Journal articles: 'Relational definition'

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Vaillancourt, Tracy, Patricia McDougall, Shelley Hymel, Amanda Krygsman, Jessie Miller, Kelley Stiver, and Clinton Davis. "Bullying: Are researchers and children/youth talking about the same thing?" International Journal of Behavioral Development 32, no. 6 (November 2008): 486–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025408095553.

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Given the rapid increase in studies of bullying and peer harassment among youth, it becomes important to understand just what is being researched. This study explored whether the themes that emerged from children's definitions of bullying were consistent with theoretical and methodological operationalizations within the research literature, and whether the provision of a definition when administering bullying experience items would lead to different prevalence rates in reported victimization and bullying. Students aged 8—18 ( N = 1767) were randomly assigned to one of two conditions. In the first condition, students were provided with a standard bullying definition; in the second condition, students provided their own definition of bullying. Results indicated that students' definitions of bullying rarely included the three prominent definitional criteria typically endorsed by researchers: intentionality (1.7%), repetition (6%), and power imbalance (26%), although almost all students (92%) did emphasize negative behaviors in their definition. Younger children made more mention of physical aggression, general harassing behaviors, and verbal aggression in their definitions, whereas the theme of relational aggression was most prominent in the middle years and reported more by girls than boys. Finally, students who were given a definition of bullying reported being victimized less than students not provided with a definition. As well, boys who were given a definition of bullying tended to report higher levels of bullying than those not given a definition (marginal effect).

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Vincent, Millist W. "A corrected 5NF definition for relational database design." Theoretical Computer Science 185, no. 2 (October 1997): 379–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3975(97)00050-9.

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Paniagua, Freddy A. "The Relational Definition of Reinforcement: Comments on Circularity." Psychological Record 35, no. 2 (April 1985): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03394925.

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Shotwell, Alexis, and Trevor Sangrey. "Resisting Definition: Gendering through Interaction and Relational Selfhood." Hypatia 24, no. 3 (December 2008): 56–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-2001.2009.01045.x.

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This paper argues that trans and genderqueer people affect the gender formation and identity of non-trans people. We explore three instances of this relationship between trans and non-trans genders: an allegiance to inadequate liberal-individualist models of selfhood; tropes through which trans people are made to stand as theoretical objects with which to think about gender broadly; and a narrow focus on gender and evasion of an intersectional understanding of gender formation.

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Doron, Yael. "Radical Uncertainty in Action. A Response to Dalal’s ‘The Analytic and the Relational: Inquiring into Practice’." Group Analysis 50, no. 2 (May 25, 2017): 255–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0533316417706113.

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In my response to Dalal’s approach to relationally based group psychotherapy I wish to argue that being a group analyst means by definition being a ‘relational group psychotherapist’ and practising ‘radical uncertainty’ in action. I will demonstrate this statement using vignette from a group I conducted.

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Bonzio, Stefano, and Ivan Chajda. "Residuated relational systems." Asian-European Journal of Mathematics 11, no. 02 (March 19, 2018): 1850024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793557118500249.

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The aim of the present paper is to generalize the concept of residuated poset, by replacing the usual partial ordering by a generic binary relation, giving rise to relational systems which are residuated. In particular, we modify the definition of adjointness in such a way that the ordering relation can be harmlessly replaced by a binary relation. By enriching such binary relation with additional properties, we get interesting properties of residuated relational systems which are analogical to those of residuated posets and lattices.

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Matthew, Cynthia T., Gina Buontempo, and Caryn J. Block. "Relational approach to work: conceptual definition and scale development." Journal of Applied Social Psychology 43, no. 3 (February 4, 2013): 507–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2013.01031.x.

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Bolchini, Cristiana, Elisa Quintarelli, and Letizia Tanca. "CARVE: Context-aware automatic view definition over relational databases." Information Systems 38, no. 1 (March 2013): 45–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.is.2012.05.004.

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Ilyes, Emese. "Care-ful definition of consent." Journal of Health Psychology 23, no. 2 (November 17, 2017): 277–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359105317740360.

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This proposal is an attempt to intervene in psychology’s violent past and troubling present by calling for notions of “care-ful” practice, compelling us to recognize and celebrate the permeable, porous, and flexible boundaries between bodies and selves. With this heuristic of care, this article hopes to trouble the separation between rigor and relational responsibility, to trouble objectivism, to oust the illusion of cool rationality, and to offer an affective understanding of consent that refuses to deny sexuality in bodies oppressed with the label of intellectually disabled.

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FONG, JOSEPH, ANTHONY FONG, H. K. WONG, and PHILIP YU. "TRANSLATING RELATIONAL SCHEMA WITH CONSTRAINTS INTO XML SCHEMA." International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 16, no. 02 (April 2006): 201–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194006002744.

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With XML adopted as the technology trend on the Internet, and with investment in the current relational database systems, companies must convert their relational data into XML documents for data transmission on the Internet. In the process, to preserve the users' relational data requirements of data constraints into the converted XML documents, we must define a meaningful root element for each XML document. The construction of an XML document is based on the root element and its relevant elements. The root element can be selected from a relational entity table in the existing relational database, which depends on the requirements to present the business behind. The relevant elements are mapped from the related entities, based on the navigability of the chosen entity. The derived root and relevant elements can form a Data Type Definition Graph (DTD-graph) of an XML conceptual schema diagram which can be mapped into a Data Type Definition (DTD) of an XML schema. The result is a translated XML schema with semantic constraints transferred from a relational conceptual schema of an Extended Entity Relationship (EER) model. The data conversion from relational data to the XML documents can be done after the schema translation. The relational data are loaded into XML documents according to the translated DTD.

