Relevant bibliographies by topics / Relational liability

Academic literature on the topic 'Relational liability'

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Published: 10 March 2023
Last updated: 11 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Relational liability"

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Fong, Yuk-fai, and Jin Li. "Relational contracts, limited liability, and employment dynamics." Journal of Economic Theory 169 (May 2017): 270–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jet.2017.02.006.

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Seitz, John C. "Keep Research Weird: Psychoanalytic Techniques and Fieldwork in the Study of Religion." Method & Theory in the Study of Religion 25, no. 1 (2013): 26–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700682-12341257.

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Abstract Contemporary ethnographic fieldwork in the study of religion has made a relational turn. Research in this field is often explicitly conceived as a relationship between scholars and those they seek to understand. Knowledge is inter-subjective, the field agrees, and the only reasonable way to move forward is in open acknowledgement of this through attentiveness to the relational character of research. This paper aims to augment this relational turn by considering and addressing the risks it entails. Drawing on research experience among Catholics in Boston, it identifies normalization as a potential liability entailed in the relational understanding of research. Opportunities for enriched understanding may not emerge if researchers prioritize smooth relations with those they get to know. The paper explores the possibility that clinical psychoanalytic techniques of listening, while likely to make research relationships “weird,” may be an asset in the search for understanding in the ethnographic study of religion.
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Guercini, Simone, and Matilde Milanesi. "Understanding changes within business networks: evidences from the international expansion of fashion firms." Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing 34, no. 1 (February 13, 2019): 192–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbim-03-2017-0062.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to address the topic of business network dynamics and identify different relational paths, as forms of change in business relationships and related types of network change. The paper contributes to the literature on business network dynamics by providing an understanding of relational paths in the context of firms’ internationalization and shading light on different forms of change in business relationships and types of network change. The paper also contributes to the understanding of liabilities in internationalization that has to do with business networks, namely the liability of outsidership. Design/methodology/approach This paper is based on qualitative research following the multiple case study research approach. The authors propose three cases of internationalizing firms in the fashion industry that follows relational paths corresponding to different forms of change in business relationships that imply different types of network change. Findings Changes to a firm’s business network may be addressed through relational paths, namely creation of new business relationships (activation), maintenance of existing relationships (integration) and ending of existing relationships (substitution). These relational paths can be considered forms of incremental (integration) and radical (activation and substitution) change in business relationships and lead to different types of network change for business network dynamics that coexist and influence each other within the same firm. Originality/value This paper contributes to a better understanding of business network dynamics by showing how firms change their business relationships following different relational paths as the best way to respond to the challenges and new opportunities offered especially by international markets. The present paper has relevant managerial implications since coping with change in business relationships is perhaps one of the most critical and difficult tasks for management, even more critical if compared to the increasing complexity of doing business internationally and the liabilities that firms face in their internationalization process, especially the liability of outsidership.
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Ordolis, Emilia. "Maternal Substance Abuse and the Limits of Law: A Relational Challenge." Alberta Law Review 46, no. 1 (November 1, 2008): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr240.

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In an effort to respond to the issue of maternal substance abuse, the following article aims to explore potential alternatives to a paradigm which posits maternal autonomy and fetal interests as inherently conflictual. More specifically, it investigates whether, in the context of maternal civil liability for alcohol and drug use, a relational perspective that promotes healthy maternal and fetal outcomes can be reconciled with an approach that respects women’s reproductive autonomy. In responding to this question, the following discussion will examine the concerns that surround legal intervention, assess current approaches of common law courts to the maternal-fetal relationship, and finally, suggest the need for facilitative strategies that extend beyond the limits of tort.
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Pawlovich, Michael D., Edward J. Jaselskis, and Reginald R. Souleyrette. "Emerging Concepts in Innovative Sign Management Programs." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1553, no. 1 (January 1996): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196155300102.

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Transportation agencies deploy and maintain millions of traffic signs in the United States. These include regulatory, warning, guide, work zone, motorist service, recreational and cultural interest, and tourist signs. Managing these large inventories under increasing requirements for reporting, accountability, and liability has caused many transportation agencies to reexamine sign management techniques. Conventional methods of sign management, which range from paper-based systems to relational data bases, have limited capabilities and inherent inefficiencies. Additionally, liability concerns are an increasing concern for many transportation agencies. The identification and application of emerging technologies for improving sign management inventory programs are addressed. Conventional sign management practices are described, and existing technologies promising the potential for more efficient and effective sign management are discussed. Because technologies range in price and complexity, an analysis that sizes technologies to markets is presented. Rather than emphasizing the development of new technology, it is proposed that existing technologies be combined to greatly improve current sign management practices.
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Hanganu, Bianca, Irina Smaranda Manoilescu, Cristian Paparau, Laura Gheuca-Solovastru, Camelia Liana Buhas, Andreea Silvana Szalontay, and Beatrice Gabriela Ioan. "Why Are Patients Unhappy with Their Healthcare? A Romanian Physicians’ Perspective." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 15 (August 2, 2022): 9460. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159460.

