Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Relations extérieures – France – 1990-2020'
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Chen, Hong. "Évaluer et empêcher les risques économiques dans les relations franco-chinoises." Paris 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA030110.
Full textDefining and analyzing the risks correctly is the most important point for the international business and investments between the France and the China. In my thesis I create a new theory of the total management of risks, and I explain the method of this total management of risks: set up a model of total management of risks. I use this theory to analyze all risks between the France and the China. And the total management of risks is the only way for the French and Chinese companies and organizations to define and preview all the risks in the international business. Also I present many ways to try to solve “how to find out a consensus way to work together''
Mongrenier, Jean-Sylvestre. "Les enjeux géopolitiques du projet français de défense européenne." Paris 8, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA083628.
Full textSince the implementation of the « army model 2015 », in 1996, President Jacques Chirac and the French government have made from the « Defense Europe » the director line of the national defense politics. In the main geopolitical representations, a future European defense must be the instrument of a European force pole –The power Europe- in a “multiple world”. More secretively affirmed, the stake is to put France in the « leader-nation » of the European defense and to reaffirm its motor role inside a German-French core. This French « great strategy » is combined with the politics and the representations, not without competitions and antagonisms, NATO’s allies and partners. The American administrations have manifested their reserves on the project. This interferes with the will of Vladimir Putin of re-establishing the Russian power in its historical area of influence and to weigh on the redefinition of the European equilibriums. In the Mediterranean and its middle-east extensions, the American force projection and NATO’s activism reduce the margin of manœuvre of the European Union. The reserves of the European public opinion, the transformation of the Union in a fearful pan-European confederation and the French ‘no’ for the constitutional treaty hypothecate the project of the European defense
Wu, Kuen-Huei. "La France et ses relations avec la Chine populaire et Taïwan : 1964-1992." Paris 10, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA100057.
Full textThe dissertation presents the relations between france and the two chinas (prc and roc), from 1964 to 1992. The author adopts a point of view from taiwan. He analyzes the franco-chinese relations with the documents available in french language to-day. The dissertation tries to discover the logics of the decision made by general de gaulle in 1964. This decision has great influence not only upon the destiny and the future of the two chinas, but also upon the whole asia, espacially the conflicts on the indochinese peninsula. It is a subject in which the chinese are highly interested. Until 1964, franco-chinese relations are more oriented towards peking not towards peking and taiwan. France has normalised her relations with taiwan (roc) very recently, and step by step
Hatto, Ronald. "Le partage du fardeau de la sécurité transatlantique : les relations franco-américaines à l'épreuve de la guerre en ex-Yougoslavie (1991-1995)." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005IEPP0035.
Full textThe dissertation examines the burden-sharing arrangement inside the Transatlantic Alliance. Its focus is on the Franch-American relationship during the four years of the war in the former Yugoslavia. If France had some success in bringing its American ally at its sides, thanks to the constraint of alliance effect, it was a half-tone success. Once involved the United-States took the lead leaving aside its allies, including France which was the main contributor of the international community's effort to end the conflict
Rey, Marie-Pierre. "France et URSS à l'heure de la détente : la tentation de rapprochement, 1964-1974." Paris 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA010633.
Full textThrough different types of archives (public and private), this dissertation relates the evolution from 1964 to 1974 of Franco-Soviet political, economical and cultural relationships. Initially wanted by the two states for geopolitical reasons, (gaullist France wanted to play an intermediate role between western and eastern countries, soviet union needed French help to succeed in its project of C. S. C. E. ), the Franco-Soviet dialogue first created a complex structure in the political field (with regular summits) as well as in the economic field (with the creation of the two "commissions" and of the chamber of commerce); in addition, the dialogue led to different concrete results: industrial cooperation, scientific and technical collaboration, growth of cultural relations. However, despite these unequalled results in western-eastern relations, the Franco-soviet dialogue became less important in the beginning of the 70's and was the "victim" of Soviet-American detente and of the "Ostpolitik" promoted by Willy Brandt. Moreover, during ten years, the Franco-soviet dialogue was hindered by general indifference and sometimes by hostility of the French public opinion. Indeed, the French opinion was then more and more critical of the Ussr and less and less anxious to take part in this dialogue; mainly, the dialogue stayed the matter of the two state machines. .
Malonga, Ferdinand. "Les premières conférences franco-africaines (1973-1976)." Paris 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA010619.
Full textBarros, Ruiz Cecilia. "Les relations diplomatiques France-Mexique dans le cadre de la coopération Union européenne-Amérique latine 1990-2002." Paris 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA010275.
Full textGreth, Karine. "Les représentations de la France à Saint-Pétersbourg et le déploiement de la diplomatie culturelle française en Russie de 1991 à 2010. Échanges bilatéraux : enjeux politiques, stratégiques et géopolitiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 4, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA040123.
Full textThe French have long understood the importance of France’s image abroad and established what’s called today the French model of cultural diplomacy, which they defend and promote through soft power. For over a century, the French Government has financed the action of multiple players in its cultural and diplomatic outreach in Russia. This speaks to the strategic importance of having France shine in Russia. But do the economic and political repercussions match the resources deployed by France in its cultural and diplomatic activities in Russia ? What are the results of France’s actions ? Our research has studied the evolution of France’s actions in Russia, examined and highlighted the role and parameters of French presence in today’s Russia. This has required a contemporary and historical understanding of the Franco-Russian bilateral relationship and how each regards the Other. This thesis analyzes the resources used by France in Russia, more particularly St. Petersburg, as well as the strategic, economic and diplomatic parameters of France’s cultural activities that it pursued in Russia at the beginning of the 21st century. Finally, it aims to clarify France’s position in the rapport between East and West and the state of the Franco-Russian bilateral relationship
Lenzen, Thomas. "Regards britanniques sur les relations franco-allemandes : de 1945 à 1990." Nantes, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000NANT3006.
Full textMohamed-Gaillard, Sarah. "La politique de la France dans le Pacifique sud de 1946 à la fin des années 1990." Paris 4, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA040203.
