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1
Affect regulation and the origin of the self: The neurobiology of emotional development. Hillsdale, N.J: L. Erlbaum Associates, 1994.
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2
Vouloutsi, Vasiliki, and Paul F. M. J. Verschure. Emotions and self-regulation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199674923.003.0034.
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This chapter takes the view that emotions of living machines can be seen from the perspective of self-regulation and appraisal. We will first look at the pragmatic needs to endow machines with emotions and subsequently describe some of the historical background of the science of emotions and its different interpretations and links to affective neuroscience. Subsequently, we argue that emotions can be cast in terms of self-regulation where they provide for a descriptor of the state of the homeostatic processes that maintain the relationship between the agent and its internal and external environment. We augment the notion of homeostasis with that of allostasis which signifies a change from stability through a fixed equilibrium to stability through continuous change. The chapter shows how this view can be used to create complex living machines where emotions are anchored in the need fulfillment of the agent, in this case considering both utilitarian and epistemic needs.
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Perkins, Tom, Laurence Heller, and Aline Lapierre. Healing Developmental Trauma: How Early Trauma Affects Self-Regulation, Self-Image, and the Capacity for Relationship. Tantor Audio, 2015.
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Healing Developmental Trauma: How Early Trauma Affects Self-Regulation, Self-Image, and the Capacity for Relationship. ReadHowYouWant, 2017.
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Healing Developmental Trauma: How Early Trauma Affects Self-Regulation, Self-Image, and the Capacity for Relationship. ReadHowYouWant, 2017.
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6
Sheeran, Paschal, Thomas L. Webb, Peter M. Gollwitzer, and Gabriele Oettingen. Self-Regulation of Affect–Health Behavior Relations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190499037.003.0005.
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The present chapter analyzes relations between affect and health behaviors from the perspective of the action control model of affect regulation. It presents evidence that forming if-then plans or implementation intentions can emancipate health actions from unwanted influence by three kinds of affect—experienced affect, anticipated affect, and implicit affect. For each of these kinds of affect, it demonstrates that emancipation can be achieved in two ways—either by directly targeting the affect itself so as to undermine the strength of the affective response, or by targeting the relationship between affect and health behavior so that the translation of affect into action is reduced or blocked. It concludes that the impact of affect on health decisions and actions is not inevitable: affective influence can be modulated effectively using if-then plans.
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van Hooft, Edwin. Self-Regulatory Perspectives in the Theory of Planned Job Search Behavior: Deliberate and Automatic Self-Regulation Strategies to Facilitate Job Seeking. Edited by Ute-Christine Klehe and Edwin van Hooft. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199764921.013.31.
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Because job search often is a lengthy process accompanied by complexities, disruptions, rejections, and other adversities, job seekers need self-regulation to initiate and maintain job search behaviors for obtaining employment goals. This chapter reviews goal/intention properties (e.g., specificity, proximity, conflicts, motivation type) and skills, beliefs, strategies, and capacities (e.g., self-monitoring skills and type, trait and momentary self-control capacity, nonlimited willpower beliefs, implementation intentions, goal-shielding and goal maintenance strategies) that facilitate self-regulation and as such may moderate the relationship between job search intentions and job search behavior. For each moderator, a theoretical rationale is developed based on self-regulation theory linked to the theory of planned job search behavior, available empirical support is reviewed, and future research recommendations are provided. The importance of irrationality and nonconscious processes is discussed; examples are given of hypoegoic self-regulation strategies that reduce the need for deliberate self-regulation and conscious control by automatizing job search behaviors.
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Beeghly, Marjorie, Bruce D. Perry, and Edward Tronick. Self-Regulatory Processes in Early Development. Edited by Sara Maltzman. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199739134.013.3.