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Background: Medical professional liability complaints are not triggered by a single factor, but rather by multiple factors, each having more or less implications, such as the characteristics of the physician, the medical system, the patients, the complexity of their pathology, and the inherent limits of medicine. Knowledge about the factors that initiate the complaint procedure is essential to identify the targeted measures to limit their prevalence and impact. The purpose of this study was to identify the reasons behind the malpractice complaints and the factors that may influence the initiation of complaints by the patients. Material and Methods: This study was conducted using an online questionnaire, addressed to Romanian doctors, with questions about the reasons for patient dissatisfaction and complaints, the factors that predispose a physician to being complained against, and the protective factors against patient complaints. Results: The study group included 1684 physicians, of whom 16.1% were themselves involved in a complaint, and 52.5% knew of a colleague who was complained against. The opinions of the participants regarding the reasons for the complaints, the predisposing factors to complaints, and the factors that contributed to the reported incident showed a strong link between professional liability complaints and the physician–patient/patient’s family relationship. The relationship between fellow physicians is additional to this. Conclusion: This study reveals that the improvement in the relational aspects of medical practice (physician–patient relationship and relationship between physicians) has the highest potential to decrease the number of malpractice complaints. Its practical relevance is related to the need for training physicians in the relational aspects of medical practice during academic years and throughout their career.
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Kulchina, Elena, and Joanne Oxley. "Relational Contracts and Managerial Delegation: Evidence from Foreign Entrepreneurs in Russia." Organization Science 31, no. 3 (May 2020): 628–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2019.1329.

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We examine the managerial delegation decisions of foreign entrepreneurs and assess how these decisions are shaped by characteristics of the local product and labor market environment. We argue that actual or perceived home bias in court proceedings leads foreign entrepreneurs to place little reliance on formal contracts in their dealings with local agent-managers. Adopting the lens of relational contract theory, we develop hypotheses linking managerial delegation decisions to market conditions associated with stable self-enforcing agreements and test the hypotheses in the context of post-Soviet Russia. Consistent with our arguments, we find that foreign entrepreneurs are more likely to hire an agent-manager in local markets where industry growth creates a substantial “shadow of the future,” where managers’ outside employment options are relatively limited, and where competition and the variability of returns are not so high as to induce defection from an informal agreement. Similar observations on a sample of Russian-owned entrepreneurial firms suggest that these delegation decisions are relatively insensitive to local market conditions but that they are influenced by the density of local reputation networks. Our study thus contributes to understanding of the distinctive features of foreign entrepreneurs’ managerial delegation decisions and reinforces the view that contracting impediments constitute one important aspect of the “liability of foreignness” for entrepreneurial firms.
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Kazachenko, Oleksandr V., Olesia K. Vasyliaka, Larysa V. Chornozub, and Olha M. Musychenko. "Taxonomy of compulsory and incentive legal consequences (legal measures) of committing illegal acts." Cuestiones Políticas 38, Especial II (December 8, 2020): 151–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.382e.11.

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The article is prepared for the purpose of publishing the results of scientific research obtained in the process of applying the taxonomic methodology for systematization of measures of legal influence. The methodology used the approaches of philosophical and legal theorization, a dog and systemic functional. One way of conclusion is proposed for the first time to use the taxonomies of legal measures. The study highlighted three aspects of legal measures: relational, predicate and functional. The relational manifestation of taxonomy allowed to identify the substrate of the external form of legal influence, which is the measure. It has been established that the form and method of legal influence is the dominant element of each legal measure. The predicative dimension of taxonomy allowed to form a taxonomic system of information in which the following taxonomic categories and taxa are distinguished: type - social events; subtype - legal measures; class - public and private legal measures; gender - separation of legal measures according to their sectoral affiliation; subgenre: the allocation of incentives and coercive measures; supervision - legal measures in their various forms and other measures that have no signs of legal liability.
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Baron, Marie-Laure, and Claire Capo. "The Impact of Proximity on Resistance to Foreign Ventures: The Cases of India and Japan." Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies 34, no. 2 (March 22, 2017): 77–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/cjas.v34i2.5307.

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Over the years, a body of literature has developed that consistently shows how the liability of foreignness affects MNCs' performance. Institutional distance − regulatory, normative and cognitive − between the incomer and insiders has been identified as the likely source of the highest cost in doing business abroad. In this article, we draw on the existing literature but take the opposite perspective, looking instead at how various dimensions of proximity between local players increase MNC distance and foster local resistance. The study investigates two contexts and cases, India and Japan, at the time of foreign retailer entry and analyses the interplay between local proximity and local resistance. The analysis presents four dimensions of proximity, namely spatial proximity, relational proximity, identity proximity and inter-organizational proximity, which present the stiffest challenges to foreign retail ventures entering markets as newcomers.
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Kalderimis, Daniel. "Contractual Economic Loss in New Zealand - "Who, then, is my neighbour" Really?" Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 29, no. 2 (April 1, 1999): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v29i2.6034.

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This article is concerned with the issue of when contractual relational economic loss is, and should be, recoverable in New Zealand.Traditionally this question has been narrowly framed as a debate over whether an ancient legal rule should continue to apply. Recent cases, however, have injected this rule with modern analysis. It has become clear that the debate over the rule is really a debate over which concepts should control negligence liability. This article examines both the rule and its modern day implications. The article examines in turn the New Zealand approach, comparative approaches, and the conceptual underpinnings of the debate. The sophisticated Canadian jurisprudence receives particular emphasis. The conclusion is that not only should New Zealand courts reaffirm the old rule, but that doing so now requires a radical rethinking of the basic New Zealand approach to the law of negligence.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Relational liability"

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LINDBLOM, MARTIN, and ANDREAS WEIDLERTZ. "Foreign Market Establishment of Knowledge Intensive Business Services (KIBS) : Key Factors to Consider for Swedish KIBS Firms Entering Norway." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekonomi och organisation (Inst.), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-238701.

