Books: 'Relative poverty'

1

Ravallion, Martin. Weakly relative poverty. [Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2009.

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2

Robson, B. T. Relative deprivation in Northern Ireland. Belfast: Policy, Planning and Research Unit, Department of Finance and Personnel, 1994.

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3

Ravallion, Martin. Who cares about relative deprivation ? [Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2005.

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4

Nolan, Brian. Cross-national poverty comparisons using relative poverty lines: An application and some lessons. Dublin: Economic and Social Research Institute, 1989.

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5

Nolan, Brian. Relative poverty lines: An application to Irish data for 1973 and 1980. Dublin: Economic and Social Research Institute, 1988.

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6

Nolan, Brian. The distribution of income and relative income poverty in the European Community household panel. Colchester: Institute for Social and Economic Research, 1999.

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7

Muller, Christophe. Relative poverty from the perspective of social class: Evidence from the Netherlands. Nottingham: Centre for Research in Economic Development and International Trade, 2001.

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8

Malawi. Ministry of Economic Planning and Development. Poverty Monitoring System. A relative profile of poverty in Malawi, 1998: A quintile-based poverty analysis of the Malawi Integrated Household Survey, 1997-98. Lilongwe]: Poverty Monitoring System, Govt. of Malawi, 2001.

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9

Vivian, Kazi, and Research on Poverty Alleviation (Tanzania), eds. Assessing the relative poverty of clients and non-clients of non-bank micro-finance institutions in Tanzania: The case of the Dar es Salaam and Coast Regions. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Mkuki na Nyota Publishers, 2004.

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10

Zaidi, M. Asghar. Relative poverty in Pakistan: An estimation from the Household Income and Expenditure Survey (1984-85). The Hague: Institute of Social Studies, 1992.

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11

Gunewardena, Dileni. Absolute and relative consumption poverty in Sri Lanka: Evidence from the Consumer Finance Survey, 2003-4. Colombo: Centre for Poverty Analysis, 2007.

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12

Tobin, James. Poverty in relation to macroeconomic trends, cycles and policies. New Haven, CN: Yale University, Cowles Foundation, 1992.

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13

Scheuring, Lyn Marie Falzon. The poverty of Francis of Assisi according to Bonaventure and its relation to poverty in John of the Cross. Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms International, 1990.

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14

Wealth and poverty in the Instruction of Amenemope and the Hebrew Proverbs. Atlanta, Ga: Scholars Press, 1994.

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15

Tilak, Jandhyala B. G. Education and its relation to economic growth, poverty, and income distribution: Past evidence and further analysis. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 1989.

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16

De sociale betekenis van de buurt: Een onderzoek naar de relatie tussen het wonen in een arme wijk en sociale mobiliteit. [Den Haag]: NICIS Institute, 2008.

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17

Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Social Security Committee. Pensioner poverty: Together with the proceedings of the Committee relating to the report, minutes of evidence and appendices to the minutes of evidence. London: Stationery Office, 2000.

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18

H. Con. Res. 16, relating to the population of the Ganges and Brahmaputra River Basin, H. Res. 68 ... H.R. 750 ... H.J. Res. 58 ...: Markup before the Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fifth Congress, first session, March 6, 1997. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1997.

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19

Federighi, Paolo, ed. Educazione in età adulta. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-752-8.

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Il volume presenta l’esito di una serie di incontri e seminari che, a più livelli, hanno contribuito alla costruzione del Convegno Internazionale La ricerca sull’Educazione in età Adulta nelle università italiane tenutosi all’Università di Firenze il 23 e 24 novembre 2017. I vari contributi hanno provato a dare risposta alla domanda sull’origine e lo sviluppo dell’educazione degli adulti in Italia all’interno dei contesti accademici. Cosa significa occuparsi di tale ambito di ricerca? Le direttrici indagate hanno riflettuto su una molteplicità di approcci di ricerca e hanno ricostruito la varietà delle teorie, dei modelli, degli autori che hanno tratteggiato lo sviluppo della disciplina in Italia negli ultimi cinquant’anni. Tra i temi trattati: accrescimento della qualità educativa dei luoghi di lavoro, comprensione dell’educazione incorporata nei luoghi di lavoro, studio delle finalità dell’educazione nei luoghi formali e informali. Si è giunti così a un tema originalmente rilevato, ma non toccato dalla letteratura nazionale, ovvero la questione delle diseguaglianze e la povertà relativa, fenomeni importanti per comprendere lo sviluppo delle società del futuro.