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Dailey, A. L., A. J. Frey, and H. M. Walker. "Relational Aggression in School Settings: Definition, Development, Strategies, and Implications." Children & Schools 37, no. 2 (February 6, 2015): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cs/cdv003.

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FONG, JOSEPH, HERBERT SHIU, and JENNY WONG. "METHODOLOGY FOR DATA CONVERSION FROM XML DOCUMENTS TO RELATIONS USING EXTENSIBLE STYLESHEET LANGUAGE TRANSFORMATION." International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 19, no. 02 (March 2009): 249–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194009004131.

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Extensible Markup Language (XML) has been used for data-transport and data-transformation while the business sector continues to store critical business data in relational databases. Extracting relational data and formatting it into XML documents, and then converting XML documents back to relational structures, becomes a major daily activity. It is important to have an efficient methodology to handle this conversion between XML documents and relational data. This paper aims to perform data conversion from XML documents into relational databases. It proposes a prototype and algorithms for this conversion process. The pre-process is schema translation using an XML schema definition. The proposed approach is based on the needs of an Order Information System to suggest a methodology to gain the benefits provided by XML technology and relational database management systems. The methodology is a stepwise procedure using XML schema definition and Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations (XSLT) to ensure that the data constraints are not scarified after data conversion. The implementation of the data conversion is performed by decomposing the XML document of a hierarchical tree model into normalized relations interrelated with their artifact primary keys and foreign keys. The transformation process is performed by XSLT. This paper will also demonstrate the entire conversion process through a detailed case study.

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Qin, Yaqing. "Diplomacy as Relational Practice." Hague Journal of Diplomacy 15, no. 1-2 (February 19, 2020): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1871191x-15101092.

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Summary Diplomacy is defined as implementation of foreign policy through communication, and the ministry of foreign affairs (MFA) is the chief implementer and communicator. This article challenges the conventional definition and argues that diplomacy is relational practice in the first place. The anchoring practice of diplomacy is to make, manage and build up relations. The MFA, therefore, is the pivotal relator who, to maintain a cooperative relationship, needs to follow two principles, both inspired by ancient Chinese philosophical thinking. The first is ‘the Confucian improvement’, meaning that improvement of self-interest is possible if and only if other-interest is simultaneously improved, and the second, ‘the Mencian optimality’, holding that self-interest is best realised if and only if a community maintains optimally harmonious relations among its members. The MFA is a good implementer and communicator only if it is able to manage well complex relations in international society.

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Cubero, J. C., and M. A. Vila. "A new definition of fuzzy functional dependency in fuzzy relational databases." International Journal of Intelligent Systems 9, no. 5 (1994): 441–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/int.4550090504.

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Simsek, Emine, Iro Xenidou-Dervou, Ilyas Karadeniz, and Ian Jones. "The conception of substitution of the equals sign plays a unique role in students' algebra performance." Journal of Numerical Cognition 5, no. 1 (April 5, 2019): 24–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/jnc.v5i1.147.

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Students’ conceptions of the equals sign are related to algebraic success. Research has identified two common conceptions held by children: operational and relational. The latter has been widely operationalised in terms of the sameness of the values on each side of the equals sign, but it has been recently argued that the substitution component of relational equivalence should also be operationalised (Jones, Inglis, Gilmore, & Dowens, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2012.05.003). In this study, we investigated whether students’ endorsement of the substitution definition of the equals sign is a unique predictor of their algebra performance independent of the other two definitions (operational and sameness). Secondary school students were asked to rate the ‘cleverness’ of operational, sameness, and substitution definitions of the equals sign and completed an algebra test. Our findings demonstrate that endorsement of substitution plays a unique role in explaining secondary school students’ algebra performance above and beyond school year and the other definitions. These findings contribute new insights into how students’ algebra learning relates to their conceptions of the equals sign.

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Ma, Zongmin, Chengwei Li, and Li Yan. "Reengineering Probabilistic Relational Databases with Fuzzy Probability Measures into XML Model." Journal of Database Management 28, no. 3 (July 2017): 26–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jdm.2017070102.

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This paper concentrates on modeling probabilistic events with fuzzy probability measures in relational databases and XML (Extensible Markup Language). Instead of crisp probability degrees or interval probability degrees, fuzzy sets are applied to represent imprecise probability degrees in relational databases and XML. A probabilistic XML model with fuzzy probability measures is introduced, which incorporates fuzzy probability measures to handle imprecision and uncertainty. In particular, the formal approach to reengineering the relational database model with fuzzy probability measures into the DTD (document type definition) model with fuzzy probability measures is developed in the paper.

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Sembiring, Bahtera. "Relational Process Clauses in the Students’ Descriptive Essays." Jurnal Bahasa Inggris Terapan 6, no. 1 (October 23, 2020): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.35313/jbit.v6i1.1934.