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The purpose of this study was to explore key factors to consider for a Swedish Knowledge Intensive Business Services (KIBS) firm to successfully enter the Norwegian market, and examine how these factors compare to incumbent theories on foreign market establishment. The study is based on an interpretivist research design and utilizes qualitative methods in order to achieve the intended purpose. The empirics were gathered by a combination of methods, namely, an extensive literature review, a pilot-study, and a multiple-case study. The data gathering methods utilized in the pilot study were semi-structured interviews conducted with individuals with expertise in the KIBS environment, as well as participant observations. The pilot study resulted in a deeper understanding of the KIBS sector. The multiple-case study consisted of semi-structured interviews with Swedish KIBS firms that have entered the Norwegian market. The empirics have been analyzed and discussed in relation to existing literature. Consequently, several success factors and pitfalls have been identified that may aid an internationalizing firm, especially a Swedish KIBS firm entering the Norwegian market. The identified success factors were: Narrow your focus through relational embeddedness, Understand customer’s business, Educate customers, Become familiar with foreign laws, Be aware of network position, Exploit existing networks, Identify new relevant networks, Refresh and expand the network, and Ensure relational embeddedness with key actors. The identified pitfalls were: Underestimation of time and resources required, Lacking awareness of aggravating effects, Knowledge transfer problems, Failure of internally anchoring foreign ventures, Underestimation of the language barrier, Underestimation of differences in organizational structures, Underestimation of the cost of spatial distance, Underestimation of Patriotism, and Underestimation of loyalty to suppliers. Moreover, the study provided insights as to how the concepts of liability of foreignness and liability of outsidership might interplay, and thereby exert pressure on a firm's dynamic internationalization capabilities in the foreign market establishment process. As such, the need for firms and researchers to undertake a holistic view in order to avoid faulty conclusions has been discussed and visualized.
Syftet med denna studie var att utforska nyckelfaktorer för svenska KIBS-företag som vill expandera till den norska marknaden. Vidare analyserades det hur dessa faktorer relaterar till befintliga teorier inom marknadsetablering. Studien är baserad på en forskningsdesign där kvalitativa metoder används för att uppnå syftet. Empirin är insamlad via en kombination av metoder, nämligen en omfattande litteraturstudie, en pilotstudie och en flerfallsstudie. Datainsamlingsmetoderna som användes i pilotstudien var semistrukturerade intervjuer med personer som har erfarenhet inom KIBS-miljön och även deltagarobservationer. Pilotstudien resulterade i en djupare förståelse av KIBS-sektorn. Flerfallsstudien bestod av semistrukturerade intervjuer med svenska KIBS-företag som har expanderat till den norska marknaden. Empirin har analyserats och diskuterats i relation till befintlig litteratur. Utifrån analysen identifierades flertalet framgångsfaktorer samt fallgropar. Genom att belysa dessa faktorer underlättas internationaliseringen för företag, i synnerhet för svenska KIBS-företag som vill expandera till den norska marknaden. De framgångsfaktorer som identifierades var: Begränsa sin fokus genom relationell inbäddning, Förstå kundens verksamhet, Utbilda kunder, Bli bekant med utländska lagar, Var medveten om nätverksposition, Utnyttja befintliga nätverk, Identifiera nya relevanta nätverk, Uppdatera och utöka nätverket och Säkerställa relationell inbäddning med nyckelaktörer. Medan de fallgropar som identifierades var: Underskattning av tid och resurser, Bristande medvetenhet om försvårande effekter, Kunskapsöverföringsproblem, Misslyckande med att internt förankra utländsk satsning, Underskattning av språkbarriären, Underskattning av skillnader i organisationsstrukturer, Underskattning av avståndskostnader, Underskattning av patriotism och Underskattning av lojalitet mot leverantörer. Vidare har det argumenterats för att det finns ett samspel mellan koncepten liability of foreignness och liability of outsidership som sedermera sätter press på ett företags dynamiska internationaliseringsförmågor. Följaktligen har det även visualiserats samt diskuterats att företag och forskare bör vidta ett holistiskt synsätt för att undvika att dra felaktiga slutsatser i internationalseringsprocesser.
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Jakaitė, Agnė. "Civil Liability in Precontractual Relations." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20121001_093504-89488.

