Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Relational liability'

The purpose of this study was to explore key factors to consider for a Swedish Knowledge Intensive Business Services (KIBS) firm to successfully enter the Norwegian market, and examine how these factors compare to incumbent theories on foreign market establishment. The study is based on an interpretivist research design and utilizes qualitative methods in order to achieve the intended purpose. The empirics were gathered by a combination of methods, namely, an extensive literature review, a pilot-study, and a multiple-case study. The data gathering methods utilized in the pilot study were semi-structured interviews conducted with individuals with expertise in the KIBS environment, as well as participant observations. The pilot study resulted in a deeper understanding of the KIBS sector. The multiple-case study consisted of semi-structured interviews with Swedish KIBS firms that have entered the Norwegian market. The empirics have been analyzed and discussed in relation to existing literature. Consequently, several success factors and pitfalls have been identified that may aid an internationalizing firm, especially a Swedish KIBS firm entering the Norwegian market. The identified success factors were: Narrow your focus through relational embeddedness, Understand customer’s business, Educate customers, Become familiar with foreign laws, Be aware of network position, Exploit existing networks, Identify new relevant networks, Refresh and expand the network, and Ensure relational embeddedness with key actors. The identified pitfalls were: Underestimation of time and resources required, Lacking awareness of aggravating effects, Knowledge transfer problems, Failure of internally anchoring foreign ventures, Underestimation of the language barrier, Underestimation of differences in organizational structures, Underestimation of the cost of spatial distance, Underestimation of Patriotism, and Underestimation of loyalty to suppliers. Moreover, the study provided insights as to how the concepts of liability of foreignness and liability of outsidership might interplay, and thereby exert pressure on a firm's dynamic internationalization capabilities in the foreign market establishment process. As such, the need for firms and researchers to undertake a holistic view in order to avoid faulty conclusions has been discussed and visualized.
Syftet med denna studie var att utforska nyckelfaktorer för svenska KIBS-företag som vill expandera till den norska marknaden. Vidare analyserades det hur dessa faktorer relaterar till befintliga teorier inom marknadsetablering. Studien är baserad på en forskningsdesign där kvalitativa metoder används för att uppnå syftet. Empirin är insamlad via en kombination av metoder, nämligen en omfattande litteraturstudie, en pilotstudie och en flerfallsstudie. Datainsamlingsmetoderna som användes i pilotstudien var semistrukturerade intervjuer med personer som har erfarenhet inom KIBS-miljön och även deltagarobservationer. Pilotstudien resulterade i en djupare förståelse av KIBS-sektorn. Flerfallsstudien bestod av semistrukturerade intervjuer med svenska KIBS-företag som har expanderat till den norska marknaden. Empirin har analyserats och diskuterats i relation till befintlig litteratur. Utifrån analysen identifierades flertalet framgångsfaktorer samt fallgropar. Genom att belysa dessa faktorer underlättas internationaliseringen för företag, i synnerhet för svenska KIBS-företag som vill expandera till den norska marknaden. De framgångsfaktorer som identifierades var: Begränsa sin fokus genom relationell inbäddning, Förstå kundens verksamhet, Utbilda kunder, Bli bekant med utländska lagar, Var medveten om nätverksposition, Utnyttja befintliga nätverk, Identifiera nya relevanta nätverk, Uppdatera och utöka nätverket och Säkerställa relationell inbäddning med nyckelaktörer. Medan de fallgropar som identifierades var: Underskattning av tid och resurser, Bristande medvetenhet om försvårande effekter, Kunskapsöverföringsproblem, Misslyckande med att internt förankra utländsk satsning, Underskattning av språkbarriären, Underskattning av skillnader i organisationsstrukturer, Underskattning av avståndskostnader, Underskattning av patriotism och Underskattning av lojalitet mot leverantörer. Vidare har det argumenterats för att det finns ett samspel mellan koncepten liability of foreignness och liability of outsidership som sedermera sätter press på ett företags dynamiska internationaliseringsförmågor. Följaktligen har det även visualiserats samt diskuterats att företag och forskare bör vidta ett holistiskt synsätt för att undvika att dra felaktiga slutsatser i internationalseringsprocesser.

This dissertation analyses the application of civil liability in precontractual relations under the Lithuanian civil law. In the general part of the thesis the detailed analysis of precontractual relations’ phase is presented, as well as the genesis of development of precontractual liability and its antagonistic aims are considered. This part concludes with the question of applicable legal regime of civil liability in precontractual relations. The thesis special part is devoted to the analysis of two, under the opinion of the author, the most problematic conditions of precontractual civil liability: the unlawful precontractual actions and the concept of precontractual damage. It is noted that the opposing aims of precontractual liability – ensuring the freedom of negotiations v. keeping the parties’ confidence for the conclusion of contract – will be achieved only when the scope of civil liability in precontractual relations will depend on and will be related with the progress of negotiations. Therefore regardless of negotiations progress and in case when all necessary conditions of the precontractual liability are present, the aggrieved party should be compensated for any kind of negotiations’ costs and any other direct precontractual damages which are not unreasonably high and for which the party had not been taken the risk. In addition, when the negotiations are considered deeply advanced, the aggrieved party should receive the remuneration of indirect damages which should... [to full text]
Disertacijoje nagrinėjamas civilinės atsakomybės taikymo esant ikisutartiniams santykiams klausimas Lietuvos civilinėje teisėje. Darbo bendrojoje dalyje yra pateikiama detali ikisutartinių santykių stadijos analizė, nagrinėjama ikisutartinės atsakomybės vertinimo genezė bei jos taikymui keliami specifiniai tikslai, taip pat didelis dėmesys skiriamas ikisutartinei atsakomybei taikytino teisinio rėžimo tyrimui. Disertacijos specialioji dalis skirta dviejų, autorės nuomone, šių dienų teisėje daugiausia klausimų keliančių civilinės atsakomybės ikisutartiniuose santykiuose taikymo sąlygų analizei, tai – neteisėtiems ikisutartiniams veiksmams ir ikisutartinių nuostolių koncepcijai. Darbe pagrindžiama išvada, kad civilinei atsakomybei iki pagrindinės sutarties sudarymo keliami antagonistiniai tikslai – užtikrinti derybų laisvę ir apsaugoti pasitikėjimą sutarties sudarymu – gali būti pasiekti priklausomai nuo derybų pažangos laipsnio taikant nevienodą civilinės atsakomybės apimtį. Todėl teigiama, kad neatsižvelgiant į derybų pažangos laipsnį ir esant ikisutartinės atsakomybės taikymo sąlygų visetui, sąžiningai šaliai turi būti kompensuojami bet kokios rūšies tiesioginiai ikisutartiniai nuostoliai, o toli pažengusių derybų atveju civilinės atsakomybės esant ikisutartiniams santykiams apimtis yra platesnė ir apima prarastos galimybės pinigine verte ribotų netiesioginių nuostolių atlyginimą.

Nel luglio 2017, la Cassazione civile a sezioni unite ha pronunciato una sentenza con cui è stata ammessa la delibabilità delle sentenze straniere di condanna ai punitive damages. La Cassazione non ha, però, limitato la propria attenzione al solo profilo di diritto internazionale privato, ma si è spinta a statuire che «nel vigente ordinamento […] sono interne al sistema la funzione di deterrenza e quella sanzionatoria del responsabile civile». Tale affermazione ha offerto l’abbrivo alla presente ricerca, che è stata svolta in riferimento al sistema completo del diritto civile (responsabilità civile, responsabilità cosiddetta “relazionale” e conflitti appropriativi di risorse in contesti proprietari). La ricognizione problematica e la conseguente analisi sistematica svolte mostrano che il ruolo della funzione punitiva nel sistema di diritto civile è assai limitato: i tradizionali istituti del diritto civile appaiono idonei a presidiare gli interessi che fanno capo ai privati, di conseguenza mancando cogenti ragioni da porre a fondamento di una operazione di riconfigurazione del loro statuto in senso punitivo. Se gli esiti della ricerca suggeriscono che la sanzione nel diritto civile, de iure condito, non assurge a una categoria generale e, de iure condendo, non è assistita da ragioni che ne impongano una maggiore centralità, nondimeno essi hanno anche delineato la possibilità per la funzione punitiva di assolvere un certo ruolo euristico, modesto ma non banale, e che opera tanto in negativo (cioè nel senso di escludere eccentrici esiti interpretativi), quanto in positivo (cioè nel senso di porre l’opportunità di una innovazione sistematica).
In July 2017, the Civil Court of Cassation, Joint Sections issued a judgment opening to the exequatur of punitive damages award rendered by foreign courts. However, the Supreme Court did not limit its attention to the profile of private international law but went so far as to state that «in the current legal system, […] the functions of deterrence and punishment are inherent in the system». This dictum prompted the present research, which has been carried out with reference to the civil law system as a whole (tort law, so-called “relational” liability, and appropriative conflicts of resources in proprietary contexts). The problematic survey and the consequent systematic analysis carried out show that the role of the punitive function in the civil law system is very limited. The traditional civil law institutions appear capable of protecting private interests, thus the lack of compelling reasons to reconfigure them in a punitive sense. The main research results show that: de lege lata, punishment in private law does not rise to a general category; and de lege ferenda, there is no ground to promote a greater scope for it. Nevertheless, they have also outlined the possibility that punitive function plays a heuristic role – modest but not trivial – which may operate both in the negative (i.e., excluding eccentric interpretative outcomes), and in the positive (i.e., posing the question of a possible systematic innovation).

The Warsaw Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Carriage by Air was adopted when aviation was in its developing stage. In order to protect this infant industry, the Convention limited the liability of the air carrier in international air transportation to certain specified amounts. As time went by the Warsaw Convention was amended by several instruments. The end result is that there are several instruments to regulate the liability of air carriers engaged in international air transportation and most of these instruments provide only limited recovery to passengers. Often, passengers try to break the limits prescribed by the Convention alleging willful misconduct on the part of the carrier, his servants or agents or by bringing suits against potentially liable third parties like the aircraft manufacturer or by proving that the documents of carriage were faulty. In the mean time, Italy and Japan took matters into their own hands and raised the limits unilaterally. While Italy raised the limits to 100,000 SDR, Japan waived entirely the Warsaw systems limits of liability.
In this thesis, the development of air law till the adoption of the Warsaw Convention and the various amendments carried out to the Convention over the years will be discussed in the first two chapters. The third chapter mainly concentrates on the rationales for ratifying the Guatemala City Protocol through Montreal Protocol No. 3. While arriving at a conclusion as to why the Montreal Protocols have to be ratified for the successful unification of air carriers liability in international air transport, the Italian and Japanese "solutions" will be evaluated and conclude why those solutions are to be rejected outright. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Malgré les évolutions significatives des systèmes de retraite, notamment le passage de systèmes par répartition à des systèmes par capitalisation, plusieurs problèmes subsistent. La structure démographique est un des principaux facteurs de risque systémique, menaçant l’équilibre des caisses de retraite et favorisant l’instabilité et les moindres performances économiques. Dans cette thèse, nous mobilisons l’analyse empirique et théorique afin d’apporter une réponse en termes de stratégie d’investissement à ce problème. Nous synthétisons tout d’abord les éléments de littérature existants et mettons en avant l’importance du partage intergénérationnel du risque et les différences entre les investissements individuels et collectifs. En nous appuyant sur un modèle à générations imbriquées, nous étudions les effets de la structure démographique sur le prix des actifs. Nous identifions une corrélation positive entre l’inverse du ratio de dépendance et le prix de ces derniers (asset meltdown). Puis, en nous basant sur des contrats de retraites simulés, nous étudions les effets de l’augmentation de l’espérance de vie et de la diminution du taux de fécondité sur le partage intergénérationnel du risque. Bien que le régime collectif de retraite à cotisations définies (CDC) amortisse mieux les risques démographiques, des performances analogues peuvent être obtenues au moyen d’une capitalisation individuelle. De plus, la capitalisation individuelle supplante le régime collectif lorsque la réglementation est fortement contraignante. Nos résultats suggèrent la nécessité de la mise en place d’un processus de réforme continu basé sur les stratégies d’investissement. Ainsi, l’efficacité des méthodes de sélection des fonds telles que celle basée sur le taux de faux positifs semble être confirmée
Despite the substantial evolution of pension systems shifting away from pay-as-you-go scemes at the end of the last century, some significant issues still subsist. Demographic structure is one of the main systemic risks threatening the asset-liability balance and causing insolvability and unsustainable performance. In this dissertation, we use both theoretical and empirical analysis to address this issue and to propose a possible solution based on investment strategy. We first conduct a detailed literature survey, aiming to highlight the importance of inter-generation risk sharing and to characterize the differences between collective and individual investment. Based on a theoretical overlapping generation model we study the effect of demographic structure on the asset prices. We identify a positive correlation between the inverse dependency ratio and the asset price, known as the asset meltdown. Then, focusing on diverse stylized pension contracts, we investigate the effect on inter-generation risk sharing of both an increase in life-expectancy and a decrease in fertility rate. Although the collective defined contribution (CDC) plan better amortizes the demographic risk compared to other contracts, its performance can be replicated by individual investment. Moreover, when regulation imposes strict policy safety constraints, individual investment outperforms the collective plan participation. Our results suggest the need for a continuous reforming process, especially on investment-based strategies. Hence, the efficiency of fund selection methods such as the one based on False Discovery Rate seems to be confirmed

At present there are several instruments that regulate air carrier's liability in international transportation. These international treaties are collectively known as the Warsaw System. Unfortunately, not all States are parties to the same instruments.
In this thesis, four possibilities will be introduced for amendment of the System. These possibilities are as follows: ratification of the Guatemala City Protocol through the Montreal Protocol No. 3, an international treaty instrument, meant to update and amend the whole Warsaw System; the Italian solution, a national "remedy" taken without international consultations; the Japanese action, Japanese air carriers have waived entirely the Warsaw System's limits of liability; and finally, a recommendation to the EC Commission on a regional remedy in the form of a multilateral agreement where carriers raise the liability limits but otherwise the Warsaw provisions apply.
Each possibility will be thoroughly examined in order to determine whether it is the best solution to the present crisis that the System is facing. At the end of this thesis one solution will be recommended for Iceland and other States to update the System. Other solutions are available but will not be discussed since they are not considered desirable for the aim of unification of air carrier's liability in international air carriage. What must be kept in mind when the four possibilities are being examined is that the aim of this thesis is to find a solution that unifies the air carrier liability regime and sometimes, in order to reach a uniform solution, a compromise must be reached. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

In order to receive full compensation for damage caused during air transportation, plaintiffs try to get around the liability limitations of the Warsaw regime, inter alia, by alleging willful misconduct on the part of the carrier or its agents and servants under Article 25 of the Warsaw and Hague Conventions. On their part, carriers have an interest in limiting their potential liability under the said regime, and in avoiding any possibility of breaking the stipulated monetary limitation. Consequently, the said provisions are litigated frequently without, however, bringing uniform results in different jurisdictions of the world.
This thesis makes a study of the application and interpretation of the willful misconduct exception (Article 25) of the original Warsaw Convention as well as its subsequent amendments. The study reviews the treatment accorded to the relevant provisions in different common and civil law jurisdictions. Further, the problem is examined from the point of view of Muhammadan Islamic jurisprudence. This paper also traces the legislative history of the relevant provisions of the original treaty and its subsequent amendments.
The final chapter of the thesis assesses the possibility of a "new" consolidated regime for international air carriage and concludes that at present Montreal Protocols Nos. 3 and 4 may be allowed to work.