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In this chapter, we focus on the emergence of self-regulatory processes during infancy, as framed in biopsychosocial context. We begin with a brief review of the neurobiological underpinnings of early self-regulatory processes and how self-regulatory systems develop in early childhood. Next, given that infants come into the world highly dependent on caregiver support for their survival, we argue that the emergence of self-regulation occurs primarily in a relational context, and that the capacity for self-regulation reflects both self- and parent–infant co-regulatory processes. We also provide evidence to show that variations in these early self- and parent–infant regulatory processes are linked to children’s resilient or maladaptive functioning in later life. We illustrate our arguments with findings from developmental research on self-regulation in at-risk populations and in diverse contextual–cultural settings. After a brief discussion of the implications of this literature for practice, we conclude that the Mutual Regulation Model provides a useful framework for practitioners attending to the quality of the parent–infant relationship.
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Reibel, Anthony R. Embracing Relational Teaching: How Strong Relationships Promote Student Self-Regulation and Efficacy. Solution Tree, 2022.
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Deater-Deckard, Kirby, Nan Chen, and Shereen El Mallah. Gene–Environment Interplay in Coercion. Edited by Thomas J. Dishion and James Snyder. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199324552.013.4.
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Coercive relationship dynamics are established and operate within reactive and regulatory intra- and interpersonal processes in families. These regulatory processes function within complex transactions between genetic and nongenetic processes that are transmitted from parents to children. This chapter highlights examples of gene–environment interplay in several key components of coercive family processes, with a special focus on parent and child self-regulation problems in coercive interactions. These include gene–environment correlation, gene–environment interaction, and epigenetic mechanisms that contribute to individual differences in self-regulation and dyadic regulation. These are conceptualized within a framework of ongoing parent and child effects operating within family dyads.
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Self-Regulation in Learning: The Role of Language and Formative Assessment. Harvard Education Publishing Group (HEPG), 2018.
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Self-Regulation in Learning: The Role of Language and Formative Assessment. Harvard Education Publishing Group (HEPG), 2018.
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Eiden, Rina D. Etiological Processes for Substance Use Disorders Beginning in Infancy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676001.003.0007.
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The chapter highlights results from the Buffalo Longitudinal Study, which began in infancy and was guided by a developmental cascade model. The chapter discusses the importance of the co-occurrence of parent alcohol problems with depression and antisocial behavior beginning in early childhood, and how these parental risks in infancy may predict the quality of parent–child interactions and infant–parent attachment. These processes in early childhood may set the stage for one of the most salient developmental issues at preschool age—the development of self-regulation. Together, the parent–child relationship and child self-regulation may predict one of the most clearly established pathways to adolescence substance use disorders—continuity of externalizing problems from childhood to adolescence. Finally, this chapter presents results from a developmental cascade model from infancy to adolescence, with implications for development of preventive interventions for adolescent substance use disorders.
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Zucker, Nancy, and Christopher Harshaw. Emotion, Attention, and Relationships: A Developmental Model of Self-Regulation in Anorexia Nervosa and Related Disordered Eating Behaviors. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199744459.013.0005.
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Fennal, Mildred Dubois. ADOLESCENT VICTIMS AND NON-VICTIMS OF VIOLENT LIFE EVENTS: RELATIONSHIPS AND DIFFERENCES AMONG MEASURES OF SELF-REGULATION AND ANGER. 1994.
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16
Peter T, Muchlinski. Multinational Enterprises and the Law. 3rd ed. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198824138.001.0001.
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This book is a comprehensive and interdisciplinary account of the techniques used to regulate multinational enterprises (MNEs) at the national, regional and multilateral levels. The book considers the effects of corporate self-regulation, and the impact of civil society and community groups upon the development of the legal order in this area. It has been thoroughly revised and updated for this third edition. The book is split into four parts. Part I deals with the conceptual basis for MNE regulation. It explains the growth of MNEs, their business and legal forms and the relationship between them and the effects of a globalized economy and society, now increasingly challenged by recently revived nationalist economic policies, upon the evolution of regulatory agendas in the field. Part II covers the main areas of economic regulation, including the limits of national and regional jurisdiction over MNE activities, controls over—and the liberalization of—entry and establishment, tax, company and competition law and the impact of intellectual property rights on technology diffusion and transfer. Part III introduces the social dimension of MNE regulation covering labour rights, human rights and environmental issues. Part IV deals with the contribution of international investment law to MNE regulation and to the control of investment risks, covering the main provisions found in international investment agreements, their interpretation by international tribunals and how concerns over these developments are leading to reform proposals.