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This dissertation analyses the application of civil liability in precontractual relations under the Lithuanian civil law. In the general part of the thesis the detailed analysis of precontractual relations’ phase is presented, as well as the genesis of development of precontractual liability and its antagonistic aims are considered. This part concludes with the question of applicable legal regime of civil liability in precontractual relations. The thesis special part is devoted to the analysis of two, under the opinion of the author, the most problematic conditions of precontractual civil liability: the unlawful precontractual actions and the concept of precontractual damage. It is noted that the opposing aims of precontractual liability – ensuring the freedom of negotiations v. keeping the parties’ confidence for the conclusion of contract – will be achieved only when the scope of civil liability in precontractual relations will depend on and will be related with the progress of negotiations. Therefore regardless of negotiations progress and in case when all necessary conditions of the precontractual liability are present, the aggrieved party should be compensated for any kind of negotiations’ costs and any other direct precontractual damages which are not unreasonably high and for which the party had not been taken the risk. In addition, when the negotiations are considered deeply advanced, the aggrieved party should receive the remuneration of indirect damages which should... [to full text]
Disertacijoje nagrinėjamas civilinės atsakomybės taikymo esant ikisutartiniams santykiams klausimas Lietuvos civilinėje teisėje. Darbo bendrojoje dalyje yra pateikiama detali ikisutartinių santykių stadijos analizė, nagrinėjama ikisutartinės atsakomybės vertinimo genezė bei jos taikymui keliami specifiniai tikslai, taip pat didelis dėmesys skiriamas ikisutartinei atsakomybei taikytino teisinio rėžimo tyrimui. Disertacijos specialioji dalis skirta dviejų, autorės nuomone, šių dienų teisėje daugiausia klausimų keliančių civilinės atsakomybės ikisutartiniuose santykiuose taikymo sąlygų analizei, tai – neteisėtiems ikisutartiniams veiksmams ir ikisutartinių nuostolių koncepcijai. Darbe pagrindžiama išvada, kad civilinei atsakomybei iki pagrindinės sutarties sudarymo keliami antagonistiniai tikslai – užtikrinti derybų laisvę ir apsaugoti pasitikėjimą sutarties sudarymu – gali būti pasiekti priklausomai nuo derybų pažangos laipsnio taikant nevienodą civilinės atsakomybės apimtį. Todėl teigiama, kad neatsižvelgiant į derybų pažangos laipsnį ir esant ikisutartinės atsakomybės taikymo sąlygų visetui, sąžiningai šaliai turi būti kompensuojami bet kokios rūšies tiesioginiai ikisutartiniai nuostoliai, o toli pažengusių derybų atveju civilinės atsakomybės esant ikisutartiniams santykiams apimtis yra platesnė ir apima prarastos galimybės pinigine verte ribotų netiesioginių nuostolių atlyginimą.
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PORTONERA, GIUSEPPE. "FUNZIONE PUNITIVA E DIRITTO CIVILE. PROBLEMA E SISTEMA." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/120388.

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Nel luglio 2017, la Cassazione civile a sezioni unite ha pronunciato una sentenza con cui è stata ammessa la delibabilità delle sentenze straniere di condanna ai punitive damages. La Cassazione non ha, però, limitato la propria attenzione al solo profilo di diritto internazionale privato, ma si è spinta a statuire che «nel vigente ordinamento […] sono interne al sistema la funzione di deterrenza e quella sanzionatoria del responsabile civile». Tale affermazione ha offerto l’abbrivo alla presente ricerca, che è stata svolta in riferimento al sistema completo del diritto civile (responsabilità civile, responsabilità cosiddetta “relazionale” e conflitti appropriativi di risorse in contesti proprietari). La ricognizione problematica e la conseguente analisi sistematica svolte mostrano che il ruolo della funzione punitiva nel sistema di diritto civile è assai limitato: i tradizionali istituti del diritto civile appaiono idonei a presidiare gli interessi che fanno capo ai privati, di conseguenza mancando cogenti ragioni da porre a fondamento di una operazione di riconfigurazione del loro statuto in senso punitivo. Se gli esiti della ricerca suggeriscono che la sanzione nel diritto civile, de iure condito, non assurge a una categoria generale e, de iure condendo, non è assistita da ragioni che ne impongano una maggiore centralità, nondimeno essi hanno anche delineato la possibilità per la funzione punitiva di assolvere un certo ruolo euristico, modesto ma non banale, e che opera tanto in negativo (cioè nel senso di escludere eccentrici esiti interpretativi), quanto in positivo (cioè nel senso di porre l’opportunità di una innovazione sistematica).
In July 2017, the Civil Court of Cassation, Joint Sections issued a judgment opening to the exequatur of punitive damages award rendered by foreign courts. However, the Supreme Court did not limit its attention to the profile of private international law but went so far as to state that «in the current legal system, […] the functions of deterrence and punishment are inherent in the system». This dictum prompted the present research, which has been carried out with reference to the civil law system as a whole (tort law, so-called “relational” liability, and appropriative conflicts of resources in proprietary contexts). The problematic survey and the consequent systematic analysis carried out show that the role of the punitive function in the civil law system is very limited. The traditional civil law institutions appear capable of protecting private interests, thus the lack of compelling reasons to reconfigure them in a punitive sense. The main research results show that: de lege lata, punishment in private law does not rise to a general category; and de lege ferenda, there is no ground to promote a greater scope for it. Nevertheless, they have also outlined the possibility that punitive function plays a heuristic role – modest but not trivial – which may operate both in the negative (i.e., excluding eccentric interpretative outcomes), and in the positive (i.e., posing the question of a possible systematic innovation).
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Thachet, John Thomas. "Limitation of liability in international air transport." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=22704.

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The Warsaw Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Carriage by Air was adopted when aviation was in its developing stage. In order to protect this infant industry, the Convention limited the liability of the air carrier in international air transportation to certain specified amounts. As time went by the Warsaw Convention was amended by several instruments. The end result is that there are several instruments to regulate the liability of air carriers engaged in international air transportation and most of these instruments provide only limited recovery to passengers. Often, passengers try to break the limits prescribed by the Convention alleging willful misconduct on the part of the carrier, his servants or agents or by bringing suits against potentially liable third parties like the aircraft manufacturer or by proving that the documents of carriage were faulty. In the mean time, Italy and Japan took matters into their own hands and raised the limits unilaterally. While Italy raised the limits to 100,000 SDR, Japan waived entirely the Warsaw systems limits of liability.
In this thesis, the development of air law till the adoption of the Warsaw Convention and the various amendments carried out to the Convention over the years will be discussed in the first two chapters. The third chapter mainly concentrates on the rationales for ratifying the Guatemala City Protocol through Montreal Protocol No. 3. While arriving at a conclusion as to why the Montreal Protocols have to be ratified for the successful unification of air carriers liability in international air transport, the Italian and Japanese "solutions" will be evaluated and conclude why those solutions are to be rejected outright. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Kurtbegu, Enareta. "Asset-Liability Management in Pension Financing." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLE005.