The history of products liability law affecting aircraft manufacturers today is rooted in the early decisions of English courts and, in America, still remains largely judge-made law. The cost of the legal diversity of more than fifty jurisdictions has been devastating to the American general aviation industry. This segment of American industry is no longer competitive, largely due to the cost of product liability litigation, and major corporations have abandoned the effort. At this time, the United Kingdom is forging ahead with its European Economic Community partners to achieve uniform products liability laws. In America, manufacturers must design, select materials for, manufacture, and test their aircraft according to uniform federal standards. This thesis examines the present law and proposes needed uniform federal tort reform for this industry, which must supply entry-level aircraft to train and develop young American pilots. Our aviation industry is vital to national security and to world stability.

The Warsaw Convention represents the unification of important rules concerning private international carriage by air. The international community has agreed on those rules, ever since the appearance of the Warsaw Convention in 1929. Today, it would be chaotic for the air transport industry to operate without such a legal framework. In fact, the Warsaw instruments have been the pillars of harmonized international air transportation. However, the Warsaw System now faces a crisis, due to the fact that participants in the air transport industry consider the Warsaw Convention liability regime obsolete, inadequate and outdated. Both governments and air carriers have reacted against this obstacle by adopting unilateral actions in order to update the liability limits. Some of these unilateral actions have substantially increased the limits of liability; others have even considered their disappearance. In particular, IATA has recently adopted two agreements in which air carriers voluntarily waive the Warsaw Convention limits. At the same time, ICAO has presented for the approval of its Legal Committee, a draft text to modernize the Warsaw System. The intention of this proposal is to replace the Warsaw Convention with a new instrument that would modernize and harmonize the liability regime and other matters.

Despite the hitherto unsettled political and legal status of Taiwan, air transportation between Taiwan and Mainland China has experienced tremendous growth since 1987. To date, this air transport has been effected through the use of an intermediate stop station in Hong Kong, in order that both States may avoid the recognition of the other as the legitimate "Chinese Government". However, Hong Kong will revert to the PRC in 1997. As a result, the issue of nonstop flights between Taiwan and the Mainland takes on an added urgency.
This issue is not merely political. In terms of air carrier liability, Taiwan is party to the Warsaw Convention and the Warsaw Convention as Amended by the Hague Protocol, only through its tenuous link with Mainland China. Is the Convention applicable to Taiwan in this case? A number of arguments favoring applicability of the Convention are discussed and found to be wanting. In the alternative, the principle of conflict of laws is proposed as an applicable solution. Since Taiwan and the PRC have a civil law system while Hong Kong has a common law system, the respective legal regulations governing damage compensation in aviation cases differ. The case of liability following a hijacking is used to demonstrate how regulations of the three jurisdictions differ significantly. This leads to a serious problem, namely, "forum shopping". The fact that judicial assistance is not yet practiced between the three jurisdictions creates a further problem in that decisions coming from the different courts cannot be recognized and enforced in the other jurisdictions. In light of all of the foregoing, the existing legal systems cannot adequately address the legal problems of air carrier liability in this region.
As a result of these inadequacies, an alternative mechanism for resolving the issue of air carriers' liability is suggested. This suggested pragmatic approach may also be found applicable for updating existing air transport legal systems elsewhere in the world.

The liability regime to which air traffic services (ATS) providers are subject is being significantly changed with the implementation of satellite-based technologies as exemplified by the ICAO Communications, Navigation, Surveillance/Air Traffic Management (CNS/ATM) systems, and by the movement from state to corporate provision of services.
These new systems will result in less individual state control than currently exists. With multiple service providers crossing sovereign airspace boundaries, a space-based component and a greater role for pilots in selection of flight profiles, these new systems will create an increasingly complex ATS liability environment.
Statutes governing and limiting the liability of state ATS providers will thus have less relevance than in the past with the withdrawal of the state as provider of ATS and its replacement by corporate service providers. Liability insurance and contractual liability limitation thus assume greater importance.
This thesis examines the impact of these important technological and organizational changes on the legal regime governing ATS provider liability.

Since the 1930's several International Organizations and the State of Argentina have attempted to draft an International Convention on Air Traffic Control Liability. All such attempts, however, failed.
Although justified reasons favoured an International Agreement on the subject-matter, it seems that the reasons for the failures of these different Drafts are very understandable. Among them is that if States do ratify an Air Traffic Control Liability Convention, it will automatically infringe a part of their sovereignty.
Despite the fact that a subject as important as this one requires careful study, it cannot be said that it has not been properly addressed, and it is evident that final conclusions can now be reached. An international solution should be abandoned. Two possibilities remain, as a compromise for the unification of laws in that matter, that is either a regional agreement among the different regions of the World or a Model Agreement which States would implement in their national laws. Conflict of laws and reliance upon a specified regulation of the subject-matter may be an even better solution.

Just as the actions of individuals often conflict with the legally protected interests of others, States may embark on activities which jeopardize the integrity of other States' rights. The new relationship evolving between the risk-creators and the potential victims is governed by social responsibilities as well as rules of law.
In the first part of the thesis, the concept of responsibility for internationally wrongful acts is contrasted with that of liability sine delicto. The examination seeks to define the principles upon which each is based and to determine the respective legal significance, scope and applicability. The analysis of both concepts is guided and influenced by the work of the International Law Commission.
The second part focusses on the law of outer space. A scrutiny of the relevant norms reveals which stage of development this fairly new subdivision of international law has reached with regard to responsibility and liability.

The author makes an inquiry into the evolution of the State as a product of what is known as the Modern State. The study focuses on the historical and legal aspects of the concept of the Rule of Law as a product of the Modern State, in order to analyze the construction and institutionalization of a system of asset liability of the State.
El autor realiza una indagación de la evolución del Estado como un producto de lo que se conoce como Estado Moderno. El estudio se centra en los ámbitos histórico y jurídico del concepto de Estado de Derecho como producto del Estado Moderno, para analizar la construcción e institucionalización de un sistema de responsabilidad patrimonial del Estado

Afin de répondre aux attentes de la société malgache, une proposition de loi relative à la responsabilité médicale doit être en cohérence avec la vision locale de la pratique médicale. À Madagascar, l'issue d'un acte de soin est supposée émaner de la divinité et ne saurait être maîtrisé par le soignant. De fait, l'aléa thérapeutique s'insère dans le droit médical local. Le médecin n'est pas tenu de réaliser une guérison; il doit prodiguer des soins consciencieux et conformes à la science. Ceci étant, la culture malgache est sensible à toute atteinte corporelle subie par la victime d'accident médical. Le cas échéant, le médecin fait un "geste" de courtoisie à l'égard de la victime. Ce "geste" peut ne pas représenter l'intégralité du préjudice mais il participe au respect de la victime. Ainsi, à Madagascar, l'obligation médicale de réparer vise la reconnaissance de la douleur du patient et non la réparation quantitative du préjudice. Sur ce point, une divergence se dessine avec le droit français lequel préconise la réparation intégrale pour les atteintes corporelles. Les modes alternatifs de résolution des conflits présents dans les deux systèmes juridiques, dénouent cette divergence
To come up to the Malagasy society's expectations a legal act on medical responsibility should be coherent with the local conception of medical practice. In Madagascar, the public opinion is convinced that medical practice has to deal with a divine action out of the physician's control so that the legal concept of therapeutic risk is therefore accepted. The physician is only required to assume the continuity of the service and to provide his or her best care to patients. Meanwhile Malagasy culture shows an extreme compassion towards people suffering of bodily injuries mainly when these wounds result from a malpractice. To prevent a godly punishment doctors usually have to donate to their injured patient. This helps to preserve the physician's reputation and his or her relationship with the patient. Medical duty in Madagascar is more a matter of recognition of the patient's pain than a procedure of compensation. French legal system is different as it promotes the complete compensation in case of malpractice. However, both legal systems are similar when proposing alternative process to resolve conflicts

As every breach of a contract not only conditions destabilization of business relations, but also causes a social conflict, and an aggrieved party must be compensated for damage incurred in connection with non-performance or defective performance of obligations under the contract. A breach of a private interest as a result of non-performance or defective performance of a contract gives grounds for contractual civil liability to arise. As the compensatory function is the main function of civil liability, only proper implementation of it can guarantee protection of the breached interests of the parties and restore the stability of business relations. Thus, in order to restore the balance of legal relations, it is necessary to have a good knowledge of the legal regulation of damages in contractual relations. This research work gives a comprehensive analysis of legal regulation of damages in contractual relations in the Republic of Lithuania, as well as peculiarities and problems of regulation of this institution. Contractual liability is researched as one of the forms of civil liability, different from tortious liability; it is also discussed which of these two forms of civil liability should be applied in different stages of pre-contractual relations. The essence of damages as one of the forms of contractual liability is disclosed by studying the types of damage that are compensated for in case of breach of a contract, differences between damages and penalties, conditions for... [to full text]

Disertacijoje nagrinėjamas civilinės atsakomybės taikymo esant ikisutartiniams santykiams klausimas Lietuvos civilinėje teisėje. Darbo bendrojoje dalyje yra pateikiama detali ikisutartinių santykių stadijos analizė, nagrinėjama ikisutartinės atsakomybės vertinimo genezė bei jos taikymui keliami specifiniai tikslai, taip pat didelis dėmesys skiriamas ikisutartinei atsakomybei taikytino teisinio rėžimo tyrimui. Disertacijos specialioji dalis skirta dviejų, autorės nuomone, šių dienų teisėje daugiausia klausimų keliančių civilinės atsakomybės ikisutartiniuose santykiuose taikymo sąlygų analizei, tai – neteisėtiems ikisutartiniams veiksmams ir ikisutartinių nuostolių koncepcijai. Darbe pagrindžiama išvada, kad civilinei atsakomybei iki pagrindinės sutarties sudarymo keliami antagonistiniai tikslai – užtikrinti derybų laisvę ir apsaugoti pasitikėjimą sutarties sudarymu – gali būti pasiekti priklausomai nuo derybų pažangos laipsnio taikant nevienodą civilinės atsakomybės apimtį. Todėl teigiama, kad neatsižvelgiant į derybų pažangos laipsnį ir esant ikisutartinės atsakomybės taikymo sąlygų visetui, sąžiningai šaliai turi būti kompensuojami bet kokios rūšies tiesioginiai ikisutartiniai nuostoliai, o toli pažengusių derybų atveju civilinės atsakomybės esant ikisutartiniams santykiams apimtis yra platesnė ir apima prarastos galimybės pinigine verte ribotų netiesioginių nuostolių atlyginimą.
This dissertation analyses the application of civil liability in precontractual relations under the Lithuanian civil law. In the general part of the thesis the detailed analysis of precontractual relations’ phase is presented, as well as the genesis of development of precontractual liability and its antagonistic aims are considered. This part concludes with the question of applicable legal regime of civil liability in precontractual relations. The thesis special part is devoted to the analysis of two, under the opinion of the author, the most problematic conditions of precontractual civil liability: the unlawful precontractual actions and the concept of precontractual damage. It is noted that the opposing aims of precontractual liability – ensuring the freedom of negotiations v. keeping the parties’ confidence for the conclusion of contract – will be achieved only when the scope of civil liability in precontractual relations will depend on and will be related with the progress of negotiations. Therefore regardless of negotiations progress and in case when all necessary conditions of the precontractual liability are present, the aggrieved party should be compensated for any kind of negotiations’ costs and any other direct precontractual damages which are not unreasonably high and for which the party had not been taken the risk. In addition, when the negotiations are considered deeply advanced, the aggrieved party should receive the remuneration of indirect damages which should... [to full text]

Within the first decade of the ICC‟s existence, its case docket was composed of cases originating from Africa only. Relations between the African governments represented by the AU quickly deteriorated. The AU accuses the ICC of bias and unfair targeting of Africa. After the indictment of heads of states that include Omar Al Bashir of Sudan, Uhuru Kenyatta of Kenya and the late Muammar Gaddafi of Libya, the AU passed several resolutions where it reiterated its commitment to the rule of law and to combating impunity. The AU, however, instructed member states to cease all cooperation with the ICC. African states that are ICC members are now faced with conflicting obligations as a result of the AU resolutions. Moreover, the AU resolutions raise the spectre of a legitimacy crisis for the AU and a conflict between articles 27(2) and 98(1) of the Rome Statute. Based mostly on desk research coupled with my experience working on human rights and access to justice programmes in Sudan, South Sudan, Somaliland, Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda and Zimbabwe, this thesis considers the possibility that the ICC is suffering from a legitimacy crisis as a result of the fall out and the issues of unfair selectivity that are raised by the AU. Employing the Third World Approaches to International Law as an analytical framework, the study attempts to reconcile the apparent contradictions in the new outlook and rhetoric of the AU pursuant to its Constitutive Act and the instruction to member states to withdraw cooperation with the ICC. The thesis also proposes practical ways to resolve the conflicting obligations caused by the AU resolutions and by operation of customary international law immunity of high ranking state officials referred to the ICC by way of a Security Council resolution. The current situation gives the ICC the appearance of a weak institution that is only good for low hanging fruit, which has a negative effect on the legitimacy of the ICC.

This study seeks to understand the scope and types of public relations practices in Japan, how public relations practices of Japanese and foreign companies differ, how media respond differently to the public relations activities of Japanese and foreign companies, and how "foreignness" affects public relations activities of multinational enterprises in Japan. The sole academic journal in the field of public relations in Japan and the single commercially published public relations industry magazine were submitted to an empirical content analysis. Additionally, three cases of contest for corporate control, two of which were between an American activist fund and a Japanese company, and one between a Japanese investment fund and a Japanese company, were analyzed using a case study approach. Press releases and newspaper articles about these cases were also content analyzed. The results show that among public relations activities, crisis category appeared the most frequently in the public relations industry journal and corporate communication category appeared the most frequently in the public relations academic journal. The analysis of the cases shows that the American fund at first faced problems communicating with its stakeholders but improved its communication activities in subsequent years with better results. The content analysis of the press releases shows that American fund uses more quotes and persuasive messages in the press releases and Japanese newspapers do not treat domestic and foreign entities differently. The overall results confirm the importance of culture in public relations practices.

Земельне законодавство визнане самостійною галуззю законодавства України, яка представляє собою систему нормативно-правових актів, що регулюють земельні відносини. Початок формуванню сучасного земельного законодавства був покладений у 90-х роках минулого століття. В основі цього процесу було створення реформи у зв’язку із переходом економіки держави до ринкових відносин, що мало на меті перерозподіл земель з передачею їх у приватну та колективну власність, а також передбачало надання права користування підприємствам, установам та організаціям задля створення рівних умов розвитку різних форм господарювання на земельні ділянки, їх раціональне використання та охорону. Постанова Верховної Ради України від 18 грудня 1990 року та Земельний кодекс України, прийнятий 18 грудня 1990 року, лягли в основу формування зазначеного законодавства України. Ще пізніше Верховною Радою України було ухвалено оновлений Земельний кодекс (Закон від 13 березня 1992 р. №2196-ХІІ), завданням якого було регулювання земельних відносин з метою створення умов для національного використання й охорони земель, рівноправного розвитку всіх форм власності на землю і господарювання, збереження та відтворення родючості ґрунтів, поліпшення природного середовища, охорони прав громадян, підприємств, установ і організацій на землю
Land legislation is recognized as an independent branch of Ukrainian legislation, which is a system of regulations governing land relations. The beginning of the formation of modern land legislation was laid in the 90s of last century. The basis of this process was the creation of reform in connection with the transition of the state economy to market relations, which aimed at redistribution of land with their transfer to private and collective ownership, as well as providing the right to use enterprises, institutions and organizations to create equal conditions various forms of land management, their rational use and protection.