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20

Ravallion, Martin, and Shaohua Chen. Weakly Relative Poverty. The World Bank, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-4844.

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21

Jolliffe, Dean, and Espen Beer Prydz. Societal Poverty: A Relative and Relevant Measure. World Bank, Washington, DC, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-8073.

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22

Ravallion, Martin. On The Welfarist Rationale For Relative Poverty Lines. The World Bank, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-4486.

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23

Tim, Callan, and Economic and Social Research Institute., eds. Why is relative income poverty so high in Ireland? Dublin: Economic and Social Research Institute, 2004.

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24

Smeeding, Timothy M. Poverty Measurement. Edited by David Brady and Linda M. Burton. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199914050.013.3.

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This article focuses on the complexities and idiosyncrasies of poverty measurement, from its origins to current practice. It first considers various concepts of poverty and their measurement and how economists, social statisticians, public policy scholars, sociologists, and other social scientists have contributed to this literature. It then discusses a few empirical estimates of poverty across and within nations, drawing primarily on data from the Luxembourg Income Study and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) to highlight levels and trends in overall poverty, while also referring to the World Bank’s measures of global absolute poverty. In the empirical examinations, the article takes a look at rich and middle-income countries and some developing nations. It compares trends in relative poverty over different time periods and in relative and anchored poverty across the Great Recession.

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25

Gao, Qin. Anti-Poverty Effectiveness. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190218133.003.0005.

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Chapter 5 investigates Dibao’s anti-poverty effectiveness. The chapter shows that, based on various poverty lines and across urban and rural areas, Dibao’s anti-poverty effectiveness is limited and at best modest, largely due to its targeting errors and gaps in benefit delivery. Dibao is more effective in reducing the depth and severity of poverty than it is the rate of poverty, and its anti-poverty effectiveness is greater among recipients than in the general population. Dibao’s influence on reducing poverty is larger when a lower poverty line is used and smaller when a higher poverty line is used. Because relative poverty lines are often set relative to the median income in society and tend to be much higher than the more widely used absolute poverty lines, Dibao’s effects on reducing relative poverty are particularly limited. Dibao has had minimal effect on narrowing the income inequality gap in society.

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26

Jonsson, Jan O., and Carina Mood. Sweden: Child Poverty during Two Recessions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797968.003.0011.

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This chapter looks at child poverty trends in Sweden across two recessions, the first (severe) 1991–6, and the second (hardly noticeable) 2008–10, using a number of measures. Absolute (bread-line) household income poverty and economic deprivation surged, with some lag, during the first recession, but shrunk steadily as the macro-economy improved up until around 2006, after which there is no trend but temporary fluctuations. Relative income poverty fell somewhat during the earlier recession but has grown since the mid-1990s, mainly because of a more precarious situation for one-parent families and non-employed parents (often immigrants). In a rare but theoretically important step, child poverty is also measured by young people’s own reports, showing few trends between 2000 and 2011. While material conditions improved somewhat, relative poverty did not change, in stark contrast to household relative poverty—perhaps because poor parents distribute more economic resources to their children during hard times.

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27

Programme, World Food, and American Red Cross, eds. Relative vulnerability of GN divisions to food insecurity: [a study. [Colombo]: United Nations World Food Programme, 2006.

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28

Huret, Romain D. The Experts' War on Poverty. Translated by John Angell. Cornell University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9780801450488.001.0001.

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This book traces the efforts of a dedicated community of experts to create a policy bureaucracy that reigned until Richard Nixon implemented the Family Assistance Plan in 1969. Although they toiled in relative obscurity, this cadre of experts waged their own war on the American political establishment, creating policies that challenged the unscientific prejudices that ruled DC politics. The Experts’ War on Poverty highlights the metrics, research, and economic and social data that these social scientists employed in their day-to-day work. Huret argues that this internal “war” at a time of great disruption due to the Cold War undermined and fractured the institutional system officially intended ending poverty. What developed instead, he writes, was a group that was determined to fight poverty in ways that the federal government was unable to pursue by promoting radical policies and a more progressive government role and sweeping reforms. The Expert’s War on Poverty closely examines the intellectual, social, and political dimensions of this community of experts and social scientists and how they shaped American policy in the Cold War era.

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29

Lee, Jinkook, and Drystan Phillips. Income and Poverty among Older Koreans: Relative Contributions of and Relationship between Public and Family Transfers. RAND Corporation, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.7249/wr852.

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30

Wimer, Christopher, and Timothy M. Smeeding. USA Child Poverty: The Impact of the Great Recession. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797968.003.0013.