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Toblin, Robin L., and Amy B. Adler. Resilience Training as a Complementary Treatment for PTSD. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190205959.003.0012.
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Resilience can be viewed as a process in which behaviors or attitudes can lead to a more positive outcome in the face of a traumatic stressor. Universal and targeted resilience training programs (e.g., primary and secondary prevention programs) can be adapted to complement evidence-based treatments (EBTs) for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), tertiary interventions. Using a skill-focus for resilience may increase optimism and self-efficacy for individuals, and therefore, their engagement in the homework and self-examination required by EBTs. Resilience topics that seem especially fitting as an adjunct for treatment are (1) optimism, (2) relationship building, (3) cognitive skills, (4) energy management, (5) emotional regulation, and (6) PTG. The changes necessary for modifying content designed for a primary prevention audience, several group therapy considerations, and the timing of resilience training relative to EBTs are elucidated. Potential research areas are discussed.
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Quack, Sigrid, and Elke Schüßler. Dynamics of Regulation of Professional Service Firms. Edited by Laura Empson, Daniel Muzio, Joseph Broschak, and Bob Hinings. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199682393.013.3.
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This chapter examines how the changing roles and relationships between Professional Service Firms, clients and state actors in the context of broader social and economic transformations have challenged previously institutionalized forms of professional regulation. Although global Professional Service Firms have become both actors and arenas of regulation, the authors suggest that an exclusive focus on their self-regulation fails to do justice to the complex regulatory dynamics emerging at and across (sub-)national, regional, and global levels. Reviewing the literature on regulation in the accounting and legal professions the chapter shows that while competition, free trade, and quasi-market governance have expanded into a number of previously protected realms of professional organization and work, various state actors are reasserting their regulatory capacity in new multi-scalar actor constellations. These two closely interwoven trends develop against historically diverse legacies in different fields and countries.
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Brown, Kirk Warren, and Mark R. Leary, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Hypo-egoic Phenomena. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328079.001.0001.
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Human beings have an evolved capacity for self-awareness, along with a propensity to focus primarily on their own welfare. This pervasive self-focus is reflected in thoughts, emotions, and actions whose underlying theme is the pursuit of self-interest. Although a focus on oneself has clear adaptive functions—such as physical preservation, decision making, planning, and self-regulation—this pervasive egoic mindset has psychological, interpersonal, and societal costs. In an increasingly crowded and interdependent world, there is a pressing need for the investigation of alternatives to a “me and mine first” mindset. For centuries, many philosophers, scientists, spiritual leaders, and social activists have advocated a “hypo-egoic” way of being, a psychological mindset characterized by less self-preoccupation in favor of a more inclusive, “we first” mode of functioning. In recent years, investigation of a variety of topics under the umbrella of hypo-egoicism has emerged in psychology, cognitive science, neuroscience, and philosophy as researchers have investigated both the features of hypo-egoic states and the psychological experiences that arise when self-focused processing is reduced, such as flow, equanimity, mindfulness, compassion, and mystical states. Bringing together current scholarship and science from multiple fields, theOxford Handbook of Hypo-egoic Phenomenaprovides an authoritative overview of theory, research, and applications concerning psychological states that involve diminished self-preoccupation and self-interest. TheHandbookalso reveals the widespread implications of such hypo-egoic functioning for personal well-being, optimal behavior regulation, interpersonal relationships, and prosocial and virtuous behavior.
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Carrión, Victor G., and Carl F. Weems. Neuroscience of Pediatric PTSD. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190201968.001.0001.