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Malgré les évolutions significatives des systèmes de retraite, notamment le passage de systèmes par répartition à des systèmes par capitalisation, plusieurs problèmes subsistent. La structure démographique est un des principaux facteurs de risque systémique, menaçant l’équilibre des caisses de retraite et favorisant l’instabilité et les moindres performances économiques. Dans cette thèse, nous mobilisons l’analyse empirique et théorique afin d’apporter une réponse en termes de stratégie d’investissement à ce problème. Nous synthétisons tout d’abord les éléments de littérature existants et mettons en avant l’importance du partage intergénérationnel du risque et les différences entre les investissements individuels et collectifs. En nous appuyant sur un modèle à générations imbriquées, nous étudions les effets de la structure démographique sur le prix des actifs. Nous identifions une corrélation positive entre l’inverse du ratio de dépendance et le prix de ces derniers (asset meltdown). Puis, en nous basant sur des contrats de retraites simulés, nous étudions les effets de l’augmentation de l’espérance de vie et de la diminution du taux de fécondité sur le partage intergénérationnel du risque. Bien que le régime collectif de retraite à cotisations définies (CDC) amortisse mieux les risques démographiques, des performances analogues peuvent être obtenues au moyen d’une capitalisation individuelle. De plus, la capitalisation individuelle supplante le régime collectif lorsque la réglementation est fortement contraignante. Nos résultats suggèrent la nécessité de la mise en place d’un processus de réforme continu basé sur les stratégies d’investissement. Ainsi, l’efficacité des méthodes de sélection des fonds telles que celle basée sur le taux de faux positifs semble être confirmée
Despite the substantial evolution of pension systems shifting away from pay-as-you-go scemes at the end of the last century, some significant issues still subsist. Demographic structure is one of the main systemic risks threatening the asset-liability balance and causing insolvability and unsustainable performance. In this dissertation, we use both theoretical and empirical analysis to address this issue and to propose a possible solution based on investment strategy. We first conduct a detailed literature survey, aiming to highlight the importance of inter-generation risk sharing and to characterize the differences between collective and individual investment. Based on a theoretical overlapping generation model we study the effect of demographic structure on the asset prices. We identify a positive correlation between the inverse dependency ratio and the asset price, known as the asset meltdown. Then, focusing on diverse stylized pension contracts, we investigate the effect on inter-generation risk sharing of both an increase in life-expectancy and a decrease in fertility rate. Although the collective defined contribution (CDC) plan better amortizes the demographic risk compared to other contracts, its performance can be replicated by individual investment. Moreover, when regulation imposes strict policy safety constraints, individual investment outperforms the collective plan participation. Our results suggest the need for a continuous reforming process, especially on investment-based strategies. Hence, the efficiency of fund selection methods such as the one based on False Discovery Rate seems to be confirmed
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Vülundardóttir, Kristín. "Liability in international air transport : (an Icelandic perspective)." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=26228.

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At present there are several instruments that regulate air carrier's liability in international transportation. These international treaties are collectively known as the Warsaw System. Unfortunately, not all States are parties to the same instruments.
In this thesis, four possibilities will be introduced for amendment of the System. These possibilities are as follows: ratification of the Guatemala City Protocol through the Montreal Protocol No. 3, an international treaty instrument, meant to update and amend the whole Warsaw System; the Italian solution, a national "remedy" taken without international consultations; the Japanese action, Japanese air carriers have waived entirely the Warsaw System's limits of liability; and finally, a recommendation to the EC Commission on a regional remedy in the form of a multilateral agreement where carriers raise the liability limits but otherwise the Warsaw provisions apply.
Each possibility will be thoroughly examined in order to determine whether it is the best solution to the present crisis that the System is facing. At the end of this thesis one solution will be recommended for Iceland and other States to update the System. Other solutions are available but will not be discussed since they are not considered desirable for the aim of unification of air carrier's liability in international air carriage. What must be kept in mind when the four possibilities are being examined is that the aim of this thesis is to find a solution that unifies the air carrier liability regime and sometimes, in order to reach a uniform solution, a compromise must be reached. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Khan, Asmatullah. "Air carrier's unlimited liability under the Warsaw system." Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=59273.

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In order to receive full compensation for damage caused during air transportation, plaintiffs try to get around the liability limitations of the Warsaw regime, inter alia, by alleging willful misconduct on the part of the carrier or its agents and servants under Article 25 of the Warsaw and Hague Conventions. On their part, carriers have an interest in limiting their potential liability under the said regime, and in avoiding any possibility of breaking the stipulated monetary limitation. Consequently, the said provisions are litigated frequently without, however, bringing uniform results in different jurisdictions of the world.
This thesis makes a study of the application and interpretation of the willful misconduct exception (Article 25) of the original Warsaw Convention as well as its subsequent amendments. The study reviews the treatment accorded to the relevant provisions in different common and civil law jurisdictions. Further, the problem is examined from the point of view of Muhammadan Islamic jurisprudence. This paper also traces the legislative history of the relevant provisions of the original treaty and its subsequent amendments.
The final chapter of the thesis assesses the possibility of a "new" consolidated regime for international air carriage and concludes that at present Montreal Protocols Nos. 3 and 4 may be allowed to work.
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Byrom, Robert M. (Robert Milton). "Product liability of United States' aircraft and component manufacturers." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69752.