This thesis aims to describe how Swedish firms have established themselves on the Japanese market with help from their business network. This research has been conducted in the light of the economic recession and the complicated Japanese business networks. We have chosen to use a qualitative approach and by doing so we received the three respondents’ views of doing business on the Japanese market. We have focused this thesis on the importance of networks and relationships and have chosen to use new theories regarding business networks and business relationships for the base of our research and to link them with our empirical findings. The interviews conducted have been focused on three respondents who all have broad experience of the Japanese market. These three interviews have been compared to each other in our analysis and through this we have drawn our conclusions. We also give recommendations for Swedish firms who aim to establish themselves on this market.

Deviation occurring in the course of a maritime voyage and its effect on the carrier's liability is a controversial issue whether under the Hague/Visby Rules and the Hamburg Rules or under the COGSA of the United Kingdom and the United States. The thesis is divided into six chapters. Chapter one is aimed at defining the concept of `lq deviation and clarifying the classification of `lq deviation. Any attempt to classify the terminology of deviation into reasonable and unreasonable is considered an essential factor in deciding whether the deviation occurring in the course of the maritime voyage is a deviatory breach of contractual obligations or not. Chapter two is divided into two sections. The first one is devoted to explaining the main principles of the carrier's liability concerning the seaworthiness and the proper care of the goods by loading, handling, and stowing the goods carried. I also discussed the degree of the seriousness of the carrier's fault or his servant or agent and the effect of serious fault on the doctrine of deviation which might displace the carriage contract when such deviation occurs deliberately. Whereas, the immunities of the carrier, whether under the International Convention, i.e. The Hague/Visby Rules and The Hamburg Rules or, in the national laws and the immunities which are based on a contractual basis, are the subject of section two. I have however reached the conclusion, in this chapter, that the carrier's liability, under the Hague/Visby Rules and the Hamburg Rules, is based on the principles of presumed fault or neglect. On the other hand, I have adopted the risk approach as the best theory for introducing an explanation for holding a deviating carrier liable providing that the deviation is wrongful and increasing the risk of loss beyond that permitted by the contract and endeavours to prevent the carrier from creating unauthorized risks. Chapter three deals with the effect of deviation on the contract of carriage and its characteristics as a serious breach of the contractual obligations. I have therefore divided the chapter into two sections. Section one is concerned with the characterization of the breach of contract of carriage by explaining the distinction between the conditions and warranties under the general principles of the contract law, and the breach of fundamental term or the fundamental breach, while section two is devoted to explaining the effect of unreasonable deviation on the obligations of the contracting parties. I have however tried in this chapter to find a legal characterization for unreasonable deviation. I believe that such a serious breach is considered a breach of the substantive rules and therefore the doctrine of deviation has still the same effects on the contractual obligations as it had under the pre-Hague Rules regime. I also endeavoured to base such a breach in the carriage contract on the test of reasonableness which determines whether or not a breach of contract is fundamental or material. Thus, any exaggeration in the drastic effect of an unreasonable deviation should be isolated from the carrier's duties to provide a seaworthy ship and to load, stow, and discharge the cargo properly and carefully. The innocent party has merely a right to compensation for such loss of or damage to the cargo. Recovery of losses and damages resulting from an unreasonable deviation is the subject of chapter four. This chapter is divided into three sections which deal with the compensatory nature of losses and damages and whether the innocent party is entitled to recover the physical and the economic loss by establishing the causal relationship between the unreasonable deviation and the loss of or damage to the cargo which could be shown by adopting two doctrines, i.e. remoteness and mitigation of damage, which have tried to limit the damages. The court is however entitled to have a special method to estimate such loss of or damage to the cargo. Unless the nature and the value of the goods have been declared by the shipper before shipment and inserted in the bill of lading, the cargo-owner is entitled to recovery for full damages caused to the cargo which may exceed the statutory limitation. Chapter five is concerned with the procedures of action for lost or damaged cargo. This chapter is divided into four sections. These sections are concentrated on the principles of notice of loss, damage and delay in delivery, time limitation for suit, jurisdiction clauses, and the burden of proof under the International Conventions and COGSA. These four points are, however, classified into formal and substantive conditions. The first three conditions are formal conditions which the court must enquire as a matter of form that these conditions have been instituted before hearing the case. The last condition is a substantive condition when the court must show who bears the burden of proof at a particular point in the litigation. Finally chapter six is devoted to describing and analyzing the main principles of the Iraqi and Egyptian legal systems concerning the liability of the carrier. Iraq and Egypt have broadened their horizons by adopting the principles of the International Conventions, i.e. Egypt ratified the Hague Rules since May 29th 1944, whereas, the Iraqi Draftsman embodied the principles of the Hamburg Rules in the Iraqi Transport Law in 1983. That indicates that both apply the international rules in order to establish a joint understanding for the principles of carriage of goods by sea and to obtain some benefit of the precedents and experience of the United Kingdom and the United States in the field of maritime law.

Forgé pour traduire juridiquement la relation nouée tout au long de l’instance arbitrale entre l’arbitre d’un côté, et les parties à la convention d’arbitrage de l’autre, le contrat d’arbitre est depuis longtemps reconnu par la doctrine et la jurisprudence. Sans doute l’origine privée de la mission de l’arbitre alliée à son caractère le plus souvent onéreux, a-t-elle inévitablement contribué à reconnaître l’existence de ce contrat comme une évidence. Cependant, une recherche et une mise à l’épreuve, à la lumière du droit positif, des mérites de l’approche contractuelle de la relation entre l’arbitre et les parties s’avèrent nécessaires. L’étude révèle en effet que le contrat d’arbitre, imposé comme un remède aux problèmes rencontrés par le droit de l’arbitrage à un moment de son histoire, engendre actuellement davantage de difficultés qu’il n’en résout. Cela tient au fait que nombre des obligations de l’arbitre traditionnellement rattachées à ce contrat relèvent déjà de son statut établi par le décret du 13 janvier 2011 portant réforme de l’arbitrage. Il en résulte de nombreuses incertitudes et incohérences mises en lumière à travers l’analyse du contentieux opposant les arbitres aux parties devant les juridictions étatiques de droit commun. À travers une analyse critique du contrat d’arbitre, l’étude se propose d’établir les fondements d’une approche renouvelée de la relation entre l’arbitre et les parties
The arbitrator's contract is designed to materialize from a legal point of view the relationship built up between the arbitrator and the parties to the arbitration agreement during the arbitral proceedings. In this respect, it has been recognized for a long time by both the doctrine and the case law. It is very likely that the private source of the arbitrator's mission, along with its usually onerous nature, have participated in deeming the existence of such contract a self-evident fact.However, the contractual approach of the relationship forged between the arbitrator and the parties is worth putting to the test in the light of positive law. The study carried out in the present thesis unveiled that the arbitrator's contract, although it has been imposed as a remedy to several difficulties arbitration had once to face, actually leads to more difficulties that it solves. This is due to the fact that various obligations that the arbitrator is considered to have to comply with according to the arbitrator's contract actually preexist as a result of the arbitrator's legal status, in accordance with the Decree of January 13th 2011 on the reform of arbitration law. This results in various uncertainties and inconsistencies brought to light through an extensive analysis of disputes between the arbitrators and the parties that have been brought to State courts. Through critical analysis, this thesis offers to lay the foundation of a renewed approach of the relationship between the arbitrator and the parties

Ce travail doctoral porte sur l'accroissement des investissements directs à l'étranger dans les pays développés par les entreprises des marchés émergents (EMEs) et leur besoin à attirer et retenir les salariés de talents à l'Ouest. Au moyen de deux enquêtes distinctes nous abordons cette question avec trois études différentes mais complémentaires. La première étude se réfère à la théorie de « organization attractiveness » : Les EMEs ont-elles un handicap d'« emergingness » qui réduit leur attractivité en tant qu'employeur ? Dans le deuxième essai, nous nous appuyons de recherche relatif au « capital psychologique » : Les salariés ayant des niveaux plus élevés de capital psychologique sont-ils moins touchés par le handicap d'« emergingness » ? En utilisant la méthode du « policy capturing » le troisième essai répond à la question : Le handicap d'« emergingness » des EMEs a-t-il un impact sur la décision des salariés de talents de quitter leur emploi après une acquisition? Les résultats suggèrent que les EMEs ont une attractivité organisationnelle significativement plus faible que les entreprises des marchés développés et que les salariés ayant des niveaux plus élevés de capital psychologique sont plus attirés par des sociétés multinationales, et cela quel soit leur origine et que les EMEs subiront une perte de personnel post- acquisition plus élevée. Cette recherche met en évidence l'impact négatif du handicap d'« emergingness » rencontré par les EMEs sur les marchés occidentaux. Notre recherche suggère que les gestionnaires des EMEs devraient prendre en compte ce handicap en se concentrant sur les individus ayant des niveaux élevés de capital psychologique
This doctoral research focuses on emerging market multinational corporations' (EMNCs) increasing outward foreign direct investment into developed countries and their need to attract and/or retain key Western talent. Using two separate surveys we address this lacuna with three research studies. The first essay uses theory from the organization attractiveness literature to answer the research question: Do EMNCs have a liability of emergingness lowering their attractiveness as employers? In the second essay, we draw upon the rising field of psychological capital to address the research question: Are individuals higher in psychological capital less affected by the liability of emergingness bias? Finally, using policy capturing modeled from the merger and acquisition literature stream, the third essay answers the research question: Does EMNC liability of emergingness impact post-acquisition turnover intentions? Findings in the first essay suggest that EMNCs have significantly lower organizational attractiveness than developed market firms. In the second essay, we find individuals higher in psychological capital more attracted to multinational corporations regardless of their origin. The third study suggests that EMNCs will have higher post-acquisition turnover than developed market firms. Theoretically, this research highlights the negative impact of the liability of emergingness faced by EMNCs in Western markets. Our research further suggests that EMNC managers responsible for recruiting and retention should recognize this bias by focusing on individuals with high levels of psychological capital

La responsabilité sociale des entreprises (RSE), définie comme l’intégration volontaire des préoccupations sociales et écologiques à l’activité commerciale des entreprises et dans leurs relations avec leurs parties prenantes, est devenue le lieu d’une série d’actes et de normes de nature et aux effets divers. Incitées à développer leurs démarches sociales responsables, les entreprises se sont dotées progressivement d’instruments volontaires. Or, comme tout fait social, ces derniers sont susceptibles de donner lieu à interprétation juridique d’autant plus que les sujets sur lesquels ils portent peuvent faire l’objet d’obligations posées par la réglementation étatique. En ce sens, les actes volontaires de RSE peuvent par leur formulation recommandatoire, proclamatoire ou déclaratoire opérer un renvoi au droit positif et constituer ainsi une base informationnelle voire pédagogique de la règle de droit offrant par-là un cadre pour le suivi d’une conduite juste et raisonnée. D’autres instruments peuvent également prescrire des comportements et ainsi constituer des modes de régulation des comportements. De plus, l’intensification de la force normative de ces instruments dits volontaires s’accompagne de leviers juridiques tant contraignants qu’incitatifs favorables au développement de la RSE. Le cadre national contribue de la sorte à façonner les initiatives des entreprises en cette matière. Ce maillage juridique fait de la RSE un espace de diverses formes de régulation. D’acte d’autorégulation lorsque les règles posées sont le résultat d’une volonté unilatérale, l’instrument peut devenir un mode de mise en œuvre du droit lorsqu’il s’inscrit dans le cadre d’obligations légales. Dans cette nouvelle dynamique, il ne faut pas occulter les potentialités juridiques offertes par le droit qui au fil des décisions de justice et analyses permet de concevoir la RSE comme un standard de conduite générateur de formes de régulation et de responsabilités au sein du rapport d’emploi
The corporate social responsibility (CSR) of major companies, defined as the voluntary integration of social and environmental concerns in both business itself and in the relationships with stakeholders, has become the site of a series of acts and standards of diverse nature and effects. Encouraged to develop social initiatives, firms have experimented with several initiatives to promote the image of social responsibility. However, with any endeavour, these are likely to demand legal assessment, especially as the subjects to which they relate are subject to state regulation. Voluntary acts of CSR can, by their recommandatory, proclamatory or declaratory formulation, refer to hard law and thus constitute an educational or informational basis of the rule of law, offering a framework for monitoring fair and rational conduct. Other standards can also prescribe behaviours and act as a form of control. Moreover, the intensification of the normative force of those voluntary measures involves legal implications, both binding and inspiring CSR development. The national framework helps to shape the initiatives in this area. This legal mesh makes the CSR a space of varying regulation, including self-regulation as a result of unilateral will in light of legal obligations. In this new dynamic, one must not overshadow the legal freedom granted by the law, which, over judgment and analysis facilitates the conception of CSR as a standard of conduct, generating regulation forms and responsibilities within the employment report

Le système de santé français soulève de nombreux enjeux en soins primaires, tant en termes de répartition territoriale de l’offre de soins que de dépenses et de prise en charge de certaines pathologies. Le développement de la pratique infirmière avancée - qui amène un infirmier en pratique avancée à réaliser certaines tâches médicales, complémentaires ou substituables à celles du médecin, en première ou en deuxième ligne de soins – constitue une réponse à ces enjeux. L’objectif de la thèse est d’étudier le cadre de régulation de la qualité des soins délivrés par un médecin et un infirmier en pratique avancée. Elle se compose de quatre chapitres. Le premier met en évidence les enjeux du système de santé français auxquels la pratique infirmière avancée répond et les freins posés par la régulation française actuelle au développement de la pratique. Le deuxième chapitre discute, à partir de la littérature, du régime de responsabilité efficace pour dissuader le médecin et l’infirmier d’être imprudents. Le troisième chapitre est une étude théorique de la règle de responsabilité optimale à appliquer à la pratique infirmière avancée selon le mode d’exercice de l'infirmier. Le dernier chapitre restitue une expérimentation en laboratoire qui analyse l’effet de la collaboration entre professionnels de santé sur la qualité des soins en fonction du régime de responsabilité. La thèse démontre que la pratique infirmière avancée devrait être régulée par un régime de responsabilité pour faute qui alloue les réparations du dommage selon l’interdépendance des comportements de chacun des deux praticiens. En outre, le contrôle exercé par le médecin quand l’infirmier pratique de façon salariée amène à une meilleure qualité des soins. Enfin, l'expérimentation en laboratoire met en évidence, en présence d’une règle de responsabilité, une baisse de la qualité des soins liée à la collaboration interprofessionnelle. Ce résultat devrait conduire à développer la collaboration entre professionnels de santé avec prudence
The French health care system raises many issues in primary care, in terms of geographical distribution of health care supply, expenditures, and treatment of some pathologies. The development of the advanced nursing practice provides a response to these issues. An advanced practice nurse performs some medical tasks, which can be complementary or substitutable with those of the physician, and performed before or after the physician. The purpose of the thesis is to study the regulation of quality of health care provided by a physician and an advanced practice nurse. The thesis is divided into four chapters. The first chapter highlights the issues of the French health care system concerned by the advanced nursing practice and the limits created by the current French regulation on the development of the practice. The second chapter discusses from literature the efficient liability regime to deter a physician and a nurse to be careless. The third chapter is a theoretical study of the optimal liability regime to apply to the advanced nursing practice according to the type of nursing practice. The last chapter restitutes a laboratory experiment which analyzes the effect of collaboration between health care professionals on health care quality depending on the liability regime. The thesis demonstrates that the advanced nursing practice should be regulated with a fault-based liability regime which allocates liability according to the interdependence of each professional’s behaviors. Moreover, the control exerted by a physician who employs a nurse leads to a better health care quality. Finally, in the presence of liability rule, the laboratory experiment highlights a decrease in health care quality due to the interprofessional collaboration. This result should conduct to develop the collaboration between health care professionals with caution

