Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Relational definition'

In this thesis, a mathematical model that describes a “Unique Constraint Domain” is defined. Following, the “Ordered Unique Constraint Domain” is also mathematically defined. With those definitions, a cross-domain ordering is also defined. Then it is shown that relationships between tables in a Relational Database Management System can be defined in other forms than the usual ways, using cross-domain indexes, based in cross-domain ordering. It is shown that all foreign keys in a database can be transformed in indexes with the benefit of speeding data access. It is also shown that this technique is consistent with actual modeling techniques. It is shown how the index structure, with indexes defined as functions, can provide support for relationship roles. In addition, it is also shown how this can provide support for more than two tables in one relationship and for supporting special sorting order. The addition of a mathematical function to a relation that could sort that relation, demonstrating that the closure property of relations are still kept, shows that this mathematical model can be used as extension of the base relational model. Next, it is shown that with this new technique, commercial database engines should not degrade performance because all supporting structures are already present and, in some cases, a better performance might be achieved. Code for a prototype based in a Commercial Database Engine has been added, as an annex, to show how this new technique can be used.

Morale is a commonly used term both in business and society but the concept of morale is relatively poorly defined and understood. In a recent paper Liefooghe et al. (2004) expressed surprise that "when reviewing the literature, no strong theory to explain morale as such is in evidence, nor are there many empirical studies that offer solid ground to advise organisations"(p 1). This thesis aims to provide these theories and this empirical evidence in order to produce a better understanding of morale. This research identifies a number of deficiencies in the current understanding of morale. These range from elision with other concepts to disagreement about whether it is an individual or group phenomenon. In this study, four principal domains are examined: (i) what morale is; (ii) how it differs from other concepts; (iii) the antecedents of morale and (iv) its consequences. A mixed methods approach was adopted combining idiographic and nomothetic research. The idiographic phase of the research adopted a Straussian (1998) grounded theory approach, involving data collection from seven different organisations. The data was accrued from a combination of site visits, informal contacts, external research, and 203 semi-structured interviews which were supplemented with psychometric instruments. The data were then coded and analysed. Morale could be readily differentiated from other concepts and emerged as a phenomenon with three dimensions: affective, future/goal and interpersonal. It was also viewed as a single phenomenon which was generalisable across situations and rooted in the individual although perceived members of the group exerted considerable influence. The antecedents of morale impacted on the three dimensions outlined above. Its consequences were the zeal with which tasks are undertaken, creativity and engagement. The nomothetic element of the research developed a number of measurement scales, grounded in the qualitative phase. These allowed morale to be differentiated from other phenomena and offered insights into individual and group perceptions of morale and the influence of personality variables. Further quantitative research confirmed the three dimensional structure of the concept. The results of these two phases were then integrated to provide a picture of the phenomenon of morale, differentiate it from other concepts and elucidate its antecedents and consequences. An appraisal of the limitations of the research is also made. Finally the implications of this research for both academic researchers and practitioners are discussed along with suggestions for future research.

Bakgrund: Rekryteringen av medarbetare ses idag som en allt viktigare process för många företags framtid. Samtidigt väljer företag i allt större utsträckning att köpa in rekryteringsverksamheten externt via ett rekryteringsföretag. Om denna ekvation ska gå ihop måste kunden känna någon form av förtroende för rekryteringsföretaget och lita på att rekryteringsföretaget rekryterar en för kunden lämplig medarbetare.

Syfte: Vårt syfte är att undersöka hur förtroende, som en kund känner för ett rekryteringsföretag och/eller den enskilde rekryteraren, kan definieras. Vi avser även att identifiera vad det är som skapar förutsättningar för kundens förtroende.

Avgränsningar: Vi kommer enbart att undersöka kundens förtroende för rekryteringsföretaget. Vi kommer inte att behandla i vilken utsträckning det finns förtroende i motsatt riktning.

Genomförande: Studien har genomförts i form av intervjuer med två kunder samt två av dem anlitade rekryteringsföretag.