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The overarching goal of Neuroscience of Pediatric PTSD is to provide mental health professionals and students with a review of the broad array of research related to the neurobiology of developmental traumatic stress. In doing so, it attempts to provide a synthesis of how this body of work has built a foundation from which we can launch new ways of studying the impact of trauma in children and adolescents. It uses posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as an anchor to inform on these advancements. The past 20 years have seen an increased interest in how traumatic stress impacts development. Neuroscience of Pediatric PTSD summarizes key work done in areas pertinent to function and development. It discusses advances in the neuroscience of executive function, memory, emotional processing, and associated features such as dissociation, self-injurious behaviors, and sleep regulation. Each chapter is divided in three parts: animal studies, adult studies, and child studies. Issues such as comorbidity and treatment, and their relationship to these neuroscience findings, are presented.
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Zelazo, Philip David, ed. The Oxford Handbook of Developmental Psychology, Vol. 2. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199958474.001.0001.
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This volume synthesizes and integrates the broad literature in the subdisciplines of developmental psychology. The volume features an opening chapter by the volume editor outlining the organization of the field, as well as a concluding chapter in which the volume editor outlines future directions for developmental psychology. This volume synthesizes the developmental psychological literatures in such areas as personality and emotional development, emotion regulation, social development, peer relationships, play, gender development, self-conceptualizing, aggression and anti-social behavior, and risk and resilience in development.
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Mak, Vanessa. Legal Pluralism in European Contract Law. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198854487.001.0001.
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The relevance of contracting and self-regulation in consumer markets has increased rapidly in recent years, in particular in the platform economy. Online platforms provide opportunities for businesses and consumers to connect with strangers, often across borders, trading products, and services. In this new economy, platform operators create, apply, and enforce their own rules in their contractual relationships with users. This book examines the substance of these rules and the space for private governance beyond the reach of state regulation. It explores recent developments in lawmaking ‘beyond the state’ with case studies focusing on companies such as Airbnb and Amazon. The book asks how common values and objectives of EU law, such as consumer protection and contractual fairness, can be safeguarded when lawmaking shifts to a space outside the reach of state law.
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Hammond, Christopher J., Marc N. Potenza, and Linda C. Mayes. Development of Impulse Control, Inhibition, and Self-Regulatory Behaviors in Normative Populations across the Lifespan. Edited by Jon E. Grant and Marc N. Potenza. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195389715.013.0082.
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Impulsivity represents a complex multidimensional construct that may change across the lifespan and is associated with numerous neuropsychiatric disorders including substance use disorders, conduct disorder/antisocial personality disorder, and traumatic brain injury. Multiple psychological theories have considered impulsivity and the development of impulse control, inhibition, and self-regulatory behaviors during childhood. Some psychoanalytic theorists have viewed impulse control and self-regulatory behaviors as developing ego functions emerging in the context of id-based impulses and inhibitory pressures from the superego. Object relationists added to this framework but placed more emphasis on mother–child dyadic relationships and the process of separation and individuation within the infant. Cognitive and developmental theorists have viewed impulse control and self-regulation as a series of additive cognitive functions emerging at different temporal points during childhood and with an emphasis on attentional systems and the ability to inhibit a prepotent response. Commonalities exist across all of these developmental theories, and they all are consistent with the idea that the development of impulse control appears cumulative and emergent in early life, with the age range of 24–36 months being a formative period. Impulsivity is part of normal development in the healthy child, and emerging empirical data on normative populations (as measured by neuropsychological testing batteries, self-report measures, and behavioral observation) suggest that impulse control, self-regulation, and other impulsivity-related phenomena may follow different temporal trajectories, with impulsivity decreasing linearly over time and sensation seeking and reward responsiveness following an inverted U-shaped trajectory across the lifespan. These different trajectories coincide with developmental brain changes, including early maturation of subcortical regions in relation to the later maturation of the frontal lobes, and may underlie the frequent risk-taking behavior often observed during adolescence.
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Deater-Deckard, Kirby. The Social Environment and the Development of Psychopathology. Edited by Philip David Zelazo. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199958474.013.0021.