Cette thèse traite de la relation entre le droit nucléaire et le droit de la santé. Le droit de la santé y est entendu dans son acception large, en tant que discipline juridique régissant la santé environnementale, soit la santé de l'homme dans son environnement naturel et de travail. Le droit nucléaire et le droit de la santé partageant le même objectif de protection de la santé de l'homme dans son environnement, le premier est nécessairement influencé par le second. La démonstration s'attache en particulier à caractériser cette relation évidente du droit nucléaire et du droit de la santé en matière de protection comme de responsabilité sanitaires liées aux risques nucléaires. De ce point de vue, elle oppose à la symbiose de ces deux droits en matière de protection sanitaire contre les risques nucléaires leur scission en matière de responsabilité sanitaire. La relation entre le droit nucléaire et le droit de la santé est en effet caractérisée par une symbiose parfaite en matière de protection sanitaire contre le risque nucléaire, quelle qu'en soit l'origine ; les différentes composantes du droit nucléaire, cristallisées autour du noyau dur de la radioprotection, se complétant afin de protéger la santé environnementale. Or, cette symbiose cède le pas à une véritable scission en matière de responsabilité sanitaire consécutive aux risques nucléaires ; cette dernière étant marquée par des régimes pluriels tributaires de l'origine médicale, professionnelle, civile ou bien encore militaire du risque nucléaire. Le dommage sanitaire radiologique est en effet appréhendé tantôt communément par le droit de la santé, tantôt spécialement par le droit nucléaire
This PhD thesis deals with the relationship between nuclear law and health law. Health law is understood in its wide sense, as a legal discipline governing environmental health, i.e. the health of man in his natural and work environment. Nuclear law and health law sharing the same objective of protecting the health of man in his environment, the former is necessarily influenced by the latter. My demonstration focuses in particular on how to characterize this obvious relationship between nuclear law and health law regarding health protection as well as liability for nuclear risks. From this point of view, it opposes the symbiosis of these two fields of the law with regard to health protection against nuclear risks and their split with regard to health liability. The relationship between nuclear law and health law is indeed characterized by a perfect symbiosis regarding health protection against nuclear risk, whichever its origin; the various components of nuclear law, crystallized around the core of radiation protection, complementing one another in order to protect environmental health. However, this symbiosis gives way to a real split regarding health liability for nuclear risks; this one being marked by plural regimes which depend on the professional, medical, civil or military origin of the nuclear risk. The radiological health damage is indeed apprehended sometimes commonly by health law, sometimes specially by nuclear law

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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
The work at hand intends show that, if one of the parents does not detain custody of the offspring, that is not a factor to allow total absence, even when it already involves support regarding cost of food and other material issues. This is because a parent’s obligation to impute paternal duties cannot be fulfilled without presence. In this way, absence necessarily implies the parent's failure to fulfil the duties of care inherent to the parent’s obligation, that is, it constitutes an unlawful act. The damages resulting from this must, therefore, give rise to the incidence of liability, which is based on the precept of not harming others. Seeking to obey this principle, is that the parent who sees the other parent practicing parental alienation of the child should seek judicial protection in order to cease this act and ensure their right-duty to visit and live with the child. If the father or mother does nothing to stop the parental alienation, he cannot use it as a pretext to exclude civil liability if he practices abandonment, since this scenario would be the act of benefiting from his own inaction, since it would use the omission in not ceasing the alienation in order to avoid the duty of care. On the other hand, if the non-custodian seeks to visit the child, but - for reasons of his own - is faced with rejection by the child, there will be no possibility of parental abandonment to give rise to the obligation to indemnify. Instead, in this hypothesis, there is the practice, by the father or mother, of commissive acts for their convenience. With respect to love, it was verified that the incidence of the indemnity is not for lack of affection, but for lack of care; It should be noted that those who care do not show rejection, even if they do not love. It was also pointed out that biological, adoptive or socio-affective parenthood are equivalent, therefore, the inherent duties are also equivalent. In turn, the one who, although not effecting paternity registration in the civil registry, captivates the infant acting as if the father or mother were, must also respond for the damages caused in case of later abandonment of the minor. This is because it will be faced with non-compliance with the precepts of objective good faith. Following the same logic of reasoning, however, in reverse, we also denote the right of the elderly to family life and the duty of their sons to care for them. Thus, even if there is material costing, the lack of zeal and absence of the offspring when the parents are old constitutes itself as an unlawful act and causes the consequent damages. However, there is an exception to the enforceability of this care, when the child who leaves was once a victim abandoned in childhood or adolescence, that is, he was the victim of an unworthy act that should rule out the enforceability of both food and immaterial care
Dedica-se o presente trabalho a observar que o fato de algum dos genitores não deter a guarda da prole não é fator a permitir a total ausência, ainda que haja o custeio de alimentos e outras questões materiais. Isto porque, o poder familiar imputa deveres paternos que não podem ser cumpridos sem que haja presença. Desta forma, a ausência implica, necessariamente, em inadimplemento, pelos pais, dos deveres de cuidado inerentes ao poder familiar, ou seja, se constitui como ato antijurídico. Os danos decorrentes deste devem, assim, ensejar a incidência da responsabilidade, a qual tem como base o preceito de não lesar a outrem. Buscando obedecer a este princípio, é que o genitor que vê o outro progenitor praticando alienação parental do(a) filho(a), deve buscar tutela jurisdicional a fim cessar este ato e garantir o seu direito-dever de visitar e conviver com o filho. Se o pai ou a mãe nada faz para cessar a alienação parental, não poderá usá-la como pretexto para afastar a responsabilidade civil caso pratique o abandono, vez que esse cenário configuraria o ato de se beneficiar da própria torpeza, pois se utilizaria da omissão em não cessar a alienação para se furtar do adimplemento do dever de cuidado. Por outro lado caso haja busca pelo não guardião em visitar o(a) filho(a), mas este é que – por motivos próprios- pratique a rejeição, não se estará diante de hipótese de abandono paterno a ensejar o dever de indenizar, vez que, nesta hipótese, há a prática, pelo pai ou mãe, de atos comissivos para a convivência. Com relação ao amor, verificou-se que a incidência da indenização não é por falta de afeto, e sim por ausência de cuidado; cabendo notar que quem cuida não demostra rejeição, ainda que não ame. Também se apontou que a paternidade biológica, adotiva ou socioafetiva são equivalentes, portanto, os deveres inerentes também o são. Por sua vez, aquele que, apesar de não efetivar averbação de paternidade no registro civil, cativa infante agindo como se pai ou mãe fosse, também deverá responder pelos danos causados caso posteriormente abandono o menor. Isto porque, estar-se-á diante de descumprimento dos preceitos da boa-fé objetiva. Seguindo a mesma lógica de raciocínio, porém, de maneira inversa, denotamos também o direito dos idosos à convivência familiar e o dever dos filhos cuidarem daqueles. Assim, ainda que haja o custeio de questões materiais, a falta de zelo e ausência da prole quando os pais são idosos se constitui como ato antijurídico a enseja os decorrentes danos. Contudo, há exceção da exigibilidade deste cuidado quando o filho que abandona, outrora foi vítima abandonado na infância ou adolescência, ou seja, foi vítima de ato indigno que deve afastar a exigibilidade tanto de alimentos como de cuidados imateriais

Бортняк А. Ф. Психосеміотика правовідносин: філософсько-правовий підхід: дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата юридичних наук за спеціальністю 12.00.12 – філософія права / Бортняк Анастасія Федорівна. – Львів: Львівський державний університет внутрішніх справ, 2014. - 172 с.
У дослідженні складових аспектів психосеміотики правовідносин (правового мислення як способу відтворення правової дійсності, правової свідомості як засобу творення знаків права, правової комунікації як процесу реалізації їх змісту, правової поведінки як діяльнісної інтерпретації семіотичної інформації правової дійсності, юридичної відповідальності як психосеміотичної характеристики правовідносин) здійснено комплексний підхід до правовідносин як предмета семіотичного аналізу та продемонстровано їх знакову природу. Виокремлено філософсько-соціально-правову знаковість юридичної відповідальності через типізацію її на «відповідальність за» та «відповідальність перед». Правовідносини, з точки зору психосеміотики, структуровано на етапи: 1) формування правових знаків за допомогою засобів мислення; 2) їх передача та сприйняття у процесі правової комунікації; 3) певне реагування на них (виконання, дотримання їх змісту – правомірна поведінка; порушення, нехтування – протиправна); 4) відповідальність (виховання почуття «відповідальності перед» або настання «відповідальності за»). The thesis is devoted to the study of environmental issues of psyhosemiotic operation of law, in particular the context of its implementation in the relationship. In the context of the research component psyhosemiotic legal aspects (legal thinking as a reproduction a legal reality, legal consciousness as a way of creating signs of law, legal communication as a process of realization of their content, legal behavior and activity as a semiotic interpretation of information of legal validity, legal liability as psyhosemiotic characteristics and legal relations characteristics psyhosemiotic of the legal liability) dissertation undertakes a complex approach to legal relations as an object of semiotic analysis and demonstrate their the sign nature. Considered the process itself sign formation (word formation). Highlighted philosophical and socio-legal symbolic legal liability through typing it into «responsible for» and «responsible to». Considered legal relations in terms of psyhosemiotic and structured them into the following stages: 1) formation of legal signs by means thinking, 2) transmissionand perception in the legal communication, and 3) a specific response to them (performance, adherence to their content – legitimate behavior; disturbances, neglect – illegal) that 4) is accompanied by responsibility (fostering a sense of «responsibility to the» onset or «responsible for»).