Resultat: I den ena relationen mellan kund och rekryteringsföretaghar vi definierat kundens förtroende som strategiskt och baserat på rekryteringsföretagets verkliga handlingar och de kontrollmekanismer i form av de kontrakt och avtal som omger relationen. I den andra relationen känner kunden ett i många avseenden passionerat förtroende som istället bygger på att kunden upplever rekryteringsföretagets intentioner som goda. Förutsättningar för kundens förtroende skapas främst genom lyckade rekryteringar. För detta krävs samarbete över en längre tid. Det finns ett flertal faktorer som i sig innebär en bättre rekrytering och därigenom skapar förutsättningar för förtroende. Dock är flertalet av dessa beroende av just tid. Det förtroende som kunden inledningsvis kände till rekryteringsföretaget utvecklades senare till ett förtroende för den enskilda rekryteraren.

On definit dans cette these un systeme d'inference de relations intertypes. L'objectif principal est d'exploiter l'information implicite contenue dans un prototype prolog pour assister la phase de conception orientee objet d'une application. Un deuxieme objectif est de faciliter la mise au point et la comprehension de programmes prolog en fournissant une vue schematique de la structure du programme. Les types inferes definissent un sous-ensemble de la base de herbrand compris entre la denotation du programme d'une part, et le plus petit point fixe de la fermeture distributive de l'operateur de consequence immediate d'autre part. Pour cela, on infere des relations intertypes decrivant les relations ensemblistes entre les types. Ces relations ne sont pas resolues afin de decrire les types par leur inter-relations plutot que par leurs instances. Neanmoins, nous avons defini une fonction d'interpretation qui permet de resoudre ces relations et de calculer effectivement les instances associees a chaque type. Les relations intertypes inferees sont utilisees pour inferer deux hierarchies d'heritage. La premiere est basee sur la comparaison formelle des relations intertypes et est independante des donnees du programme, tandis que la seconde est basee sur la comparaison des interpretations des types et est directement dependante des donnees. Ces deux hierarchies d'heritage peuvent etre utilisees pour definir un modele oriente objet, mais leur comparaison peut egalement mettre en evidence des incompletudes tant au niveau de la definition des jeux d'essai que des fonctionnalites du programme

This investigation attempted to ascertain whether managerial perceptions of potentially unethical business conduct, and recommendations for social control, vary according to the social characteristics of the employee committing the behavior. Subjects consisted of management personnel from a variety of industries. Data was gathered via instruments developed for this research. Instruments consisted of (1) a description of an employee; (2) a description of a potentially unethical behavior committed by the employee; and (3) scales for subjects to (a) rate the seriousness of the employee's behavior and (b) recommend the social control they would use against the employee. Perceptions of seriousness did vary significantly with variations in the employee's social characteristics. However, recommendations for social control did not vary with changes in employee characteristics. Thus, whereas observers may judge the ethicality of socially decontextualized behaviors against universally held standards of morality, observers become less adamant about these standards as the behavior becomes more contextualized.