Full textFrom 1946 to the end of the nineties, the presence of France in South Pacific has caused many debates either in its territories, in the region or in the international organizations. Our study of French policy is based on these three scales, which is particularly relevant to compare it with he policy lead by the other countries in the area. After the Second World War, France puts an end to the colonial statute of these islands and starts to take part carefully on a regional scene strongly marked by the United States. Because of its new policy toward its territories, France turns out to be a rather progressive nation in the area. However, the setting of the Centre d'Expérimentation du Pacifique and the will of power from the 5th Republic destroyed the effort previously performed. Then, France reinforces its statutory links with its islands, which constitutes also with the nuclear tests a cause of dispute in the area. These two demonstrations of its presence cause many controversies and insulate the France and its territories on the regional scene. Hence, the decision taken by France in its territories also have an impact on its foreign policy in the whole area. Due to strained relations, the policy of France is mainly defensive. One must wait until the mid-nineties so that these conflicts are solved and to see France works out an active policy. It is thus after half a century of tries and polemics that France finally begins to legitimate its presence in the South Pacific
Keller-Michaux, Astrid. "La Pologne et sa coopération culturelle avec la France et l'Allemagne : la coopération bilatérale et trilatérale de la Pologne avec ces deux pays entre 1990 et 1998." Nancy 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000NAN21033.
Full textThis thesis is grounded in the context of post-'89 Europe and in anticipation of Poland's accession to the European Union. The thesis examines Poland's "return to Europe", in particular the new cultural relations it has developed since 1990 with Germany and France. The thesis also explores the political cooperation that the three countries have undertaken both bilaterally and trilaterally within the Weimar Triangle framework since 1991, and which has grown to include other spheres, notably cultural and educational. The thesis' central theme, that of culture in Poland, is initially examined from historical, political, social and self-identificatory points of view. The question of bilateral and trilateral cultural cooperation finishes the study of culture in Poland, and compells the author to make use of several disciplines - historic, political, economic and sociology - in order to bring to light the real motivations and agendas at stake. In effect, the past permits us to not only better understand the present state of relations and social perception among the three countries, but also to measure the political and socio-cultural accomplishments of the Weimar Triangle project. In presenting the evolution of these social and cultural representations, the author emphasizes that more needs to be done, in other Western countries as well as in France and Germany, to promote a better understanding of Poland and other countries in Central and Eastern Europe. The study of France's and Germany's cultural and linguistic presence in Poland demonstrates on the one hand the different conceptions that these two countries have of culture, but on the other hand reveals that these competing instruments of cultural policy are creating positive sentiments, are promoting foreign language study, and are giving Europe a more human face
Wachs, Arnaud. "Analyses prospectives des relations commerciales entre la France et les pays du Mercosur." Bordeaux 4, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR40021.
Full textOberdieck, Annette. "Le rôle des banques françaises et allemandes dans les relations économiques avec l'Union soviétique entre 1970 et 1990." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996IEPP0037.
Full textThe object of the thesis is to identify the specificity of foreign economic relations of France and the federal republic of Germany through their export performance and financial activity in the USSR between 1970 and 1990. The FRG was the largest western supplier of the USSR, because of the specialisation in industrial products requested by the USSR and the capability to adapt to soviet needs in the field of pricing and commercialisation. The FRG gained market shares between 1970 and 1990. Conversely to Germany, France lost market shares. This was due to a decline in the French investment good sector, as well as the disadvantageous evolution of price competitivity, the strengthening of export controls of certains high-tech products and a decrease of large industrial contracts. While France tried to improve its export competitivity by granting preferential loans, any resultant market share gains were merely of short terme nature. As result of this administrative policy, in combination with great volumes of non-tied financial operations, French banks granted more loans to the USSR than German banks until 1990. The latter limited their activity mainly to trade finance. The contrast between the force of the German industry on the soviet market and the strong presence of French banks amongst creditors of the USSR reflect the general differences between Germany and France: in the field of export performance, particular variant specificity of export finance policy as well as the international strategies of banks
Konieczna, Anna. "L'histoire d'une relation spéciale : les relations entre la France et l'Afrique du Sud dans les années 1958-1974." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013IEPP0055.
Full textBased on the original French and South African archives, this dissertation examines the relationship between France and South Africa under the administration of Charles de Gaulle et Georges Pomidou. Several elements explain why this relation may be qualified as « special »: the fact that South Africa didn’t belong to the traditional zone of French influence, the context in which this relation emerges (the process of decolonization along with the international condemnation of the regime of apartheid), its specialization (the close cooperation in the military and nuclear field) and its official atypical frame. Divided into four chronological parts, the dissertation presents the evolution of this « special relationship » and its different dimensions: bilateral (relations in military, nuclear and economic field), regional (relations in Southern Africa, in zone of the Indian Ocean and in Africa) and multilateral (debats at UN, IMF and EEC). By analyzing the discussions within the French institutions and the statements in international arena, this study reconstructs the ambiguous attitude of France towards the question of apartheid, the contradictions of the French policy of national independence as well of the French African policy. While the dissertation emphasizes the official framework, it also tempts to analyses the role of intermediates (parliamentarians, enterprises and military industry) in the conduct of French policy towards South Africa
Vittot, Aurélie. "La politique française d'intervention extérieure de 2007 à 2017 : sociologie d'un overachievement." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018IEPP0041.
Full textThis thesis is divided into three main parts. The first one underlines the different factors which contribute to the continuity of French politics of military intervention, stressing the notion of middle power, French culture of human rights and the very special link which still unites nowadays Paris to the African continent. The second part examines the evolution of international norms and UN practice and tries to appreciate the part of the Security Council in the establishment of the French foreign policy. This section includes a comparative dimension as it deals with American, European, Russian and emerging countries politics in terms of military interventions. That focus enables to grasp French specific features, both institutional and in terms of military capacities. The last part of this work aims at analyzing the different military fields of the French army during the last decade. In Africa, military operations are often led unilaterally, African troops then taking over gradually. In the Middle East, French military interventions are mostly part of international coalitions led by the United States. "Opération Harmattan" in Libya is addressed in a proper section as it is in between the classical military interventions in Africa and the one we use to observe in the Middle East. Initiated by France and the UK but conducted under NATO leadership, this intervention constitutes a paradigm shift in French, European and Transatlantic security. This thesis thus analyzes a decade of French military engagement and enables to interpret the current events regarding crisis management and conflicts
Thorel, Julien. "La France, la République fédérale d'Allemagne et la politique européenne de sécurité à l'épreuve de la question yougoslave." Paris 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA030061.