Дімітров М.К. Погроза за кримінальним правом України: дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня доктора філософії за спеціальністю 081 “Право” / Дімітров Максим Костянтинович. - Львів: Львівський державний університет внутрішніх справ, 2020. - 244 с.
Дисертація є першим дослідженням в українській кримінально-правовій доктрині, у якому погроза розглядається як наскрізне кримінально-правове поняття. Як результат - обґрунтована доцільність впровадження у кримінальне законодавство України концепції визнання погрози заподіяти суспільно небезпечну шкоду однією із форм готування до злочину. Реалізація такої ідеї убезпечить урівноважену схоронність правовідносин не лише від реальної шкоди, але й від небезпеки її заподіяння. Найбільш суттєві теоретичні та практичні результати спрямовані на те, щоб слугувати як кримінально-правовій науці, так і законотворчій та правозастосовній діяльності. У розділі 1 з’ясовано стан дослідження погрози у кримінально-правовій доктрині. Аналіз показав, що це питання не зазнавало нестачі уваги з боку дослідників, проте наявні напрацювання показують численні дискусійні позиції щодо: співвідношення понять погроза та загроза, виявлення наміру вчинити злочин, готування до злочину та замаху на злочин, примусу, насильства, шантажу; об’єкта, потерпілого від погрози; змісту погрози; кримінально-правових наслідків; можливого часу реалізації погрози; залякування, реальності, дійсності як ознак погрози тощо. Окрім цього, чимало недостатньо досліджених питань, як от: кримінально-правове значення законодавчих конструкцій в частині вказівки на суб’єкта, якому адресується погроза (адресата), та суб’єкта, якого стосується зміст погрози (потерпілий від погрози); кримінально-правової оцінки випадків, коли віддалена (похідна) мета погрози є суспільно прийнятна чи навіть суспільно корисна; система норм про погрозу тощо. Здійснено історичний екскурс в частині кримінально-правового регулювання погрози, за результатами якого виокремлено такі висновки:3 1) В усіх проаналізованих пам’ятках права, починаючи з часів Київської Русі, погроза визнавалася суспільно небезпечною поведінкою, яка передбачала покарання. 2) Погроза заподіяти шкоду визнавалася стадією вчинення злочину, реалізації умислу (Литовські статути 1529, 1566, 1588 років, “Правах, за якими судиться малоросійський народ” 1743 р., “Уложенні про покарання кримінальні і виправні” 1845 р.). 3) В “Уложенні про покарання кримінальні і виправні” 1845 р. вперше нормативно визначено так звану реальність підстав побоюватися реалізації погрози як істотну ознаку погрози. 4) Історично простежується неоднаковий підхід в частині відповідальності за погрозу: від формулювання окремих казуальних норм чи загальних (Руська Правда; Литовські статути; Права, за якими судиться малоросійський народ; КК УРСР 1927 р.) до широкої диференціації відповідальності (Уложення про покарання кримінальні і виправні 1845 р.; Кримінальне Уложення 1903 р.; КК УРСР 1960 р.). Проведено аналіз погрози у кримінальному законодавстві окремих зарубіжних держав (членів колишнього СРСР та членів ЄС). Встановлено, що законодавчі підходи у кримінальному законодавстві держав-членів колишнього СРСР щодо регулювання погрози в більшості є подібними до законодавчого підходу у КК України. Кримінально-правовий же досвід держав-членів ЄС демонструє кардинально інші підходи: наявність загальної норм про погрозу заподіяння будь-якої кримінально-караної реальної шкоди (ФРН; Франція; Швеція; Польщі; Данія); погрози можуть відноситись до будь-якої особи, а не лише потерпілого чи його близьких осіб (Франція, Швеція, Польща); наявність спеціальних норм про погрози, які за змістом відносяться не до конкретної особи, а невизначеного кола осіб (ФРН та Швеція); наявність загальної норми про примус, вчинений, зокрема, шляхом погрози до певного діяння. У розділ 2 проаналізовано зміст та обсяг поняття погрози у кримінальному праві України. Запропоновано поняття погрози у кримінальному праві як суспільно небезпечної дії, яка полягає у передачі від одного суб’єкта до іншого (необов’язково4 кінцевого потерпілого) вербальним чи невербальним способом інформації з обіцянкою (дійсною або удаваною) заподіяти у майбутньому конкретну визначену кримінальним законом шкоду охоронюваним законом суспільним відносинам з метою залякування, якщо були достатні підстави допускати можливість реалізації такої обіцянки. З такої дефініції погрози окреслено окремі ознаки, які потребують уваги у зв’язку з неоднаковим їх розумінням: - Потерпілими від погрози можуть бути як фізичні (незалежно від здатності сприймати погрозу), так і юридичні особи, на права яких спрямована погроза. - Погроза полягає у передачі інформації від одного суб’єкта до іншого - необов’язково кінцевого потерпілого. Визначальним є те, що є достатні підстави допускати можливість її реалізації. - Реальність характеризує обстановку вчинення злочину, а саме наявність достатніх підстав допускати можливість реалізації погрози, а не реальність намірів винного її реалізувати. - Суспільно небезпечним наслідком є потенційна загроза безпеці суспільних відносин, яка може бути дійсною (якщо винний мав намір реалізувати погрозу) або удаваною (якщо винний не мав наміру реалізовувати погрозу). Слідом, закінченим склад погрози є з моменту доведення змісту погрози до адресата (необов’язково кінцевого потерпілого) та наявність при цьому достатніх підстав побоюватися реалізації такої погрози. - Суб’єктом погрози виступає адресант погрози, тобто той, хто є стороною комунікації, бажає передати адресату зміст погрози з метою залякування. Запропоновано правила кримінально-правової оцінки передачі погрози з використанням інших осіб залежно від виконуваної ними ролі та змісту суб’єктивної сторони; - Залякування виступає метою погрози. А тому погроза щодо осіб, безпека прав яких “байдужа” для адресата погрози, на що помилково розраховував винний, не впливає на кваліфікацію посягання як закінченого. Оскільки залякування – мета, а не суспільно небезпечний наслідок погрози.5 - Якщо віддалена (похідна) мета погрози є суспільно прийнятна чи навіть суспільно корисна – то така погроза повинна оцінюватися з урахуванням умов правомірності заподіяння шкоди при наявності обставин, що виключають злочинність діяння. Щодо обсягу поняття погрози - то визначено такі співвідношення: є непорівнюваними поняттями, однак у науці робляться алогічні спроби їх розмежування (погроза та загроза, замах на вчинення злочин); співвідносяться як рід та вид відповідно (готування до злочину та погроза; погроза та примус шляхом погрози; погроза та шантаж); є взаємовиключними поняттями (погроза та виявлення наміру вчинити злочин - їх розмежувальною ознакою є мета, а саме залякування адресата, яка обов’язкова для погрози та виключається для виявлення наміру вчинити злочин); співвідносяться як частина та ціле (погроза та психічне насильство). У розділі 3 норми КК України про склади злочинів, ознакою яких є погроза, систематизовано на: норми про погрози як самостійні склади злочинів, тобто такі, в яких погроза виступає як суспільно небезпечне діяння серед ознак складу певного злочину (загальні та спеціальні норми); норми, в яких погроза виступає способом вчинення злочину, способом примусу (спеціальні норми); норми, в яких погроза є кваліфікуючою ознакою складу злочину, який утворений власне шляхом додавання такої ознаки до простого складу злочину (норми про частину і ціле). Визначено типові законодавчі помилки, які руйнують систему норм про склади злочинів, ознакою яких є відповідні погрози: нерівність охорони загальних та спеціальних потерпілих; неуніфіковані термінологічні вказівки на зміст способу заподіяння шкоди власності при погрозах, а також на погрозу розголошення відомостей; неоднакові мовні формулювання складів злочинів про погрози тощо. Виокремлено типові помилки встановлення меж караності суспільно небезпечних діянь, ознакою яких є погроза: санкції окремих спеціальних норм про погрозу передбачають як більш суворі, так і менш суворі альтернативні покарання; безпека відповідних благ, заподіянням шкоди яким погрожують, щодо спеціальних потерпілих охороняється не співмірно; вплив погрози як кваліфікуючої ознаки на покарання визначається довільно тощо.6 Як результат - визначено шляхи удосконалення КК України. Окрім доцільності законодавчого визнання погрози вчинення злочину однією із форм готування до злочину, пропонується декриміналізувати різного роду погрози як самостійні склади злочинів. This thesis is the first research in the Ukrainian criminal doctrine that considers a threat as a comprehensive criminal concept. This research proves the sound feasibility of introducing the concept of recognizing a threat to inflict socially dangerous harm as one of the forms of preparation for crime to the criminal legislation of Ukraine. The realization of this idea will provide balanced safety of legal relations not only from real harm but also from the danger of its infliction. The most essential theoretical and practical results can be used both in criminal science and legislative and law-enforcement activity. In Chapter 1 the research state of a threat in criminal doctrine is determined. The analysis showed that this issue is quite popular among researchers but given studies show numerous debatable attitudes toward: correlation of the concepts threat and menace, identification of the intention to commit a crime, preparation for crime and criminal attempt, compulsion, violence, blackmailing; threat victim; threat content; criminal consequences; possible time of threat realization; intimidation and reality as signs of a threat, etc. Besides, there are a lot of issues that lack study, for instance: the criminal meaning of legislative constructions in the part of defining the subject who is accused of threat (addressee) and the subject who the content of this threat refers to (threat victim); criminal assessment of cases when a far-off (derived) goal of threat is socially acceptable or even socially beneficial; the system of regulations on a threat, etc.7 The historical journey is taken in the part of criminal regulation of a threat that resulted in the making of the following conclusions: 1) All analyzed law texts that go back to Kyivan Rus’ consider threat as socially dangerous behavior subjected to punishment. 2) The threat to cause harm was considered the stage of crime commission and intent realization (Lithuanian Statutes of 1529, 1566, and 1588, “The Laws Under Which People of Little Russia are Judged” of 1743, and “Regulations on Criminal and Corrective Punishment” of 1845). 3) "Regulations on Criminal and Corrective Punishment" of 1845 was the first document to define the so-called reality of the grounds to fear the realization of a threat as a substantial sign of a threat. 4) There were different attitudes toward the liability for a threat over history: from producing casual or general norms (Russkaya Pravda; Lithuanian Statutes; The Laws Under Which People of Little Russia are Judged; and CC of USSR of 1927) to the wide differentiation of liability (Regulations on Criminal and Corrective Punishment of 1845; Criminal Regulations of 1903; and CC of USSR of 1960). The analysis of a threat in the criminal legislation of some foreign countries (members of former USSR and EU members) was conducted. It was established that the majority of legislative ways of a threat regulation in the criminal legislation of the former USSR members are similar to those stipulated in CC of Ukraine. At the same time, the criminal experience of EU countries shows opposite ways: general rules on the threat of causing any criminally liable real harm (FRG; France; Sweden; Poland, and Denmark); threats may refer to any person and not only to a victim or his/her relatives (France, Sweden, and Poland); special rules on the threats the content of which refers not to a particular person but the general public (FRG and Sweden); general rules on compulsion, particularly through a threat of some action. In Chapter 2 the scope of the threat concept in the criminal law of Ukraine was analyzed. The concept of a threat as socially dangerous action that involves the transfer from one subject to another (not necessarily final victim) verbally or non-verbally of information with a promise (real or fake) to cause in the future particular defined by the criminal law8 harm to protected by law public relations in order to intimidate, in case there are substantial grounds of the possibility of such promise realization, was offered in criminal law According to such definition as a threat, the following signs were pointed out that require attention due to their different understanding: - Victims of a threat can be both private (regardless of the ability to take threat) and legal entities whose rights a threat is aimed at. - Threat means the transfer of information from one subject to another, not necessarily the final victim. The key factor is the presence of substantial grounds to presume the possibility of its realization. - The reality characterizes crime situation, that is the presence of substantial grounds to presume the possibility of threat realization and not the reality of the intentions of a guilty person to realize it. - The potential threat of public relations security that can be actual (if a guilty person had the intention to realize a threat) or fake (if a guilty person did not have the intention to realize a threat) is a socially dangerous result. Threat content is considered completed from the moment of its transfer to the addressee (not necessarily final victim) and in case of the presence of substantial grounds to fear the realization of such threat. - The subject of a threat is a threat sender that is a communication party wishing to transfer the content of a threat to the addressee in order to intimidate. The rules of criminal assessment of a threat transfer with the help of other persons depending on their role and content of a subjective party were offered. - Intimidation is a threat goal. Thus, a threat toward persons whose rights safety is “indifferent” for a threat addressee does not affect the qualification of offence as complete which a guilty person could count on by mistake. Since intimidation is a goal and not a socially dangerous result of a threat. - If a far-off (derived) goal of a threat is socially acceptable or even socially beneficial then such threat must be assessed taking into account the legitimacy of harm infliction in the presence of circumstances that exclude the criminal nature of the action. As for the scope of the threat concept, the following correlations were defined: the concepts are incomparable but scientists make alike attempts of their differentiation9 (threat and menace, attempted crime); they correlate as type and variety respectively (preparation for a crime and threat; threat and compulsion through threat; threat and blackmailing); they are mutually exclusive concepts (threat and identification of the intention to commit a crime – their differentiating sign is a goal, that is intimidation of an addressee which is obligatory for a threat and is excluded for the identification of the intention to commit a crime); they correlate as a part and a whole (threat and psychic violence). In Chapter 3 the norms of CC of Ukraine on the body of a crime the sign of which is a threat are classified into: norms on the threats as an independent body of a crime, that is ones where a threat is considered as socially dangerous action among the signs of the body of a particular crime (general and special norms); norms where a threat is considered an instrument of a crime commission, or instrument of compulsion (special norms); norms where a threat is a qualifying sign of the body of a crime formed through the addition of such sign to the simple body of a crime (norms on a part and a whole). Typical legislative mistakes that ruin the system of norms on the body of a crime the sign of which are the following threats: different protection of general and special victims; nonunified definition of the content of the way of causing damage to property by threats, as well as the threat to disclose information; different linguistic formulations of the body of a crime regarding threats, etc. were defined. The following typical mistakes of setting the punishment limits of socially dangerous actions the sign of which is a threat were defined: sanctions of particular special norms on a threat allow both more and less strict alternative punishment; the security of benefits under a threat regarding special victims is protected out of proportion; effect of a threat as a qualifying sign for punishment is defined arbitrarily, etc. As a result, the ways of CC of Ukraine improvement were defined. In addition to the feasibility of legislative recognition of a threat to commit a crime one of the forms of preparation for a crime, it is also offered to decriminalize different types of threats as independent bodies of crimes.

On observe au plan national comme international une augmentation de la consommation de certains produits, singulièrement de drogues illicites, voire d’une poly consommation (alcool, médicament, cannabis,…). Du fait de cette tendance générale, mais aussi en raison des évolutions propres au travail, les lieux d’activité professionnelle sont aujourd’hui de plus en plus confrontés à la question. En effet, des risques peuvent être encourus au travail par le consommateur, ses collègues ou des tiers. Alors même que les obligations patronales concernant la santé et la sécurité des travailleurs sont aujourd’hui substantielles, l’employeur est tenu dans sa gestion de la question au respect des libertés et droits fondamentaux de la personne salariée. En évitant toute approche généralisante, dénonciatrice du salarié-consommateur nécessairement pourvoyeur de risques pour l’entreprise, il convient, dans une démarche constructive, de ne pas nier un phénomène porteur de mises en cause potentielles de la santé ou de la sécurité de travailleurs, de difficultés de gestion et de responsabilités de l’entreprise. Quelles réponses juridiques sont disponibles, pertinentes, imaginables, dans une perspective à la fois de sécurisation juridique des entreprises mais aussi de respect des libertés et droits fondamentaux des personnes, de prévention des risques professionnels et de prise en charge du salarié consommateur ? L’approche juridique entend ici prendre en compte les réalités du terrain, les acquis et questionnements d’autres disciplines ainsi qu’un éclairage de droit comparé
At both national and international levels we can observe an increase in the use of certain substances, particularly illicit drugs and even poly consumption (alcohol, medication, cannabis,…). Due to this general trend, and because of evolutions inherent to work itself, the work place is now more and more confronted to these issues. Indeed, such behavior exposes the user, his or her colleagues and even third parties to a number of risks. Even though employer's duties on matters concerning employee's health and safety are substantial nowadays, the employer is held to respecting the fundamental rights and freedom of the worker when dealing with such issues. While avoiding a general approach that would simply denounce the user-employee that is necessarily a cause of risk exposure for the firm, it is necessary, in a constructive approach, to not deny a phenomenon that puts in question the health and safety of the workers, and generates managerial and liability problems for the firm. Which are the available juridical responses that are pertinent and imaginable, that would protect legal certainty, respect the fundamental human rights of the people involved, help prevent professional risks and take care of the employee-user? The juridical approach intends to take into account the realities of the field, the insights of other scientific disciplines and a comparative contribution