Denna studie har vuxit fram ur den uppdelning som vi anade fanns inom PR-världen, mellan forskare och yrkesverksamma både i definition och utövande. Detta anade vi genom att vi kunde se olika svenska författare använda olika begrepp och ibland också likställa dem med PR. Detta tror vi kan bidra till en rörig bransch med dålig kategoritillhörighet, att det blir en otydligt avgränsad yrkeskategori. Med uppdelning menas i detta fall svårigheten att enas om en definition och ett begrepp. Detta var något som Harlow redan 1976 anande då han vid det tillfället fann 472 olika definitioner av PR. Sedan dess har fler definitioner och begrepp tillkommit och spekulationer finns kring om detta beror på en ung profession, dess dåliga rykte, koppling till negativa aktiviteter eller utvecklingen av den nya tekniken.   Studiens syfte är att se likheter eller olikheter i forskares och yrkesverksammas syn på PR-forskningen, branschen och definitionen av PR.     Detta syfte utmynnade till tre frågeställningar; Hur beskriver respondenterna PR? Vad är respondenternas syn på PR-forskningen? Vad är respondenternas syn på utövandet av PR?   Teorin i studien går igenom bakgrundsfakta om PR, olika begrepp i andra länder samt i Sverige. Vidare beskrivs olika perspektiv på forskning och bransch samt utvecklingen av denna. Sist berörs PR som yrkesroll och dess funktioner och utveckling samt påverkan av nya medier.   Studien är baserad på en kvalitativ metod, samtalsintervjuer, med fem forskare och fem yrkesverksamma inom PR-branschen med en tydlig koppling till PR.   Resultatet visar en mångfacettering och splittring både inom forskning och inom praktik. Både forskare och yrkesverksamma har ett enskilt ”favorit”-begrepp men förhöll sig även till andra begrepp. De lade dock in olika innebörder i dessa vilket enligt resultatet visar på en otydlighet hos respondenterna. Det fanns också en delad mening kring om det ska vara tillåtet att översätta PR till egna begrepp eller inte, då viktiga bitar av PR’s innebörd kan gå förlorade när man översätter ett begrepp. Forskningen har en väldigt viktig roll enligt studiens resultat och den viktigaste forskningen är enligt resultatet forskning som har cocreational perspective och ett kritiskt perspektiv. Respondenterna är tydliga i sina svar angående vilken roll de anser att PR har för de yrkesverksamma. De flesta menar att de viktigaste arbetsuppgifterna är att skapa och bevara relationer till organisationerna. Respondenterna tror inte att det kommer att bli ett problem med att studenter kommer ut i arbetslivet med olika PR-begrepp, att den största förvirringen istället blir för de som ska anställa, att de måste förstå skillnaderna mellan utbildningarna och innebörden av själva begreppet. På så sätt kan de välja ut den kompetens de eftersträvar då sättet att se på PR och valet av vilket PR-begrepp man använder kan variera mellan olika lärosäten. Resultatet visar också att ny teknik och sociala medier har förändrat förutsättningarna för kommunikation och PR under de senaste åren, vilket innebär en del problem men också många möjligheter för de yrkesverksamma inom branschen.

Background Ontologies play a major role in life sciences, enabling a number of applications, from new data integration to knowledge verification. SNOMED CT is a large medical ontology that is formally defined so that it ensures global consistency and support of complex reasoning tasks. Most biomedical ontologies and taxonomies on the other hand define concepts only textually, without the use of logic. Here, we investigate how to automatically generate formal concept definitions from textual ones. We develop a method that uses machine learning in combination with several types of lexical and semantic features and outputs formal definitions that follow the structure of SNOMED CT concept definitions. Results We evaluate our method on three benchmarks and test both the underlying relation extraction component as well as the overall quality of output concept definitions. In addition, we provide an analysis on the following aspects: (1) How do definitions mined from the Web and literature differ from the ones mined from manually created definitions, e.g., MeSH? (2) How do different feature representations, e.g., the restrictions of relations’ domain and range, impact on the generated definition quality?, (3) How do different machine learning algorithms compare to each other for the task of formal definition generation?, and, (4) What is the influence of the learning data size to the task? We discuss all of these settings in detail and show that the suggested approach can achieve success rates of over 90%. In addition, the results show that the choice of corpora, lexical features, learning algorithm and data size do not impact the performance as strongly as semantic types do. Semantic types limit the domain and range of a predicted relation, and as long as relations’ domain and range pairs do not overlap, this information is most valuable in formalizing textual definitions. Conclusions The analysis presented in this manuscript implies that automated methods can provide a valuable contribution to the formalization of biomedical knowledge, thus paving the way for future applications that go beyond retrieval and into complex reasoning. The method is implemented and accessible to the public from: https://github.com/alifahsyamsiyah/learningDL.

