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1
Alfred, Buch. Prediction of fatigue life of notched specimens under aircraft loading and importance of the relative method in the case of local strain approach. Haifa: Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautical Engineering, 1986.
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Welsman, Joanne R., and Neil Armstrong. Interpreting exercise performance data in relation to body size. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199232482.003.0002.
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The appropriate normalization of exercise performance data for differences in body size underpins the clarification of growth and maturational influences on physiological function. Therefore, scaling is an issue of fundamental importance for all paediatric exercise scientists. The selection and application of a scaling method appropriate for the data and research question being addressed is at least as important as ensuring that the methodology used to collect the data is valid, reliable, and appropriate for use with young people. Several scaling methods are available and some methods can be applied in different ways. Unfortunately, taken as a whole, the extant literature presents a confusing picture as to which of these techniques is preferable, how they should be applied, and the meaning of the results obtained. The aim of this chapter is to clarify these issues through a description of the techniques available for analysing both cross-sectional and longitudinal data sets, highlighting their statistical and theoretical derivations.
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Mills, M. G. L., and M. E. J. Mills. Diet. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198712145.003.0003.
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Four methods were used to document the diet of cheetahs: incidental observations, radio tracking, tracking, spoor, and continuous follows. A combination of continuous follows and tracking spoor gave the best results. Steenbok were the most frequently killed species, but they did not dominate the diet in the same way as Thomson’s gazelle do in the Serengeti. Coalition males have a different diet profile from single males, single females, females with cubs, and sibling groups. For all but single males, the relative occurrence of prey species in the diet reflected its dietary importance in terms of kilograms of meat obtained. Gemsbok calves and adult ostrich were important prey for coalition males and springhares were important for single males. Three individual prey specializations for females were found; namely springbok specialists, steenbok/duiker specialists, and intermediates. Contrary to an earlier study, springbok were not found to be the most important prey species.
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Bhalotra, Sonia, and Manuel Fernández. The rise in women’s labour force participation in Mexico: Supply vs demand factors. 16th ed. UNU-WIDER, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2021/950-1.
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We estimate the relative importance of alternative labour supply and demand mechanisms in explaining the rise of female labour force participation over the last 55 years in Mexico. The growth of female labour force participation in Mexico between 1960 and 2015 followed an S-shape, with a considerable acceleration during the 1990s. Using decomposition methods and a shift-share design, we show that, put together, supply and demand factors can account for the rise of female labour force participation over the period, led by increases in women’s education and shifts in the occupational structure of the workforce. However, there is unexplained variation in the 1990s, when female labour force participation spiked.
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Bruce, Steve. Researching Religion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786580.001.0001.
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Basic questions about religion in the modern world (such as whether it is becoming more or less popular and who believes what) can be answered only with the perspectives and methods of social science. While the arts and humanities can help us understand religious beliefs and behaviour, only social science can provide us with the evidence that will allow us to discern and explain the social patterns, causes, and consequences of religious belief. Only through the statistical examination of big data can we be confident of what any case study represents. In a text described by one reviewer as ‘brilliantly accessible’, an internationally renowned sociologist addresses the major problems of theory and methods in the study of religion. Important topics in religious studies such as conversion, the relative durability of different types of religion and spirituality, and the social circumstances that strengthen or undermine shared beliefs are used to demonstrate the importance of social science and to address methodological issues such as bias, partisanship, and research ethics. Bruce presents a robust defence of a conventionally scientific view of value-neutral social science against its partisan and postmodern critics.
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Maltby, Mark. The Exploitation of Animals in Roman Britain. Edited by Martin Millett, Louise Revell, and Alison Moore. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697731.013.045.
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Concentrating mainly on the zooarchaeological data, this chapter reviews the evidence for the exploitation of animals in Roman Britain. The review focuses initially on domestic mammals and their exploitation, with particular attention being paid to the species that contributed the most to the diet—cattle, pig, and sheep. This discussion is followed by a shorter summary of the evidence for the exploitation of other mammals, birds, and fish. The relative importance of the different species for their meat and other commodities is outlined, and reasons for variations in species abundance, mortality patterns, butchery methods, and the stature of domestic stock are discussed. Chronological, regional, settlement, and cultural factors all need to be taken into account when considering the complexities of human–animal relationships in Roman Britain.
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Scott, Peter. ‘Pushing’ Vacuum Cleaners in Inter-War Britain. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198783817.003.0010.
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Marketing vacuum cleaners in the UK largely followed US methods. Vacuum cleaner firms introduced a new form of direct selling to Britain, which was of enduring importance. Its popularity among suppliers was based on its effectiveness—reflected in high British diffusion rates for vacuums, relative to other high-ticket labour-saving appliances. However, unlike the United States—where vacuum cleaner salesmen were widely accepted as part of the retail culture—Britain saw much greater public opposition to unwanted high-pressure selling. A less commonly discussed adverse feature of the system was its treatment of the salesmen, many of whom struggled to earn even a basic labourer’s income. Many salesmen reacted by engaging in sharp practice, both through desperation and, often, in a conscious attempt to turn the tables on their employers.
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Haig, Brian D. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190222055.003.0007.