Full textDuring the Cold War, Yugoslavia was a part of France's and Germany's security policy. The purpose of this study is to expose its bases, then to highlight the French and German policies in the first Former-Yugoslavia crisis, the first challenge for the European security policy. We analyse the bilateral convergences and divergences, the possibilities of common actions and the motives of incompatibility for a common security policy in the Balkan, until the Dayton peace agreement which put an end to the conflicts in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1995
Chneguir, Abdelaziz. "La politique étrangère de la Tunisie [de] 1956 -1987." Paris 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA010512.
Full textMourlane, Stéphane. "Une certaine idée de l'Italie : attitudes et politique françaises 1958-1969." Nice, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002NICE2022.
Full textDupetit, Magali. "Les usages de l'environnement en politique étrangère : le cas de la coopération franco-chinoise (1997-2013)." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016IEPP0045.
Full textIn 1997, France and China signed a bilateral agreement on environmental cooperation. This agreement led to many technical assistance programs and projects managed by Agence De l’Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l’Energie and by Agence Française de Développement in China. The thesis presents this introduction of environment in French chinese policy and analyse the phenomenon as a dynamic of agregation and adaptation of practices from different sources of public policies (environmental policy, development policy and French chinese policy). In 2013, those practices become part of a routine and show the end of the construction period of environmental cooperation between France and China
Castelli, Jean. "La politique économique de l'Allemagne et la dynamique de ses partenaires : le cas Allemagne-France." Grenoble 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998GRE21006.
Full textDuring the eigthies, economic relations between france and germany articulate through a " virtuous/vicious circle " (" vertuous " for germany and " vicious " for france). The differentiations of industrial, commercial and foreign direct investment structures work the prime-mover function in the " vituous/vicious " circle, despite the decline of german commercial advantage in the sector of capital goods, because germany make the best of its starting advantage and of international commercial exchange. The appreciation of d-mark is an important but not essential factor of the " vertuous/vicious circle ". The substance of the d-mark appreciation is the differentiations of industrial and commercial structures. The " vertuous/vicious circle " which expresses and makes the " domination effect " of germany on france, creates an export of inflationary, recessionary and disinflationary pressures, either directly through the appreciation of d-mark and german commercial surpluses, or undirectly through the adjustment of french economic policy on german economic policy. German unification has disrupted the " domination effect " of germany on france. The rupture of the " vertuous/vicious circle " after the german unification, reveales the strenghs and weaknesses of german economy, and changes the german " domination effect ". After a brief period of expansionary effects on france, because of huge transferts towards the previous east germany, the german unification entailes strong recessionary tensions due to policies against inflationary pressures in germany which compel german and french monetary and fiscal policies in a restrictive way. Besides, the french economic policy has not enjoyed the new room that german unification could allow, because of french will to carry on european monetary integration within the german pattern of priority for monetary value stability
Obiang, Jean-François. "Les Rapports de dépendance réciproque entre la France et le Gabon, 1967-1990 : pratiques clientélaires et logiques d'État." Paris 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA01A003.
Full textKlenjánszky, Sarolta. "Les relations politiques et culturelles du régime communiste hongrois avec la gauche française dans la Guerre froide (1945-1981)." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013IEPP0020.
Full textHungarian communists adopted the Soviet vision that France was the weak link in the Western camp, this led them to reserve an important place to the FCP and, from 1953 on, to other French political parties in their foreign policy. Considering also the leading role played in the opening process of the Warsaw Pact towards social democracy by the liberal nomenclature, which had taken over the country after 1956, relations between the Hungarian communist regime and the French Left deserve consideration. The thesis presents this relationship, which was the blind spot of the historian production, in the changing contexts of Hungarian and French politics and of international relations. The dissertation focuses on cultural relations in the light of cultural voluntarism of the Hungarian regime and of the influence of the Communist Party on intellectuals. The second aim is epistemological: the thesis opens the question about the possibility to analyze the relationship between a party state and political parties, which are of lower rank, in the international context of the Cold War. These relationships were important for power as a way to legitimize its political orientation and to increase its room for manoeuvre on international level. Especially, the Franco-Hungarian reconciliation generated tensions in relations with the PCF. These were mitigated however by the convergence of views of the French and Hungarian party directions and the ability of the latter to involve Communists in the opening process while using rivalry between the FCP and the SP. The thesis is based on research in the Hungarian and French archives, the review of newspapers and magazines and interviews
Sitzenstuhl, Charles. "Jacques Chirac, Nicolas Sarkozy et l'adhésion de la Turquie à l'Union européenne : pour une approche psychologique de la décision." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016IEPP0026.
Full textThe thesis analyzes the policy of France towards Turkey’s accession to the European Union between 1995 and 2012 by concentrating on the influence of Presidents Jacques Chirac and Nicolas Sarkozy’s personalities on this policy. This political psychology research is inspired by Albert Bandura’s social cognitive theory of personality. After developments calling for a better consideration of the individual decision-makers in political science, the thesis shows that French policy towards Turkish accession distinguishes itself through a centralized decision-making process around the President of the Republic. The support of France for Turkish accession between 1995 and 2007, against the public opinion, is explained by the personality of Jacques Chirac: his belief system, his determination, and his independence of mind. The election of Nicolas Sarkozy in 2007 is a rupture in the French position towards Turkey. Because of a domestic politics calculation corresponding to his belief system, the new President decides not to support Turkish accession anymore, even though France does not veto the pursuit of negotiations between the European Union and Turkey. In spite of this initial compromise, Paris-Ankara relations are severely damaged between 2007 and 2012, a situation that can be explained by the personality of Nicolas Sarkozy. The latter has a policy of rejection of Turkey on several topics (the Union for the Mediterranean, the Season of Turkey in France, the intervention in Libya). What is more, his uninhibited temperament irritates the Turkish authorities
Lagrange, Delphine. "La France face aux Etats-Unis pendant la crise irakienne : "ressources démocratiques" d'une puissance moyenne dans sa contestation de l'hégémon." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012IEPP0010.