BACKGROUND: Ontologies play a major role in life sciences, enabling a number of applications, from new data integration to knowledge verification. SNOMED CT is a large medical ontology that is formally defined so that it ensures global consistency and support of complex reasoning tasks. Most biomedical ontologies and taxonomies on the other hand define concepts only textually, without the use of logic. Here, we investigate how to automatically generate formal concept definitions from textual ones. We develop a method that uses machine learning in combination with several types of lexical and semantic features and outputs formal definitions that follow the structure of SNOMED CT concept definitions. RESULTS: We evaluate our method on three benchmarks and test both the underlying relation extraction component as well as the overall quality of output concept definitions. In addition, we provide an analysis on the following aspects: (1) How do definitions mined from the Web and literature differ from the ones mined from manually created definitions, e.g., MeSH? (2) How do different feature representations, e.g., the restrictions of relations' domain and range, impact on the generated definition quality?, (3) How do different machine learning algorithms compare to each other for the task of formal definition generation?, and, (4) What is the influence of the learning data size to the task? We discuss all of these settings in detail and show that the suggested approach can achieve success rates of over 90%. In addition, the results show that the choice of corpora, lexical features, learning algorithm and data size do not impact the performance as strongly as semantic types do. Semantic types limit the domain and range of a predicted relation, and as long as relations' domain and range pairs do not overlap, this information is most valuable in formalizing textual definitions. CONCLUSIONS: The analysis presented in this manuscript implies that automated methods can provide a valuable contribution to the formalization of biomedical knowledge, thus paving the way for future applications that go beyond retrieval and into complex reasoning. The method is implemented and accessible to the public from: https://github.com/alifahsyamsiyah/learningDL.

This essay discusses the subject of men’s perspective on love relationships, boundaries within them and infidelity. It uses a phenomenological approach and is based on qualitative interviews with five men. They were asked about their definition of and attitude towards relationships and infidelity. The aim of this study is to investigate men's experiences and views of relationships and infidelity and how they describe the two concepts. One aspect is to study how men's views on relationships and unbelief are related to social beliefs about masculinity. The results are interpreted in light of theories related to sociology of emotions and masculinity. It shows that teamwork, communication and creating their own rules within the relationship are key aspects of a working relationship. Infidelity is a phenomenon of many different dimensions and divided into physical or emotional as well as the underlying intentions. This essay wishes to contribute greater insight into how stereotypes affect the individual and therefore society as a whole.

BACKGROUND: Ontologies play a major role in life sciences, enabling a number of applications, from new data integration to knowledge verification. SNOMED CT is a large medical ontology that is formally defined so that it ensures global consistency and support of complex reasoning tasks. Most biomedical ontologies and taxonomies on the other hand define concepts only textually, without the use of logic. Here, we investigate how to automatically generate formal concept definitions from textual ones. We develop a method that uses machine learning in combination with several types of lexical and semantic features and outputs formal definitions that follow the structure of SNOMED CT concept definitions. RESULTS: We evaluate our method on three benchmarks and test both the underlying relation extraction component as well as the overall quality of output concept definitions. In addition, we provide an analysis on the following aspects: (1) How do definitions mined from the Web and literature differ from the ones mined from manually created definitions, e.g., MeSH? (2) How do different feature representations, e.g., the restrictions of relations' domain and range, impact on the generated definition quality?, (3) How do different machine learning algorithms compare to each other for the task of formal definition generation?, and, (4) What is the influence of the learning data size to the task? We discuss all of these settings in detail and show that the suggested approach can achieve success rates of over 90%. In addition, the results show that the choice of corpora, lexical features, learning algorithm and data size do not impact the performance as strongly as semantic types do. Semantic types limit the domain and range of a predicted relation, and as long as relations' domain and range pairs do not overlap, this information is most valuable in formalizing textual definitions. CONCLUSIONS: The analysis presented in this manuscript implies that automated methods can provide a valuable contribution to the formalization of biomedical knowledge, thus paving the way for future applications that go beyond retrieval and into complex reasoning. The method is implemented and accessible to the public from: https://github.com/alifahsyamsiyah/learningDL.