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This study revealed the result of the analysis of the relational process clauses found on the students’ descriptive essays at the CCU course. The study is aimed at scrutinizing the clauses of the relational process with their roles and lexical verbs realizing the relational process. The data analyzed for the accountable study were 21 descriptive essays. The method applied for the study was the descriptive qualitative one and Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) was used as the framework in analyzing the data. The study exposed 5 different roles of clauses as a result. The roles are properties or characteristics with the first place following definition, classification, composition, and function ones in a consecutive way. The study result also acknowledged that relational process clauses are mostly used for describing Properties. This role was realized by two types of relational process clauses –intensive and possessive relational process clauses operating on attributive relational process. However, the relational process occurring in possessive relational process clause was only realized by a single verb have. This indicates that the students have a limited linguistic knowledge which implicates on improving students’ writing descriptive skills. Keywords: relational process clause, descriptive writing, essays, Systemic Functional Linguistics, CCU

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Rull, Guillem, Carles Farré, Ernest Teniente, and Toni Urpí. "Validation of schema mappings with nested queries." Computer Science and Information Systems 10, no. 1 (2013): 79–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/csis120713042r.

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With the emergence of the Web and the wide use of XML for representing data, the ability to map not only flat relational but also nested data has become crucial. The design of schema mappings is a semi-automatic process. A human designer is needed to guide the process, choose among mapping candidates, and successively refine the mapping. The designer needs a way to figure out whether the mapping is what was intended. Our approach to mapping validation allows the designer to check whether the mapping satisfies certain desirable properties. In this paper, we focus on the validation of mappings between nested relational schemas, in which the mapping assertions are either inclusions or equalities of nested queries. We focus on the nested relational setting since most XML?s Document Type Definitions (DTDs) can be represented in this model. We perform the validation by reasoning on the schemas and mapping definition. We take into account the integrity constraints defined on both the source and target schema. We consider constraints and mapping?s queries which may contain arithmetic comparisons and negations. This class of mapping scenarios is significantly more expressive than the ones addressed by previous work on nested relational mapping validation. We encode the given mapping scenario into a single flat database schema, so we can take advantage of our previous work on validating flat relational mappings, and reformulate each desirable property check as a query satisfiability problem.

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Larson, James A., and Amit P. Sheth. "Updating relational views using knowledge at view definition and view update time." Information Systems 16, no. 2 (1991): 145–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-4379(91)90012-x.

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Duplij, Steven. "Higher Regularity, Inverse and Polyadic Semigroups." Universe 7, no. 10 (October 13, 2021): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe7100379.

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We generalize the regularity concept for semigroups in two ways simultaneously: to higher regularity and to higher arity. We show that the one-relational and multi-relational formulations of higher regularity do not coincide, and each element has several inverses. The higher idempotents are introduced, and their commutation leads to unique inverses in the multi-relational formulation, and then further to the higher inverse semigroups. For polyadic semigroups we introduce several types of higher regularity which satisfy the arity invariance principle as introduced: the expressions should not depend of the numerical arity values, which allows us to provide natural and correct binary limits. In the first definition no idempotents can be defined, analogously to the binary semigroups, and therefore the uniqueness of inverses can be governed by shifts. In the second definition called sandwich higher regularity, we are able to introduce the higher polyadic idempotents, but their commutation does not provide uniqueness of inverses, because of the middle terms in the higher polyadic regularity conditions. Finally, we introduce the sandwich higher polyadic regularity with generalized idempotents.

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Bock, Dora Elizabeth, Judith Anne Garretson Folse, and William C. Black. "Gratitude in service encounters: implications for building loyalty." Journal of Services Marketing 30, no. 3 (May 9, 2016): 341–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsm-06-2015-0223.

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Purpose While research on customer gratitude is gaining momentum, there is an absence of a clear conceptualization and operationalization of the construct. This paper aims to provide a grounded theory definition of customer gratitude, develops and validates a gratitude scale to fully capture the comprehensive definition and assesses the scale in a nomological network with antecedents and consequences. Design/methodology/approach This qualitative study and four quantitative studies examine customer gratitude within service encounters. Findings Results from all five studies support a three-dimensional definition of customer gratitude that includes affective, behavioral and cognitive dimensions. The quantitative findings show that the three-dimensional gratitude scale offers strong predictive ability of loyalty and relationship continuity and that gratitude maintains its effect on these relational outcomes after assessing other mediating mechanisms (e.g. value). Research limitations/implications This research offers an expanded conceptual definition and scale of customer gratitude that conforms to theory and the extant literature. The scale maintains construct validity which is supported in a nomological context of theoretically based antecedents and consequences. Originality/value This work advances the emerging gratitude literature by clearly delineating the construct’s domain, measurement and impact on relational outcomes.

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Tyrberg, Mårten J., Thomas Parling, and Tobias Lundgren. "Patterns of Relational Framing in Executive Function: An Investigation of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test." Psychological Record 71, no. 3 (March 15, 2021): 411–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40732-021-00459-w.

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AbstractExecutive function (EF) is a concept widely used to describe higher order cognitive functioning. However, the concept seems to lack a precise definition upon which even experts in the area can agree. Examples of existing definitions describe EF as capacities for independent self-serving behavior and aspects of working memory, planning and organizational skills. It has been argued that the definition of EF is too imprecise, in terms of informing effective interventions. To possibly understand the range of behaviors termed EF in a more workable way, we administered a well-known computerized test (the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; WCST) of EF to a sample of normal functioning participants (n = 11). During administration, they were asked questions about their ways of thinking. Transcriptions of questions and answers were analyzed in search of common patterns, using a behavioral theory of language and cognition (relational frame theory; RFT). The analysis suggested that a specific relationship between deictic and temporal framing, on the one hand, and coordination and spatial framing, on the other, was in effect when participants performed well on the WCST. At critical time points during the test (i.e., when need for EF was arguably most acute), deictic and temporal framing dominated participants’ behavior, whereas coordination and spatial framing were used relatively less.