Full textUsing the Iraq crisis as a case study, this thesis shows to what extent a middle power such as France is able to be autonomous from the hegemon in the post-bipolar world. According to us, the latter, marked by the enduring relevance of the “pole” concept in perceptions of state as well as non-state actors, can be qualified as “antipolar”. We consider that the United States have become rather the centre of contestations than a worldwide acknowledged leader. In the Iraq affair, as French decision-makers lack the means to prevent the US project, and are marked by the “hyperpower referential” (defined by us as a perception of the hegemon’s unsurpassable domination), they initially choose cooperation, or “loyalty”. Afterwards, as they are in presence of a mobilised global public opinion, they decide to rely on it as well as on multilateralism in a “voice” strategy which appears to be imperative to them. In doing so, they mobilise what we call either “global” (opinion) or “international” (United Nations) “democratic resources”. Despite some very limited costs and non-fungible but still observable benefits, French decision-makers decide very soon after the breaking of the war to go back to loyalty toward Washington, contestation remaining an exception
Dimer, Sébastien. "La coopération franco-allemande en matière de sécurité depuis 1982." Grenoble 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE21033.
Full textThe international system has a great influence on the francogerman cooperation about security. At the end of the seventies, the international bipolar system became tighter and the franco-german "couple" did not have the possibility to progress : the two countries -and particularly germany- had to respect the discipline of the alliance and to align on the politics of the bloc-leader actor (the united states). In 1985, gorbatchev comes into office in ussr, and the bipolar system becomes progressively looser. So france and germany can take initiatives for their bilateral cooperation because they have more possibilities to act in the loose bipolar system. They set up for example the franco-german brigade and the franco-german security council. In 1989-91, the international bipolar system collapses, and the franco-german cooperation must adapt : it is no more the same germany, it is no more the same franco-german alliance, and it is no more the same international system. So it appears new opportunities and new dangers for the bilateral cooperation and for the fundamental aim of the two countries : the european union
Chauvin, Hervé. "La lutte finale : l'URSS dans le débat politique et intellectuel en France de 1975 à 1991." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR30085.
Full textFrom its beginning, the Soviet Union has always been the subject of a fierce political and intellectual debate in France, a place on which ideological French confrontations were transfered. During the 20th century, two conflicting images of USSR were created – the embodiment of socialism and of a repulsive dictature – but after 1975 the dark image of the soviet system prevails. Its assessment is judged as completely negative, despite Gorbachev's era of reforms. This change is the result of an intense political and ideological French confrontation about what soviet socialism really is at the time when the Union of the Left is putting forward a socialist project for France : thus, the Soviet Union becomes closely interlocked in any debate in French political parties, unions and intellectual circles, acting as a dividing line between communists and others. The reintroduction of the concept of totalitarianism, the identification to the fight of Eastern Europe dissidents and the highlighting of soviet military imperialism during the second cold war are the different parts of this fight which results in the growth of a strong anti-sovietism in France and in a kind of adjournment of bilateral relations with the USSR. The amalgam between western and eastern socialism leads to the marginalization of the French Communist Party, which is not able to redefine its relations with the eastern sister parties, from the French way to socialism (“socialisme aux couleurs de la France”) to the globally positive assessment of Eastern socialist countries. It also affects the general idea and contents of socialism in France. After years of sympathy for communism, French intellectuals massively swing to an acerbic anticommunism: the opposition between capitalism and socialism is replaced by the one between democracy and totalitarianism, and, because of that, French Left revolutionary traditions are abandoned. At that point, the liberal vision of history prevails, and leads to the total and definitive condemnation of the soviet regime, preceding by far its end in 1991
Gonchig, Khishig-Erdene. "La Mongolie et ses rapports avec le monde et la France depuis 1990 : influence internationale sur la politique mongole." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMR130/document.
Full textThis thesis analyzes the internal and external political, economic and constitutional life of Mongolia since its democratic revolution. This small country mainly relies on its natural resources and willing to develop its cooperation with other countries, which have rich experiences in mining. Analyses on foreign direct investment in Mongolia show the impact of domestic legislation: laws on the exploration and exploitation of natural resources, protection of the environment, and strategic ranking of natural resource sites etc. The thesis attempts to explain Mongolia's current relations with foreign countries and tries to predict the future in light of the commitments to international organizations and bilateral and multilateral agreements. This thesis puts into perspective the concept of "third neighbor" in Mongolia's foreign policy: the search for the support of a third power, which is a virtual neighbor (ie without geographical proximity) sharing the same democratic values. Moreover, it tries to explain in detail, the bilateral relations between Mongolia and France, its privileged "third neighbor". It highlights the human and territorial relations between France and Mongolia that allow for good relations at a higher level irrespective of economic and political problems. Finally, as the very first thesis on Mongolian foreign relations, namely with France, it aims to serve as a reference base for those interested in Mongolia
Escarguel, Olivier. "Mitterrand devant la fin de l'URSS : perceptions, réactions, répercussions 1985-1991." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006IEPP0059.
Full textFrançois Mitterrand had been following the transformation and the decline of the USSR since 1985. He first had the intuition that Gorbatchev wished to transform the East/West relationship on the way of disarmament rather than continuing his predecessor’s policy. The USSR had to insure economic prosperity, no more compatible with costly military expenses. In this respect he can be seen as a precursor, who rightly predicted this change, in France – where anti-totalitarianism had been prevailing for a long time – but also among his partners in the West. However, the acceleration of the perestroika contributed to modifying the international situation in a much bigger way than what Mitterrand and Gorbatchev had expected. Mitterrand was to base the Franco-Soviet partnership on an enlarged and reconciled Europe that could have been keen on a reformed Communism. Nevertheless, the liberation of Eastern Europe, the USSR nationalist claims, the domestic difficulties and the emergence of Boris Eltsine had brought a complete change. The French president’s will to impose on Europe his personal vision of the future, with a mastered evolution, had been completely turned up. In spite of the European Union’s accomplishments, it is the United States and Germany that had led the way. The French diplomacy, however, had strongly participated to a smooth transition and a better adaptation to the new European security environment
Régin, Tania. "Les relations intersyndicales françaises à la lumière des engagements internationaux 1948-1978." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00006184.