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The Great Recession (GR) was the most dramatic economic downturn the USA has experienced in more than six decades. But against this backdrop, the USA actually made some limited progress against child poverty over the Great Recession when one considers the new US Supplemental Poverty Measure which lies at about 40 per cent of median income. The main reason was the growth of a well-targeted near cash safety net, combined with earnings enhancements in the form of refundable tax credits. These enhancements helped the working poor, but not many parents of children who could not find jobs. However these improvements had little if any effect on relative poverty counted at a European or cross-national relative poverty standard set at 60 per cent of median income. Greater progress against child poverty in the US requires a continued strong job market coupled with a child allowance.

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31

Ray, Ranjan. The Link between Preferences, Prices, Inequality, and Poverty. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812555.003.0007.

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This paper documents the shift in the literature on prices from being exclusively a macro-topic featuring in the study of inflation, national income accounting, and cross-country income comparisons to one that is firmly rooted in micro-involving economic analysis of household behaviour, welfare, and the distributional implications of changes in relative prices. This paper brings together results from some of the recent studies on Indian National Sample Survey data that examine the effect of price changes on inequality and poverty. It also contains evidence on spatial prices in the context of a large heterogeneous country such as India.

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32

United States. General Accounting Office, ed. Welfare, income and relative poverty status of AFDC families: Report to the Honorable William V. Roth, Jr., U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1987.

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33

Nelson, Paul. The Millennium Development Goals and the Politics of Global Poverty. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.340.

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The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), endorsed by 189 governments at the Millennium Summit, propose a concerted global effort to reduce the incidence of severe poverty and many of its most serious manifestations over a twenty-five-year period. The MDGs offer crucial insights into the politics of poverty and poverty reduction in international affairs. Their political dimensions can be analyzed in terms of agency, the nature and limits of accountability, the use and manipulation of quantitative goals for political ends, the dangerous illusion that MDG objectives can be accomplished in large part by mobilizing more development assistance, and the MDGs’ distinctly apolitical approach to the structural causes of poverty. The MDG initiative should be situated in three ongoing streams of debate and discussion: the debate over the relative priority of growth and of human development for poverty reduction; the tension between the assertion of rights and the enunciation of donor-driven goals as the political engine of poverty reduction; and the debate over the roles of markets and of state direction and regulation. While the MDGs concentrate on increasing aid flows to reduce the incidence of poverty and its manifestations, international trade and finance arrangements too often impede rapid progress. This is evident in water privatization, trade rules, and anti-retroviral medicines for HIV/AIDS patients. A way forward is to integrate the MDGs more deeply with human rights guarantees. Donors, for example, must take seriously the 2002 Draft Guidelines for the application of human rights to poverty reduction strategies.

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34

Levie-Bernfeld, Tirtsah. Poverty and Welfare Among the Portuguese Jews in Early Modern Amsterdam. Liverpool University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781904113577.001.0001.

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Early modern Amsterdam was a prosperous city renowned for its relative tolerance, and many people hoping for a better future, away from persecution, wars, and economic malaise, chose to make a new life there. Conversos and Jews from many countries were among them, attracted by the reputed wealth and benevolence of the Portuguese Jews who had settled there. Behind the facade of prosperity, however, poverty was a serious problem. It preoccupied the leadership of the Portuguese Jewish community and influenced its policy on admitting newcomers. This book looks at poverty and welfare from the perspective of both benefactors and recipients. The book analyses benefactors' motives for philanthropy and charts its dimensions; it also examines the decision-making processes of communal bodies and private philanthropists, identifying the cultural influences that shaped their commitment to welfare. At the same time the book succeeds in bringing the poor to life: it examines what brought them to Amsterdam, aspects of their daily life in the petitions they sent to the different welfare institutions, and the survival strategies offered by work, education, and charity. The book also considers the related questions of social mobility and the motivation of the poor for joining the Amsterdam Portuguese community, and finally, to the small but active groups of Sephardi bandits who formed their own clandestine networks. Special attention is paid to poor women, who were often singled out for relief. In this way the book makes a much-needed contribution to the study of gender, in Jewish society and more generally.

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35

Kenworthy, Lane. Enabling Social Policy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790488.003.0007.