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The development of psychopathology involves a social context with powerful influences on the growth and maintenance of behavioral and emotional problems in childhood and adolescence. The co-occurring processes of socialization (i.e., learning) and selection into relationships and experiences work together to reinforce adaptive and maladaptive developmental outcomes. Using self-regulation and social cognition as guiding concepts, research regarding social environments and their potential influences on psychopathology is highlighted. Family relationships with parents and peers are examined, with an emphasis on harsh reactive parenting and sibling antagonism and reinforcement of maladaptive behavior. In addition, the potential effects of peer victimization and friend/peer group selection are considered. The literature continues to build evidence of a critical role of the social environment in the promotion or prevention of a wide range of behavioral and emotional problems in youth.
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Otis, Laura. Banned Emotions. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190698904.001.0001.
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Who benefits, and who loses, when emotions are described in particular ways? How can metaphors such as “hold on” and “let go” affect people’s emotional experiences? Banned Emotions draws on the latest research in neuroscience and psychology to challenge popular ideas about emotions that should supposedly be suppressed. This interdisciplinary book breaks taboos by exploring emotions in which people are said to “indulge”: self-pity, prolonged crying, chronic anger, grudge-bearing, bitterness, and spite. By focusing on metaphors for these emotions in classic novels, self-help books, and popular films, Banned Emotions exposes their cultural and religious roots. Examining works by Dante, Dickens, Dostoevsky, Kafka, Forster, and Woolf in parallel with Bridesmaids, Fatal Attraction, and Who Moved My Cheese?, Banned Emotions reveals patterns in the ways emotions are represented that can make people so ashamed of feelings, they may stifle emotions that they need to work through. By analyzing the ways that physiology and culture combine in emotion metaphors, Banned Emotions shows that emotion regulation is a political as well as a biological issue. Banned Emotions considers the emotions of women abandoned by their partners and asks whether the psychological “attachment” metaphor is the best way to describe human relationships. Recent studies of emotion regulation indicate that reappraisal works better than suppression, which over time can damage a person’s health. Socially discouraged emotions such as self-pity emerge from lived experiences, often the experiences of people who hold less social power. Emotion metaphors like “move on” deflect attention from the social problems that have inspired emotions to the individuals who feel them—people who need to think about their emotions and their causes in the world.
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Brownstein, Michael. The Implicit Mind. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190633721.001.0001.
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Heroes are often admired for their ability to act without having “one thought too many,” as Bernard Williams put it. Likewise, the unhesitating decisions of masterful athletes and artists are part of their fascination. Examples like these make clear that spontaneity can represent an ideal. However, recent literature in empirical psychology has shown how vulnerable our spontaneous inclinations can be to bias, shortsightedness, and irrationality. How can we make sense of these different roles that spontaneity plays in our lives? The central contention of this book is that understanding these two faces of spontaneity—its virtues and vices—requires understanding the “implicit mind.” In turn, understanding the implicit mind requires considering three sets of questions. The first set focuses on the architecture of the implicit mind itself. What kinds of mental states make up the implicit mind? Are both “virtue” and “vice” cases of spontaneity products of one and the same mental system? What kind of cognitive structure do these states have, if so? The second set of questions focuses on the relationship between the implicit mind and the self. How should we relate to our spontaneous inclinations and dispositions? Are they “ours,” in the sense that they reflect on our character or identity? Are we responsible for them? The third set focuses on the ethics of spontaneity. What can research on self-regulation teach us about how to improve the ethics of our implicit mind? How can we enjoy the virtues of spontaneity without succumbing to its vices?
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Caligor, Eve, Frank Yeomans, and Ze’ev Levin. Personality Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199326075.003.0008.
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This chapter discusses the personality disorders. Patients with personality disorders exhibit enduring patterns of behavior that are maladaptive, inflexible, and pervasive. These patients experience difficulty in three core domains of personality functioning: sense of self, interpersonal relationships, and affect regulation. Patients with the cluster A personality disorders (paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal) tend to suffer profound compromise of functioning. Features that are shared by many patients with the cluster B disorders (borderline, narcissistic, antisocial, and histrionic) include emotional reactivity, poor impulse control, and an unclear sense of identity. Patients with borderline, narcissistic, and antisocial personality disorders are also often characterized by high levels of aggression, whereas patients with histrionic personality disorder share a more favorable prognosis with the cluster C personality disorders (avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive). Psychotherapy is the backbone of treatment for the personality disorders.
