Relevant bibliographies by topics / Relative poverty

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Relative poverty'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 7 December 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Relative poverty"

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Nielsen, Lynge. "Global Relative Poverty." IMF Working Papers 09, no. 93 (2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451872408.001.

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Ravallion, Martin, and Shaohua Chen. "Weakly Relative Poverty." Review of Economics and Statistics 93, no. 4 (November 2011): 1251–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_00127.

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Mehdi, Tahsin. "Poverty comparisons with common relative poverty lines." Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods 46, no. 4 (March 22, 2016): 2029–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03610926.2015.1040504.

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SHAW, BEVERLEY. "Poverty: absolute or relative?" Journal of Applied Philosophy 5, no. 1 (March 1988): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5930.1988.tb00226.x.

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Katikireddi, S. Vittal, and Ruth Dundas. "Relative poverty still matters." Lancet Public Health 2, no. 3 (March 2017): e126-e127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2468-2667(17)30029-4.

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Zou, Wei, Xiaopei Cheng, Zengzeng Fan, and Chuhao Lin. "Measuring and Decomposing Relative Poverty in China." Land 12, no. 2 (January 23, 2023): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12020316.

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Poverty is a critical issue in sustainable development, and the study of poverty has gradually shifted from absolute to relative poverty. This paper measures three types of relative poverty—strongly relative poverty (50% of median income), strongly relative poverty (50% of mean income), and weakly relative poverty. Then this paper decomposes the change of relative poverty into the growth component, redistribution component, and poverty line change component. Further, the intra- and inter-group decompositions of relative poverty change are carried out by considering the urban and rural population mobility components. We apply the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) data from 1989 to 2015 for an empirical study. The results show that: (1) In recent years, the change in relative poverty in China has shown a trend of low fluctuation (1989–1997), rising fluctuation (1997–2006), and high fluctuation (2006–2015). (2) In the decomposition of relative poverty change, the growth component has the most excellent effect on alleviating relative poverty, the redistribution component exacerbates the occurrence of relative poverty in most years and reduces it in a few years, and the poverty line change component offsets the poverty reduction effect of the growth component. (3) The change in relative poverty is decomposed by urban and rural sub-groups, and it is found that the population mobility from rural to urban can reduce the national relative poverty.
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Zheng, Buhong. "Statistical inference for poverty measures with relative poverty lines." Journal of Econometrics 101, no. 2 (April 2001): 337–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4076(00)00088-9.

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Othman, Muhammad Hanif, Zouhair Mohd Rosli, and Mohd Hilal Muhammad. "Multidimensional Poverty: Complementary Measure to Absolute and Relative Poverty." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science VIII, no. IX (2024): 3838–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2024.8090319.

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Poverty is a complex issue that involves more than just income levels, affecting various aspects of life such as health, education, and living conditions. The ongoing discussion about how to measure poverty, whether through absolute or relative terms, reflects the challenges in assessing it. Absolute poverty is based on a set standard that focuses on meeting basic needs for survival, while relative poverty looks at income disparities within a society. This study explores existing research on multidimensional poverty and examines the debate between absolute and relative poverty measures, considering their respective advantages and disadvantages. A notable conclusion from the research is that multidimensional poverty indices (MPIs), like the Multidimensional Poverty Index, provide a broad view of deprivation by including multiple factors. MPIs help policymakers design more targeted interventions in areas such as education, healthcare, and living standards. However, absolute poverty measures, such as the World Bank’s $1.90-per-day threshold, are still essential for tracking extreme poverty in developing nations, offering a clear benchmark for international comparisons. In contrast, relative poverty measures are particularly relevant in wealthier nations, where inequality and social exclusion are more prominent factors in poverty. This study highlights gaps in how these different approaches are integrated and calls for further research to improve models that address both absolute and relative poverty. The findings suggest that combining multidimensional, absolute, and relative poverty measures is important for fully understanding poverty and creating effective strategies to reduce it, adapted to the needs of specific regions and contexts.
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Sallila, Seppo, Heikki Hiilamo, and Reijo Sund. "Rethinking relative measures of poverty." Journal of European Social Policy 16, no. 2 (May 2006): 107–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928706062500.