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Myszkorowski, Krzysztof. "FUZZY RECURSIVE RELATIONSHIPS IN RELATIONAL DATABASES." Information System in Management 7, no. 1 (March 31, 2018): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/isim.2018.7.1.4.

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Recursive relationships are used for modelling problems coming from the real life, such as, for example, a relationship describing formal dependencies between employees of an enterprise, where creation of work groups and teams requires analysis of many elements. In conventional database systems, the precision of data is assumed. If our knowledge of the fragment of reality to be modelled is imperfect one should apply tools for describing uncertain or imprecise information. One of them is the fuzzy set theory. The paper deals with recursive relationships in fuzzy databases. The analysis is performed with the use of the theory of interval-valued fuzzy sets. A definition of a fuzzy interval recursive relationship has been presented. The paper defines different connections of entities which participate in such relationships. Op-erations of the extended relational algebra are also discussed.

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Hill, Clara E., Sharon B. Spiegel, Mary Ann Hoffman, Dennis M. Kivlighan, and Charles J. Gelso. "Therapist Expertise in Psychotherapy Revisited." Counseling Psychologist 45, no. 1 (January 2017): 7–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011000016641192.

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The thesis of this article is that the lack of evidence related to the identification and development of therapist expertise is due to the inadequate definition and operationalization of the concept. We propose a definition of expertise that is restricted to performance in the conduct of psychotherapy: the manifestation of the highest levels of ability, skill, professional competence, and effectiveness. In addition, we offer several criteria that may be used to assess expertise: performance (including relational and technical expertise), cognitive processing, client outcomes, experience, personal and relational qualities, credentials, reputation, and self-assessment. We then review research related to the development of expertise, highlighting the role of experience with clients, personal therapy, supervision, deliberate practice, and feedback. Finally, we conclude with recommendations for conducting research on therapist expertise.

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Botha, Larysa, and Renier Steyn. "Conceptualisation of Psychological Contract: Definitions, Typologies and Measurement." Journal of Social Science Studies 8, no. 2 (July 22, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jsss.v8i2.18703.

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Background: Psychological contracts, and particularly the honouring of these contracts – are central to employee behaviour and organisational success. The interest of academics and practitioners in this construct is therefore understandable. However, due to the immense amount of information on the topic, a comprehensive review of the literature is necessary. Aim: The aim of this article is to present a critical review on the conceptualisation of the psychological contract, distilling and operationalising the concept, to ensure that debate and future research are linked to a dominant body of knowledge. Setting: Present literature on psychological contracts is fragmented as no conceptual standardisation exists. Method: A comprehensive literature review was conducted to obtain a large quantum of conceptualisations of the construct and evaluate these for breadth of adoption, consensus, and operationalisation. Results: After reviewing reputable sources published between 1960 and 2020, a standard definition proposed, the most recognised typologies specified, and sound measures identified. It was found that Rousseau’s (1995) definition and typologies (transactional and relational contracts) are still widely used, and that the measuring scale for transactional and relational contracts by Millward and Hopkins (1998) demonstrates good psychometric properties and broadly utilised. Conclusion: Since its inception, several amended definitions, typologies, and measurement of the psychological contract have been presented. Nonetheless, the original conceptualisations still seem to prevail. Managerial implications: Researchers and practitioners are now aware of the most widely adopted definitions, typologies and measuring instruments relating to psychological contract and these should guide them in future discussions and research in the field.

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Li, Ying, and Baotian Dong. "The Algebraic Operations and Their Implementation Based on a Two-Layer Cloud Data Model." Cybernetics and Information Technologies 16, no. 6 (December 1, 2016): 5–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cait-2016-0074.

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Abstract The existing cloud data models cannot meet the management requirements of structured data very well including a great deal of relational data, therefore a two-layer cloud data model is proposed. The composite object is defined to model the nested data in the representation layer, while a 4-tuple is defined to model the non-nested data in the storage layer. Referring the relational algebra, the concept of SNO (Simple Nested Object) is defined as basic operational unit of the algebraic operations; the formal definitions of the algebraic operations consisting of the set operations and the query operations on the representation layer are proposed. The algorithm of extracting all SNOs from a CAO (Component-Attribute-Object) set of a composite object is proposed firstly as the foundation, and then as the idea; the pseudo code implementation of algorithms of the algebraic operations on the storage layer are proposed. Logic proof and example proof indicate that the definition and the algorithms of the algebraic operations are correct.

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Michalewicz, Zbigniew, and Lindsay Groves. "Algebraic Operations on Restricted Cardinality Sets in Relational Databases." Fundamenta Informaticae 12, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 13–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/fi-1989-12103.

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A number of approaches have been taken to incorporating sets in relational databases. We review three such approaches and discuss a new approach, called restricted cardinality sets, which combines aspects of the other approaches, allowing both compound values and incomplete information to be represented. We show that this approach generalizes the other approaches, leading to a simpler, more flexible representation; and discuss the definition of algebraic operations on such sets.

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Afrianto, Afrianto. "ZERO RELATIONAL PROCESS IN LAMPUNG CLAUSE." Linguistik Indonesia 40, no. 1 (February 3, 2022): 63–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/li.v40i1.192.