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The SIA to social policy emphasizes skill development and facilitation of employment alongside the traditional focus on provision of income to people not in employment. Policy tools include early education, improved K-12 schooling, affordable and good-quality universities, active labour-market programmes, accessible lifelong learning, mentoring and other individualized assistance to those who need it, paid parental leave, encouragement of flexible work scheduling, and public employment. All affluent nations have been moving in the direction of social investment. Does it work? The evidence over the past generation is supportive of hopes that social investment can boost employment and facilitate its coupling with low relative poverty. It offers less reason for optimism about boosting economic growth or reducing relative poverty.

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36

Alkire, Sabina. The Capability Approach and Well-Being Measurement for Public Policy. Edited by Matthew D. Adler and Marc Fleurbaey. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199325818.013.18.

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This chapter presents Sen’s capability approach as a framework for well-being measurement with powerful and ongoing relevance to current work on measuring well-being in order to guide public policy. It discusses how preferences and values inform the relative weights across capabilities, then draws readers’ attention to measurement properties of multidimensional measures that have proven to be policy relevant in poverty reduction. It presents a dual-cutoff counting methodology that satisfies these properties and outlines the assumptions that must be fulfilled in order to interpret ensuing indices as measuring capability poverty. It then discusses Bhutan’s innovative extension of this methodology in the Gross National Happiness Index and reflects upon whether it might be suited to other contexts. It closes by responding at some length to relevant material in other Handbook chapters.

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37

McCabe, Joshua T. Canada. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190841300.003.0004.

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Chapter 4 examines how Canadian policymakers’ renewed promise to tackle child poverty translated into the Child Tax Benefit, the nonrefundable Child Tax Credit, and the Working Income Tax Benefit. Whereas the logic of tax relief served as the springboard for fiscalization in the US, the logic of income supplementation drove the process in Canada. This difference had important implications for the shape and scope of Canadian tax credits, enabling them to significantly reduce child poverty relative to the much weaker outcomes in the US. Family allowances offered policymakers an alternative to welfare as the primary method of delivering cash benefits to children. Canadian policymakers, including conservative policymakers and profamily groups, saw expanding child tax credits as a way to “take children off welfare” by redirecting benefits through a nonstigmatizing program. The initial change occurred under the Progressive Conservatives in 1992 and was consolidated under the Liberals in 1997.

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38

Duclos, Jean-Yves, and Luca Tiberti. Multidimensional Poverty Indices. Edited by Matthew D. Adler and Marc Fleurbaey. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199325818.013.19.

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This chapter reviews and assesses issues involved in the measurement of multidimensional poverty, in particular the soundness of the various “axioms” and properties often imposed on poverty indices. It argues that some of these properties (such as those relating poverty and inequality) may be sound in a unidimensional setting but not so in a multidimensional one. Second, it addresses critically some of the features of recently proposed multidimensional poverty indices, in particular the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) recently put forward by the United Nations Development Program. The MPI suffers from several unattractive features that need to be better understood (given the prominence of the index). The MPI fails in particular to meet all of three properties that one would expect multidimensional poverty indices to obey: continuity, monotonicity, and sensitivity to multiple deprivation. Robustness techniques to address some of the shortcomings of the use of such indices are briefly advocated.

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39

Kus, Basak, Brian Nolan, and Christopher T. Whelan. Material Deprivation and Consumption. Edited by David Brady and Linda M. Burton. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199914050.013.26.

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This article examines material deprivation and consumption in relation to poverty. In a developing country context, manifest material deprivation and inadequate levels of consumption have always been central to the conceptualization of poverty and living standards. Direct measures of failure to meet “basic needs” are widely used alongside income-based measures such as the World Bank’s “dollar a day” standard. In contrast, both research and official poverty monitoring in rich countries tend to rely on household income. This article begins with a review of recent research on material deprivation, seen primarily as a means to go “beyond income” in capturing poverty and exclusion. It then considers the mismatch between low income and measured deprivation, along with the notion of multidimensionality and the measurement issues raised in the implementation of multidimensional approaches. Finally, it analyzes conceptual and empirical issues relating to the contrast between income and consumption.

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40

Brady, David, and Linda M. Burton, eds. The Oxford Handbook of the Social Science of Poverty. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199914050.001.0001.

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This book is concerned with the social science of poverty and covers topics ranging from the intricacies of measuring poverty using objective quantitative, income-based measures, to the interrelationships between structural violence, poverty, and social suffering; capability deprivation as the basis for analyzing poverty; ideologies and beliefs about poverty; how politics and institutions shape poverty and inequality; and the effects of poverty on child development. The book also explores the link between gender and poverty; the historical origins of poverty in developing countries; poor neighborhoods in the metropolis; how segregation perpetuates disadvantage; the association between nonmarital family structures, poverty, and inequality; whether social ties matter for poor people who are seeking employment; the link between poverty and education; intergenerational mobility; hunger and food insecurity; and the relation between crime and poverty.