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Charlton, BruceG. "Absolute effects of relative poverty." Lancet 344, no. 8924 (September 1994): 755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(94)92245-4.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Relative poverty"

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Stenbäcken, Rasmus. "Do Self-Sustainable MFI:s help alleviate relative poverty?" Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Economics, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-6406.

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The subject of this paper is microfinance and the question: Do self-sustainable MFI:s alleviate poverty?.

A MFI is a micro financial institution, a regular bank or a NGO that has transformed into a licensed financial institutions, focused on microenterprises. To answer the question data has been gathered in Ecuador, South America. South America have a large amount of self sustainable MFI:s. Ecuador was selected as the country to be studied as it has an intermediate level of market penetration in the micro financial sector. To determine relative poverty before and after the access to microcredit, interviews were used. The data retrieved in the interviews was used to determine the impact of micro credit on different aspects of relative poverty using the Difference in Difference method.

Significant differences are found between old and new clients as well as for the change over time. But no significant results are found for the difference in change over time for clients compared to the non-clients. The author argues that the insignificant result can either be a result of a too small sample size, disturbances in the sample selection or that this specific kind of institution have little or no affect on the current clients economical development.

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Trigger, David Scott, and n/a. "Does the way we measure poverty matter? : an analysis of alternative poverty measures with particular reference to changes in the level of poverty in Australia between 1975 and 1994." University of Canberra. Management & Technology, 2000. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20061109.153010.

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There has been considerable controversy and debate over recent years about the most appropriate method of measuring poverty. This debate has included, among other issues, the questions of absolute versus relative poverty, the merits of money income as a measure of the standard of living and the associated selection of poverty lines and equivalence scales, and the selection of alternative indices of poverty. A review of the literature indicates that the choice of differing approaches to poverty measurement can lead to differing estimates of poverty. In the face of such results an evaluation of the impact upon poverty estimates of alternative measurement methodology is appropriate. This thesis assesses the impact upon the estimated level of poverty of variations in some of the key poverty measurement parameters. The expenditure data derived from the 1975-76, 1984 and 1993-94 Household Expenditure Surveys have been analysed to assess the sensitivity of poverty estimates, derived from a range of poverty indices, to variations in the generosity of the equivalence scales, the level of the poverty line, and the choice of the indicator of the level of resources used. The sensitivity of each poverty index to variations in these parameters is assessed at both the aggregated level and for the specified household types, while those population subgroups particularly susceptible to poverty are also identified. The poverty distributions derived for each of the survey years are compared to evaluate the impact upon changes in the level of poverty over time of variations in the underlying parameters. The thesis concludes that both poverty estimates at a point in time, and poverty trends over time are sensitive to variations in the equivalence scales, in the level of the poverty line, in the selection of the indicator of the level of resources, and in the choice of poverty index itself. In light of these results, a review of recent Australian poverty research concludes that insufficient attention has been paid to the sensitivity issues associated with the measurement of poverty.
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Cookson, Jr John Anthony. "The Relative Poverty of American Indian Reservations: Why Does Reservation Poverty Persist Despite Rich Neighbors?" Thesis, Montana State University, 2006. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2006/cookson/CooksonJ0506.pdf.

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American Indian reservations have per capita incomes $9,000 lower than adjacent counties. This paper seeks to explain why using an approach akin to the analysis of country-level data. I estimate differences in levels of income and income growth for a decade where Indian economies were transformed greatly by casino gambling - the 1990s. I test several recent innovations in the theory of economic growth within the context of American Indian economies and assess how economic performance depends on veto players, human capital investment, and windfall wealth. I find that measures of rule of law, rent seeking, and human capital are the most economically significant predictors of the per capita income gap. In addition, the size of Indian casinos is strongly correlated with convergence and economic growth, suggesting that tribal investment in Indian casinos plays an important role in reservation economies. From the work done here, promoting economic growth through enhancing a stable investment climate appears to be the most successful development strategy. Moreover, this study contributes to the broader literature on economic growth by providing new insight into the way institutional quality affects the speed of, or potentially lack of, convergence.
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Gomez, Katya Rodriguez. "Poverty in Mexico : the development of a relative poverty line for the twenty first century." Thesis, University of Essex, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.495564.