Full textFritsch-Bournazel, Renata. "Le rôle de l'Allemagne dans le monde européen au XXe siècle : [thèse soutenue sur un ensemble de travaux] : présentation de travaux." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985IEPP0014.
Full textLiu, Kaixuan. "Le miroir chinois : les attitudes françaises face à la Chine dans les milieux politique, diplomatique, intellectuel et médiatique, de 1949 au milieu des années 1980." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019IEPP0009.
Full textThe evolution of French attitudes towards China between 1949 and the mid-1980s can be divided into three phases. Between the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949 and the Sino-Soviet split in the early 1960s, China is perceived by French observers as a Sovietized communist country, both domestically and diplomatically. Attitudes of French people towards this China reflect their positions in the confrontations of the Cold War. China is considered in different spheres as a pillar of the international communist movement, a more humane alternative to Soviet communism, or a "yellow and red" threat to the West. Then, during the period from 1963 to the end of the Cultural Revolution in 1976, China is no longer seen as a member of the communist camp. The Sino-Soviet split and the Cultural Revolution give birth to the idea of a "Chinese model", even if it takes different forms according to different observers. For some, China represents the hope of the regeneration of communism; for the others, it applies a system opposed to the industrialized world and not at all imitated elsewhere. The third phase covers the period from 1976 to the mid-1980s, during which the relations between French people and China normalize. France's passion for Franco-Chinese relationship is fading, and French views on China became more lucid
Dabo, Boubacar. "La France et les questions politico-stratégiques franco-allemandes : de l’échec de la CED à l’unification allemande (1954-1990)." Thesis, Paris 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA030037/document.
Full textBefore the birth of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949, France and Germanyhad been at war thrice (1870,1914, 1945).The object of our study is to follow the course of the politico-strategic relationshipthese two countries shared between the failure of the European Defence Community Project in 1954 and Germany’s reunification in 1990. All through this study, we willtry to explain how the French and German pair has become – despite both successand failure and since the birth of the FRG – a fundamental axis of the European Area : so much so that it is rightly or wrongly regarded as the ‘duet of Europe’.Our study will highlight today’s international relations, since despite its economic,political and social victories, the European Union has a lots of weaknessesconcerning Defence. Which arguments are held against the establishment of aEuropean pole of Defence within the European Area. ?
Dina, Lagnona. "La relation franco-malgache face aux nouveaux enjeux géopolitiques dans le sud-ouest de l'océan indien. La relation d'une présidence à un État (1990-2009)." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSE3012.
Full textThe south western region of the Indian Ocean appears as one of the traditional French influence zones. Upholding the leadership of France in the area requires a solid and amicable relationship with the countries bordering the Indian Ocean. France’s goal is to remain the first main partner of all the French speaking countries in the area. Often described as “the gate to the Indian Ocean”, Madagascar is one of them. The Malagasy political instability jeopardizes the island’s relationship with France. With national imperatives in mind, Malagasy government officials try for a shift in foreign policy with each new presidency. In this regard, instability is one of the main features of French- Malagasy relationship. Putting at risk the perpetuation of the French influence in Madagascar, its consequences can spread all over the “French speaking Lake”. For France, keeping Madagascar under French influence is critical as it meets with France’s post-cold war foreign policy’s objectives such as: the perpetuation of French power (average) over several regions in an oligopolar world. Preventing the influence of other powers like China or South Africa in Madagascar is impossible. Therefore, for France, the challenge consists of strengthening existing relationships for the purpose of upholding post-cold-war status quo
Roche, Nye Laurence. "Coopération spatiale franco-soviétique et réseaux scientifiques en temps de guerre froide (1966-1988) : transferts, circulations, pouvoirs." Thesis, Paris 10, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA100124.
Full textIn the East-West bipolar context, a Franco-Soviet space cooperation agreement demanding the implementation of space programs involving the work of scientists was concluded in 1966. This thesis examines the interactions between the public politics applied in centralised institutions between 1966 and 1988, and the capacity of delegated bodies and scientific networks in France and the USSR to act in a situation characterized by periods of retraction and détente.The analysis draws on the role of politics of cooperation having two distinct objectives: the superior and long-term political goal of "overcoming the confrontation of the two blocs" launched in 1966, for which bilateral cooperation becomes the instrument of scientific diplomacy, and the objective to materialise the relationship in the form of joint robotic space and human spaceflight projects. The way in which these objectives are influenced by external factors highlights the capability of actors to establish a system of governance through innovative formal and informal communication. In a context of sometimes tense international relations, the demonstration of this aptitude reinforces the field of a space diplomacy. This work will contribute to an intertwined history of space cooperation between France and the USSR. The ambition is to account for their ability to collaborate in a competitive situation by analysing the interactions between scientific networks in space and politics intertwined with international relations between the states.This approach aims to contribute to the re-reading of a sequence of the Cold War that recent historiography revisits through East-West circulations
Tannous, Manon-Nour. "Un bilatéralisme de levier : les relations franco-syriennes sous les deux mandats de Jacques Chirac (1995-2007)." Thesis, Paris 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA020030.