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Chapter 7 takes stock of previous chapters by highlighting some of the most important general ideas that shape the character of the book. It is suggested that some of the major lessons learned from the debates on tests of statistical significance hold for research methods more generally and that they complement what is said in this concluding chapter. Eight points made in this book are discussed. They relate to the philosophy of quantitative methods; scientific realism resources; methodology; lack of a “best” scientific method; distinctions between data, phenomena, and theory; quantitative versus qualitative methods; and future study in the philosophy of quantitative methods.
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Cappelen, Herman. Chalmers’s Subscript Gambit, the Importance of Topics, and Lack of Control. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814719.003.0017.
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This chapter discusses Chalmers’s view about how to deal with verbal disputes, and its relation to the Austerity Framework. According to Chalmers’s subscript gambit, when we suspect that a philosophical term is the subject of a verbal dispute, we ought to ban the use of the word, and replace it with two or more new words which express the different meanings, and investigate whether any substantial dispute remains. Although Chalmers’s method of elimination is helpful, the chapter argues that it does not give us an account of conceptual engineering, because it does not provide a theory of topics, and assumes that we are in control of the meaning of our words.
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Howard, Martin, Raymond Mougeon, and Jean-Marc Dewaele. Sociolinguistics and Second Language Acquisition. Edited by Robert Bayley, Richard Cameron, and Ceil Lucas. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199744084.013.0017.
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While the focus on sociolinguistic and sociopragmatic variation is relatively new, linguistic variation continues to be an important issue that SLA research has grappled with. By linguistic variation, one understands the learner’s variable use of two or more L2 forms to express the same functional value, where one or all forms are nonnative. This chapter focuses on type II variation and presents an overview of the research findings that illuminate the challenge to the learner of developing sociolinguistic and sociopragmatic competence in the L2. While the application of sociolinguistic variationist methods to the study of type II variation has been relatively recent in SLA research, such methods have also been fruitfully used by some SLA researchers in relation to type I variation.
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Gotman, Jean, and Nathan E. Crone. High-Frequency EEG Activity. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0033.
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Activities with frequencies between 60 and 80 Hz and approximately 500 Hz are labeled here as high-frequency activities. They were largely ignored until the beginning of the millennium, but their importance is now well recognized. They can be divided into activities occurring in the healthy brain in relation to sensory, motor, and cognitive or memory activity and activities occurring in the epileptic brain in the form of brief events (high-frequency oscillations), which appear to be an important marker of the brain regions that are able to generate seizures of focal origin. In humans, most of the work related to these activities has been done in intracerebral electrodes, where they are relatively frequent and easy to identify. They have been recorded in scalp electroencephalograms in some circumstances, however. This chapter reviews the recording methods, the circumstances in which they occur, their mechanism of generation, and their clinical significance.
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Sanghrajka, Anish, and Deborah M. Eastwood. Developmental dysplasia of the hip. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.013017.
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♦ Developmental dysplasia of the hip represents a spectrum of hip pathology with or without hip instability♦ Controversy continues regarding the relative roles of clinical and ultrasound screening programmes♦ Early diagnosis and prompt, appropriate treatment is important♦ All treatment methods risk compromising the vascularity of the developing femoral head♦ Residual dysplasia may require an aggressive surgical approach.
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Clark, Janine A., and Francesco Cavatorta. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190882969.003.0001.
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This chapter highlights some of the most important themes to emerge from the edited volume, including researching in authoritarian contexts; qualitative, and the relative lack of quantitative, methods; positionality; gender; researching in contexts of protests, resistance, and conflicts; and ethics. In the context of a region that appears to be increasingly hostile to researchers, this chapter also discusses the security threats to both researchers and research participants.
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Mitchell, Bruce. Resource and Environmental Management. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190885816.001.0001.
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Change. Complexity. Uncertainty, Conflict, Ambiguity. Intractability. Wicked problems. Ethics, Integrity. All these terms capture much of what resource and environmental managers must address in determining the most appropriate course of action relative to social-ecological systems. Often, no obviously correct strategy or response is identifiable. Instead, options exist, each with strengths and weaknesses. Ultimately a decision must be taken, reflecting scientific and experiential understanding as well as values and priorities of societies and stakeholders. The intent in this book is to raise awareness about the need to recognize such attributes of resource and environmental management, and to provide concepts, approaches, and methods to help in developing solutions. At the outset, the importance of developing a vision is highlighted. In defining the scope of problems and opportunities, it is argued that a holistic or ecosystem approach should be interpreted as an integrated rather than a comprehensive approach, with the focus on a small set of variables and relationships having significant impact on the functioning of an ecosystem, and amenable to being managed. An adaptive management approach is also strongly encouraged, to learn from experience. Part of learning will arise through stakeholder engagement. Disputes may emerge, and need to be resolved. Finally, implementation of policies and plans can encounter many obstacles, emphasizing the need to become aware of and overcome them, and then monitor and assess outputs and outcomes, in order to adapt to changing circumstances.
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Furst, Eric M., and Todd M. Squires. Interferometric tracking. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199655205.003.0006.
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The purpose of this chapter is to present a survey of passive microrheology techniques that are important complements to more widely used particle tracking and light scattering methods. Such methods include back focal plane interferometry and extensions of particle tracking to measure the rotation of colloidal particles. Methods of passive microrheology using back focal plane interferometry are presented, including the experimental design and detector sensitivity and limits in frequency bandwidth and spatial resolution. The Generalized Stokes Einstein relation is derived from linear response theory of the particle position power spectrum and complex susceptibility. Applications of interoferometric tracking include high frequency microrheology and two-point measurements. Lastly, the chapter includes a discussion of rotational passive microrheology and the rotational GSER.