Шевчук М.В. Відносини щодо використання бюджетних коштів як об’єкт правової охорони: дисертація на здобуття ступеня доктора філософії за спеціальністю 081 ‒ Право / Шевчук Мар'ян Володимирович. - Львів: Львівський державний університет внутрішніх справ, 2020. ‒ 206 с.
У дисертаційному дослідженні здійснено комплексну наукову розробку теоретичних та прикладних проблем правової охорони відносини щодо використання бюджетних коштів. У результаті проведеного дослідження сформульовано низку нових наукових положень, запропонованих особисто здобувачем. Запропоновано вважати, беручи за основу нормативно-правові конструкції, елементом яких є поняття «використання бюджетних коштів» та операції (стадії) виконання бюджету за видатками, що відносини щодо використання бюджетних коштів передбачають взяття розпорядниками та одержувачами бюджетних зобов’язань, отримання товарів, робіт і послуг, здійснення платежів відповідно до взятих бюджетних зобов’язань, а також використання товарів, робіт і послуг для виконання заходів бюджетних програм. При цьому, відносини щодо використання бюджетних коштів складають окремий вид правовідносин у структурі видаткових бюджетних відносин, передумовою їх виникнення є відносини щодо фінансування з бюджету, а необхідною умовою належного функціонування ‒ бюджетний контроль. Доведено доцільність переглянути систему правової охорони відносин щодо використання бюджетних коштів, імплементувавши до неї норми щодо охорони ефективного використання коштів за допомогою застосування заходів державного примусу. Доведено, що відповідно до принципу цільового використання бюджетні кошти повинні бути використані на цілі, визначені бюджетними призначеннями, бюджетними асигнуваннями, паспортом бюджетної програми чи порядком використання бюджетних коштів. Використання коштів за невідповідними кодами економічної класифікації видатків може свідчити про можливе порушення цього принципу, однак не може вважаться єдиною достатньою підставою для кваліфікації діяння як нецільове використання. Зокрема, необхідно враховувати, що в умовах застосування програмно-цільового методу не буде вважатися використанням коштів не за цільовим призначенням здійснення видатків за кодом економічної класифікації, що не в повній мірі відповідає економічній сутності платежу, однак відповідає цілям, визначеним у паспорті бюджетної програми чи в порядку використання бюджетних коштів. Запропоновано механізмом правової охорони відносин щодо використання бюджетних коштів вважати сукупність правових засобів, за допомогою яких держава здійснює правовий вплив на відносини щодо використання бюджетних коштів з метою профілактики, виявлення і припинення протиправного використання бюджетних коштів, притягнення винних осіб до юридичної відповідальності та вирішення публічно-правових спорів у цій сфері. Елементами механізму правової охорони відносин щодо використання бюджетних коштів є: норми права, правовідносини (щодо застосування заходів юридичної відповідальності за протиправне використання бюджетних коштів; профілактики порушень бюджетного законодавства, що регулює використання бюджетних коштів; виявлення і припинення протиправного використання бюджетних коштів; судового розгляду спорів, що виникають під час використання бюджетних коштів), акти безпосередньої реалізації прав і обов’язків та акти правозастосування. Доведено, що до суб’єктів правової охорони відносин щодо використання бюджетних коштів належать суб’єкти правотворчості (Верховна Рада України, Президент України, органи місцевого самоврядування, органи виконавчої влади), органи бюджетного контролю, правоохоронні органи та суди. Відзначено, що систему підрозділів, які здійснюють оперативно-розшукову діяльність як суб’єкти правової охорони відносин щодо використання бюджетних коштів, складають оперативні підрозділи Національної поліції, Національного антикорупційного бюро України, Державного бюро розслідувань, Служби безпеки України та податкової міліції. Створення Бюро фінансових розслідувань зумовить передачу частини повноважень Національної поліції та Служби безпеки України щодо здійснення оперативно-розшукової діяльності до нової правоохоронної структури, а також ліквідацію податкової міліції. Наголошено на тому, що застосування заходів впливу за порушення бюджетного законодавства є одним із ключових елементів системи фінансово-правової охорони відносин щодо використання бюджетних коштів. До заходів впливу, що застосовуються з метою правової охорони відносин щодо використання бюджетних коштів, слід віднести попередження про неналежне виконання бюджетного законодавства з вимогою щодо усунення порушення бюджетного законодавства, зупинення операцій з бюджетними коштами, призупинення бюджетних асигнувань, зменшення бюджетних асигнувань, повернення бюджетних коштів до відповідного бюджету. Підставою їх застосування є найбільш поширене та небезпечне правопорушення, що посягає на досліджуваний вид відносин ‒ нецільове використання бюджетних коштів. Безспірне ж вилучення коштів з місцевих бюджетів, підставою застосування якого є здійснення видатків (кредитування) місцевого бюджету, які відповідно до Бюджетного кодексу України мають проводитися з іншого бюджету, як захід впливу спрямований на правову охорону як відносин щодо використання бюджетних коштів, так й іншого виду видаткових відносин ‒ щодо фінансування з бюджету. Зважаючи на те, що попередження про неналежне виконання бюджетного законодавства з вимогою щодо усунення порушення бюджетного законодавства може застосовуватися усіма органами бюджетного контролю, доведено доцільність врегулювання порядку застосування цього заходу впливу за допомогою нормативно-правового акту Кабінету Міністрів України. Крім загальних процесуальних аспектів (письмова форма, строки та процедура складання і направлення попередження) у постанові Кабінету Міністрів України «Про порядок застосування попередження про неналежне виконання бюджетного законодавства з вимогою щодо усунення порушення бюджетного законодавства» важливим є: розділити повноваження органів бюджетного контролю щодо підстав (конкретних порушень бюджетного законодавства) застосування цього заходу впливу; закріпити принцип реагування на порушення бюджетного законодавства єдиним правозастосовним документом, що включає змістовні характеристики і попередження, і вимоги щодо усунення порушення бюджетного законодавства, а також забороняє направлення окремо попередження, а окремо вимоги; встановити критерії конкретизації (визначеності) вимоги щодо усунення порушення бюджетного законодавства, зазначивши, що в ній в обов’язковому порядку мають бути зазначені які саме дії повинен здійснити учасник бюджетного процесу для усунення порушення та на підставі яких положень нормативно-правових актів. Зважаючи на поширеність адміністративно-караного нецільового використання бюджетних коштів, значну суспільну шкідливість цього правопорушення та непоодинокі випадки уникнення відповідальності посадових осіб розпорядників (одержувачів) бюджетних коштів у зв’язку із закінченням строків притягнення до адміністративної відповідальності, доведено необхідність посилення відповідальності за це адміністративне правопорушення. Для цього необхідно вилучити нецільове використання бюджетних коштів з ч. 5 ст. 164-12 КУпАП, зазначивши цей проступок у ч. 7 цієї статті, і передбачивши за його вчинення штраф у розмірі від ста до двохсот неоподатковуваних мінімумів доходів громадян. Крім того, доцільно збільшити строки накладення адміністративного стягнення за нецільове використання бюджетних коштів (протягом шести місяців з дня його виявлення, але не пізніше двох років з дня його вчинення), внісши відповідні зміни у ч. 3 ст. 38 КУпАП. Обґрунтовано думку про те, що позивачам ‒ розпорядникам чи одержувачам бюджетних коштів під час формулювання змісту позову про оскарження рішення щодо застосування заходів впливу за порушення бюджетного законодавства (вимоги органів державного фінансового контролю про усунення порушень) слід враховувати, що оскарженню підлягають лише ті положення, на підставі яких у них виникають обов’язки вчинити певні дії. Такі обов’язки не виникають у випадку отримання від органів бюджетного контролю вимоги відшкодувати збитки, заподіяні бюджету нецільовим використанням коштів (оскільки стягнення збитків здійснюється або у добровільному порядку, або за рішенням суду, а не на підставі владного рішення відповідного суб’єкта), що зумовлює визнання судами звернення з позовом про скасування цих вимог неналежним способом захисту порушеного права та відповідно відмову у задоволенні позову. Відзначено, що адміністративні суди під час розгляду справ щодо оскарження вимог органів державного фінансового контролю про усунення порушень бюджетного законодавства (нецільового використання бюджетних коштів) у випадку зазначення у вимозі не лише зобов’язання відшкодувати збитки бюджету, але й здійснити інші дії щодо усунення порушення (притягнути винних осіб до відповідальності, привести у відповідність до вимог чинного законодавства правові акти бюджетної установи тощо), прохання позивача щодо скасування вимоги у цій частині повинні визнавати належним способом захисту порушеного права, у зв’язку з чим суди мають дати правову оцінку вимозі, а також фактичним обставинам, на підставі яких у вимозі було зобов’язано учасника бюджетного процесу здійснити певні дії (у тому числі й щодо наявності чи відсутності факту нецільового використання бюджетних коштів). Обґрунтовано думку про те, що у справах за позовом органів державного фінансового контролю до розпорядників (одержувачів) про відшкодування значної суми збитків, завданих держаному чи місцевим бюджетам нецільовим використанням бюджетних коштів, важливим є забезпечити можливість використання правил загального позовного провадження та касаційного оскарження. Для цього потрібно внести зміни до ч. 4 ст. 12 Кодексу адміністративного судочинства України, передбачивши, що за правилами загального позовного провадження розглядаються справи у спорах щодо відшкодування збитків, завданих держаному чи місцевим бюджетам, у сумі, що перевищує п’ятсот розмірів прожиткового мінімуму для працездатних осіб. The dissertation deals with the comprehensive scientific elaboration of theoretical and applied problems of legal protection of relations concerning the use of budgetary funds. As a result of the research, a number of new scientific statements proposed by the applicant are formulated. Taking the normative and legal constructions as a basis, the element of which is the concept of "use of budgetary funds" and operations (stages) of execution of expenditure budget, the relations concerning the use of budgetary funds involve managers and recipients of budget commitments, goods, works and services, making payments in accordance with the budget commitments, as well as the use of goods, works and services to implement budget programs. At the same time, the relations concerning the use of budgetary funds is a separate type of legal relations in the structure of budget expenditure relations, a precondition for their emergence is the relations concerning the budget financing, and a necessary condition for proper functioning is budget control. The expediency of revising the system of legal protection of relations concerning the use of budgetary funds with implementing to it the norms on the protection of effective use of funds through the application of state coercive measures is grounded. It is proved that in accordance with the principle of ring-fenced financing, budgetary funds must be used for purposes determined by budgetary appropriations, budgetary allocations, budget program passport or the procedure for using budgetary funds. The use of funds under inappropriate codes of economic classification of expenditures may indicate a possible violation of this principle, but cannot be considered the only sufficient basis for the classification of the act of non-ring-fenced use. In particular, it should be taken into account that in terms of application of the program-target method, the use of funds without a particular purpose will not be considered expenditure execution under the economic classification code, which does not fully correspond to the economic essence of the payment, but meets the objectives specified in the passport of the budget program or in the use of budgetary funds. The mechanism of legal protection of relations on the use of budget funds is defined as a set of legal means by which the state has a legal influence on relations on the use of budget funds in order to prevent, detect and stop the illegal use of budget funds, bring perpetrators to justice and resolve public law disputes in this area. The elements of the mechanism of legal protection of relations on the use of budget funds are as follows: law, legal relations (on the application of legal liability for misuse of budget funds; prevention of violations of budget legislation governing the use of budget funds; detection and termination of misuse of budget funds; litigation, arising from the use of budget funds), acts of direct realization of rights and obligations, and acts of law enforcement. It is proved that the subjects of legal protection of relations on the use of budget funds include law-making entities (the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, the President of Ukraine, local governments, executive authorities), budget control bodies, law enforcement agencies and courts. It is noted that the system of units that carry out operational and investigative activities as subjects of legal protection of relations on the use of budget funds consists of operational units of the National Police, National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine, State Bureau of Investigation, Security Service of Ukraine and tax police. The establishment of the Bureau of Financial Investigations will result in the transfer of authority of the National Police and the Security Service of Ukraine in the sphere of operational and investigative activities to the new law enforcement agency, and the elimination of the tax police. It is emphasized that the application of measures of influence for violation of budget legislation is one of the key elements of the system of financial and legal protection of relations on the use of budget funds. The measures of influence applied for the purpose of legal protection of relations on the use of budget funds should include the warning about improper execution of the budget legislation with the requirement on elimination of violation of the budget legislation, suspension of operations with budget funds, suspension of budget allocations, reduction of budget allocations, return of budget funds to the relevant budget. The reason for their application is the most widespread and dangerous offense that encroaches on the investigated species relationships which is the misuse of public funds. The undisputed withdrawal of funds from local budgets, the basis of which is the implementation of expenditures (crediting) of the local budget, which according to the Budget Code of Ukraine should be carried out from another budget, as a measure aimed at legal protection of relations on the use of budget funds and other expenditure relations - on financing from the budget. Taking into consideration that the warning about improper implementation of budget legislation with the requirement to eliminate violations of budget legislation can be applied by all budgetary control bodies, the expediency of regulating the application of this measure of influence by a normative-legal act of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine is proved. In the resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine "On the procedure for applying the warning on improper implementation of budget legislation with the requirement to eliminate violations of budget legislation" there are following important issues in addition to the general procedural aspects (written form, terms and procedure for drafting a warning): to share the powers of budgetary control bodies on the grounds (specific violations of budget legislation) of the application of this measure of influence; to consolidate the principle of responding to violations of budget legislation with a single legal document, which includes substantive characteristics, warnings, and requirements for eliminating violations of budget legislation, as well as prohibits sending separate warnings and separate requirements; to establish criteria for concretization (certainty) of the requirement to eliminate violations of budget legislation, noting that it must specify the provisions of normative-legalacts, on the basis of which a participant in the budget process has to take actions to eliminate such violation. Taking into consideration the prevalence of administratively punishable misuse of budget funds, significant social harm of this offense and the frequent cases of evasion of officials’ responsibility, managers (recipients) of budget funds in connection with the expiration of administrative prosecution, the need to strengthen liability for this administrative offense is determined. To do this, it is necessary to remove the misuse of budget funds from Part 5 of Article 164-12 of Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses, having noted this misdemeanor in Part 7 of this article and provided the penalty at a rate from one hundred to two hundred non-taxable minimum incomes of citizens for its commission. In addition, it is advisable to increase the period of imposition of administrative penalties for misuse of budget funds (within six months from the date of its detection, but not later than two years from the date of its commission), making appropriate changes in Part 3 of Article 38 of Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses. The opinion is substantiated that the plaintiffs – managers or recipients of budget funds when formulating the content of the claim to appeal the decision on the application of measures of influence for violations of budget legislation (requirements of public financial control to eliminate violations) should take into account that only those provisions are subject to appeal, on the basis of which they have obligations to take certain actions. Such obligations do not arise in the case of receiving from the budget control authorities a claim for covering damages caused to the budget by misuse of funds (because the recovery is carried out either voluntarily or by court decision, and not on the basis of an authoritative decision of the entity), which causes the courts to recognize the appeal with a claim for cancellation of these requirements in an improper way to protect the violated right and, accordingly, the refusal to satisfy the claim. It is noted that the administrative courts during the consideration of cases on appealing the requirements of state financial control to eliminate violations of budget legislation (misuse of budget funds) in the case of specifying in the request not only the obligation to compensate budget losses, but also to take other actions to eliminate violations (bring the perpetrators to justice, bring in line with the requirements of current legislation, the legal acts of the budgetary institution, etc.), the plaintiff's request to cancel the claim in this part should be recognized as the appropriate way to protect the violated right, in connection with which the courts must give a legal assessment of the claim, as well as the factual circumstances on the basis of which the claim required the participant in the budget process to take certain actions (including the presence or absence of the fact of misuse of budget funds). The opinion is substantiated that in cases of lawsuits of state financial control bodies to managers (recipients) for compensation of a significant amount of damages caused to the state or local budgets by misuse of budget funds, it is important to ensure the use of general claims and cassation appeals. To do this, they need to amend Part 4 of Art. 12 of the Code of Administrative Procedure of Ukraine, providing that under the rules of general claim proceedings the cases are considered in disputes over covering damages caused to the state or local budgets in the amount exceeding five hundred living wage for able-bodied persons.