Research has shown that there is a link between violence against women and pets in domestic relationships. The violence against the pet is often used to harm the woman in different ways and the consequences of the violence against the pet often brings psychological and emotional harm to the woman (Holmberg et al. 2017; Holmberg 2011; Adams 1995; Diesen & Diesen 2009; Faver & Strand 2003; Flynn 2000b; Isdal 2001). Since violence against pets affects women psychologically it could be considered as a part of the psychological violence against women. However, do social workers which works with battered women at the social services consider violence against pets as psychological violence against women? The aim for this essay was therefore to examine social worker’s perception of psychological violence and their knowledge about the importance and role of the animal in the exerted violence in domestic violence. This is to examine, from a social constructivism perspective, how the social worker’s definition of psychological violence in domestic relationships is concerned and whether it involves violence against animals or not.By applying social constructivist theory, victimization and earlier research on answers from four qualitative interviews with social workers in Malmö stad the study showed that violence against pets is not a part of the definition of psychological violence. Only two out of the four interviewed social workers mentioned the direct link between consequences of violence against pets and psychological violence against women. However, in these cases the social workers only connected the controlling effects of violence against the pet with psychological violence against woman, not the emotional effects. This despite that all the four social workers mentioned the emotional effects when they accounted for the effects violence against pets has on women. This may be due to problems with the internalization of the consequences of violence against animals in the definition of psychological violence, in the social problem of domestic violence and in the concept of abuse against women.

Background Ontologies play a major role in life sciences, enabling a number of applications, from new data integration to knowledge verification. SNOMED CT is a large medical ontology that is formally defined so that it ensures global consistency and support of complex reasoning tasks. Most biomedical ontologies and taxonomies on the other hand define concepts only textually, without the use of logic. Here, we investigate how to automatically generate formal concept definitions from textual ones. We develop a method that uses machine learning in combination with several types of lexical and semantic features and outputs formal definitions that follow the structure of SNOMED CT concept definitions. Results We evaluate our method on three benchmarks and test both the underlying relation extraction component as well as the overall quality of output concept definitions. In addition, we provide an analysis on the following aspects: (1) How do definitions mined from the Web and literature differ from the ones mined from manually created definitions, e.g., MeSH? (2) How do different feature representations, e.g., the restrictions of relations’ domain and range, impact on the generated definition quality?, (3) How do different machine learning algorithms compare to each other for the task of formal definition generation?, and, (4) What is the influence of the learning data size to the task? We discuss all of these settings in detail and show that the suggested approach can achieve success rates of over 90%. In addition, the results show that the choice of corpora, lexical features, learning algorithm and data size do not impact the performance as strongly as semantic types do. Semantic types limit the domain and range of a predicted relation, and as long as relations’ domain and range pairs do not overlap, this information is most valuable in formalizing textual definitions. Conclusions The analysis presented in this manuscript implies that automated methods can provide a valuable contribution to the formalization of biomedical knowledge, thus paving the way for future applications that go beyond retrieval and into complex reasoning. The method is implemented and accessible to the public from: https://github.com/alifahsyamsiyah/learningDL.

The right to freedom of association is the cornerstone of collective bargaining. It is a precondition for the realisation of a number of other rights, including the right to organise, to engage in collective bargaining and to strike. These rights as contained in the Bill of Rights though not absolute and may be limited in terms of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa in terms of a law of general application, such limitations must be reasonable and justifiable. South African courts have an obligation to interpret labour provisions in accordance with international law and customs. This paper examines whether settlement definition of ‘workplace’ can be regarded as a reasonable and justifiable limitation to the right to strike within the ambits of internationally and constitutionally acceptable labour norms.
Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2019.
Mercantile Law
LLM
Unrestricted

This thesis explores definition of five concepts central to international health intervention, participation, efficiency, equity, scaling up and sustainability, within the case study of the Tanzanian Essential Health Interventions Project (TEHIP). Developed in response to the 1993 World Development Report and implemented in Tanzania during the era of health sector reform under structural adjustment, TEHIP offers an especially pertinent case within which to explore the language and health practices resulting from this particular history and ideology. Using key informant interviews and literature review, conceptual and applied definitions of the concepts were analyzed. A theoretical framework of health equity as social justice, offered by Amartya Sen, Fabienne Peter, and Thomas Pogge, was employed to examine assumptions and biases inherent in these concepts and their application. Despite significant health gains achieved by TEHIP, this theoretical analysis raises important questions and concerns about the rationale, design and implementation of the project. Keywords. Participation, efficiency, equity, sustainability, scaling up, health intervention, health system reform, Tanzania.