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Uzendoski, Michael A., and Edith Felicia Calapucha-Tapuy. The Twins and the Jaguars. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036569.003.0005.
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This chapter employs the verse analysis method developed by Dell Hymes to analyze an Amazonian Quichua myth-narrative, “The Twins and the Jaguars,” from the province of Napo. The narrative's theme, “becoming a jaguar,” is expressed through a rhetorical logic of onset, ongoing, and outcome that unfolds as a structural transformation relation between humans and mythical jaguars. This structural transformation relation is mediated by a third element, the twins, who not only lend movement to structure but also advance the development of drama by obviating previous relations as a dynamic synecdoche. The chapter demonstrates the major contours of performative complexity involved in Amazonian Quichua narration of traditional mythical knowledge and the importance of the jaguar as an active and dominant symbolic “sign” of “becoming” in Napo Runa cosmology and culture. It shows that narrative performance emerges as an important artistic, cultural, and religious tool for experiencing the “transcendence” of everyday human form.
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Dodds, Jodi, Aaron I. Loochtan, and Cheryl D. Bushnell. Ischemic Stroke Management in Pregnancy. Edited by Emma Ciafaloni, Cheryl Bushnell, and Loralei L. Thornburg. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190667351.003.0014.
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Ischemic stroke during pregnancy is relatively rare, but when it occurs, the risk is highest in the postpartum period. This is a condition that requires immediate recognition and evaluation for acute management to potentially prevent devastating neurological consequences. Determining an etiology while considering physiological changes during and after pregnancy is also important. Post-stroke care including implementing secondary stroke prevention via pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods is regular practice. Consideration of physical, occupational, and speech therapy strategies as well as lifestyle modification and evaluation and treatment of co-morbid psychiatric conditions is also paramount. Postpartum care and consideration of future pregnancies and hormonal changes that may occur is also important.
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Penet, Pierre, and Juan Flores Zendejas, eds. Sovereign Debt Diplomacies. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198866350.001.0001.
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This volume offers two important contributions to the literature on sovereign debt. First, it provides a unique genealogy of debt collection practices in terms of their availability, acceptability and efficacy. We argue that creditors’ tactics and methods to enforce debt repayment emerged and solidified to a large extent in relation to the threads of colonial history, from the building of empires to the decolonisation era. Second, this volume reflects critically on the relevance of neo-colonial interpretations in recent cases of sovereign debt disputes
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Martin, Jeffrey J. Performance Enhancement. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190638054.003.0026.
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Athletes with disabilities can perform more consistently and come closer to their potential if they maximize their mental skills as well as their physical skills. The purpose of this chapter is to present of humanistic developmental model of psychological skills training and an examination of disability sport psychology research on psychological skills. A humanistic developmental model prioritizes both athlete performance and well-being as they are viewed as complementary goals that exert a bidirectional influence on each other. In this model foundational factors, psychological skills and qualities, psychological methods, and facilitative and debilitative factors are seen as relatively distinct categories. Researchers have supported the importance of foundational factors, as reported in other chapters. Researchers have also supported the value of imagery and self-talk as methods to enhance confidence, motivation, and psychological skills, which in turn are positively related to performance. A host of facilitative and debilitative factors in disability sport also influence training quality and performance.
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Irmgard, Marboe. 7 Conclusions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198749936.003.0007.
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The concluding chapter summarizes the most important economic and legal principles and filters out guidelines for the calculation of compensation and damages in the practice of international investment disputes. The legal standard mandated by the bases of claims represents the starting point for the choice of the appropriate valuation approaches and methods. With regard to the decision on interest, tribunals must establish the appropriate rate of interest, the period of interest, and decide if interest should be compounded. This is necessary in relation to pre-award and post-award interest.
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William H, Boothby. 1 Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198728504.003.0001.
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This relatively brief chapter introduces the book as a whole. It positions weapons law within the framework of international law in general, and of the law of armed conflict in particular, noting the important distinctions between international and non-international armed conflicts, and between the law on the resort to the use of force and that which regulates the conduct of hostilities. The logical flow of the book is presented, and certain terms that are vital to the ensuing discussion, namely weapons, means of warfare and methods of warfare are explained. The all-important distinction between weapons law and the legal rules that regulate targeting is noted. A concluding section addresses the recently-adopted Arms Trade Treaty.
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Eamus, Derek, Tom Hatton, Peter Cook, and Christine Colvin. Ecohydrology. CSIRO Publishing, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643094093.
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Ecohydrology: Vegetation Function, Water and Resource Management describes and provides a synthesis of the different disciplines required to understand the sustainable management of water in the environment in order to tackle issues such as dryland salinity and environmental water allocation. It provides in the one volume the fundamentals of plant ecophysiology, hydrology and ecohydrology as they relate to this topic.
Both conceptual foundations and field methods for the study of ecohydrology are provided, including chapters on groundwater dependent ecosystems, salinity and practical case studies of ecohydrology. The importance of ecologically sustainable development and environmental allocations of water are explained in a chapter devoted to policy and principles underpinning water resource management and their application to water and vegetation management. A chapter on modelling brings together the ecophysiological and hydrological domains and compares a number of models that are used in ecohydrology.