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Poverty is a severe problem in Mexico. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, approximately half of the Mexican population suffers from poverty, according to official estimates. In 2000, for the first time in Mexican history, the government calculated an official poverty line. At first glance, the existence of an official poverty line may be seen as helpful not only because it indicates an official recognition of the problem, but also because it could serve as a benchmark for measuring any potential improvement in the battle against poverty. However, in practice this situation is not so straightforward. I demonstrate in this study that the official poverty line is misleading regarding the patterns of poverty in Mexico, in terms of the definition and measurement of the condition of poverty, and the necessary policy actions to overcome it. In order to challenge the governmental approach I review the academic debates on poverty, in particular in 'North' countries, and the analysis of current academic practices in Mexico. According to these theoretical bases, this study applies for the first time concerning the Mexican case a conception of poverty as relative deprivation using the sociological notion of citizenship as an indicator to define 'normal' standards of living, and taking it as a benchmark to measure poverty. Based on this alternative concept of poverty, this thesis analyses the failure of antipoverty policies in Mexico, and proposes guidelines for alternative policy making.
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Larsson, Daniel. "Exposure to crime as a consequence of poverty : five investigations about relative deprivation, poverty and exposure to crime." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Department of Sociology, Umeå University, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-832.

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Larsson, Malin. "Development of Chilean Poverty : Evidence from 1990 - 2009." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-155054.

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Bradbury, Bruce William Economics Australian School of Business UNSW. "Family Size and Relative Need." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Economics, 1997. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/17174.

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This thesis examines three questions concerned with the relative income needs of families of different sizes - often summarised by indices known as ???equivalence scales???. The first is the extent to which researchers and policy makers should offset the costs of family composition (eg the expenditure costs of children) with the benefits associated with demographic choice (eg the ???joys of parenthood???). Chapter 2 concludes that there are demographic and financial market constraints that will often make a narrow focus on expenditure costs appropriate for distributional research and tax/transfer policies. However, this will not always be the case. One implication of this result is that it may be reasonable for distributional research to use different equivalence scales for adults and children in the same household. Part 2 of the thesis introduces a new method for the estimation of the within-household income distribution and expenditure costs of different family types. This is based upon the household welfare model of Samuelson together with Lau???s method for modelling the joint consumption of household goods. In Chapter 4, this method is applied to the estimation of equivalence scales for older singles and married couples. The estimation is based upon a detailed set of assumptions about the extent of joint consumption for 17 different commodity groups. The main conclusions are that: the theoretical model fits the observed behaviour well (with the exception of some home production effects); that aged couples share their income relatively evenly; and that the relative rate of pension for aged singles in Australia is probably too low. In Part 3, the thesis examines how changes in poverty can be estimated when there is uncertainty about the equivalence scale. The thesis proposes a new method which permits a set of upper and lower bounds for the equivalence scale to be assumed, which in turn determine upper and lower bounds for the increase in poverty. This method is applied to measure the change in poverty in Australia during the 1980s. Equivalence scales can be found that imply either an increase or a decrease in poverty.
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Hjalmarsson, Simon. "Socially poorer than peers? : Economic resources and school class friendship relations." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-116957.