Дисертацію присвячено комплексному дослідженню адміністративно-правового забезпечення децентралізації органів виконавчої влади в Україні. Розкрито передумови становлення та розвитку децентралізації органів виконавчої влади в Україні. З’ясовано поняття та сутність публічного адміністрування в діяльності органів виконавчої влади. Розкрито концептуальні підходи щодо співвідношення публічного адміністрування та публічного управління в діяльності органів виконавчої влади. Визначено основні принципи публічного адміністрування органів виконавчої влади. Охарактеризовано форми та методи публічного адміністрування в діяльності органів виконавчої влади. Здійснено ретроспективний аналіз формування парадигми виконавчої влади в Україні. Розкрито сутність організаційної конструкції «система органів виконавчої влади». Визначено мету, завдання та повноваження органів виконавчої влади як основу їх правового статусу. З’ясовано роль органів виконавчої влади в механізмі забезпечення прав і законних інтересів людини та громадянина. Досліджено систему та структуру органів виконавчої влади в Україні. Визначено особливості адміністративно-правового статусу органів виконавчої влади. З’ясовано вплив децентралізації на розподіл повноважень між органами виконавчої влади та органами місцевого самоврядування. Проаналізовано особливості зовнішніх управлінських, внутрішньоорганізаційних управлінських та деліктних відносин в системі органів виконавчої влади. З’ясовано місце та значення публічно-сервісних відносин у забезпеченні прав і свобод людини і громадянина. Визначено проблеми оптимізації нормативно-правового та організаційного рівня системи органів виконавчої влади в Україні. Проаналізовано європейські моделі діяльності органів виконавчої влади та окреслено перспективи їх імплементації у вітчизняне законодавство; надано пропозиції щодо удосконалення функціонального рівня діяльності органів виконавчої влади в Україні в умовах євроінтеграції. Диссертация посвящена комплексному исследованию административно-правового обеспечения децентрализации органов исполнительной власти в Украине. Раскрыто предпосылки становления и развития децентрализации органов исполнительной власти в Украине. Выяснено понятие и сущность публичного администрирования в деятельности органов исполнительной власти. Раскрыты концептуальные подходы относительно соотношения публичного администрирования и публичного управления в деятельности органов исполнительной власти. Определены основные принципы публичного администрирования органов исполнительной власти. Охарактеризованы формы и методы публичного администрирования в деятельности органов исполнительной власти. Осуществлен ретроспективный анализ формирования системи исполнительной власти в Украине. Раскрыта сущность организационной конструкции «система органов исполнительной власти». Определены цели, задачи и полномочия органов исполнительной власти в качестве основы их правового статуса. Выяснена роль органов исполнительной власти в механизме обеспечения прав и законных интересов человека и гражданина. Исследована система и структура органов исполнительной власти в Украине. Определены особенности административно-правового статуса органов исполнительной власти. Выяснено влияние децентрализации на распределение полномочий между органами исполнительной власти и органами местного самоуправления. Проанализированы особенности внешних управленческих, внутриорганизационных управленческих и деликтных отношений в системе органов исполнительной власти. Выяснено место и значение публично-сервисных отношений в обеспечении прав и свобод человека и гражданина. Определены проблемы оптимизации нормативно-правового и организационного уровня системы органов исполнительной власти в Украине. Проанализированы европейские модели деятельности органов исполнительной власти и определены перспективы их имплементации в отечественное законодательство; сформулированы предложения по совершенствованию функционального уровня деятельности органов исполнительной власти в Украине в условиях евроинтеграции.
The dissertation is focused on comprehensive research of administrative and legal provision of executive agencies’ decentralization in Ukraine. The author has revealed the preconditions for the formation and development of executive agencies’ decentralization in Ukraine. The concept and essence of state administration within executive agencies’ activities have been clarified. Conceptual approaches to the relationship between state administration and public administration within executive agencies’ activities have been revealed. The main principles of state administration of executive agencies have been determined. Forms and methods of state administration within executive agencies’ activities have been characterized. The author has carried out a retrospective analysis of the formation of the executive power system in Ukraine. The main features of the system of executive agencies have been clarified. The essence of the organizational structure of the “system of executive agencies” has been revealed. The author has defined the purpose, objectives and powers of executive agencies as the basis of their legal status. The role of executive agencies in the mechanism of ensuring human and civil rights and legitimate interests has been clarified. The system and structure of executive agencies in Ukraine have been studied. The author has determined specific features of the administrative and legal status of executive agencies. It has been established that the effectiveness of the system of executive agencies is determined by the rationality of management relations between agencies with different organizational and legal status both vertically and horizontally. It has been theoretically substantiated that the current system of executive power in Ukraine remains inefficient, the level of its organizational influence does not meet the needs of dynamic development of society and the formation of a democratic and rule of law state. The author has highlighted the main problematic issues that lead to low efficiency of the executive branch of power. The influence of decentralization on the division of powers of executive agencies and local self-government has been clarified. The author has analyzed specific features of external administrative, internal organizational and tort relations within the system of executive agencies. The place and significance of relations on ensuring human and civil rights and freedoms have been clarified. Problems for the optimization of organizational, normative and legal level of the system of executive agencies in Ukraine have been determined. The model of systemic digitalization of executive agencies as a separate global component of state policy in the field of public administration has been studied, because it is digitalization in the modern paradigm of society and the state’s development influence on the proper access to administrative services, it is an important factor for reducing the administrative and managerial apparatus and, as a consequence, public spending. The author has proved the necessity of developing means of informatization and software (open source) support on the basis of applied researches of the newest competitive information and communication technologies. The author has outlined the issue of prosecuting the entities that enter information into the system for the inaccuracy and incompleteness of the entered data, as well as the entities that provide administrative services, for the violation of the procedure for their provision. The author has made propositions to regulate the issue of liability for the violation of the legislation on the provision of administrative services at the legislative level. It has been offered to: amend the Tax Code of Ukraine in terms of clear definition of the conditions for the provision of administrative services; develop and adopt the Concept of information support of state authorities in Ukraine and the draft Law of Ukraine “On information support of state authorities in Ukraine”, which provide regulation of legal norms and systematization of administrative and legal bases for creating a single global integrated system, departmental and local electronic resources of state authorities. The author has analyzed European models of executive agencies’ activity and has outlined the perspectives of their introduction into the domestic legislation. Propositions have been made to improve the functional level of activity of executive agencies in Ukraine in the context of European integration.

Cette thèse a pour sujet les effets que l’information a sur les incitations. Les trois articles fournissent et explorent des résultats lorsque l’information est la principale variable d’intérêt, est endogène, pas homogène entre les acteurs et évolue dans le temps d’une manière qui n’est pas nécessairement rationnelle. Le premier article étudie les problèmes de hold-up dans les hiérarchies verticales avec la sélection adverse montrant qu’alors que le pouvoir de négociation des travailleurs augmente, les distorsions provenant de l’asymétrie d’information disparaissent. En outre, il étudie l’effet de la scolarité et du degré d’hétérogénéité de la population de travailleurs sur la répartition du pouvoir de négociation dans les marchés réglementés. Le deuxième article assouplit l’hypothèse des croyances homogènes dans les relations principal-agent avec sélection adverse. Dans un apprentissage évolutif qui est imitatif, les principaux peuvent avoir des croyances différentes sur la répartition des types d’agents dans la population. La convergence à une croyance uniforme dépend de la taille relative de la polarisation dans les croyances. En outre, le modèle est une version d’un cobweb stable. Notre approche offre des explications pour l’alternance des périodes avec quantité oscillante et relativement stable. Le troisième article étudie la fac¸on dont le contenu informatif des politiques juridiques, comme la responsabilité stricte et négligence, en cas de soucis morales, influence la conception optimale des régimes de responsabilité. Plusieurs cas récents ont montré qu’un individu ayant causé un dommage s’expose non seulement a une sanction légale — par exemple, une amende — mais aussi a un boycott social, la désapprobation ou la stigmatisation. L’article montre que le choix d’une stratégie dépend de façon complexe de l’importance du dommage et du “coût moral”
This thesis focuses on the effects that information has on incentives. The three papers provide and explore some results when the information is the main variable of interest, it is made endogenous, not homogeneous between actors and evolving over time in a way that is not necessarily rational. The first paper studies hold-up problems in vertical hierarchies with adverse selection showing that as the bargaining power of the worker increases, distortions coming from asymmetric information vanish. Moreover, it studies the effect of schooling and degree of heterogeneity in the workforce on the allocation of bargaining power in regulating markets. The second paper relaxes the common assumption of homogeneous beliefs in principal-agent relationships with adverse selection. In an evolutionary learning set-up, which is imitative, principals can have different beliefs about the distribution of agents’ types in the population. Convergence to a uniform belief depends on the relative size of the bias in beliefs. In addition, the set-up is a version of a stable cobweb model. Our approach offers explanations for alternating periods of oscillating and relatively steady quantity. The third paper studies how the informative content of legal policies as strict-liability and fault-based, in case of moral concerns, influences the optimal design of liability regimes. Many recent cases show that an individual found to have caused harm faces not only the possibility of a legal sanction — e.g., the damages he must pay — but also social boycott, disapproval or stigma. The paper shows that the choice of a policy depends in a complex way on the magnitude of the harm and the “moral cost”.Keywords: Bargaining, Adverse Selection, Hold-up, Evolutionary Game Theory, Heterogeneous Beliefs, Bifurcation Theory, Boycott, Law Enforcement, Strict Liability, Negligence

O consumidor é o agente vulnerável na relação de consumo internacional. O processo de globalização se apresenta, para o consumidor, como uma globalização do consumo. A globalização do consumo se caracteriza pelo comércio e fornecimento internacional de produtos e serviços por empresários/fornecedores transnacionais/globais, utilizando marcas de renome mundial, acessíveis a todos os consumidores do planeta, e agrava a vulnerabilidade do consumidor no mercado. A proteção jurídica do consumidor internacional é uma necessidade que os sistemas jurídicos nacionais não se mostram aptos a prover adequadamente, assim como o Direito Internacional também não. A presente tese demonstra a deficiência da Ciência do Direito na proteção do consumidor no contexto da globalização; demonstra como o próprio comércio internacional é prejudicado ao não priorizar de maneira absoluta e efetiva a proteção do consumidor na OMC, bem como ao mostrar-se apático diante dos diferentes níveis de proteção proporcionada aos consumidores em cada diferente sistema jurídico nacional; demonstra, também, como a proteção do consumidor de maneira uniforme e global por um direito comum aos Estados é possível e será capaz de tornar mais eficiente economicamente o processo de globalização do consumo, ao encorajar a participação mais intensa do consumidor no mercado internacional; e propõe a construção de um novo ramo do Direito dedicado ao problema, o Direito Internacional do Consumidor (DIC), por meio da elaboração de uma Teoria do Direito Internacional do Consumidor. O Direito Internacional do Consumidor pretende ser um direito comum e universal de proteção ao consumidor, fundado em métodos, conceitos, institutos, normas e princípios jurídicos universais. O DIC dialogará com outros ramos do Direito Público e Privado, especialmente o Direito Internacional Econômico, o Direito Internacional do Comércio, o Direito Internacional Privado, o Direito Processual Civil Internacional, e o Direito do Consumidor. Pretende-se com isto atender ao ideal de promover o livre comércio internacional com respeito aos Direitos Humanos.
The consumer is the weak party in the cross-border consumer relation. The globalization process presents itself for the consumer as a globalization of consumers relations. The globalization of consumers relations is defined by international commerce and supply of products and services by transnational/global entrepreneurs/ suppliers, using global renowned brands names, available for all consumers of the planet, aggravating the consumers vulnerability in the market. The juridical international consumers protection is a necessity that has not been properly dealt with neither by the national legal systems nor by International Law. The present thesis shows the deficiency of Juridical Science to consumers protection in a globalization context; it shows how international commerce suffers harms when it does not prioritize the consumers protection in WTO, and when it has no reaction against different consumers protections levels by the distinct national legislation; it also shows, how consumers protection by a global and uniform law for all States is possible and can be more economically efficient for the process of globalization of consumers relations, because it encourages a intensive consumer participation in the international market; and proposes to build a new branch of law dedicated to the problem, the International Consumer Law (ICL), by a Theory of International Consumer Law. The International Consumer Law intends to be a general and universal law about consumers protection, based on universal methods, concepts, institutes, rules and principles. The ICL is going to dialogue with others branches of law, specially with International Economic Law, Global Trade Law, Private International Law (Conflict of Laws), Transnational Litigation Law, Consumer Protection Law and Products Liability Law. The intention of this thesis is to deal with the ideal of promoting free international trade taking into account respect for humans rights.

Este trabalho propõe-se a estudar, mediante abordagem teórica e prática, o regime jurídico das debêntures, tendo em vista as recentes alterações introduzidas pela Lei nº 12.431, de 24 de junho de 2011, que promoveu mudanças significativas em sua disciplina, bem como examinar os problemas e questões atuais das debêntures em um contexto evolutivo da doutrina e dos casos práticos que lhe são submetidos à análise, tendo em vista o uso cada vez mais frequente desse mecanismo de financiamento das sociedades. Busca-se, também, examinar o funcionamento do mercado de debêntures e as novas propostas para incentivar a circulação dos títulos de dívida. Dentre as questões mais controvertidas a serem estudadas neste trabalho, destacam-se as seguintes: (i) evolução da natureza jurídica do instituto, em que as debêntures são vistas como títulos de dívida pertencentes à categoria dos valores mobiliários; (ii) criação do novo mercado de debêntures, como avanço à proposta do Novo Mercado de Renda Fixa; (iii) possibilidade de emissão de debêntures por sociedades limitadas e cooperativas, em razão da ausência de vedação legal e da existência de normas que lhe dão suporte jurídico; (iv) realização de negócios jurídicos com debêntures que vão além da sua função econômica de financiamento da empresa; (v) existência da organização dos debenturistas, em complemento à ideia de comunhão de interesses, tendo em vista o seu caráter orgânico; e, por fim, (vi) se os deveres fiduciários dos administradores se voltariam também aos interesses dos debenturistas, como credores especiais da sociedade emitente.
This work aims to study, through a theoretical and practical approach, the legal system of debentures in view of the recent changes introduced by Law No. 1431, of June 24, 2011, affecting significantly their discipline, and also to examine their current problems and issues within the evolutionary context of the doctrine and the case studies that are submitted to analysis, since the use of this financing mechanism by companies has been increasingly frequent. It also seeks to examine the functioning of the debenture market and the new proposals to stimulate the circulation of debt bonds. Amongst the most controversial issues to be studied in this work, the following are highlighted: (i) the evolution of the legal nature of this institute, in which debentures are seen as debt notes pertaining to the category of securities; (ii) the creation of a new debenture market as an advancement to the proposal of the New Fixed Income Market; (iii) the possibility of limited partnerships and cooperatives issuing debentures in view of the absence of a legal prohibition and the existence of norms that give legal support to it; (iv) the consummation of legal transactions with debentures that go beyond their economic function of business financing; (v) the existence of a debenture holder organization as a complement to the idea of pooling of interests, in view of its organic character; and, finally, (vi) whether the fiduciary duties of the administrators would also accommodate the interests of the debenture holders, while in their position of special creditors to the issuing business.

Кушнир, Н. В. Теоретичні засади реалізації гендерної рівності у трудовому праві України : дис. ... д-ра філос.: 12.00.05, 081 / Наталія Василівна Кушнир; МВС України, Харків. нац. ун-т внутр. справ. - Харків, 2020. - 208 с.
Дисертація є комплексним дослідженням теоретичних засад реалізації гендерної рівності у трудовому праві України в умовах сучасної ринкової економіки та нових форм господарювання. В роботі також здійснено формування сучасних правових напрямів належної реалізації принципу гендерної рівності в трудових правовідносинах. Важливим аспектом існування гендерної рівності у трудових відносинах є встановлення рівності прав чоловіка та жінки під час притягнення до юридичної відповідальності, зокрема повинні бути забезпечені рівні умови при дослідженні всіх обставин трудо-правового проступку, однаковість застосування дисциплінарного та матеріального стягнення, рівна можливість оскарження накладеного стягнення, а також гарантована рівність прав в процесі розгляду трудового спору.
The dissertation is a complex research of theoretical bases of realization of gender equality in labor law of Ukraine in the conditions of modern market economy and new forms of management. The work is also carried out formation of modern legal directions of proper implementation of the principle of gender equality in labor relations. An important aspect of the existence of gender equality in labor relations is the establishment of equality of rights of men and women in bringing to justice, in particular, equal conditions must be provided in the study of all the circumstances of labor misconduct, equality application of disciplinary and material penalties, equal opportunity to appeal the imposed penalty, as well as guaranteed equality of rights in the process of labor dispute consideration.
Диссертация является комплексным исследованием теоретических основ реализации гендерного равенства в трудовом праве Украины в условиях современной рыночной экономики и новых форм хозяйствования. В работе также осуществлено формирование современных правовых направлений надлежащей реализации принципа гендерного равенства в трудовых правоотношениях. Важным аспектом существования гендерного равенства в трудовых отношениях является установление равенства прав мужчины и женщины во время привлечения к юридической ответственности, в частности должны быть обеспечены равные условия при исследовании всех обстоятельств трудо-правового проступка, единообразие применения дисциплинарного и материального взыскания, равная возможность обжалования наложенного взыскания, а также гарантированное равенство прав в процессе рассмотрения трудового спора.