Full textThe objective of the present thesis is, through the use of renewed documentation, to understand the relationship between a medium-sized, global power, active in the Middle-East, and a medium-sized Arab power. The beginning of Jacques Chirac’s presidency in 1995 corresponded to the implementation of a new policy towards Damascus. Hafez Al-Asad understood the opportunity which this opening-up afforded. Relations between the two countries thus allowed for many realizations : the imposition of a common vision on the regional scene in the face of American will, a moderation of Syrian trouble-making policies, or the implementation of cooperation in the area of Syrian administrative reform. France and Syria were however also confronted with several challenges, such as the changing of presidents in Syria, Lebanese tensions or war in Iraq. As a result, by the end of 2003, Franco-Syrian relations entered a new phase. Taking stock of insufficient results, in particular concerning Lebanon as well as Syria’s incapacity to take into account the new configuration born out of American intervention in Iraq, France used the multilateral framework of the United Nations to put pressure on Damascus. A minimal and fraught bilateral relationship crystallized around the interest which both countries had in Lebanon. In the wake of the assassination of Rafiq Hariri in 2015, this bilateral relationship acquired a judicial dimension. These fluctuations in Franco-Syrian relations have led me to reconsider the notion of bilateralism. I thus propose the concept of “leveraged bilateralism”, which refers to the using of the relationship between two countries for indirect objectives. By nourishing bilateral relations and by establishing a habit of interaction with one another, France and Syria sought in reality to obtain gains and a position on the regional or international scene. This hijacking of the bilateral relationship is the reason why the latter was not able to establish itself over the long run
Greth, Karine. "Les représentations de la France à Saint-Pétersbourg et le déploiement de la diplomatie culturelle française en Russie de 1991 à 2010. Échanges bilatéraux : enjeux politiques, stratégiques et géopolitiques." Thesis, Paris 4, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA040123.
Full textThe French have long understood the importance of France’s image abroad and established what’s called today the French model of cultural diplomacy, which they defend and promote through soft power. For over a century, the French Government has financed the action of multiple players in its cultural and diplomatic outreach in Russia. This speaks to the strategic importance of having France shine in Russia. But do the economic and political repercussions match the resources deployed by France in its cultural and diplomatic activities in Russia ? What are the results of France’s actions ? Our research has studied the evolution of France’s actions in Russia, examined and highlighted the role and parameters of French presence in today’s Russia. This has required a contemporary and historical understanding of the Franco-Russian bilateral relationship and how each regards the Other. This thesis analyzes the resources used by France in Russia, more particularly St. Petersburg, as well as the strategic, economic and diplomatic parameters of France’s cultural activities that it pursued in Russia at the beginning of the 21st century. Finally, it aims to clarify France’s position in the rapport between East and West and the state of the Franco-Russian bilateral relationship
Zanifi, Karima. "Les politiques de communication extérieure de la France de 2003 à 2009." Thesis, Paris 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA020003.
Full textIn a globalized world partly shaped by competition between nations, building a strong identity andimage is becoming an increasing tool of power.Producing such a good image and appearance is similarly important when it comes to relationshipsbetween states as to relationships between France and its own public opinion or foreign publicopinion. That’s where foreign communication and public diplomacy counts.This PhD thesis aims at providing another point of view and an answer to the French questioningabout France’s place in the world nowadays.Mainly managed by the French foreign office, foreign communication policies represent the will ofthe government and express its directions more than a French identity.The characteristics of the French tradition of diplomacy and international relations are marked by thespecificity of the Vth Republic. The governments’ foreign policies between 2003 and 2009 follow thenew strategy of France as a member of the international community building and preserving peace.Ambitions for France as an independent and important nation have to find a foundation in its actionsas well as a translation in the medias.The skills and means devoted to the foreign communicationpolicies appear to miss some points.We looked at the current situation to reveal the lacks and strengths of the process. Our work alsointend to suggest ways of imagining, building and managing operational policies and campaignsthroughout the world this next years.Psychological pressures from domestical tradition of rejecting communication refrains the population in itsself-representation and so far the country from entering the cognitive war this new century brought in
Ali, Farah Omar. "La France, la Communauté économique européenne et l’Afrique subsaharienne, de la Convention de Yaoundé (juillet 1963) à la Convention de Lomé 1 (février 1975)." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REN20011/document.
Full textFrance has obtained from its partners the inclusion of the overseas territories in the Treaty of Rome which established the EEC. The goal was to maintain relations between the mainlands and the former colonies in a new context during the decolonisation.Between 1958 and 1963, the Six experienced a partnership system with third countries, particularly the African and Malgach Associated States (AMAS) which allowed to maintain particular economic ties with these sovereign states on behalf of development aid. The July 1963 Convention of Yaounde marked the will of the Six to institutionalise and coordinate their relations with African and Malgache third countries and laying the foundations of cooperation policy, consolidated by the renewal of this convention. On the commercial level, These agreements were based on mutual preferencial tariffs and quotas and financial and technical assistance.At the end of a decade of association, the development aid assessement was very poor, except for the field of education and training where an increase in schooling was witnessed in most of the AMAS, but in terms of economy, results were insignificant: the preferences they benefited from gradually decreased into little, They still remained very dependent and heavily indebted. Their economy was still based on the export of tropical products and mining and the very unbalanced terms of trade
El, Qour Tahar. "La diplomatie économique au Maroc." Paris, EHESS, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007EHES0068.
Full textThe diplomatic action has always been marked by its particular status. Consequently it has an obvious effect on the international and intercommunity relations. However, the diplomatic work is not only limited to the political discourse aiming at putting an end to military confrontations, but it also depends on economic factors to reconcile interests and to avoid economic wars. The present work presents a critical reading of the most important actors of the Moroccan economic diplomacy classified according to their degree of importance : official actors (the royal institution, the government and the parliament), the new channels of the Morocco economic diplomacy (the national counsel of external trade, the Morocco centre of exportation promotion, Local communes and pressure groups). Needless to say that the results of this study can be effective it they are complemented by other studies which have to dismantle the role of the actors in the Moroccan economic diplomatic work taking in to consideration planification, strategies and indicators of measurement, evaluation and results effectiveness
Baratier-Negri, Laurence. "Valéry Giscard d'Estaing et la Grande-Bretagne : le couple franco-britannique sur la scène internationale de 1974 à1981." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 4, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA040048.