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That a lack of economic resources negatively affects the social relations of children is often assumed, sometimes described, but rarely tested using methods allowing generalization. When addressing this issue, previous research has largely been limited to self-reported data on social relations. This thesis uses peer reported measures of social relations in combination with survey and register data to examine the effect of economic resources on the probability of social isolation and on the number of school class friendships of Swedish adolescents. While not entirely unambiguous, the results indicate that a lack of economic resources negatively affects the social relations of children, at least in regards to the school class social relations of adolescents. The results point to the importance for adolescent’s social relations of having the economic and material possibilities to participate in the social life and in the activities undertaken by peers.
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Weismann, Gretchen D. "The relative risk : parenting, poverty, and peers in the three city study of moving to opportunity." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/44365.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2008.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 265-274).
This study shows how kin networks, parental monitoring, and housing mobility structure low-income adolescents' engagement in risky and delinquent behavior. I use ethnographic data from a mixed-method study of a randomized housing experiment: The Three City Study of Moving to Opportunity. The ethnography was conducted over 8 months in 2004-2005 with thirty-nine families, including fifty-two male and female adolescents (ages 11-23) in greater Boston, Los Angeles, and New York. Beginning in 1994, two-thirds of the families (members of the experimental complier group) relocated from public and assisted housing in high poverty neighborhoods to very low poverty neighborhoods, using a rental housing voucher and other program supports. The remaining one-third of the sample, a control group, continued to live in high poverty "project" neighborhoods. Using case-study logic, I examine how the content and location of adolescent's daily routines and social ties to friends and relatives are associated with their involvement in risky and delinquent behavior. I also examine the role of parental monitoring and housing mobility patterns in moderating exposure to risk.I find that for most adolescents in the experimental-complier group, the neighborhood of residence has not become the primary neighborhood of influence in that the former only partially structures their routines and important social relations. How parents manage their social relations, especially with kin, shapes their children's level of engagement in new residential neighborhoods, and involvement in risky and delinquent behavior.
(cont.) Socializing with kin is risky because it brings youth back to dangerous neighborhood environments and because many youth stay connected to kin who are actively engaged in risky and delinquent behavior, including gang banging, drugs, and crime. Parenting moderates this exposure, but for some families, it does not change dramatically after relocation. These findings contribute to research on low-income housing policy and neighborhood effects by demonstrating the critical role of extended family networks, ongoing housing mobility, and multiple neighborhoods of influence in shaping exposure to risk. My policy recommendations include strategies to: help very low-income families who escape high-risk neighborhoods to stay out of them over time, and to manage the risk in their lives.
Gretchen D. Weismann.
Ph.D.
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Dutta, Gitanjali. "Child labor in Vietnam : the relative importance of poverty, returns to education, labor mobility, and credit constraints /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3074396.

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Books on the topic "Relative poverty"

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Ravallion, Martin. Weakly relative poverty. [Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2009.

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Robson, B. T. Relative deprivation in Northern Ireland. Belfast: Policy, Planning and Research Unit, Department of Finance and Personnel, 1994.

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Ravallion, Martin. Who cares about relative deprivation ? [Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2005.

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Nolan, Brian. Cross-national poverty comparisons using relative poverty lines: An application and some lessons. Dublin: Economic and Social Research Institute, 1989.

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Tim, Callan, and Economic and Social Research Institute., eds. Why is relative income poverty so high in Ireland? Dublin: Economic and Social Research Institute, 2004.

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Qian, Wenrong. Chinese Rural Households in Relative Poverty and Their Economic Activities. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-5227-4.

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Qian, Wenrong. Rural Development in China from the Perspective of Relative Poverty. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-5671-5.

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Chowdhury, Tamgid Ahmed. Relative effectiveness of alternative microfinance-driven poverty alleviation programs in Bangladesh. Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2013.

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Nolan, Brian. Relative poverty lines: An application to Irish data for 1973 and 1980. Dublin: Economic and Social Research Institute, 1988.

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Nolan, Brian. The distribution of income and relative income poverty in the European Community household panel. Colchester: Institute for Social and Economic Research, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Relative poverty"

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Müller, Julia, and Christian Neuhäuser. "Relative Poverty." In Humiliation, Degradation, Dehumanization, 159–72. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9661-6_12.

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Eskelinen, Teppo. "Relative Poverty." In Encyclopedia of Global Justice, 942–43. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9160-5_182.

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Waglé, Udaya R. "Relative Poverty Rate." In Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research, 5449–51. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_2459.

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Waglé, Udaya R. "Relative Poverty Rate." In Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research, 5883–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17299-1_2459.

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Waglé, Udaya R. "Relative Poverty Rate." In Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research, 1–3. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69909-7_2459-2.

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Saltkjel, Therese, and Ira Malmberg-Heimonen. "Absolute or relative?" In Routledge International Handbook of Poverty, 24–32. 1. Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429058103-3.

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Crowley, Adam. "Relative Poverty and Slumming Simulations." In Representations of Poverty in Videogames, 35–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-00144-4_2.

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Brülle, Jan. "The Dynamics of Relative Income Poverty." In Poverty Trends in Germany and Great Britain, 205–34. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-20892-9_6.