碩士
南華大學
財務管理研究所
94
The previous studies, no matter theoretical or empirical, most focus on the establishment of a suitable early warning system for the insurance companies. This paper conducts the Grey relational analysis on the determinants of solvency in the property-liability insurance industry. By using the annual data of 16 property-liability companies in Taiwan from 1996 to 2003, this study discusses the influence of internal and external factors on solvency, establishes confidence interval, and applies Grey prediction GM(1, ) model to predict the solvency ratio. 　 　　The empirical results are as follows: 1. From the Grey relational analysis, the loss rate and reinsurance rate are the main internal determinants, and the inflation rate and the growth rate of insurance premium income are the main external determinants. 2. There was no unusual solvency condition of the property-liability industry from 1996 to 2003. 3. By using the GM (1,10) model to predict solvency, the average accuracy rate reaches 97.7%.

碩士
朝陽科技大學
保險金融管理系碩士班
91
The performance of property-liability insurance company is relation to their solvency. Early, the relevant researches focused on the aspect of establishing prediction model on financial distress, nevertheless, studies have only rarely been explored on performance. But property-liability insurance company’s performance is the basis of maintenance solvency and continuous growth. On the other hand, the key factors which select financial holding company’s members and targets of merge or investment is their profitability in the future. If property-liability insurance company had well performance in the past, and still keep same or more excellent performance in the future, in this case, prior performance ranking is useful decision-making reference for financial institutions that seeking for cooperator. This is first paper that applies Grey Relational Analysis to establish performance evaluation model of property-liability insurance company on domestic literatures, and explores whether they have the performance persistence. We find that both return on assets and profitability index have higher impacts on property-liability insurance company’s performance. Empirical results also indicate that the overall performance persistence of property-liability insurance company is significant in short run as period of 1997to 2001.

Institutional theory has been used to explain the duality of multinational companies and the need to establish legitimacy both internally- within the organisation and externally- with the external operating environment. The concept of liability of foreignness explains the legitimacy pressures posed by the duality of environments that MNCs are exposed to and the strategic responses taken in this context. However it remains unclear how MNCs respond appropriately to the conundrum, more so in the emerging market context. Using deductive qualitative research grounded on institutional theory, the research study sought to establish which liability of foreignness issues posed the greatest challenge for MNC executives in emerging markets, their response to emergent issues and additionally how they deal with conflicting outcomes, if any from the strategic responses taken. The findings support institutional theory precepts that external institutional pressures pose the greatest challenge for MNCs but conversely the firm’s response to the challenges puts the overall efficiency of the firm at risk. Executives of MNCs focused on emerging markets will find the outcome of the research useful as it identifies key LOF issues and the appropriate strategic response. More importantly it also addresses albeit to a limited extent how to mitigate the conflicting outcomes of such actions. An attempt is also made at establishing an optimal mix of strategic actions.
Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
ccgibs2014
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
MBA
Unrestricted

Ce mémoire porte sur la responsabilité pénale des entreprises canadiennes pour des crimes internationaux commis en partie ou entièrement à l’étranger. Dans la première partie, nous montrons que les premiers développements sur la reconnaissance de la responsabilité criminelle d’entités collectives devant les tribunaux militaires établis après la deuxième guerre mondiale n’ont pas été retenus par les tribunaux ad hoc des Nations Unies et par la Cour pénale internationale. En effet, la compétence personnelle de ces tribunaux permet uniquement de contraindre des personnes physiques pour des crimes internationaux. Dans la deuxième partie, nous offrons des exemples concrets illustrant que des entreprises canadiennes ont joué dans le passé et peuvent jouer un rôle criminel de soutien lors de guerres civiles et de conflits armés au cours desquels se commettent des crimes internationaux. Nous montrons que le droit pénal canadien permet d’attribuer une responsabilité criminelle à une organisation (compagnie ou groupe non incorporé) pour des crimes de droit commun commis au Canada, comme auteur réel ou comme complice. Nous soutenons qu’il est également possible de poursuivre des entreprises canadiennes devant les tribunaux canadiens pour des crimes internationaux commis à l’extérieur du Canada, en vertu de la Loi canadienne sur les crimes contre l’humanité et les crimes de guerre, du principe de la compétence universelle et des règles de droit commun. Bref, le Canada est doté d’instruments juridiques et judiciaires pour poursuivre des entreprises soupçonnées de crimes internationaux commis à l’étranger et peut ainsi mettre un terme à leur état indésirable d’impunité.
This master’s thesis examines the criminal liability of Canadian corporations for their involvement in international crimes committed in part or entirely overseas. First, we observe that initial developments by the military tribunals established after the Second World War in recognizing criminal liability of collective entities were not pursued by the United Nations ad hoc tribunals and the International Criminal Court. In fact, the personal jurisdiction of the latter tribunals does not extend to organizations and is limited to the prosecution of natural persons accused of committing international crimes. In the second part of this thesis, we offer concrete examples to illustrate that Canadian corporations have assumed and continue to assume criminal roles in supporting civil wars and armed conflicts where international crimes are committed. We will demonstrate that Canadian criminal law attributes criminal liability to an organization (corporations or unincorporated groups) for common law offences committed in Canada, under direct or accomplice liability. We further maintain that Canadian corporations may be prosecuted before Canadian courts for their involvement in international crimes committed overseas, in accordance with the Crimes against Humanity and War Crimes Act, the principle of universal jurisdiction and common law rules. In conclusion, Canada has the necessary legal and judicial instruments to prosecute corporations suspected of committing international crimes overseas and is therefore capable of ending their undesirable status of impunity.

碩士
國立中正大學
財務金融研究所
91
This paper investigates the interrelations among capital, risk and price simultaneously in the Taiwan’s property liability insurance industry. The autoregressive framework employed in this paper could generate more efficient estimators than merely examining the relationship between each of two variables separately undertaken by most previous studies. Moreover, VAR model is firstly used on discussing this issue since capital slow adjustment is expected in Taiwan’s market which is due to stringent regulation on investment decision and information asymmetry, in which cause the lagged effect among capital, risk and price. The results by using VAR model support the fact that current capital level is indeed affected by the lagged value of risk and price for many insurers. Similarly, current risk choice and price decision also relate to the lagged value of the other two variables. However, no obvious relationship exists among concurrent value of capital, risk and price in Taiwan is found by using simultaneous partial adjustment model, which is used by most previous studies. In general, we conclude that, for the Taiwan’s P/L insurance market, using VAR model based on dynamic time series data could be more efficient than cross-sectional based simultaneous partial adjustment model in analyzing the relations among capital, risk and price.

碩士
東吳大學
法律學系
107
Abstract Taiwan regulation does not define and address the scope of “international carriage”, “carrier”, “the carriage by air” and “air waybill” which typically follows the convention on international carriage by air. Since Taiwan is not High Contracting Party of Warsaw Convention (1929) or Montreal Convention (1999) et al., these legal issue, and separate from international convention, which formulated by international legal specialist, leading to our government, enterprise, academia and court practical worker no longer connected with these international convention through years. There are some subject involving legal term that hasn’t yet been defined. Consider that confuse the function and Chinese proper noun of Air Waybill, for example. My argument will do more than prove that there are legislative issues whether to formulate domestic law, for instance, the air transport law, in accordance with the provisions of international convention. In this article, I will also indicate that whether the liability of the carrier should be revised to “liability of the carrier is presumed” according to the Warsaw Convention and the Montreal Convention, so that the liability of the carrier is consistent with the standard of international convention. Moreover, I want to examine the situation where the court often consider the backside clause of the air waybill to be the Standardized contracts, although this point is different from the understanding of enterprise. Yet is it necessarily true that the opinion above? Is it always the case, as I have been suggesting, that are legislative issues. By focusing on interpretation of court, it may overlooks the deeper problem of inconsistent views from air freight forwarder, official, court and shipper. My discussion of air freight forwarder as Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), "SME Legal Rights Adaption Program" which is in fact addressing the larger matter of Taiwan legislative issues about special legislation status of international carriage by air. My point should interest those who engaged in air freight forwarder. Beyond this limited audience, however, my point should speak to anyone who cares about the larger issue of legislative issues about special legislation status of international carriage by air. This paper introduces key areas of legal relation of air cargo carriage, how examines documentary requirements, and then discusses the assessment of liability through court cases. It has been written to assist air freight forwarder in dealing with claims about air cargo transportation. This paper will help air freight forwarder to understand the principal source for the interpretation and application of the uniform rules relating to air carrier liability in the international transportation by air of cargo, for instance, Warsaw Convention of 1929 or Montreal Convention of 1999, etc. This paper relies on examining the operation, practice and regulation of United States and liability rules applicable to international air transportation by the courts. In view of the content and practice of the conventions on international air transport liability, I will give a detailed description, analysis and compare. It has further review and suggestion as reference when air freight forwarder may find it useful to "SME Legal Rights Adaption Program" in future.

碩士
國立臺北教育大學
文教法律研究所
98
Taiwan is deeply affected by the influence of the “special power relation” of the past party-state system, resulting in people having rights, but not necessary relief; this does not meet the expectations of a modern nation under the democratic rule of law. While schools are serving as the breeding grounds for exercising relevant theories concerning the past special power relations, most university staff members and students become the ‘minority group’ when their rights and interests are infringed by the university. Thus, questions related to whether and how universities can sustain compensation liability have become key aspects of the observation index regarding whether the legal and democratic aspects of a nation can progress. Based on the concept of democratic rule of law, this study used the “legal relation theory” as the methodology to observe the relationship between universities and civil laws. However, instead of replacing the traditional behavioral theory, this study used legal relation theory to supplement the insufficiency of the behavioral theory regarding the observation perspective linking public/private universities and their members, because the traditional administrative behavioral theory is overly confined to “result-related” and “result concentration” observation, and habitually failed to question “the authority” resulting in the special power relation probably still hidden within. Furthermore, domestic universities are under both public and private systems; interpretation Shi-Zi No. 380 confirmed “university autonomy” as a form of constitutional guarantee, and interpretations Shi-Zi No. 382 and 462 treat part of private schools’ behaviors as acts of authority, causing further complication in the relationship of rights and obligations between universities as entities and people. Via the observation and operation of the legal relation theory, this study clarified that the existence of the public law is the prerequisite for universities to bear the responsibility for state compensation, and only by clearly understanding the legal relationship can we apprehend special cases via the legal elements of the state compensation law, subsequently allowing those whose civic rights are abused to receive relief. However, it is also due to the distinction between public and private laws that people’s apprehension and judgments become complicated, resulting in their disadvantages during litigation and legal proceedings. Nevertheless, the burden of the inconvenience of the state system or difficulties of theory differentiation should not be transferred to the people. Therefore, this study also proposed amendment of the laws with the hope of establishing a more perfect litigation “referral” system, in order to guarantee the physical and procedural rights of people. Regardless of whether or not the compensation falls under the responsibility of the universities, the pros and cons of the “special power relation” should be thoroughly developed or discarded. Procedural safeguards should also be an essential issue that Taiwan, as a modern nation under the democratic rule of law, should carefully consider.

Under what conditions and for what reasons do American leaders seek the endorsement of relevant international organizations (IOs) such as the UN or NATO for prospective military interventions? My central hypothesis is that U.S. government efforts to obtain IO approval for prospective interventions are frequently the result of significant bureaucratic deliberations and bargaining between hawkish policy leaders who emphasize the likely positive payoffs of a prompt use of force, on the one side, and skeptical officials--with the top military brass and war veterans in senior policy positions at the forefront--who highlight its potential downsides and long-term costs, on the other. The military leaders--the chairman and vice chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS), the regional combatant commanders, and senior planners on the Joint Staff in Washington--are generally skeptical of humanitarian and other "idealist" interventions that aim to change the domestic politics of foreign countries; they naturally tend to consider all the potential downsides of intervention, given their operational focus; and they usually worry more than activist civilian policy officials about public and congressional support for protracted engagements. Assuming that the military leaders are not merely stooges of the civilian leadership, they are at first likely to altogether resist a prospective intervention, when they believe that no vital American interests are at stake and fear an open-ended deployment of U.S. troops. Given the military's professional expertise and their standing in American society, they come close to holding a de facto veto over prospective interventions they clearly oppose. I hypothesize that confronted with such great initial reluctance or opposition on the part of the military brass, civilian advocates of intervention from other government agencies will seek inter alia to obtain an advance endorsement from relevant IOs, so as to lock in international support and thereby reassure the military and their bureaucratic allies that the long-term costs to the United States in terms of postwar peacekeeping and stabilization will be limited. That, in turn, can be expected to help forge a winning bureaucratic coalition in Washington and persuade the president to authorize military action. United States multilateralism for military interventions is thus often a genuine policy resultant--the outcome of sustained bureaucratic deliberations and bargaining--and it may not actually reflect the initial preferences of any particular government agency or senior official.

This research looks at the need and enforceability of legal warranties that companies include in contracts and/or public displays/notices to limit the company’s liability exposure to third parties. It also discusses the liability incurred by a company and that of its directors in their personal capacities (if any) should the legal warranty implemented be found to be unenforceable. The liability that may be incurred by the company and/or its director/s is dependent on whether the legal warranty which it implemented is enforceable or not and therefore it is important to establish what would constitute an enforceable legal warranty. In order to determine what is likely to constitute an enforceable legal warranty the study looks back at what has previously been deemed to constitute an unenforceable legal warranty. This is done by analysing the common law principles of contract, being the freedom to contract and the sanctity of contract, and its development in accordance with our constitutional dispensation through case law precedents. The provisions of the Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008 that apply to legal warranties are also analysed in order to determine the anticipated outcome of future case law where the Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008 may be applicable to a dispute involving legal warranties. Once what constitutes an unenforceable legal warranty is established, the study will discuss the legal position of a third party, and that of the company, where a third party has suffered damages as a result of the company’s acts or omissions and the company is unable to raise a legal warranty as a defence against such liability, as the legal warranty is found to be unenforceable. Thereafter the study will discuss the measures available to the company where the company is found liable to the third party for the aforementioned damages and the company wishes to mitigate its losses in this regard. Such measures shall include director insurance as well as the recovery of such liability against a director, in the director’s personal capacity, where the company either does not have director insurance or is unable to enforce the director insurance due to the actions of a director. In order to determine the director’s accountability to the company in this regard an assessment is made of the duties imposed on a director in terms of the common law and Companies Act 71 of 2008 to establish whether such duties are wide enough to include a duty on the director to ensure legal warranties he/she plays a part in implementing are enforceable.
Mercantile Law
LL. M. (Corporate Law)

This study examines the basis of contractual liability in indigenous law. It concludes that contractual liability arises only from real contracts where one party has performed fully or partially in terms of an agreement. Attention is given to both the nature and concept of indigenous contracts to ascertain the function of contracts in indigenous societies in order to bring a holistic perspective to the topic. It is demonstrated that the settlement of disputes arising out of indigenous contracts is primarily focused on the reconciliation of people and the consequent maintenance of harmony within the community. The foremost concern in indigenous law of contract is with human justice rather than with strict legal justice, and expression is thereby given to prevailing community values.
Indigenous Law
LL.M.