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Stanley, Barbara, and Tanya Singh. Diagnosis of Borderline Personality Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199997510.003.0002.
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The diagnosis of borderline personality disorder (BPD) can be devastating. BPD is characterized by instability on several domains: affect regulation, impulse control, interpersonal relationships, and self-image, and it affects about 1–2% of the general population—up to 10% of psychiatric outpatients, and 20% of inpatients. In addition to meeting the criteria set forth in DSM-5, BPD, like all personality disorders, is characterized by a pervasive and persistent pattern of behavior that begins in early childhood and is stable across contexts. Affective dysregulation (inappropriate, intense anger or difficulty controlling anger; affective instability due to a marked reactivity of mood), is one of the core domains associated with BPD and is characterized by erratic, easily aroused mood changes and disproportionate emotional responses. Affect dysregulation differs in BPD and mood disorders because in BPD it can shift rapidly and is affected by environmental triggers.
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Ijzerman, Hans, and Lotje J. Hogerzeil. People as Penguins. Edited by Martijn van Zomeren and John F. Dovidio. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190247577.013.15.
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This chapter examines the importance of thermoregulation for the human need to belong and for social integration more generally. It considers fundamental patterns in how thermoregulation relates to social cognition, and how—as a result—more complex social integration affects our core body temperatures. This perspective implies that humans are, in one important way, just like penguins: they need warmth and a good huddle when they are cold in order to survive. Yet temperature affects humans’ social behavior in even more complex ways. The chapter discusses some basics mechanisms of thermoregulation and provides various examples of how social thermoregulation extends to modern human behavior. It also discusses the neural organization of thermoregulation, how temperature homeostasis is maintained even via inanimate objects, and speculates about the link between relationships and the development of self-regulation. It concludes with an analysis of the implications of understanding thermoregulation as human essence.
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Piran, Niva. Handbook of Positive Body Image and Embodiment. Edited by Tracy L. Tylka. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190841874.001.0001.
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Positive body image entails appreciating, loving, respecting, nurturing, protecting, and seeing beauty in the body regardless of its consistency with media appearance ideals. Embodiment reflects a connection between the mind and the body, which have a continual dialectical relationship with the world, and includes positive body connection, body agency and functionality, attuned self-care, positive experiences with body desires, and living in the body as a subjective rather than objectified site. This 38-chapter handbook reviews current knowledge of positive body image and embodiment, as well as future directions for work in these areas, which will be useful for mental health researchers, practitioners, advocates, and activists. Nine chapters review constructs that represent the positive ways we live in our bodies: experiences of embodiment, body appreciation, body functionality, body image flexibility, broad conceptualization of beauty, mindful attunement, intuitive eating, attunement with exercise, and attuned sexuality. Fifteen chapters speak to how we can cultivate positive body image and embodiment by expanding physical freedom (mindful movement, personal safety, connection to agency and desire); mental freedom (resisting objectification, stigma, media images, and gender-related molds); and social power (within families, peers, support systems, and online contexts). Last, 14 chapters address novel ways we can enhance positive body image and embodiment through individual and social interventions that focus on compassion, acceptance, emotional regulation, mindfulness, social justice, movement (yoga), cognitive dissonance, media literacy, and public health and policy initiatives.
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Landau, Carol. Mood Prep 101. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190914301.001.0001.
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Depression and anxiety in college students have reached a crisis, and the prevalence continues to rise. The increasing distress of the current generation, Gen Z, and their greater openness to mental health care have overwhelmed college counseling services. Despite this sobering news, parents can play a critically important role in helping their children. This book describes a plan that parents can use for supporting and preventing depression and anxiety in young people. Each chapter concludes with practical strategies for parents. The book consists of four sections. The first section is a description of adolescent development and the types of depressive and anxious symptoms and disorders. The second section details the foundations that students need to move toward a successful college experience, including family support, communication skills, self-efficacy and problem-solving skills, self-regulation, and distress tolerance. Barriers to optimal development include underage substance use and unsafe sexual relationships. The third section examines vulnerabilities to depression and anxiety, including cognitive distortions, perfectionism, and the stress of being a sexual minority or overweight. Challenges faced by students who are seen as “different” are explored. The final section is a description of life on campus, including the stresses of college life and the opportunities to develop friendships, relationships with faculty, and a more meaningful view of the future. There are also chapters on how to access mental health services before and during college. The book concludes with a call to reduce stress on students and to challenge the competitive individualistic culture in which we live.