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Shen, Yangyang. "Relieving Relative Poverty in Rural China." In Rural Poverty, Growth, and Inequality in China, 229–38. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9655-8_10.

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Ejrnæs, Anders. "Relative deprivation and subjective social position." In Routledge International Handbook of Poverty, 78–95. 1. Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429058103-7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Relative poverty"

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Gao, Boyang. "Poverty is Relative." In 2021 4th International Conference on Humanities Education and Social Sciences (ICHESS 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211220.080.

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Sadyrtdinov, Ruslan, Dmitry Rodnyansky, Ivan Makarov, and Olga Shirokova. "Relative Poverty Measurement by Equivalent Income." In International Conference on Trends of Technologies and Innovations in Economic and Social Studies 2017. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ttiess-17.2017.95.

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Wu, Yulin. "Education, Labor Mobility and Relative Rural Poverty." In Hradec Economic Days 2023, edited by Jan Maci, Petra Maresova, Krzysztof Firlej, and Ivan Soukal. University of Hradec Kralove, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36689/uhk/hed/2023-01-078.

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Madzimure, Tariro. "Determinants of Poverty Reduction: A Relative Panel Data Analysis between Positive and Negative Poverty Reduction Economies." In 2nd International Conference on Social Sciences in the 21st Century. GLOBALKS, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/2nd.ics21.2020.03.121.

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Sadyrtdinov, Ruslan. "Estimation Of Relative Poverty In Russian Regions Using Equivalence Scales." In II International Scientific and Practical Conference "Individual and Society in the Modern Geopolitical Environment" Conference. European Publisher, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2020.12.04.91.

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Shi, Xinxin, and Shengji Li. "Study on poverty-causing factors of relative poverty in Jilin Province-Empirical analysis based on binary logit model." In 2022 3rd International Conference on Education, Knowledge and Information Management (ICEKIM). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icekim55072.2022.00144.

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Li, Yue. "Research on the Countermeasures of Relative Poverty Alleviation in Underdeveloped Areas." In 2021 International Conference on Social Sciences and Big Data Application (ICSSBDA 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211216.029.

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Xuelan, Wang, Cai Xiaoshen, and Chen Shuang. "Research on Hotspots and Trends in Relative Poverty Governance Based on Bibliometric Analysis." In 2021 International Conference on Management Science and Software Engineering (ICMSSE). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmsse53595.2021.00033.

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Frličková, Barbora. "Komparácia pro-poor rastu vo vidieckych a mestských oblastiach Indonézie." In XXIV. mezinárodního kolokvia o regionálních vědách. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9896-2021-16.

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The paper analyses construction and use of a selected indicator of pro-poor growth – the rate of pro-poor growth. It further explains the interpretation of this indicator in absolute and relative terms and indicates how economic growth affects poverty and inequality. The selected indicator is applied to the example of Indonesia and compares pro-poor growth in urban and rural areas of the country, examines regional disparities in terms of pro-poor growth for the period 1996–2019. From the absolute interpretation, pro-poor growth is observed in both urban and rural areas over the whole period. In relative terms, results of pro-poor growth for the first partial period (1996–2000) differ. While there was a relative pro-poor growth in the rural areas, there was a strong pro-poor growth in the cities with a significant decline in inequality observed (incomes of poor people increased while the average income of the whole population dropped). Indonesia achieved trickle-down growth in both rural and urban areas in two remaining periods (2000–2010 and 2010–2019).
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Ursu, Ana. "Comparative study on the trend of evolution of labour resources in agriculture in Romania and the Republic of Moldova." In International Scientific-Practical Conference "Economic growth in the conditions of globalization". National Institute for Economic Research, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36004/nier.cecg.ii.2023.17.12.

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In the current context of global demographic developments, there are concerns about the growth of the world's population relative to available resources, as well as concerns about climate change on a national and global scale and poverty as a factor holding back a nation's economic prosperity. The study aims to present a multitude of statistical indicators of human development and labour resources in agriculture in order to facilitate both the analysis of the current situation and the shaping of appropriate trends in agricultural labour resources. Statistical data as well as specific documentary sources are used for the study and the methodological approach will be from demographic, economic, social, technological and environmental perspectives. The major findings showed that labour resources in agriculture of the two countries are facing similar major challenges, and their increasing or decreasing trends are influenced by the same determinants.
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Reports on the topic "Relative poverty"

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Dupas, Pascaline, Marcel Fafchamps, and Deivy Houeix. Measuring Relative Poverty through Peer Rankings: Evidence from Côte D’Ivoire. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w29911.