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The history of products liability law affecting aircraft manufacturers today is rooted in the early decisions of English courts and, in America, still remains largely judge-made law. The cost of the legal diversity of more than fifty jurisdictions has been devastating to the American general aviation industry. This segment of American industry is no longer competitive, largely due to the cost of product liability litigation, and major corporations have abandoned the effort. At this time, the United Kingdom is forging ahead with its European Economic Community partners to achieve uniform products liability laws. In America, manufacturers must design, select materials for, manufacture, and test their aircraft according to uniform federal standards. This thesis examines the present law and proposes needed uniform federal tort reform for this industry, which must supply entry-level aircraft to train and develop young American pilots. Our aviation industry is vital to national security and to world stability.
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Vasquez, Marazzani Claudia. "The crisis of the liability regime under the Warsaw system /." Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=20547.

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The Warsaw Convention represents the unification of important rules concerning private international carriage by air. The international community has agreed on those rules, ever since the appearance of the Warsaw Convention in 1929. Today, it would be chaotic for the air transport industry to operate without such a legal framework. In fact, the Warsaw instruments have been the pillars of harmonized international air transportation. However, the Warsaw System now faces a crisis, due to the fact that participants in the air transport industry consider the Warsaw Convention liability regime obsolete, inadequate and outdated. Both governments and air carriers have reacted against this obstacle by adopting unilateral actions in order to update the liability limits. Some of these unilateral actions have substantially increased the limits of liability; others have even considered their disappearance. In particular, IATA has recently adopted two agreements in which air carriers voluntarily waive the Warsaw Convention limits. At the same time, ICAO has presented for the approval of its Legal Committee, a draft text to modernize the Warsaw System. The intention of this proposal is to replace the Warsaw Convention with a new instrument that would modernize and harmonize the liability regime and other matters.
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Ko, Jessika Li-Juan. "Liability aspects of air transport between Taiwan, Hong Kong and Mainland China." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23959.

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Despite the hitherto unsettled political and legal status of Taiwan, air transportation between Taiwan and Mainland China has experienced tremendous growth since 1987. To date, this air transport has been effected through the use of an intermediate stop station in Hong Kong, in order that both States may avoid the recognition of the other as the legitimate "Chinese Government". However, Hong Kong will revert to the PRC in 1997. As a result, the issue of nonstop flights between Taiwan and the Mainland takes on an added urgency.
This issue is not merely political. In terms of air carrier liability, Taiwan is party to the Warsaw Convention and the Warsaw Convention as Amended by the Hague Protocol, only through its tenuous link with Mainland China. Is the Convention applicable to Taiwan in this case? A number of arguments favoring applicability of the Convention are discussed and found to be wanting. In the alternative, the principle of conflict of laws is proposed as an applicable solution. Since Taiwan and the PRC have a civil law system while Hong Kong has a common law system, the respective legal regulations governing damage compensation in aviation cases differ. The case of liability following a hijacking is used to demonstrate how regulations of the three jurisdictions differ significantly. This leads to a serious problem, namely, "forum shopping". The fact that judicial assistance is not yet practiced between the three jurisdictions creates a further problem in that decisions coming from the different courts cannot be recognized and enforced in the other jurisdictions. In light of all of the foregoing, the existing legal systems cannot adequately address the legal problems of air carrier liability in this region.
As a result of these inadequacies, an alternative mechanism for resolving the issue of air carriers' liability is suggested. This suggested pragmatic approach may also be found applicable for updating existing air transport legal systems elsewhere in the world.
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Books on the topic "Relational liability"

1

Obligations: Report on civil liability in relation to animals. Edinburgh: H.M.S.O., 1985.

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M, Martín-Casals, ed. The development of liability in relation to technological change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

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United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, ed. Community relations in Superfund: A handbook. Washington, D.C: Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992.

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Strukturen des strafrechtlichen Verantwortlichkeitsbegriffs: Relationen und ihre Verkettungen. Berlin, Germany: Duncker & Humblot, 1988.

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Qualified domestic relations orders: Strategy and liability for the family law attorney. Newark, N.J: LexisNexis, 2008.

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Paolo, Cendon, ed. Trattato della responsabilità civile e penale in famiglia. Padova: CEDAM, 2004.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Administrative Law and Governmental Relations. Asbestos claims/claims court reference: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Administrative Law and Governmental Relations of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, second session ... August 10, 1988. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1989.

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Kobel, Pierre, Pranvera Këllezi, and Bruce Kilpatrick, eds. Antitrust in the Groceries Sector & Liability Issues in Relation to Corporate Social Responsibility. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45753-5.

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Title VII liability for sexual harassment in the workplace. 3rd ed. Alexandria, Va: International Personnel Management Association, 1996.

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Pellicciotti, Joseph M. Title VII liability for sexual harassment in the workplace. 2nd ed. Alexandria, Va: International Personnel Management Association, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Relational liability"

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Araujo, Luis, and Geoff Easton. "A Relational Resource Perspective on Social Capital." In Corporate Social Capital and Liability, 68–87. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5027-3_4.

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Schmalenbach, Kirsten. "States Responsibility and Liability for Transboundary Environmental Harm." In Corporate Liability for Transboundary Environmental Harm, 43–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13264-3_3.

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AbstractOne strategy to address environmental degradation caused by transnational human activities is to focus on States as the principal actors and law-makers on the international plane. In order to address environmental challenges, States have by and large three avenues for regulatory management at their disposal: the first one is domestic legislation on pollution control and conservation within the boundaries of jurisdictional limits set by international law; the second avenue is action through regional organisations of economic integration which have the power of supranational law-making, although these also have to observe the same jurisdictional limits in relation to the international community; and the third avenue is traditional international law-making, the method on which this Chapter focuses.
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Zhang, Xinbao. "The Relation Between Right to Request Tort Liability and Right to Request Property Rights." In Legislation of Tort Liability Law in China, 355–78. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6961-1_14.