For the sustainable management of water in Australia and elsewhere, this important reference work will assist land managers, industry, policy makers, students and scientists achieve the required understanding of water in landscapes.
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Rondel, David. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190680688.003.0001.
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I begin introducing the book by asking why pragmatists have had so little to say about equality and justice. I argue that the silence from pragmatists on these issues is the upshot of pragmatism’s emphasis on means and methods, instead of goals and outcomes. I then go on to sketch the contours of a pragmatist approach to these questions (emphasizing that pragmatists are likely to be political realists, and that they will be historically and contextually sensitive to real world campaigns for equality and justice) and to reflect on some of the areas in political theory to which pragmatists have made important contributions. The introduction also explains the general approach of the book, both in relation to and in distinction from, those important contributions.
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Stone, Jon, and Alan Carson. An Integrated Approach to Other Functional Neurological Symptoms and Related Disorders. Edited by Barbara A. Dworetzky and Gaston C. Baslet. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190265045.003.0018.
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Patients with dissociative (nonepileptic) seizures (DS) commonly, although not always, present with comorbid somatic and psychological symptoms. This chapter reviews the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of other functional somatic symptoms and disorders in relation to DS with a particular emphasis on other functional neurological symptoms such as movement disorder and sensory disturbance. Clinical assessment is presented as the start of treatment in patients with multiple functional symptoms including DS. The chapter discusses the importance of making a diagnosis of functional disorders, especially those in neurological settings, using positive evidence from the physical examination, such as Hoover’s sign for limb weakness or the tremor entrainment test for tremor. Practical methods of explaining these diagnoses to patients are reviewed, emphasizing the importance of transparency, educational materials, and presenting a model that focuses on mechanism more than etiology. The chapter concludes with a review of the evidence for treatment of a range of functional disorders often comorbid with DS.
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Threlfall, E. J., J. Wain, and C. Lane. Salmonellosis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0030.
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Salmonellosis remains the second most common form of bacterial food-poisoning in the UK and in most of the developed economies. Although the number of isolations per annum has declined since 2000, over 10,000 laboratory-confirmed cases are recognised each year in England and Wales, and over 150,000 in Europe. Most of infections are associated with contaminated food, particularly of poultry origin, but also may originate from cattle and pigs, and to a lesser extent, sheep. The most common serovars from cases of human infection is Enteritidis, followed by Typhimurium. Contact with pets, particularly reptiles and amphibians is becoming an increasing problem and infections can be severe, particularly in children. Accurate and reproducible methods of identification and subtyping are crucial for meaningful epidemiological investigations, and traditional phenotypic methods of typing are now being supplemented by DNA- based methods such as pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, variable number of tandem repeats analysis, and multilocus sequence typing. The use of such methods in combination with phenotypic methods has been invaluable for outbreak control at the international level. The occurrence of resistance to antimicrobial drugs is an increasing problem, particularly in relation to the development of resistance to antimicrobials regarded as ‘critically-important’ for last resort therapy in humans. Control measures such as vaccination of poultry flocks appear to have had a substantial impact on the number of infections with Salmonella Enteritidis. Nevertheless good hygiene practices in both catering establishments and the home remain essential for the control of infections at the local level.
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Howard, Richard F. Acute pain in children. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199234721.003.0010.
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Age and maturity affect the perception and expression of pain in children. A variety of pain assessment tools are needed to cover different age groups. The British National Formulary for Children is a source of correct formulations and doses of analgesics for children of different ages. Neonates show very high interindividual response to analgesic drugs. Between 2yrs and 12yrs, the clearance of drugs exceeds that of adults and relatively higher doses may be needed. Patient-controlled, nurse-controlled, and neuraxial analgesia can all be used in infants and children. Reducing procedural pain in children is important and requires a combination of pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods.
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Young, Arthur. Rural Oeconomy, or, Essays on the Practical Parts of Husbandry: Designed to Explain Several of the Most Important Methods of Conducting Farms of Various Kinds Including Many Useful Hints to Gentlemen Farmers Relative to the Oeconomical Management of Their. HardPress, 2020.
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Cameron, Catherine M., and Scott G. Ortman. Movement and Migration. Edited by Barbara Mills and Severin Fowles. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199978427.013.38.
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Movement is a fundamental concept among Native peoples of the American Southwest, and early archaeologists adopted a strong interest in migration from Native groups with whom they interacted. Over the past two decades, southwest archaeologists have made significant contributions to method and theory in migration studies, including ways of identifying migrants as they move across the landscape, the ways in which migrants interact with Indigenous residents, and the size of migrating groups. Study has focused especially on the vast thirteenth- through fifteenth-century population movements that resulted in dramatic changes in population distribution, particularly in the northern Southwest. The passage of the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) initiated a re-engagement with contemporary Native peoples that has transformed perspectives on the relative importance of movement (and sedentism) and has produced new understandings of how social identity was constructed in the ancient Southwest.
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Nowak, Dariusz, ed. Production–operation management. The chosen aspects. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Poznaniu, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18559/978-83-8211-059-3.