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Brewer, Mike. Prospects for relative and absolute child poverty in the UK. The IFS, March 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1920/ps.ifs.2024.0982.

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Kosec, Katrina, Cecilia Hyunjung Mo, Emily Schmidt, and Jie Song. How do perceptions of relative poverty affect women's empowerment? Evidence from Papua New Guinea. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.133520.

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Kosec, Katrina, Cecilia Hyunjung Mo, Emily Schmidt, and Jie Song. How do perceptions of relative poverty affect women's empowerment? Evidence from Papua New Guinea. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.133537.

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Nolan, Brian, Brenda Gannon, Richard Layte, Dorothy Watson, Christopher T. Whelan, and James Williams. Monitoring Poverty Trends in Ireland: Results from the 2000 Living in Ireland survey. ESRI, July 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.26504/prs45.

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This study is the latest in a series monitoring the evolution of poverty, based on data gathered by The ESRI in the Living in Ireland Surveys since 1994. These have allowed progress towards achieving the targets set out in the National Anti Poverty Strategy since 1997 to be assessed. The present study provides an updated picture using results from the 2000 round of the Living in Ireland survey. The numbers interviewed in the 2000 Living in Ireland survey were enhanced substantially, to compensate for attrition in the panel survey since it commenced in 1994. Individual interviews were conducted with 8,056 respondents. Relative income poverty lines do not on their own provide a satisfactory measure of exclusion due to lack of resources, but do nonetheless produce important key indicators of medium to long-term background trends. The numbers falling below relative income poverty lines were most often higher in 2000 than in 1997 or 1994. The income gap for those falling below these thresholds also increased. By contrast, the percentage of persons falling below income lines indexed only to prices (rather than average income) since 1994 or 1997 fell sharply, reflecting the pronounced real income growth throughout the distribution between then and 2000. This contrast points to the fundamental factors at work over this highly unusual period: unemployment fell very sharply and substantial real income growth was seen throughout the distribution, including social welfare payments, but these lagged behind income from work and property so social welfare recipients were more likely to fall below thresholds linked to average income. The study shows an increasing probability of falling below key relative income thresholds for single person households, those affected by illness or disability, and for those who are aged 65 or over - many of whom rely on social welfare support. Those in households where the reference person is unemployed still face a relatively high risk of falling below the income thresholds but continue to decline as a proportion of all those below the lines. Women face a higher risk of falling below those lines than men, but this gap was marked among the elderly. The study shows a marked decline in deprivation levels across different household types. As a result consistent poverty, that is the numbers both below relative income poverty lines and experiencing basic deprivation, also declined sharply. Those living in households comprising one adult with children continue to face a particularly high risk of consistent poverty, followed by those in families with two adults and four or more children. The percentage of adults in households below 70 per cent of median income and experiencing basic deprivation was seen to have fallen from 9 per cent in 1997 to about 4 per cent, while the percentage of children in such households fell from 15 per cent to 8 per cent. Women aged 65 or over faced a significantly higher risk of consistent poverty than men of that age. Up to 2000, the set of eight basic deprivation items included in the measure of consistent poverty were unchanged, so it was important to assess whether they were still capturing what would be widely seen as generalised deprivation. Factor analysis suggested that the structuring of deprivation items into the different dimensions has remained remarkably stable over time. Combining low income with the original set of basic deprivation indicators did still appear to identify a set of households experiencing generalised deprivation as a result of prolonged constraints in terms of command over resources, and distinguished from those experiencing other types of deprivation. However, on its own this does not tell the whole story - like purely relative income measures - nor does it necessarily remain the most appropriate set of indicators looking forward. Finally, it is argued that it would now be appropriate to expand the range of monitoring tools to include alternative poverty measures incorporating income and deprivation. Levels of deprivation for some of the items included in the original basic set were so low by 2000 that further progress will be difficult to capture empirically. This represents a remarkable achievement in a short space of time, but poverty is invariably reconstituted in terms of new and emerging social needs in a context of higher societal living standards and expectations. An alternative set of basic deprivation indicators and measure of consistent poverty is presented, which would be more likely to capture key trends over the next number of years. This has implications for the approach adopted in monitoring the National Anti-Poverty Strategy. Monitoring over the period to 2007 should take a broader focus than the consistent poverty measure as constructed to date, with attention also paid to both relative income and to consistent poverty with the amended set of indicators identified here.
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6