Den här studien genomfördes med syftet att synliggöra två stycken bildlärares uttryck kring definition och arbete utifrån läroplanens skrivningar om kreativitet, samt att få en förståelse för bildlärares uttryck kring tolkningsutrymmet för läroplanens kreativitetsbegrepp och dess betydelse för en likvärdig skolform, eleverna och samhället. Metoden som användes vid genomförandet av studien var semistrukturerad intervju. Två bildlärare, undervisande på högstadiet, intervjuades och deras uttryck kring definition av läroplanens kreativitetsbegrepp sorterades utifrån sociokulturellt och individualistiskt och psykologiskt perspektiv på kreativitet. Resultatet visade att de båda bildlärarnas uttryck kring definitioner var både sociokulturella och individualistiska och psykologiska samt att deras uttryck kring arbete med kreativitet i bildundervisning främst var sociokulturellt. Bildlärarnas uttryck vad det gäller tolkningsutrymmets betydelse för likvärdighet i skolan tolkades med hjälp av teorin om skolan som institution och skolor som organisationer samt frirumsmodellen. Studiens slutsats visade att informanterna uttryckte att kollegiala samtal kring skolans yttre gränser, alltså läroplanen, är av stor betydelse för likvärdigheten i skolan. Detta eftersom de kollegiala samtalen ger lärare en större möjlighet att utforma en gemensam inre gräns, alltså tolkning av läroplanen, och därmed utforma sin undervisning, i det friutrymme som uppstår, på ett likartat sätt, vilket är positivt för eleverna.