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41

Akande, Dapo, Jaakko Kuosmanen, Helen McDermott, and Dominic Roser, eds. Human Rights and 21st Century Challenges. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824770.001.0001.

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The world faces significant and interrelated challenges in the twenty-first century which threaten human rights in a number of ways. This book examines the relationship between human rights and three of the largest challenges of the twenty-first century: conflict and security, environment, and poverty. Technological advances in fighting wars have led to the introduction of new weapons which threaten to transform the very nature of conflict. In addition, states confront threats to security which arise from a new set of international actors not clearly defined and which operate globally. Climate change, with its potentially catastrophic impacts, features a combination of characteristics which are novel for humanity. The problem is caused by the sum of innumerable individual actions across the globe and over time, and similarly involves risks that are geographically and temporally diffuse. In recent decades, the challenges involved in addressing global and national poverty have also changed. For example, the relative share of the poor in the world population has decreased significantly while the relative share of the poor who live in countries with significant domestic capacity has increased strongly. Overcoming these global and interlocking threats constitutes this century’s core political and moral task. This book examines how these challenges may be addressed using a human rights framework. It considers how these challenges threaten human rights and seeks to reassess our understanding of human rights in the light of these challenges. The analysis considers both foundational and applied questions. The approach is multidisciplinary and contributors include some of the most prominent lawyers, philosophers, and political theorists in the debate. The authors not only include leading academics but also those who have played important roles in shaping the policy debates on these questions. Each Part includes contributions by those who have served as Special Rapporteurs within the United Nations human rights system on the challenges under consideration.

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42

Khan, Yasmin. Postcolonial History as War History in the Twentieth Century. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198768784.003.0014.

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How we think about warfare in the past is intrinsically linked to our political commitments today. Wars have always swept up civilians in their terrors and been linked to famine, exploitation, and misogyny. They have often enhanced relative poverty and, in the past, consolidated empire by suppressing rebellion. Reflecting on Eric Hobsbawm’s engagement with empire and warfare, this chapter considers the ways in which narratives of the two world wars in the twentieth century have tended to centre on Europe and to obscure decolonization. Focusing on the history of the British empire, this chapter argues that examining the fullest implications of warfare in the twentieth century and its ramifications for colonial civilians is a way of understanding the history of Britain’s recent past.

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43

Grint, Keith. Mutiny and Leadership. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192893345.001.0001.

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Mutiny is often associated with the occasional mis-leadership of the masses by politically inspired hotheads or a spontaneous and unusually romantic gesture of defiance against a uniquely overbearing military superior. In reality it is seldom either, and usually it has far more mundane roots, not in the absolute poverty of the subordinates but in the relative poverty of the relationships between leaders and led in a military situation. Using contemporary leadership theory to cast a critical light on an array of mutinies across time and space, this book suggests we consider mutiny as a permanent possibility that is further encouraged or discouraged by particular contexts. What turns discontent into mutiny, however, lies in the leadership skills of a small number of leaders, and what transforms that into a constructive dialogue or a catastrophic disaster depends on how the leaders of both sides mobilize their supporters and their networks. From mutinies in ancient Roman and Greek armies through those that were generated by uncaring European monarchs and those that toppled the German and Russian states—and those that forced governments to face their own disastrous policies and changed them forever—this book covers an array of cases across land, sea, and air that still pose a threat to military establishments today.

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44

Unwin, Tim. The Internet and Development: A Critical Perspective. Edited by William H. Dutton. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199589074.013.0025.

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This chapter extends a critical perspective on the economic impact of the Internet to the study of information and communications technologies (ICTs) for development, concentrating on the effects of the Internet on the lives of some of the poorest people and most marginalized communities. The distinction between absolute and relative poverty is central to an understanding of the role of technology, and the Internet in particular, in development. Furthermore, the implications of the relationships between the Internet and ‘development’ are assessed in terms of development as economic growth, development as social equality, and development as political freedom. The Internet has been shaped and developed explicitly by the commercial interests largely of US capital. The success of the Internet in delivering development objectives depends very much on how such objectives are defined.

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45

Taylor, Claire. Poverty, Wealth, and Well-Being. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786931.001.0001.