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The aim of the e-book is to present the theoretical, cognitive and practical aspects of the essence and complexity of operational management in a production company. The presented modern production methods together with the challenges and problems of contemporary enterprises should better help to understand the issues of sustainable development, with particular emphasis on waste. The book consists of six chapters devoted to relevant and topic issues relating to the core business of an industrial enterprise. Chapter 1 The nature of the industrial enterprise is an introduction to further considerations and deals with the essence of the basic aspects of the company. Both popular and less known definitions of an enterprise, its features, functions and principles of operation are presented. An important part of the chapter is the presentation and formulation of strategic, tactical and operational goals. Moreover, the division of enterprises is presented with the use of various criteria and the features of the industrial market, which make it distinct. Chapter 2 The operational management evolution and its role in the industrial enterprise discusses the evolution and concept of production and operational management. The management levels were also presented, indicating their most important functions. An integral part of the chapter is the essence of the production system, viewed through the prism of the five elements. Chapter 3 Functions and role in operations management presents the issues concerning the organization of production processes, production capacity and inventory management. This part also presents considerations on cooperation and collaboration between enterprises in the process of creating value. Chapter 4 Traditional methods used in operational activities focuses on methods such as benchmarking, outsourcing, core competences, JIT, MPR I and MRP II, as well as TQM and kaizen. Knowledge of these methods should contribute to understanding the activities of modern enterprises, the way of company functioning, the realization of production activities, as well as aspects related to building a competitive position. Chapter 5 Modern methods used in production-operations management discusses the less common and less frequently used production methods, based on a modern and innovative approach. In particular, it was focused on: Shop Floor Control and cooperative manufacturing, environment-conscious manufacturing (ECM) and life-cycle assessment ( LCA), waste management and recycling, Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), virtual enterprise, World Class Manufacturing (WCM), Quality Function Deployment (QFD) and House of Quality (HOQ), theory of constraints (TOC), Drum Buffer Rope (DBR), group technology (GT) and cellular manufacturing (CM), Demand Chain Management and competitive intelligence (CI). In the last section discusses: the role of sustainable statistical process control and Computer-Aided Process Planning in context formatting of information management. Chapter 6 Problems of sustainable development and challenges related to production and operations management describes the problem and challenges related to production and operations activities. In particular, attention was paid to the threats related to changes in global warming, the growing scale of waste, or the processes of globalization. It was pointed out that the emerging problem may be both a threat and a chance for the development of enterprises. An integral part of the chapter are also considerations on technical progress, innovation and the importance of human capital in operational activities.
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Compston, Alastair. A short history of clinical neurology. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569381.003.0014.
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More than any other branch of medicine, the practice of neurology depends on the classical methods of intuitive conversation, structured examination, and selective investigation. We teach the importance of eliciting an accurate neurological history. The key symptoms at onset are identified and their subsequent course defined. For the experienced clinician, this process becomes routine, efficient, and quick. The competent neurologist is the one who instinctively senses relevant components of the history, appreciates the most likely underlying disease mechanisms, reliably elicits the relevant physical signs, knows which investigations are necessary and assesses their relevance in the clinical context, provides a sensible clinical formulation, and communicates the situation accurately and sensitively to the patient and relatives. Rather than slavishly collecting an encyclopaedia of facts, in which the key issues may be lost in a surfeit of redundant information, the critical components are sifted and the subsequent conversation steered down an algorithm that seeks anatomical, physiological, and pathological explanations for what the patient describes.
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Farb, Benson, and Dan Margalit. Presentations and Low-dimensional Homology. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691147949.003.0006.
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This chapter presents explicit computations of the first and second homology groups of the mapping class group. It begins with a simple proof, due to Harer, of the theorem of Mumford, Birman, and Powell; the proof includes the lantern relation, a relation in Mod(S) between seven Dehn twists. It then applies a method from geometric group theory to prove the theorem that Mod(Sɡ) is finitely presentable. It also provides explicit presentations of Mod(Sɡ), including the Wajnryb presentation and the Gervais presentation, and gives a detailed construction of the Euler class, the most basic invariant for surface bundles, as a 2-cocycle for the mapping class group of a punctured surface. The chapter concludes by explaining the Meyer signature cocycle and the important connection of this circle of ideas with the theory of Sɡ-bundles.
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Lewis, David M. Babylonia. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198769941.003.0012.
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This chapter investigates the role of slavery in the Babylonian economy during the Neo-Babylonian and Achaemenid periods. As in Assyria, the relatively high price of slaves in Babylonia restricted slave ownership to the elite, though it should be noted that some wealthy Babylonian families owned enormous numbers of slaves, in some cases as many as several hundred. The chapter then turns to the various methods by which the propertied classes of Babylonian cities made their money, providing three thumbnail sketches as examples. It shows how slave labour had a limited contribution to elite fortunes due to the existence of cheaper labour alternatives, namely sharecropping tenancy and free wage labour. Slavery did, however, play an important role in the management of entrepreneurial activities.
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Kochanek, Patrick M., and Rachel P. Berger. Brain injury biomarkers in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0300.