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Nader, Kathleen, and Mary Beth Williams. Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders. Edited by Thomas H. Ollendick, Susan W. White, and Bradley A. White. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190634841.013.22.
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Developmental age and symptom variations influence treatment needs for trauma- and stressor-related disorders (TSRD). TSRD include disorders found in children age 6 and under (reactive attachment disorder, disinhibited social engagement disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder [PTSD] < 6) and those described for individuals who are older than age 6 (PTSD, PTSD with dissociative symptoms, acute stress disorder, adjustment reactions, and other specific TSRD, e.g., complicated grief). Treatments for children under age 6 primarily focus on caregiver–child dyads. Post-trauma symptoms such as those described for PTSD with dissociative symptoms, complicated grief, and complicated trauma require alterations in proven trauma-focused methods. In addition to appropriately timed processing of the trauma, treatments for youths are best when they are multifaceted (also include, for example, focus on support systems and relationships; self-skills, e.g., regulation, coping; and other age, symptom, and trait-related factors). For children, treatment methods often include creative methods as well (e.g., drawings, storytelling).
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Ryan, Richard M., ed. The Oxford Handbook of Human Motivation. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195399820.001.0001.
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Motivation is that which moves us to action. Human motivation is thus a complex issue, as people are moved to action by both their evolved natures and by myriad familial, social, and cultural influences. The Oxford Handbook of Human Motivation aims to capture the current state-of-the-art in this fast developing field. The book includes theoretical overviews from some of the best-known thinkers in this area, including articles on Social Learning Theory, Control Theory, Self-determination Theory, Terror Management Theory, and the Promotion and Prevention perspective. Topical articles appear on phenomena such as ego-depletion, flow, curiosity, implicit motives, and personal interests. A section specifically highlights goal research, including chapters on goal regulation, achievement goals, the dynamics of choice, unconscious goals and process versus outcome focus. Still other articles focus on evolutionary and biological underpinnings of motivation, including articles on cardiovascular dynamics, mood, and neuropsychology. Finally, articles bring motivation down to earth in reviewing its impact within relationships, and in applied areas such as psychotherapy, work, education, sport, and physical activity.
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Maltzman, Sara. A Multidisciplinary, Biopsychosocial Approach to Treatment. Edited by Sara Maltzman. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199739134.013.43.
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This concluding chapter of theOxford Handbook of Treatment Processes and Outcomes in Psychologydescribes the importance of breaking down research and practice silos in favor of a multidisciplinary and biopsychosocial approach regarding human physical and mental health. The chapter summarizes why we can have more confidence in treatments and interventions that “fit” within the context of converging lines of evidence across these multilevel systems. What multidisciplinary research tells us is that treatmentdoesmatter, as evidenced by multiple lines of research in animal models, particularly in fear-based and anxiety disorders. This research affirms that psychological/behavioral treatments are active and not reducible to nonspecific placebo effects. However, data indicate that placebo may prove valuable as a deliberately applied adjunct to psychological/behavioral and pharmacological treatments. Individual differences in self-regulation and temperament; genetic and epigenetic factors that influence resilience or maladaptive responses to adverse conditions; the buffering effects of social support; and how these factors may influence treatment process and outcomes are reviewed. Research evaluating pharmacological adjuncts to psychological/behavioral treatment underscores the complexity of delivering optimal treatment. Newer methodologies, such as neuroimaging, will assist in explicating the above complex interrelationships. This chapter also calls attention to research evaluating treatment outcomes, including dose response relationships and the importance of evaluating the therapist’s unique contribution to outcomes.