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Zhang, Xinbao. "The Relation Between Right to Claim for Tort and Right to Claim for Restitution of Unjust Enrichment." In Legislation of Tort Liability Law in China, 379–406. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6961-1_15.

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Banks, Michael. "The International Relations Discipline: Asset or Liability for Conflict Resolution?" In Conflict: Readings in Management and Resolution, 51–70. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21003-9_4.

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Wissenbach, Uwe. "The EU and the Two Koreas — One Strategic Partner, One Strategic Liability." In The Palgrave Handbook of EU-Asia Relations, 521–37. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230378704_34.

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Zhang, Xinbao. "The Relation Between the Right to Claim for Compensation from Work-Related Injury Insurance and the Right to Claim Compensation for Personal Injury." In Legislation of Tort Liability Law in China, 325–54. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6961-1_13.

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Kun, Attila. "Liability Models in Supply Chains: The Flow of an Innovative Regulatory Idea in a Global Legal Space." In Transnational, European, and National Labour Relations, 149–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02219-2_8.

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Wagner, Gerhard. "Tort Law and Human Rights." In Interdisciplinary Studies in Human Rights, 209–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73835-8_12.

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AbstractThe article explores the relationship between tort law and human rights. It explains the potential inherent in holding corporations liable in tort for human rights violations along the supply chain, such as the 2013 Rana Plaza collapse in Bangladesh. On a theoretical level, it devises a legal framework of tort liability that is optimal from the standpoint of social welfare. Such an optimal liability system would make manufacturers internalise the full cost of production, including harm caused to workers, third parties and the environment. In contrast, the present global liability situation is characterised by legal fragmentation and enforcement deficits. These factors provide the explanation for the large-scale externalisation of production risks we witness today, leading to an inflated global demand. In principle, tort law is well suited to offer a remedy, as the interests protected by human rights and national tort law broadly overlap. Furthermore, the duty of care which is the core requirement for shifting losses to others via tort law is a flexible concept that may even be stretched to accommodate cross-border human rights policies. The new French “devoir de vigilance,” or human rights due diligence, as well the UK Supreme Court’s recent jurisprudence, aim to tap this potential. On the other hand, the article raises doubt in relation to the adverse economic incentives and market shifts if such duties are imposed selectively, i.e. only in some jurisdictions, but not in others. After all, private international law often stands in the way of a global application of national tort law. Finally, alternative mechanisms of enforcement are assessed and examined with a view to their comparative effectiveness. This analysis casts doubt on the usefulness of tort law as a means to further the human rights cause.
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Campbell, David. "The Relational Constitution of Bargain (1)." In Contractual Relations, 150—C5.N201. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198855156.003.0005.

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Abstract The doctrine of consideration presents a remarkable contrast between outstanding regulatory success and dismal doctrinal confusion. As the legal institutionalisation of the moral belief that the normal way to acquire the benefit of an economic good is to make a bargain to pay for it, consideration had made this belief, essential to the operation of the market economy, simply normal. But as doctrine, consideration, and in particular insufficiency, is so incoherent that Pollock’s ‘strange paradox’ about the enforcement of executory contracts has never begun to be resolved. The two main sources of the incoherence are a failure to recognise that consideration analytically involves a good faith promise of performance, and an inarticulate belief that the benefit of certain economic goods should not be paid for. The former has led to unresolved problems of enforceability which are largely dealt with just by being ignored. The latter has led to the provision of certain important economic goods, notably insurance for personal injury, pure economic loss, and product liability, in ways which drastically reduce welfare because that provision is not regulated by exchange and contract.
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Conference papers on the topic "Relational liability"

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Tutle, E. G. "Consultant liability and client relations." In Proceedings of SOUTHCON '94. IEEE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/southc.1994.498160.

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Латыпов, Н. Э., and Т. Р. Зайнеев. "CIVIL LAW MEASURES RESPONSIBILITY IN RUSSIA." In ИНСТИТУТЫ ЗАЩИТЫ ПРАВ ЧЕЛОВЕКА И ГРАЖДАНИНА В ИСТОРИИ РОССИИ. Crossref, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56777/lawinn.2023.11.67.012.

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В статье рассмотрена сущность института гражданского правовой ответственности в гражданском праве, его законодательная основа. Проведено исследование оснований и исключений применение мер гражданско-правовой ответственности в отношение субъектов гражданских правоотношений, определен размер гражданско-правовой ответственности, а также значение и актуальность данного института в гражданском праве. The article examines the essence of the institution of civil legal responsibility in civil law, its legislative basis. A study of the grounds and exceptions for the application of civil liability measures in relation to subjects of civil law relations was conducted, the amount of civil liability was determined, as well as the significance and relevance of this institution in civil law.
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Идрисов, Хусейн Вахаевич. "FEATURES OF CIVIL LIABILITY AS A TYPE OF LEGAL LIABILITY." In Высокие технологии и инновации в науке: сборник избранных статей Международной научной конференции (Санкт-Петербург, Май 2020). Crossref, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/vt185.2020.64.36.018.