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This research presents a configuration of relational clause which does not have a relational process. Such a process is called zero relational process. However, this non-process relational clause has an alternative process which is called attributive/identifying processor demonstrated by the attribute or identifying processor demonstrated by the value and token. Accordingly, this research argues that both attribute and value are connected to the carrier and the token syntactically and semantically because they function to predicate carrier and token through modifying (attribute) and identifying-representing-defining (value). In other words, an attribute can function as the attribute (modifier) and the process (attributive processor) while a value can function as the value (identifier) and the process (identifying processor). Furthermore, it is found that an attribute can construe the characteristics of a carrier and demonstrate numerical information (number, grade, and quantity). On the other hand, a value provides identity, representation, and definition for the token.

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Hancock, Jeffrey T., Mor Naaman, and Karen Levy. "AI-Mediated Communication: Definition, Research Agenda, and Ethical Considerations." Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 25, no. 1 (January 2020): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcmc/zmz022.

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Abstract We define Artificial Intelligence-Mediated Communication (AI-MC) as interpersonal communication in which an intelligent agent operates on behalf of a communicator by modifying, augmenting, or generating messages to accomplish communication goals. The recent advent of AI-MC raises new questions about how technology may shape human communication and requires re-evaluation – and potentially expansion – of many of Computer-Mediated Communication’s (CMC) key theories, frameworks, and findings. A research agenda around AI-MC should consider the design of these technologies and the psychological, linguistic, relational, policy and ethical implications of introducing AI into human–human communication. This article aims to articulate such an agenda.

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Morrissey, Lindsey, Kara B. Wettersten, and Julio Brionez. "Qualitatively Derived Definitions of Emotional Infidelity Among Professional Women in Cross-Gender Relationships." Psychology of Women Quarterly 43, no. 1 (October 28, 2018): 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361684318806681.

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We aimed to define emotional infidelity among professional women who are in monogamous, cross-gender romantic relationships. We used constructivist grounded theory to capture participants’ lived experiences, perspectives, and worldviews. Eight currently partnered, self-identified women, established in their careers, and between the ages of 32 and 49, engaged in semi-structured initial, and brief follow-up, telephone interviews. Our data analysis and integration of participants’ perspectives and experiences revealed three main categories: (1) defining emotional infidelity, (2) how emotional infidelity occurs, and (3) relationship safeguarding. We developed a substantive, though preliminary, definition of emotional infidelity grounded in the literature and based on eight women’s discussion of emotional infidelity. Our hope is that researchers and practitioners would use this definition both as a model for investigating other population-specific definitions of emotional infidelity, and for better understanding and intervening upon relational processes related to emotional infidelity.

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N. Karanikolas, Nikitas, and Michael Vassilakopoulos. "Comparison of Post-Relational and Object-Relational modelling for real-world database applications." Journal of Systems and Information Technology 16, no. 4 (November 4, 2014): 313–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsit-05-2014-0034.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to compare the use of two Object-Relational models against the use of a post-Relational model for a realistic application. Although real-world applications, in most cases, can be adequately modeled by the Entity-Relationship (ER) model, the transformation to the popular Relational model alters the representation of structures common in reality, like multi-valued and composite fields. Alternative database models have been developed to overcome these shortcomings. Design/methodology/approach – Based on the ER model of a medical application, this paper compares the information representation, manipulation and enforcement of integrity constraints through PostgreSQL and Oracle, against the use of a post-Relational model composed of the Conceptual Universal Database Language (CUDL) and the Conceptual Universal Database Language Abstraction Level (CAL). Findings – The CAL/CUDL pair, although more periphrastic for data definition, is simpler for data insertions, does not require the use of procedural code for data updates, produces clearer output for retrieval of attributes, can accomplish retrieval of rows based on conditions that address composite data with declarative statements and supports data validation for relationships between composite data without the need for procedural code. Research limitations/implications – To verify, in practice, the conclusions of the paper, complete implementation of a CAL/CUDL system is needed. Practical implications – The use of the CAL/CUDL pair would advance the productivity of database application development. Originality/value – This paper highlights the properties of realistic database-applications modelling and management that are desirable by developers and shows that these properties are better satisfied by the CAL/CUDL pair.

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Folgheraiter, Fabio, and Maria Luisa Raineri. "A critical analysis of the social work definition according to the relational paradigm." International Social Work 55, no. 4 (April 3, 2012): 473–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020872812440588.

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Shiiba, Eiji, Yasuhumi Ohonaka, and Yasuhiko Yoshida. "3408 On the macroscopic transformation function of Topology CAD using relational definition function." Proceedings of Design & Systems Conference 2006.16 (2006): 384–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmedsd.2006.16.384.

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Maier, Jonathan R. A. "On the computability of affordances as relations." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 29, no. 3 (July 28, 2015): 249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060415000207.

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AbstractOne of the principal advantages of affordance-based design is that Gibson's theory of affordances is a relational theory, akin to other relational approaches such as relational biology and relational computer science. The relationships between artifacts and their designers and users are of such primary importance that only a theory that is able to deal with those relationships directly appears to be sufficient for describing the wide breadth of problems in engineering design. However, there is no precise definition for what qualifies as a relational theory. In mathematics, we do find something approaching a theory of relations, dating back at least to Charles Peirce's Logic of Relatives around 1870. While rather general, Peirce's ideas on the subject laid the foundation for advances in the 20th century, including the relational model of databases. This paper is a first attempt at applying the mathematics of relations to affordances, with the aim of more precisely characterizing affordances, which heretofore have been difficult to define and, lacking appropriate mathematics, nearly impossible to subject to computation. Meanwhile, the implicit computability of affordances as relations is demonstrated by examples drawn from engineering, physics, computer science, biology, and architecture.