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A variety of biomarkers of brain injury are being developed in neurocritical care to study secondary injury pathways or aid in diagnostic, prognostic, and/or theragnostic applications. This chapter focuses largely on brain injury biomarkers that can be detected in serum or cerebrospinal fluid samples from patients with acute critical brain injury of various causes. Much of the work has been carried using biomarkers of proteins that are relatively unique to the brain, and that reflect damage to important cellular constituents such as neurons, astroycytes, or axons. Novel approaches that employ a panel of markers or novel analytic methods such as trajectory analysis may optimize the utility of these biomarkers in clinical practice. We anticipate that there will soon be one or more protein biomarkers of brain injury available for clinical use.
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McDonald, Iain, and Anne Street. 9. Implied trusts. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198815174.003.0009.
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Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter deals with the central issues of implied trusts. Implied trusts can be either resulting or constructive. Resulting trusts fall into two categories, automatic or presumed. Constructive trusts are more difficult to define as the scope of their application seems to have been ‘left deliberately vague’ so that the courts can develop them as needed. There are no formalities for the creation of implied trusts. The law has developed methods of identifying the creation of implied trusts. Implied trusts are particularly important in relation to the family home.
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Dillian, Carolyn. Current Questions and New Directions in Archaeological Obsidian Studies. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935413.013.2.
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This article discusses the current status of archaeological obsidian studies, including techniques used in characterization and sourcing studies, obsidian hydration, and regional syntheses. It begins with an overview of obsidian and the unique formation processes that create it before turning to a discussion of the significance of characterization and sourcing techniques for understanding prehistoric obsidian trade and exchange. It then considers the problematic aspects of the term “sourcing,” despite its ubiquitous use in archaeology and archaeometry, along with the use of X-ray fluorescence in the chemical characterization of obsidian. It also explores obsidian hydration dating methods and equations, factors that can affect the date assignments for hydration specimens, and the various uses of obsidian in prehistoric times. Finally, it addresses some important questions relating to obsidian research and suggests new directions in the field.
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Furst, Eric M., and Todd M. Squires. Microrheology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199655205.001.0001.
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We present a comprehensive overview of microrheology, emphasizing the underlying theory, practical aspects of its implementation, and current applications to rheological studies in academic and industrial laboratories. Key methods and techniques are examined, including important considerations to be made with respect to the materials most amenable to microrheological characterization and pitfalls to avoid in measurements and analysis. The fundamental principles of all microrheology experiments are presented, including the nature of colloidal probes and their movement in fluids, soft solids, and viscoelastic materials. Microrheology is divided into two general areas, depending on whether the probe is driven into motion by thermal forces (passive), or by an external force (active). We present the theory and practice of passive microrheology, including an in-depth examination of the Generalized Stokes-Einstein Relation (GSER). We carefully treat the assumptions that must be made for these techniques to work, and what happens when the underlying assumptions are violated. Experimental methods covered in detail include particle tracking microrheology, tracer particle microrheology using dynamic light scattering and diffusing wave spectroscopy, and laser tracking microrheology. Second, we discuss the theory and practice of active microrheology, focusing specifically on the potential and limitations of extending microrheology to measurements of non-linear rheological properties, like yielding and shear-thinning. Practical aspects of magnetic and optical tweezer measurements are preseted. Finally, we highlight important applications of microrheology, including measurements of gelation, degradation, high-throughput rheology, protein solution viscosities, and polymer dynamics.
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Richards, Ronnie. “What’s Your Name, Where Are You From, and What Have You Had?”. Edited by Roger Mantie and Gareth Dylan Smith. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190244705.013.18.
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This discussion considers the utopian/dystopian dialect in relation to Acid House culture in Leeds during the late 1980s. It utilizes an ethnographic, autoethnographic, and fictional/nonfictional narrative method to illustrate the key signifiers and relations of Acid House culture, including utopian ideals, social class, and the significance of geographical location. Overall the chapter serves to illustrate the significance of individual and group identities, the importance of embodiment and the changing intersection of social constructs such as class. Chas Critcher had defined Acid House as “no more that music associated with LSD,” but this chapter highlights the richly textured sense of feeling, space, place, and social relations that demonstrate Acid House was something much more than that. This chapter also has a direct association with the themes of agency, identity, meaning, and cultural appropriation.
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Anne, Orford, and Hoffmann Florian. Introduction: Theorizing International Law. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198701958.003.0001.
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This introductory chapter briefly explores the practice of theorizing international law. Theorizing is an inherent part of the practice of international law. Theories of international law have attempted to demonstrate that laws governing the conduct of sovereigns exist at all, and have been concerned with the attempt to connect emerging forms of international legal practice to a philosophical or historical tradition from which international law is said to originate, or to develop a method for interpreting or systematizing international law. The relation of international law to the modern state has been the focus of much theoretical work, both by those seeking to challenge the state’s role as the privileged subject of international law or by those seeking to argue that recognition of its importance and status have been lost.
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McCabe, Joshua T. Canada. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190841300.003.0004.
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Chapter 4 examines how Canadian policymakers’ renewed promise to tackle child poverty translated into the Child Tax Benefit, the nonrefundable Child Tax Credit, and the Working Income Tax Benefit. Whereas the logic of tax relief served as the springboard for fiscalization in the US, the logic of income supplementation drove the process in Canada. This difference had important implications for the shape and scope of Canadian tax credits, enabling them to significantly reduce child poverty relative to the much weaker outcomes in the US. Family allowances offered policymakers an alternative to welfare as the primary method of delivering cash benefits to children. Canadian policymakers, including conservative policymakers and profamily groups, saw expanding child tax credits as a way to “take children off welfare” by redirecting benefits through a nonstigmatizing program. The initial change occurred under the Progressive Conservatives in 1992 and was consolidated under the Liberals in 1997.