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In the fifth and fourth centuries BC Athenian ideas about poverty were ideologically charged. The poor were contrasted with the rich and found, for the most part, to be both materially and morally deficient. Reflecting ideas about labour, leisure, and good citizenship, the ‘poor’ were considered to be not only those who were destitute, or those who were living at the borders of subsistence, but also those who were moderately well off but had to work for a living. Defined this way, this group covered around 99% of the population of Athens. This book sets out to rethink what it meant to be poor in a world where poverty was understood as the need to work for a living. It explores the discourses that constructed poverty as something to fear and links these with experiences of penia (poverty) among different social groups in Athens. Drawing on poverty research within the social sciences, it argues that poverty in democratic Athens should not necessarily be seen in terms of these elitist ideological categories, nor indeed only as an economic condition (the state of having no wealth), but in terms of social relations, capabilities, and well-being. The volume, therefore, provides a critical reassessment of poverty in democratic Athens which is in line with debates in contemporary poverty research. It develops a framework to analyse the complexities of poverty as a social relation as well as exploring the discourses that shaped it. Poverty is reframed throughout as being dynamic and multidimensional. In doing so, it provides an assessment of what the poor in Athens—men and women, citizen and non-citizen, slave and free—were able to do or to be.

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46

Confronting Racism, Poverty, and Power: Classroom Strategies to Change the World. Heinemann, 2004.

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47

Hodges, Sarah. South Asia's Eugenic Past. Edited by Alison Bashford and Philippa Levine. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195373141.013.0013.

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The strong continuities between colonial eugenics agendas and postcolonial population control efforts are striking elements in the history of eugenics in South Asia. This article discusses the role of different strands within colonial eugenics—particularly neo-Malthusianism—at different points in time and in the region's different postcolonial nations. It mentions that eugenics in a poverty-stricken colonial context provides a powerful and enduring template for connecting reproductive behavior to the task of revitalizing the nation as a whole. This article relates the history of eugenics in colonial India with the history of birth control advocacy. It discusses in detail the eugenics associations that held public meetings and advocated contraceptive use. It provides an understanding of the relative insignificance of heredity to Indian eugenics in light of the conditions for the development of eugenic science in India.

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48

Vinck, Julie, and Wim Van Lancker. Belgium: Creeping Vulnerability of Children. Edited by Bea Cantillon. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797968.003.0003.

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Belgium has been plagued by comparatively high levels of child poverty, and by a creeping, yet significant, increase that started in the good years before the crisis. This is related to the relatively high share of jobless households, the extremely high and increasing poverty risk of children growing up in these households, and benefits that are inadequate to shield jobless families with children from poverty. Although the impact of the Great Recession was limited in Belgium, the crisis seems to have had an impact on child poverty, by increasing the number of children living in work-poor households. Although the Belgian welfare state had an important cushioning impact, its poverty-reducing capacity was less strong than it used to be. The most important lesson from the crisis is that in order to make further headway in reducing child poverty, not only activation but also social protection should be improved.

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Gábos, András, and István György Tóth. Recession, Recovery, and Regime Change: Effects on Child Poverty in Hungary. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797968.003.0006.

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Abstract:

Despite high spending on family benefits and the high poverty reduction effectiveness of cash benefits, the risk of child poverty in Hungary have been higher than the EU average since the early 1990s in which the relatively high share of children in very low work-intensity households played a significant role. The crisis period brought an even higher poverty risk for children. According to the chapter’s findings, the increase in child poverty in the first phase of the crisis was driven by labour market processes (an increasing share of children in low work-intensity households), while the automatic stabilizers reduced the magnitude of these effects. By contrast, in the second phase, labour market processes started to improve (although mainly through controversial policy tools, like public work and outward migration), though the shift towards a regressive social policy regime contributed to increased poverty rates via the reduced poverty reduction impacts of cash benefits.

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Bhattacharyya, Sambit. The Historical Origins of Poverty in Developing Countries. Edited by David Brady and Linda M. Burton. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199914050.013.13.

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This article explores the historical origins of poverty and the root causes of poverty in developing countries. It first considers the theories that explain the root causes (geography, disease, colonial history, slave trade, culture, and technology) of poverty before describing a novel, unified framework that unites these theories. The central thesis is that Western Europe benefited from favorable geography that led to highly productive agriculture, food surpluses, and institutions conducive to development. In contrast, Africa continues to suffer from unfavorable geography and disease. Institutional weaknesses in Latin America and Russia explain their relatively weak long-term economic performance. The article argues that these historical factors matter for contemporary patterns of development across the globe.

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Books on the topic 'Relative poverty'

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