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Fakharaldien, Mohammed Adam Ibrahim, Jasni Mohamed Zain, Norrozila Sulaiman, and Tutut Herawan. "XRecursive." International Journal of Information Retrieval Research 1, no. 4 (October 2011): 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijirr.2011100104.

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Storing XML documents in a relational database is a promising solution because relational databases are mature and scale very well. They have the advantages that in a relational database XML data and structured data can coexist making it possible to build application that involve both kinds of data with little extra effort. This paper proposes an alternative method named Xrecursive for mapping XML (eXtensible Markup Language) documents to RDB (Relational Databases). The Xrecursive method does not need a DTD (Document Text Definition) or XML schema. Further, it can be applied as a general solution for any XML data. The steps and algorithm of Xrecursive are given in details to describe how to use the storing structure to storage and query XML documents in relational database. The authors report their experimental results on a real database, showing that the performance of their Xrecursive algorithm achieves better results in terms of storage size, insertion time, mapping time, and reconstruction time as compared with that SUCXENT and XParent methods. In overall, Xrecursive performs better in term of query performances as compared to the both methods.

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Schreiner, Geomar A., Denio Duarte, and Ronaldo dos S. Melo. "When Relational-Based Applications Go to NoSQL Databases: A Survey." Information 10, no. 7 (July 16, 2019): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info10070241.

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Several data-centric applications today produce and manipulate a large volume of data, the so-called Big Data. Traditional databases, in particular, relational databases, are not suitable for Big Data management. As a consequence, some approaches that allow the definition and manipulation of large relational data sets stored in NoSQL databases through an SQL interface have been proposed, focusing on scalability and availability. This paper presents a comparative analysis of these approaches based on an architectural classification that organizes them according to their system architectures. Our motivation is that wrapping is a relevant strategy for relational-based applications that intend to move relational data to NoSQL databases (usually maintained in the cloud). We also claim that this research area has some open issues, given that most approaches deal with only a subset of SQL operations or give support to specific target NoSQL databases. Our intention with this survey is, therefore, to contribute to the state-of-art in this research area and also provide a basis for choosing or even designing a relational-to-NoSQL data wrapping solution.

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SAXENA, P. C., and D. K. TAYAL. "NORMALIZATION IN TYPE-2 FUZZY RELATIONAL DATA MODEL BASED ON FUZZY FUNCTIONAL DEPENDENCY USING FUZZY FUNCTIONS." International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems 20, no. 01 (February 2012): 99–138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218488512500067.

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In fuzzy relational databases, the data dependencies, especially the fuzzy functional dependency(ffd) plays an important role in maintaining the consistency of the database and in avoiding the redundant storage of the data. In the past, it has been shown that the type-2 fuzzy relational databases captures impreciseness and incompleteness in data in a better way. The aim of this paper is to provide the concepts for database normalization in a type-2 fuzzy relational database, so that the normalized schemas can be obtained. Here, we deal with the fuzzy functional dependency(ffd) based normalization of type-2 fuzzy relational databases. We use the concepts of fuzzy functions to derive the fuzzy equality and using this fuzzy equality, we define a new definition of fuzzy functional dependency. First we discuss various approaches proposed by the researchers in this context and show why our fuzzy functional dependency is better, as compared to the earlier ffds proposed by the researchers. We call our ffd as non-0 LHS ffd. We identify an anomaly called "spurious ffd" and show that some of the significant contributions proposed by the earlier researchers are suffering from this anomaly, but the non-0 LHS ffd does not suffer from it. Then, we prove that the set of inference rules for the non-0 LHS ffd are sound and complete. We use the definition of non-0 LHS ffd in obtaining the first three normal forms upto BCNF for type-1 and type-2 fuzzy relational schemas. The result of the decomposition and the procedure to obtain the membership value of the decomposed relations is proposed. The associated concepts like the fuzzy key, fuzzy superkey, fuzzy foreign key are defined in terms of non-0 LHS ffd. On the basis of these concepts, we define full ffd, partial ffd etc. In the last, we show that in our case, the relationship of total-ordering between the three normal forms in classical relational databases is also observed.

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Janssen, Leah, and Kate de Medeiros. "Are We Missing the Target When Measuring Quality of Life?" Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1201.

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Abstract Over the last several decades, many instruments have been created to measure quality of life (QoL) in older adults, particularly for intervention research on individuals living with dementia. However, since definitions of QoL lack standardization across the research literature, the question of how to holistically capture an elusive and expansive concept such as QoL remain. This research uses qualitative content analysis to explore definitions and domains of QoL with an eye toward overlap and gaps. Definitions of QoL were extracted from gerontology encyclopedia entries and other peer-reviewed supplemental resources and analyzed for themes using Dedoose qualitative software. Results revealed three over-arching themes: no standardized or universal definition of QoL, use of subjective and objective factors for measurement, and varying domains of QoL. Additionally, we further distilled theme three to identify eight unique QoL domains: 1) economic/financial, 2) environment, 3) ADL/IADL function, 4) participation in activities, 5) personal resources, 6) physical health, 7) psychological well-being, and 8) social/relational, the total of which were only found in one of 15 definitions of QoL. Overall, findings led to an overarching definition of QoL that cuts across multiple dimensions and factors. We argue that by having all eight domains our understanding and measurement of QoL is enhanced, thereby improving our assessment of existing definitions of QoL, as well as the instruments used to measure QoL.