Le constat actuel d’une perte de biodiversité est largement partagé au sein de la communauté scientifique mais également auprès du public et du monde politique. L’attention portée depuis plus d’une décennie aux changements climatiques et à leurs effets sur la biodiversité a parfois conduit à négliger le principal facteur d’érosion de la biodiversité : la destruction des habitats. Le but de cette thèse est d’étudier les relations entre espèces et habitats avec un focus particulier sur différentes composantes de ces relations.La thèse aborde ainsi dans une première partie l’histoire et l’évolution du concept d’habitat en écologie et met en évidence une construction complexe de ce concept. Celle-ci montre par exemple une dichotomie autour de la définition du concept d’habitat avec une approche espèce-centrée d’un côté et une approche communauté-centrée de l’autre. Ces deux définitions se retrouvent aujourd’hui avec divers degrés d’importance dans leur utilisation selon les différents acteurs de la conservation, des scientifiques aux politiques. Ensuite, au travers du prisme de l’écologie du paysage, la thèse s’intéresse aux problématiques des échelles spatiales via une étude sur la distribution d’espèces d’arthropodes dans les paysages métropolitains. Les résultats mettent en évidence que les échelles spatiales de réponses des espèces aux mesures du paysage sont très variables et ceci indépendamment de la représentation choisie du paysage. La théorie prédirait pourtant une certaine cohérence en fonction par exemple de certains traits écologiques. Ainsi, l’échelle spatiale de relations des espèces avec le paysage, qui est considérée comme l’échelle de perception et d’interaction des espèces avec le paysage, semble difficile à caractériser en utilisant les méthodes habituellement appliquées en écologie des paysages. La relation entre espèces et habitats peut se quantifier via les mesures de spécialisation. Nous avons taché de comprendre comment les espèces dites spécialistes se répartissent le long d’un gradient continu d’habitat et en particulier le rôle des environnements hétérogènes dans ces patrons de spécialisations. Dans ce cadre théorique, l’hypothèse de complémentation, qui stipule que certaines espèces ont besoin d’une certaine hétérogénéité environnementale, n’a pas pu être vérifiée. En effet, même si certaines espèces présentent des affinités particulières pour ces milieux hétérogènes, elles n’en sont pas pour autant spécialistes. Ces espèces semblent plutôt des généralistes qui sont exclues des milieux plus homogènes où l’on retrouve plus fréquemment des espèces spécialistes, plus compétitives. Ces résultats permettent d’apporter un éclairage nouveau sur les règles d’assemblages des communautés d’espèces, en particulier le long d’un gradient continu d’habitat. Finalement, l’implication du concept d’habitat dans les politiques publiques de conservation a été étudiée en menant une évaluation du volet « habitat » de la Directive Habitats européenne. Différents critères, touchant autant à l’application qu’à la construction, à la légitimation et aux aboutissements de la directive en matière de conservation ont été utilisés pour cette évaluation. A travers des exemples concrets et l’analyse du corpus bibliographique, ce travail a permis identifier d’importantes lacunes de connaissances au sein de la directive qui entravent ces critères. Ce travail met finalement en évidence un découplage entre les aspects scientifiques et leurs applications dans la directive et questionne l’opportunité d’utiliser le niveau habitat pour répondre à des problématiques de conservation. En conclusion, ce travail de thèse, axé sur le concept d’habitat, a permis d’identifier certaines complexités, théoriques ou appliquées, qui peuvent entraver une meilleure compréhension des relations entre espèces et habitats et il offre des pistes pour mieux les appréhender et pousse ainsi à penser autrement ces relations
The loss of biodiversity is largely acknowledged by the scientific community but also by the public and politicians. Most research on biodiversity loss is focused on climate change effects, and neglects the main factor of biodiversity loss: habitat destruction. The aim of this thesis is to study species-habitats relationships with a particular focus on the different components of these relationships. In a first part, the thesis deals with the history and the evolution of the concept of habitat in ecology. Particularly, it highlights a complex construction of this concept. For instance, the analysis shows a dichotomy around the definition of the concept of habitat with on one hand, a species-centered approach and on the other hand, a community-centered approach. These definitions are still used nowadays by the different actors of conservation, from scientists to politicians, but with different degrees of importance. Then, through the prism of landscape ecology, the thesis is interested in spatial scale issues via a study of arthropods species distribution in French landscapes. Results show that the spatial scales of species responses to landscapes measures are highly variable. This result holds true whatever the representation of landscape used in the analysis. However, theory would predict some consistencies in spatial scales of response, for example in relation to ecological traits of species. Hence, the spatial scale of relationship between a species and its landscape, which is considered as the scale of perception and interaction of the species with its environment, seems difficult to characterize using usual methodology developed in landscape ecology. Species-habitats relationships can be quantified using specialization measurement. In the next part of the thesis, we try to understand how specialist species are spread along a continuous gradient of habitat and in particular, the role of heterogeneous environments in driving observed patterns of specialization. In this theoretical context, the hypothesis of complementation, which states that particular species need some environmental heterogeneity to strive, cannot be verified. Even if some species prefer heterogeneous landscape, they cannot be classified as specialists. These species seems to be generalists that are excluded from more homogeneous landscape due to competition rather than real specialists that are more often found in these landscapes. These results shed a new light on rules of assemblage of species communities, particularly along a continuous gradient of habitat.Finally, in a last part, the importance of the concept of habitat in conservation public policies is studied. An evaluation of the “habitat” part of the European Habitats Directive is proposed. Different criteria, related to the application, construction, legitimacy and outcomes of the directive were used to evaluate the policy. Through some concrete examples and an extensive literature analysis, this work allows identifying important knowledge gaps in the directive that imped evaluation criteria. Results show a discrepancy between scientific aspects and their application in the directive, questioning the opportunity to use the habitat level to answer to conservation issues. To conclude, this thesis, focused on the concept of habitat, allows identifying important theoretical and applied knowledge gaps that imped a better understanding of species-habitats relationships. This work offers new perspectives and challenges the way we usually think, as scientists, these relationships