Full textThe 70’s see the emergence of a multipolar world that requires new scales of negotiations. What role can bilateralism play in the reorganization of global relations? The question especially calls out two medium-sized European powers with worldwide ambitions: France and Great Britain.The monetary, economical, and energy crises in a context of accelerated globalization make the coordination between states vital and justify regional solutions. Valéry Giscard d’Estaing, who sees in the European integration the mean to preserve the weight of Europe and France in the world, has to compose with the British who join the EEC in 1973. To the economic challenges are added political imbalances: the unknowns of Détente, transatlantic divergences, the decline of the American leadership, and the emergence of new key players on the world stage. In order to protect the European balance, the consensus is more necessary than ever. The coming to power, in the mid 70’s, of a new generation of political leaders in France, Great Britain, Germany, and the US promotes the restructuring of dialogue. The creation of the European Council and the G7 by Valéry Giscard d’Estaing crystallizes this evolution and offers new perspectives to bilateral relations. These fit more and more into the international relation system by an interplay of scales that allows the coordination of the strategies. The Franco-British summit introduced in 1976 comes into full view as a relay between the European governance and the worldwide governance
Borzillo, Laurent. "Les forces expéditionnaires bi/multinationales en Europe : analyse comparée des politiques d’alliance de la France et de l’Allemagne (1991-2016)." Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTD001.
Full textWhy do states create bi/multinational expeditionary forces? Why have not they been used yet? The objective of this PhD dissertation is to explain this paradox, which is well exemplified by the Franco-German brigade and the European Union Battle Groups (EUBG). Although these two units are not the only ones in Europe that can be qualified as expeditionary forces, we chose these two case studies to analyze, among others, the decision-making processes in both France and Germany.We have therefore focused on these two units and on the alliance policies that are at the origin of these units. In practice, our research builds on the work on alliances and the field of comparative foreign policy analysis. The theoretical framework developed to explain the foreign policy decisions is based on the theory of roles by Kal Holsti. Our findings indicate that these decisions are made only by a limited group of actors and result from the roles those actors assume for their country. Institutional arrangements, as well as conflicts and power struggles, moderate these roles. In addition, there is strong evidence for path dependency in cases where decisions have an institutional scope.The decisions in favor of the Franco-German brigade and the EUBG ultimately resulted from the role of a promoter of reinforced European military capabilities and the role of a faithful ally, which dominated among the actors behind these decisions. Other roles present among the French and German decision-makers tend, on the contrary, to slow down the use of these units. This is particularly true for the role of a great power (France) and the role of a civilian power (Germany). Several roles coexist indeed within each state and each sees its amount of influence fluctuate. This variation in roles’ influence depends on the actors involved, as well as on power struggles and relations.Our dissertation is divided into seven chapters. In the first three we will return to the literature on expeditionary forces and alliances, to our methodology, and to the international relations in Europe over the past thirty years. The following chapters deal with the development of the Franco-German brigade as an expeditionary force, the creation of battle groups, the choice of partners within them, and finally the non-employment of these military troops. These are the four empirical chapters of our research.In conclusion, we estimate that the probability of deployment of the studied units in the coming years remains rather low. Relying on role theory, our theoretical explanation serves as a tool for understanding the functioning of the French and German political-military decision-making structures. While validated for this analysis, this theoretical framework now has to be tested on other case studies
Rastbeen, Ali. "Le nucléaire iranien : une approche française." Thesis, Paris 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA020098/document.
Full textIt’s thanks to France, that Iran could start building powerful nuclear power stations. But since the outset of Nicolas Sarkozy’s Presidency, the latter’s follow-America policy has cut a nuclear assistance to Iran that had continued even throughout the Iran-Iraq war. Today, the great powers, the Sunni Arab world and Israel are strongly exploiting the Iranian nuclear subject, and claim they are too afraid of Iran not to strike it: whereas so many other countries have or shall soon have nuclear warheads, only Iran is henceforth qualified as Rogue-State requiring specific brutal reactions and not even an exemplary policy. And what then would be France’s position? The French Press ceaselessly let their ink flow on the matter and recommend muscled French interventionism. But then, that would mean that an eventual Iranian atomic bomb would not only constitute a macro-regional casus belli but well and truly an objective reason for initiating a new world war, thus masking more real and complicated problems than an Iran that wishes to evolve rightfully. However, for some time now, the question is no longer to target Iran with criticism, but when and how to strike the Rogue-State, whereas ultimately negotiation is the only way not to lock oneself into this option in which the choice would only be between an Iran with the bomb or a bombarded Iran plunging the region into chaos and provoking inconceivable reprisals
Benmakhlouf, Julie. "La relation franco-américaine autour de la question irakienne : la contestation d'un mode occidental alternatif." Thesis, Lille 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL20018/document.
Full textThe disagreement between France and the US over the Iraqi issue led to a serious diplomatic crisis between the two countries, considered by many analysts as the most serious one in the history of bilateral relations. The Iraqi case crystallized the diplomatic positions of both allies and revealed two different reads of this major international issue. For France, this case was the opportunity to defend its principles, to get itself heard by the rest of the world and to share its vision of a multipolar world, where disputes would be peacefully settled through international organizations. For the US, that issue fell under a matter of national security, in a country deeply traumatized by ‘9/11’. The split between thetwo countries resulted from historical structural causes : (i) the competition between two political and diplomatic models that present themselves as universal, and (ii) the imbalance between France’s declining power aspiring to preserve its spheres of influence over the world and America’s ascending power that has become, since the end of the Cold War, the only superpower. The bilateral confrontation of 2003 revealed the distinctive patterns of both French and American foreign policies and exposed their different views and models of the new world order, as well as their ambitions on the international scene
Picot, Pauline. "L'heure de nous-mêmes a sonné". Mobilisations antiracistes et rapports sociaux en Ile-de-France (2005-2018)." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. https://theses.md.univ-paris-diderot.fr/PICOT_Pauline_2_complete_20190315.pdf.