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Li, Zhi Ping, Chuan Xian Jiang, and Zhi Li. "A New Watermarking Algorithm for Relational Database Copyright Protection." Applied Mechanics and Materials 385-386 (August 2013): 1713–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.385-386.1713.

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In order to enhance the robustness of database watermark, a watermarking algorithm for relational database copyright protection is proposed. Some types of data are selected from the relational database according to filtering rules, and two-dimension signal is formed. Then, the watermarking is embedded into the wavelet domain of two-dimension signal. We analyze that the wavelet high frequency coefficients of corresponding data follow the Gauss distribution and give the definition of the intensive factor. Employing the linear correlation detecting method, we can embed the watermark successfully in wavelet domain. The watermark can be distributed to different parts of the relational database. Experimental results show that the embedded digital watermarks with the proposed algorithm are invisible and some degree of robustness against the commonly used database processing techniques.

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Vidakovic, Jovana, Sonja Ristic, Slavica Kordic, and Ivan Lukovic. "Extended tuple constraint type as a complex integrity constraint type in XML data model - definition and enforcement." Computer Science and Information Systems 15, no. 3 (2018): 821–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/csis180324029v.

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A database management system (DBMS) is based on a data model whose concepts are used to express a database schema. Each data model has a specific set of integrity constraint types. There are integrity constraint types, such as key constraint, unique constraint and foreign key constraint that are supported by most DBMSs. Other, more complex constraint types are difficult to express and enforce and are mostly completely disregarded by actual DBMSs. The users have to manage those using custom procedures or triggers. eXtended Markup Language (XML) has become the universal format for representing and exchanging data. Very often XML data are generated from relational databases and exported to a target application or another database. In this context, integrity constraints play the essential role in preserving the original semantics of data. Integrity constraints have been extensively studied in the relational data model. Mechanisms provided by XML schema languages rely on a simple form of constraints that is sufficient neither for expressing semantic constraints commonly found in databases nor for expressing more complex constraints induced by the business rules of the system under study. In this paper we present a classification of constraint types in relational data model, discuss possible declarative mechanisms for their specification and enforcement in the XML data model, and illustrate our approach to the definition and enforcement of complex constraint types in the XML data model on the example of extended tuple constraint type.

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Krawelitzki, Judith. "God the Almighty? Observations in the Psalms." Vetus Testamentum 64, no. 3 (July 28, 2014): 434–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685330-12341160.

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The fact that the Hebrew Psalter does not characterize God as “almighty” and that only a few post-exilic Psalms approach the notion of divine omnipotence does not represent a devaluation of God’s power, but rather a definition of this power in relational and soteriological terms.

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Lisanti, Christopher, and Sione Wolfgramm. "Does Medicine Have Common Goals? An Analysis of US Medical Organizations’ Ethics Statements." Linacre Quarterly 88, no. 2 (January 11, 2021): 202–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0024363920982707.

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Background: A philosophical framework defines medicine. Multiple competing frameworks lead to varying and sometimes conflicting understandings of the physician–patient relationship, medicine’s goals, and physicians’ duties. The objective of this study is to categorize the various goals, identify the underlying philosophical framework, and determine inconsistency among US medical organizations. Method: Twenty-five American Board of Medical Specialties-related organizations, the American Medical Association, and the American Osteopathic Association were searched for key goal-related terms in their ethics-related statements. Direct goal statements were also analyzed. Key terms were grouped as physician-centric/objective (best interest, treat disease, prevent disease, cope with illness, health care/promotion) representing the traditional ends of medicine, patient-centric/subjective (welfare/well-being, patient benefit) reflecting social constructionist methodology, or relational (services to humanity, medical/patient care). Each organization was characterized overall as traditional, social constructionist, or relational. Inconsistency was defined as the smaller between the social constructionist and traditional with relational possibly inconsistent. Definitions of key terms and references to philosophical frameworks were reviewed. Results: Twenty-two organizations were included; 73 percent of statements as a whole reflected a social constructionist model with 18 percent having traditional ends and 9 percent a relational framework. There was an 18 percent to 27 percent inconsistency among organization statements as a whole; 68 percent of organizations had direct statements; 47 percent of direct statements reflected a social constructionist methodology, 33 percent the traditional ends, and 20 percent the relational model; 33 percent to 53 percent of direct statements were inconsistent among organizations. No definitions of key terms or explicit references to philosophical frameworks were found. Conclusion: There is substantial inconsistency regarding the direct goals of medicine without any definitions of key terms. This inconsistency and lack of clarity underlie disagreement regarding physicians’ roles and their duties. Clear core goals such as treat and prevent disease would consistently define the physician–patient relationship, restore medicine’s objectivity, and provide a distinct understanding of physicians’ obligations. Summary: American medical organizations use a multiplicity of terms and have substantial inconsistency regarding the direct goals of medicine with neither a clear underlying theoretical basis nor a definition of key terms. Our analysis suggests the most common theoretical basis for the goals of medicine was the social constructivist view followed closely by the traditional ends of medicine (e.g., treat and prevent disease) and finally the relational model. The authors contend that the traditional ends of medicine are the best option for a core mission of medicine whereby the physician–patient relationship is consistently defined, and a physician’s duties derived.

