang, Wei, Xin Luo, Chongmei Zhang, Jiahao Song, and Dingde Xu. "Can Land Transfer Alleviate the Poverty of the Elderly? Evidence from Rural China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 21 (October 27, 2021): 11288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111288.

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This study explores the impact of farmland transfer on the multidimensional relative poverty of the elderly in rural areas to provide a reference for the study of rural land transfer in China and improve the welfare system for the elderly. Based on the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) rural sample data in 2018, this paper uses the AF multidimensional index measurement method to assess multidimensional relative poverty in rural areas. Logit regression estimation examines the single index poverty of rural older adults transferred from rural land and the impact of multidimensional relative poverty, using the propensity score matching method (PSM) to analyze the results’ robustness. The transfer of agricultural land has different impacts on the poverty of different rural elderly poverty indicators and negatively affects the comprehensive effect of rural elderly poverty. The transfer of agricultural land significantly alleviates rural elderly poverty. Reasonable and effective transfer of agricultural land, together with improved rural social security and a caring service system for the elderly, will promote the continuous operation of large-scale agricultural operations and alleviate rural elderly poverty.

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Zongsheng, Chen, and Wen Wen. "The Study on Poverty Reduction Effects of Chinese Urban Minimum Living Standard Guarantee System—Empirical Analysis Based on CHIP 2002 and 2007." Economics, Law and Policy 3, no. 2 (July 13, 2020): p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/elp.v3n2p1.

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The Chinese urban minimum living-standard guarantee system, mainly functions to guarantee the poor people to have minimum living-standard life; at same time it can make some people to get rid of poverty by some poverty lines. But how much of the rates can be reduced? What differences among provinces, and what impact on all kind of families? The paper tries to answer these questions by using Chinese Household Income Project (CHIP) 2002 and 2007, taking international poverty line, minimum living standard line, Martin’s poverty line and relative poverty line respectively to measure the poverty reduction impact of urban minimum living standard guarantee. On the whole, the urban minimum living standard guarantee is effective to alleviate absolute poverty and even part of relative poverty. For example, taking international poverty line as standard, in 2002 the urban minimum living guarantee respectively decreased absolute poverty rate, poverty gap and squared poverty gap of national urban area by 4.58%, 11.41% and 16.32%, while in 2007 decreased respectively by 47.24%, 70.87% and 83.04%. Taking relative poverty line as standard, in 2002 respectively poverty rate, poverty gap and squared poverty gap of national urban area decreased by 1.92%, 4.65% and 8.37%, while in 2007 the 3 indices reached by 3.28%, 11.63% and 22.57% respectively, but which are lower than by international poverty line. On the whole, according to different poverty lines and indices, the urban citizen in different provinces and families gained different poverty reduction effects brought by the urban minimum living standard guarantee.

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Fair, C. Christine, Rebecca Littman, Neil Malhotra, and Jacob N. Shapiro. "Relative Poverty, Perceived Violence, and Support for Militant Politics: Evidence from Pakistan." Political Science Research and Methods 6, no. 1 (February 16, 2016): 57–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2016.6.

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Challenging conventional wisdom, previous research in South Asia and the Middle East has shown that poverty and exposure to violence are negatively correlated with support for militant organizations. Existing studies, however, provide evidence consistent with two potential mechanisms underlying these relationships: (1) the direct effects of poverty and violence on attitudes toward militant groups and (2) the psychological effects of perceptions of poverty and violence on attitudes. Isolating whether the psychological mechanism is an important one is critical for building theories of mass responses to political violence. We conducted a series of original, large-scale survey experiments in Pakistan (n=16,279) in which we randomly manipulated perceptions of both poverty and violence before measuring support for militant organizations. We find evidence that psychological perceptions do in part explain why the poor seem to be less supportive of militant political groups.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Relative poverty'

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