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Hill, Juniper. Incorporating improvisation into classical music performance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199346677.003.0015.
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The paucity of improvisation over the last 150 years of western art music is an anomaly. This chapter discusses why and how classical musicians today might incorporate more improvisation into their practice and performance. Examples from professional musicians demonstrate innovative approaches to classical improvisation as well as methods for renewing historical practices in modern contexts. As a developmental tool, improvisation can be used to deepen understanding of traditional repertoire, improve technique and aural skills, expand expressive possibilities, discover a personal voice, and lessen performance anxiety. Methods for increasing improvisation in public performance are also illustrated, including the preparation of improvised cadenzas in canonical repertoire, the exploration of multiple possible score interpretations, the practice of functional improvisation for church services, and the adventure of boundary-challenging creative acts. The chapter concludes by addressing challenges and constraints faced by potential improvisers in today’s classical music culture, especially in relation to education (when important enabling skill sets are left underdeveloped), career pressures (when deviations from convention are risky) and value systems (when improvisation is considered wrong and the creative capacity of performers is deemed inferior). Classical performers are encouraged to take some of their training into their own hands and assert their right for greater artistic autonomy.
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Abramowitz, Jonathan S., Steven Taylor, and Dean McKay. Exposure-Based Treatment for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. Edited by Gail Steketee. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376210.013.0071.
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Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is one of the oldest and most effective treatments for obsessive compulsive disorder. The present chapter describes the empirical foundations, development, delivery, and latest research on ERP. Commonly used methods and procedural variants of ERP are described, along with findings concerning the underlying mechanisms of action. The efficacy of ERP in relation to other treatments is discussed, in addition to research on the long-term effects of ERP and its effects in non-research settings. Pretreatment predictors of the outcome of treatments using ERP are also considered. Efforts to improve treatment outcome are discussed, including research into the benefits of combining ERP with other psychosocial interventions such as cognitive therapy, or with particular medications. The chapter concludes by considering important future research directions for improving the outcome of treatment packages that include ERP.
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Robertson, Ian H., and Redmond G. O'Connell. Rehabilitation of Attention Functions. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.021.
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The evidence for the effectiveness of rehabilitation of three types of attention—selectivity, sustained attention, and attentional switching—is reviewed. Limited but significant effects in all three domains are observed, though evidence for generalization to wider everyday life functions remains relatively sparse. In the case of sustained attention and also in the case of spatial selectivity, the modulating effects of arousal are shown to be important, and higher level executive deficits may at times be exacerbated or even caused by lowered levels of arousal. Conversely, methods of modulating arousal may be used to improve sustained attention and executive functions in a range of clinical conditions. Attentional functions are key to other cognitive domains such as attention and perception, and so the promising evidence for attentional rehabilitation may contribute to the rehabilitation of other cognitive domains also.
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Suhay, Elizabeth, Bernard Grofman, and Alexander H. Trechsel, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Electoral Persuasion. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190860806.001.0001.
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Electoral persuasion rests at the center of the democratic process. Politicians, parties, interest groups, members of the media, and citizens themselves are constantly communicating with one another about electorally relevant topics. These communications will ultimately influence—although not always in predictable ways—voters’ choices and, therefore, election outcomes and the direction of government. Scholarship on this important topic has exploded in recent decades. Yet, there have been relatively few efforts to synthesize the accumulated knowledge. In this volume, we bring together accomplished scholars who study one or more aspect of electoral persuasion—who communicates with whom about democratic politics, what they communicate about and why, how and where they communicate, and with what effect. The result is a vibrant collection of US-based and international perspectives on the relevant actors, their motivations and methods of persuasion, and their varied influences on electoral choice.
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Gormley, Laurence W. Infringement Proceedings. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198746560.003.0005.
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This chapter considers whether infringement proceedings can be used for the enforcement of the Union’s values, and whether a concept of systematic infringements would be possible or desirable. It first sets the stage for discussion by providing some observations on infringement proceedings and how they work. Infringement proceedings have long been an important weapon in ensuring that EU law is properly applied and respected in the Member States of the EU. They are the classic method of supervision of the European Commission, yet they are also fraught with weaknesses, which the chapter enumerates in more depth. The chapter also considers the likelihood of the Commission acting via the infringement proceedings route in relation to Article 2 TEU.
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Tsakmakis, Antonis. Speeches. Edited by Sara Forsdyke, Edith Foster, and Ryan Balot. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199340385.013.5.
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The great number of set speeches in Thucydides’ work reflects the importance of the art of persuasion in his world, but also exhibits an awareness of the limitations of that art. Far from suggesting straightforward explanations, in their multifarious, dynamic relation to their narrative contexts, immediate or remote, Thucydides’ speeches create a dialectical historiography. Their diversity regarding a series of criteria (speakers, audiences, themes, communicative situations, impact, way of introduction, stylistic choices) is sometimes concealed by the uniformity of language and common ideological presuppositions. While indirect discourse allows for more authorial control, direct speeches combine particular points of view with considerations on general matters. The openness and ambiguity of Thucydides’ rhetorically formulated statement on his method of composing his speeches is in alignment with his effort to keep nothing more than is necessary or helpful (for his purposes) from the original speeches.