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Leigland, Sam. "Is a New Definition of Verbal Behavior Necessary in Light of Derived Relational Responding?" Behavior Analyst 20, no. 1 (April 1997): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03392757.

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Fletcher, Lindsay, and Steven C. Hayes. "Relational frame theory, acceptance and commitment therapy, and a functional analytic definition of mindfulness." Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy 23, no. 4 (November 30, 2005): 315–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10942-005-0017-7.

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Fong, Joseph, and San Kuen Cheung. "Translating relational schema into XML schema definition with data semantic preservation and XSD graph." Information and Software Technology 47, no. 7 (May 2005): 437–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.infsof.2004.09.010.

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Ghani, Neil, Fredrik Nordvall Forsberg, and Federico Orsanigo. "Universal properties for universal types in bifibrational parametricity." Mathematical Structures in Computer Science 29, no. 06 (March 22, 2019): 810–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960129518000336.

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AbstractIn the 1980s, John Reynolds postulated that a parametrically polymorphic function is an ad-hoc polymorphic function satisfying a uniformity principle. This allowed him to prove that his set-theoretic semantics has a relational lifting which satisfies the Identity Extension Lemma and the Abstraction Theorem. However, his definition (and subsequent variants) has only been given for specific models. In contrast, we give a model-independent axiomatic treatment by characterising Reynolds’ definition via a universal property, and show that the above results follow from this universal property in the axiomatic setting.

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Anderson, Neal G. "Irreversible information loss: Fundamental notions and entropy costs." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 33 (January 2014): 1460354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194514603548.

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Landauer's Principle (LP) associates an entropy increase with the irreversible loss of information from a physical system. Clear statement, unambiguous interpretation, and proper application of LP requires precise, mutually consistent, and sufficiently general definitions for a set of interlocking fundamental notions and quantities (entropy, information, irreversibility, erasure). In this work, we critically assess some common definitions and quantities used or implied in statements of LP, and reconsider their definition within an alternative “referential” approach to physical information theory that embodies an overtly relational conception of physical information. We prove an inequality on the entropic cost of irreversible information loss within this context, as well as “referential analogs” of LP and its more general restatement by Bennett. Advantages of the referential approach for establishing fundamental limits on the physical costs of irreversible information loss in communication and computing systems are discussed throughout.

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Melber, Henning. "What is African in Africa(n) Studies? Confronting the (Mystifying) Power of Ideology and Identity." Africa Bibliography 2013 (November 2014): vii—xvii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266673114000038.

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ABSTRACTThe power of definition executed by scholars relates to the terms of ownership within the sphere of knowledge production. In Africa(n) Studies this is exacerbated by the fact that Western scholars continue to dominate the field. But identity and concepts (and ideology, shaped by values and norms not least internalised through personal and academic socialisation) as integral parts of scholarly knowledge production are important ingredients. As contributing factors they provide options and not pre-determinations. Hence the definition of Africa and Africa(n) Studies is a relational matter and open to contestation. This article presents perspectives and reflections, which to some extent abstract from material realities and engage in scholarly debates on the discipline and its orientation(s). It thereby further explores ‘disciplinary control and theoretical fractures’ – in the words of Deborah Bryceson - within Africa(n) Studies, through investigations into the meanings of Africa and Africa(n) Studies based on a variety of arguments. It invites examining our concepts and (self-)understanding as well as definitions as scholars in Africa(n) Studies.

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Potočárová, Mária. "Developmental aspects in models of behaviour and education." Kultura - Przemiany - Edukacja 8 (2020): 151–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/kpe.2020.8.10.

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The article points out the link between the evolutionary conditioned human personality development and their upbringing. Basing on this theoretical context can be derived the definition of relational bonding, behavioral relationships, especially in the early childhood, as well as other patterns of behavior during individual (human) development. The models of behavioral patterns are demonstrated in both negative and positive forms in the adolescent youth. Although high importance is assigned to the socializing influence in the adolescent age, the innate natural relations of the development and evolutionary determined specific signs of relational bonding play a significant role in this period of the human development. The undesirable formulas and various forms of problem behavior must then be solved through the reeducational upbringing processes, in particular using the interacting in the educational process, communication, "relational" education and cultivating personality formation. The goal of the education is the development and integrity of the personality.

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Spalding, Thomas L., and Christina L. Gagné. "Relational diversity affects ease of processing even for opaque English compounds." Semantic Considerations of Lexical Processing 9, no. 1 (April 24, 2014): 48–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.9.1.03spa.

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Recent research has indicated that understanding compound words involves an attempt at semantic composition of the constituent words, and that this meaning construction process involves an attempt to identify a relation linking the constituents. Research with novel compounds, where a meaning construction process is necessary, has shown that relational interpretations compete to be selected during comprehension, and that increased competition leads to increased processing difficulty. The current project investigates relational competition during the processing of transparent and opaque English compounds. The results show that the diversity of possible relational interpretations affects the ease with which participants can make a lexical decision for a compound. This is true even for opaque compounds, where the identification of the meaning of the compound cannot, by definition, be the result of the meaning construction process. This suggests that initiation of the meaning construction process is obligatory during compound processing.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Relational definition'

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