Hertel, Thomas, Maros Ivanic, Paul Preckel, and John Cranfield. Trade Liberalization and the Structure of Poverty in Developing Countries. GTAP Working Paper, April 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp25.

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“Globalization increases poverty” is a common assertion made by critics of globalization. The proliferation of low-wage jobs and higher food prices are some of the arguments brought forward in support of this argument. One of the hallmarks of globalization is the systematic dismantling of barriers to trade. Advocates of trade liberalization – particularly industrialized country agriculture reform – argue that the ensuing rise in world prices for agriculture products will boost rural incomes, thereby reducing poverty in the poorest countries, where the bulk of world poverty resides. Who is right? The goal of this paper is take a systematic look at the structure of poverty across a range of developing countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America, and explore how national poverty rates in some of the poorest countries in the world are likely to be affected by global trade liberalization. Our analysis of the structure of poverty is based on national household surveys from 14 developing countries. While we consider both spending and earnings effects of trade liberalization, it is argued that the earnings effects will generally be the dominant factor. This is particularly true in the short run for households that are highly specialized in their earnings patterns. Consider the case of a self-employed farm household. Assuming that trade liberalization results in higher farm prices, we expect the short run effect on the returns to family labor and land to be positive, and somewhat larger in percentage terms (the so-called “magnification effect”). Furthermore, if this household is not employed off-farm, then the farm profitability effect translates directly into an income effect, and this is likely to be sufficient to lift some of the farm households out of poverty. Of course this same effect can work in reverse, with commodity price declines increasing poverty. This makes specialized households highly vulnerable to trade policy shocks. In addition to agriculture-specialized households, we focus on self-employed non-agriculture specialized households, households specialized in wage labor and those relying on transfer payments for 95% or more of their income. Together, these four types of specialized households account for an average of 56% of the poor in the 14 countries examined. Thus a majority of the poor have specialized earnings patterns and are likely to be disproportionately affected by trade liberalization. The same is not true of the non-poor, where a majority of the households are diversified, and are therefore less vulnerable to sector-specific commodity price changes. We also find that the poor are over-represented among the agriculture-specialized households. With this background, we turn to an examination of the broad effects of multilateral trade liberalization on relative commodity prices and factor returns across the 14 countries in question. We distinguish between per capita effects – or the impact of trade liberalization on the “average” household in each country, and the effects on the poorest households. Our per capita results are quite similar to other studies of multilateral trade liberalization, with most countries gaining modestly, while a few gain substantially and a few lose due to the erosion of benefits from existing preferences. Some argue that this “rising tide will lift all boats” and so the positive per capita gains from trade liberalization will reduce poverty. However, we show that the short run impact of trade liberalization on different household groups is quite varied, and not always positive. First of all, global trade liberalization tends to raise food prices – particularly for staples, relative to non-food prices. This is true in all but 2 of the countries in our sample. This food price hike has an adverse effect on the poor, relative to the per capita household, since they spend a disproportionate share of their income on food. Also, the short run earnings impacts are quite varied, with agricultural profits rising relative to per capita income in 11 of the 14 countries, while relative non-agricultural profits and wages fall in many of these countries. Thus the overall impact on poverty depends on the structure of poverty in each country – hence our emphasis on this topic. We proceed to systematically explore the impact of trade liberalization on poverty utilizing a recently developed analytical framework that combines the detailed household survey data with a global economic model in order to measure the poverty impacts of trade liberalization on the five different household strata in each country. Each of the first four strata corresponds to one of the groups of earnings-specialized households, while the fifth encompasses the diversified households in each country. We conduct our analysis at the level of one hundred income percentiles, ranging from poorest to richest in each stratum. In this way, we uncover the differential impact of trade liberalization, by country, stratum and by income level. We also calculate the change in poverty rates, both at the stratum and national levels. Our findings emphasize the differential short run poverty impacts of multilateral trade liberalization on poverty across countries, across strata, and within strata, thereby highlighting the links between the structure of poverty and the national impacts of trade liberalization.
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7