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Staitieh, Bashar S., and Greg S. Martin. Therapeutic goals of fluid resuscitation. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0070.
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Optimizing tissue perfusion by administering intravenous fluids presents a special challenge to the intensive care unit (ICU) clinician. Recent studies have drastically altered how we assess a patient’s fluid responsiveness, particularly with regard to upstream surrogates of tissue perfusion. Central venous pressure and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure have been found to be inaccurate markers of fluid responsiveness and have given way to methods such as cardiac output as assessed by echocardiography and the various forms of arterial waveform analysis. These newer techniques, such as stroke volume variation, systolic pressure variation, and pulse pressure variation, have been found to better delineate which patients will respond to a fluid challenge with an increase in cardiac output, and which will not. In addition, traditional methods of assessing the consequences of excessive fluid administration, such as pulmonary oedema and the non-anion gap acidosis of saline administration, have given way to more sophisticated measurements of extravascular lung water, now available at the bedside. Downstream markers of tissue perfusion, such as base deficit, central venous oxygen saturations, and lactic acid, continue to be useful in particular clinical settings, but are all relatively non-specific markers, and are therefore difficult to use as resuscitation targets for ICU patients in general. Finally, recent data on septic shock and ARDS have demonstrated the importance of conservative fluid strategies, while data in surgical populations have emphasized the need for judicious fluid administration and attention to the balance of blood products used in resuscitation efforts.
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Brooker, Paul, and Margaret Hayward. Intel: Grove’s Only the Paranoid Survive. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825395.003.0006.
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Andy Grove enhanced the microprocessor manufacturer Intel in the 1980s–90s by learning to adapt to the crises that he later termed ‘strategic inflection points’. The first section describes how and what CEO Grove learnt from these ‘inflection point’ adaptive crises. The second section describes his three-stage adaptive framework for dealing with these adaptive crises. It includes rapid adaptation and two other rational methods, diverse and institutionalized deliberation, plus a pre-deliberation experimental process that ‘delivers’ new product ideas. The third section focuses on this experimentation process, so important for high-tech firms seeking product innovation and diversification. Packard’s memoir The HP Way described the Hewlett-Packard decentralized, multi-divisional, experimentation system that produced a long series of innovations and diversifications. The final section discusses Steve Jobs’s relatively top-down, hands-on approach to experimentation and diversification, which provided Apple with the iPod, iPhone, and iPad.
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Jarnert, Christina, Linda Mellbin, Lars Rydén, and Jaakko Tuomilehto. Glucose intolerance and diabetes. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656653.003.0016.
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Diabetes dramatically increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Diabetes is defined by elevated glucose in blood circulation. The level of glycaemia has a graded relation with CVD risk and diabetes is very frequent in people with CVD. In the general population half of the people with type 2 diabetes are undiagnosed, yet efficient methods for population screening exist. Despite considerable improvements in the management of CVD, patients with disturbed glucose metabolism have not benefited to the same extent as those without diabetes. Primary and secondary prevention of CVD in people with diabetes and other disturbances in glucose metabolism must be multifactorial and treatment targets stricter than for patients without glucose aberrations. Increased collaboration between different therapeutic disciplines including diabetologists, cardiologists, general practitioners, and dieticians is key to improved management for this large and high-risk population. Some important aspects of these issues are presented in this chapter.
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Jarnert, Christina, Linda Mellbin, Lars Rydén, and Jaakko Tuomilehto. Glucose intolerance and diabetes. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656653.003.0016_update_001.
Full textAbstract:
Diabetes dramatically increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Diabetes is defined by elevated glucose in blood circulation. The level of glycaemia has a graded relation with CVD risk and diabetes is very frequent in people with CVD. In the general population half of the people with type 2 diabetes are undiagnosed, yet efficient methods for population screening exist. Despite considerable improvements in the management of CVD, patients with disturbed glucose metabolism have not benefited to the same extent as those without diabetes. Primary and secondary prevention of CVD in people with diabetes and other disturbances in glucose metabolism must be multifactorial and treatment targets stricter than for patients without glucose aberrations. Increased collaboration between different therapeutic disciplines including diabetologists, cardiologists, general practitioners, and dieticians is key to improved management for this large and high-risk population. Some important aspects of these issues are presented in this chapter.
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Jacoby, Ryan J., and Jonathan S. Abramowitz. Intolerance of Uncertainty in OCD. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0017.
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Intolerance of uncertainty (IU) is a key cognitive construct in the maintenance of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms. Whereas most individuals feel “certain-enough” that situations are relatively safe, those with OCD who have elevated IU have difficulty managing the feeling of not knowing “for sure” whether a feared outcome may occur. As a result, they engage in compulsive rituals (e.g., checking, reassurance seeking) with the aim of restoring a sense of certainty. Given the pervasiveness of uncertainty in daily life, these doubts and rituals can lead to heightened daily distress for individuals with OCD. Accordingly, the present chapter reviews the following: (a) a comprehensive definition of IU, (b) the conceptualization of IU as important in the development and maintenance of OCD across various symptom presentations, (c) the measurement of IU using both self-report and behavioral methods, and (d) recommendations for the consideration of IU in OCD treatment.