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Статья посвящена правовому анализу гражданско-правовой ответственности с точки зрения отнесения ее к одному из видов юридической ответственности, а также характеристике ее специфики. Институт юридической ответственности является необходимым механизмом регулирования общественных отношений. В рамках данного механизма выделяется своей спецификой и гражданско-правовая ответственность. Отдельно в статье приводятся доктринальные позиции ученых-цивилистов относительно формулировок гражданско-правовой ответственности. В качестве заключения по настоящему исследованию перечисляются характерные черты гражданско-правовой ответственности и приводятся элементы, отражающие специфику гражданско-правовой ответственности. The article is devoted to the legal analysis of civil liability from the point of view of its attribution to one of the types of legal liability, as well as the characteristic of its specificity. The Institute of legal responsibility is a necessary mechanism for regulating public relations. Within this mechanism, civil liability is also distinguished by its specificity. Separately, the article presents the doctrinal positions of civil scientists regarding the wording of civil liability. As a conclusion to this study, the characteristic features of civil liability are listed and elements reflecting the specifics of civil liability are provided.
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Manić, Samir. "DELIKTNA ODGOVORNOST ZA ŠTETU OD PROIZVODA S NEDOSTATKOM PREMA NEMAČKOM GRAĐANSKOM ZAKONIKU (BGB)." In XVIII Majsko savetovanje. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xviiimajsko.835m.

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In German law, liability for damage due to product defects relies on three concepts: traditional contractual liability, traditional tort liability, and objective liability for damage. The paper discusses tortious liability for damage from product defects according to the provisions of the German Civil Code. Namely, by implementing the provisions of Directive 85/374 / EEC into the German legal order, the provisions of the German Civil Code have not been suppressed, but there is a possibility for the injured party to choose the basis of the claim, based on tortious liability, or objective liability for damage. Contractual liability for product defects plays a small role for injured parties in German law. In order to solve the problems that have arisen as a result of the inadequacy of contractual liability, German courts have decided to improve the position of consumers through tortious liability for damage from defective products. Tort liability for damage has become a convenient mechanism for resolving certain problems that have arisen in relation to this liability. Among others, the answer was given to the question of whether inaction, ie omission, can lead to a tort. More importantly, the circle of persons potentially responsible for the damage was concretized.
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Huang, Shanshan. "Study on the Civil Liability of Official Crimes in Ancient China." In 2021 International Conference on Social Science:Public Administration, Law and International Relations (SSPALIR 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210916.021.

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Эрзанукаева, Марьям Магомедовна. "IMPACT OF THE CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC ON CIVIL LAW RELATIONS." In Социально-экономические и гуманитарные науки: сборник избранных статей по материалам Международной научной конференции (Санкт-Петербург, Август 2020). Crossref, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/seh292.2020.99.49.008.

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В статье на основе исследования действующего гражданского законодательства описано влияние коронавируса на вопросы договорного характера, исполнение обязательств и основания освобождения от ответственности The article describes the impact of coronavirus on contractual issues, performance of obligations and grounds for exemption from liability based on the study of current civil legislation.
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Pavićević, Aleksandra. "Lekarska greška i profesionalna krivica zdravstvenih radnika." In XVI Majsko savetovanje. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/upk20.663p.

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The paper discusses the concept and purposefulness of medical error in positive Serbian law (the Law on Health Care), then in comparative law, in order to formulate a proposal for the most adequate definition of this legal term de lege ferenda. The subject of the analysis is the different views of the doctrine and judicial practise on the reach of medical professional error, as well as its positioning in the structure of elements of civil liability for damages, especially in relation to professional fault. The author estimates that the liability of a physician for a medical error, although somewhat peculiar, is not a new legal basis of civil liability for damage in domestic law. It is only one of the possible manifestations of a breach of the due diligence of an expert (from the Law on Obligations), and it is a form of subjective civil liability for the basis of fault (guilt). Thus, physicians bear civil liability for mere negligence on the basis of (objectified) professional fault, which, as a broader term, includes medical error.
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Строк, А. С. "The history of formation and the institution of development of criminal liability for cruelty to animals in Russia." In XXIII Международная научная конференция «Цивилизация знаний: российские реалии» «Цивилизационные задачи современного правоведения: наука, образование, практика» (стратегическая панель). Crossref, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18137/cz22.2022.16.35.001.

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в работе проанализировано историческое становление и развитие норм, регулирующих отношения в области обращения с животными и уголовную ответственность за жестокое обращение с животными. The paper analyzes the historical formation and development of the norms governing relations in the field of treatment of animals and criminal liability for cruelty to animals.
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Akinin, Artem. "Commercial (entrepreneurial) and private international law (comparative law study)." In Actual problems of jurisprudence 2022. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/02089-0/013-018.

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The article deals with the subject, system and sources of trade (entrepreneurial) law in the aspect of the international space. The author of the article notes a significant practical connection between international business and international private law, names their main features as a dispositive method of legal regulation, independence and equality of subjects of civil legal relations, the presence of corresponding rights and obligations among the subjects of such relations, a pronounced property nature of the civil liability of subjects.
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Ben-Haim, Yakov. "Robust-Satisficing in Engineering Design." In ASME 2008 9th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2008-59029.

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Hammurabi’s Code of Law imposed extreme penalties for design failures, providing strong incentives for ancient engineers to meet design specs. Engineers today still bear legal liability for design failure, though less severely than in ancient Babylonia. Why does the engineering profession commonly specify performance requirements as inequality constraints, rather than specifying constrained-optimal design? To “satisfice” means to “meet expectations or specifications”. Why do engineers satisfice rather than optimize performance requirements? The answer we present is based on design in the face of severe uncertainty. We use info-gap decision theory to formulate a design strategy: robust-satisficing. We discuss the relation between robust-satisficing and min-maxing, and we discuss a simple example.
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