Cribb, Jonathan, Xiaowei Xu, and Tom Wernham. Pre-pandemic relative poverty rate for children of lone parents almost double that for children living with two parents. The IFS, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1920/co.ifs.2024.0125.

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8

Lasso-Valderrama, Francisco, and Carmiña O. Vargas. Distribution, Inequality and Poverty in Colombia: An Assessment of the Contribution of the Minimum Wage. Banco de la República, August 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1279.

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In Colombia, 50% of labor income is lower than the legal MW level. It is in this context that we analyze the effect of increasing MW on labor income distribution and its inequality, household income distribution and its inequality, and on monetary poverty prevalence. Specifically, we study the unconditional quantiles to establish whether there are differential effects for low quantiles, for those closer to MW, and for higher quantiles. We perform this analysis for different occupational groups. We also assess the effects of MW relative to median on labor income inequality, measured by its Gini coefficient, and on monetary poverty prevalence. We find that increases in MW raises quantile values of labor income for most occupational groups, except for the 10th quantile of those distributions. For this quantile, the effects are mostly not statistically significant. With respect to household income per-capita, we find that increasing MW raises all income quantiles, except for the lowest 10% of income. The effect for the 10th quantile is negative. Consistent with those results, we find that increasing MW when it is high relative to median income increases inequality measured by the Gini coefficient as well as monetary poverty prevalence. We use unconditional quantile regressions for our analysis. We use the microdata of a pooled sample of household surveys in Colombia from 2008 to 2019.
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9

Chang, Jillie, David K. Evans, and Carolina Rivas Herrea. Ten Findings about Poverty in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0013249.

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Poverty continues to challenge Latin American and Caribbean countries, with approximately one in three people in the region in poverty and one in seven in extreme poverty. This paper provides up-to-date insights through analysis of who the poor are, where they are located, and how they live in the region. First, it uses a large collection of household surveys that extend through 2023 to characterize the poor. It examines (1) how many people in the region are poor, (2) how the poor are distributed geographically within and across countries, (3) how poverty affects specific groups (e.g., women, children, Afro-descendants, and Indigenous people), (4) how much of the poverty in the region is chronic and how much is transitory, and (5) how poverty numbers have changed over time. Second, it identifies how the extreme and chronically poor live relative to others in their same countries, providing insights into policy responses. Specifically, it discusses (6) the living arrangements of the poor, (7) the assets they have access to, (8) how they earn their incomes, (9) how they access human capital services such as education and health, and (10) what access they have to social programs. While this analysis is descriptive, it may be useful both for targeting efforts and for generating new hypotheses for poverty reduction that can subsequently be tested causally.
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10

Anderson, Kristy A., Anne M. Roux, Hillary Steinberg, Tamara Garfield, Jessica E. Rast, Paul T. Shattuck, and Lindsay L. Shea. The Intersection of National Autism Indicators Report: Autism, Health, Poverty and Racial Inequity. A.J. Drexel Autism Institute, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.17918/nairintersection2022.

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This report examines the following two questions: 1) do income-based differences in health and health care outcomes look the same for children with and without autism? and 2) do income-based differences in health and health care outcomes look the same for BIPOC (Black, Indigenous, and People of Color) children with autism and white children with autism? Examining the health and healthcare outcomes of children with autism in combination with other social characteristics offers several advantages. First, we can illuminate how demographics alone, and in combination with other social characteristics of children, are associated with differences in the rates of health and healthcare outcomes they experience. Second, it increases our understanding of the health-related experiences of social groups who are often neglected in research. Third, it provides current and comprehensive evidence on how children with autism experience relative disadvantages related to social determinants of health, which are aspects of the environment that affect health, functioning, and quality-of-life outcomes and risks.
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