Full textThis research is based on the ethnographic study of the day-to-day activities (observation and interviews) of several antiracist activist groups, and content analysis of their written productions. It focuses on antiracist groups from the Paris region : the Brigade anti-négrophobie, the Conseil représentatif des associations noires, the Parti des Indigènes de la République, the network Reprenons l’initiative contre les politiques de racialisation and the organization committee for the annual Journées contre l’islamophobie. Combining theoretical frames from the sociology of collective action and the sociology of race, gender and class relations, the thesis is centered on the analysis of the division of militant labour within those groups. The first aim is to explain how such mobilisations emerged, by replacing them in the particular political context of the early 2000’s and situating them within the previously established antiracist field ; but also by showing how this context interacts with the social trajectories of the activists. The second aim is to examine the effects of collective action on those who participate, or in other words, the products of antiracist action.Indeed, these collectives have been intiated in the 2000’s by French activists, « heirs » of the (post)colonial immigration. They participate in the struggle for (counter) hegemony regarding the definition of racism and antiracism in France. Thereby, antiracist mobilisation produces its own intellectuals, who themselves elaborate social theory. Moreover, the different forms of militant labour (intellectual/domestic/emotional, visible/invisible) constitute entries to study the ways in which social relations of power – mainly race, gender and class relations – manifest within the course of collective action, but also how they are being reshaped. Finally, these antiracist mobilisations also imply the use of racial categories as self-categorization. Fueled by the activists’ emotional labour, this process of identification opens the possibility for racialized minority groups to become a group or a class « for itself », or in other words, a process of communalisation
Piscevic, Alexandre. "Les États-Unis entre globalisation et domination géopolitique : idéologies et stratégies de puissance post-guerre froide : le cas des Balkans (1990-2010)." Paris 10, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA100115.
Full textThe fall of the Berlin wall marks a dramatic historical change and the beginning of a new era. The end of the cold war and a of confrontational bipolarity makes the realisation of a global geoeconomic and geopolitical vision possible. Having achieved the status of a global and lone superpower, without any partner of comparable power, the United States impose themselves as the natural leader of the international community. Their hegemonic power, in economic, political, military and cultural terms, allows for the emergence of a new world order. This period is also marked by a constant humanitarian or security interventionism in regions of transit or production of natural energy resources which are vital for the sustainment and development of a highly technological society. This is the case, among others, in the Balkans, in the Middle East and in Central Asia. The strategic factor is thus integrated to the expression of the national interest and American foreign policy. This study examines the rise of post-cold war United States hegemonism. As a case in point, this hegemonism is analysed through political and military interventionism in the Balkans mainly during the 1990-2010 period, characterized by the disappearance of an important geopolitical entity in Europe, namely Yugoslavia, and the establishment, as some sort of a new iron curtain, of a lasting United States military presence from the Baltic to the Balkans and in all around Eurasia
Coujard, Virgile. "La politique étrangère de la France dans les crises internationales, du Golfe à l’Irak : Jeu gouvernemental, jeu diplomatique, système international." Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010268.
Full textAnalyzing the differing French policy during the Gulf and Iraq wars - military participation to the former, diplomatic opposition to the latter, requires a multi-level approach to foreign policy. Graham Allison's governmental game paradigm shows that foreign policy is the resultant of bargainings among central players. It is also capable of revealing the ways in which domestic and bureaucratic polities interfere in the decision-making process. The diplomatic game approach put forward in this work focuses on the interstate interactions. It underlines how much foreign policy stakes and goals are defined and constructed in the process of diplomatic negociation, influenced by other diplomacies' stances. Waltzian structural theory concentrates on the systemic determinants of foreign policy. A State's position within the system, and the structure of the system - its current state as well as its trend - strongly determine and shape foreign policy. Connecting and articulating structure of the system, international order, decision-makers' perceptions and States' behavior appears to be a fruitful way to understand the mechanisms through which structural constraints and incentives act and impact on foreign policy. Afterall, this research attempts to combine infra-state, inter-state and systemic levels of analysis in a novel way, in order to explain the complexity of foreign policy in international cri sis
Balci, Bayram. "Les écoles privées de Fethullah Gülen en Asie centrale : missionnaires de l'islam ou hussards de la turcité ?" Grenoble 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001GRE21009.
Full textKa, Ousseynou. "La politique militaire de la France en Afrique (1994-2003) : continuité ou mutations." Thesis, Nantes, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NANT2030.
Full textBased on a multidimensional strategy, French military policy after the cold war has experienced factors both exogenous and endogenous like cohabitation, including the democratization of African political regimes and the influence of European construction. This military policy had faced on French constituuonnal legal system marked by alternative power. All Presidents of the Fifth Republic expressed an immediate interest through the defence agreements in order to perpetuate the power of the Hexagon on these former colonies. Political changes have been made to reform or maintain military policy in west Africa. But the redefinition of this policy constituted an emergency which prompted France to seek the legitimacy of its action at international and European level ro develop a coherent military policy meeting the expectations of francophone Stales
Leclercq, Arnaud. "Géopolitique de la Russie contemporaine : le poids de la longue durée." Paris 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA010745.
Full textBaratier-Negri, Laurence. "Valéry Giscard d'Estaing et la Grande-Bretagne : le couple franco-britannique sur la scène internationale de 1974 à1981." Thesis, Paris 4, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA040048.
Full textThe 70’s see the emergence of a multipolar world that requires new scales of negotiations. What role can bilateralism play in the reorganization of global relations? The question especially calls out two medium-sized European powers with worldwide ambitions: France and Great Britain.The monetary, economical, and energy crises in a context of accelerated globalization make the coordination between states vital and justify regional solutions. Valéry Giscard d’Estaing, who sees in the European integration the mean to preserve the weight of Europe and France in the world, has to compose with the British who join the EEC in 1973. To the economic challenges are added political imbalances: the unknowns of Détente, transatlantic divergences, the decline of the American leadership, and the emergence of new key players on the world stage. In order to protect the European balance, the consensus is more necessary than ever. The coming to power, in the mid 70’s, of a new generation of political leaders in France, Great Britain, Germany, and the US promotes the restructuring of dialogue. The creation of the European Council and the G7 by Valéry Giscard d’Estaing crystallizes this evolution and offers new perspectives to bilateral relations. These fit more and more into the international relation system by an interplay of scales that allows the coordination of the strategies. The Franco-British summit introduced in 1976 comes into full view as a relay between the European governance and the worldwide governance