The purpose of this study is to investigate the constructed vision of social reality that the Sweden Democrats define and thus defend and legitimizes through their climate and environmental policy. With a focus on the power relations that are constitutive of the Sweden Democrats' definition of social reality, the intention is to clarify the Sweden Democrats' position on the issue of climate change and to make visible what underlies their actions concerning the ratification of the Paris Agreement. To achieve the purpose, critical discourse analysis is used as a method where political documents concerning the Sweden Democrats' climate, environment, and energy policy during the period 2018-2021 constitute the empirical material. The results show that the Sweden Democrats' definition of climate change is both ambiguous and ambivalent, where Sweden's self-image and Swedish interests are prioritized over climate measures. The result also shows that the Sweden Democrats' definition of climate change is constituted by underlying power relations to preserve the power of the nation-state and the subordinate position of developing countries. One conclusion that can be drawn is to reduce the Sweden Democrats to just being climate change deniers is to simplify because their attitude to climate change is characterized by ambivalence and self-interest rather than skepticism and denial. Another conclusion is that the Sweden Democrats' attitude to climate change is more about defending and preserving existing power relations and less about questioning the existence of climate change. A third conclusion that can be drawn is that the Sweden Democrats' action regarding the Paris Agreement is more about opposing a social change that entails increased equality and about legitimizing the nation state's continued relevance in a globalized world, and less about opposing the content and implementation of the Paris Agreement.

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O termo “terrorismo” foi primeiramente utilizado na época da Revolução Francesa para caracterizar o régime de la terreur de Robespierre, criado para consolidar o governo pós-revolução. A partir de então, o termo passou a ser utilizado para caracterizar métodos e/ou objetivo final de grupos contrários ao poder estabelecido, combinando fatores como medo, violência, ataque a civis e motivação política. Embora estes fatores sejam observados na maioria dos casos, não há um consenso com relação à definição de terrorismo entre os Estados, acadêmicos e organismos internacionais, dificultando a elaboração de estratégias anti e contraterroristas. Assumindo essa tarefa de colocar em debate definições e práticas, política estatal e relações internacionais, terrorismo e violência de atores não nacionais e Estados, a pesquisa tem a intenção de analisar a prevenção e a luta contra o terrorismo a partir das implicações práticas dos diversos conceitos de terrorismo existentes no sistema internacional, principalmente dentro do marco legal dos Estados Unidos, onde há uma diversidade de definições que orientam políticas internacionais de opressão ao fenômeno.
The term "terrorism" was first used at the French Revolution to characterize the régime de la terreur from Robespierre, created to consolidate post-revolution government. Since then, the term has been used to characterize methods and / or end goal of groups opposed to established power, combining factors such as fear, violence, attack on civilians and political motivation. Although these factors are observed in most cases, there is no consensus regarding the definition of terrorism among states, academics and international organizations, making it difficult to elaborate anti-counterterrorism strategies. Assuming this task of discussing definitions and practices, state policy and international relations, terrorism and violence of non-national actors and States, the research intends to analyze the prevention and fight against terrorism from the practical implications of the various concepts of terrorism in the international system, mainly within the legal framework of the United States, where there are a diversity of definitions that guide international policies of oppression to the phenomenon.

Les anticorps anti-adn double brin et les anticorps anti-histones sont tres souvent associes au cours du lupus erythemateux dissemine (led), maladie autoimmune non specifique d'organe. L'etude de la cible de ces autoanticorps montre qu'ils reconnaissent respectivement l'adn et les histones dans une structure physiologique: le nucleosome. Nous avons recherche si le nucleosome pouvait etre un autoantigene important au cours du lupus humain et chez les souris lupiques mrl-mp +/+ et lpr/lpr. Nous montrons la presence d'anticorps nucleosome-restreints reconnaissant des determinants conformationnels generes par l'association de l'adn et des histones au sein du nucleosome. Leur apparition precede celle des anticorps anti-adn double brin et anti-histones et leur presence, dans les immunoglobulines eluees des reins des souris, leur suggere un role pathogene au cours du led. L'etude des anticorps nucleosome-restreints a partir d'anticorps monoclonaux suggere une reponse polyclonale reconnaissant differents determinants generes par l'association adn/histone et faisant intervenir des mecanismes d'expansion clonale. Ces etudes ont permis de reconsiderer les notions d'anticorps anti-adn et anti-histones et de les redefinir dans une famille d'anticorps anti-nucleosomes incluant les anticorps nucleosome-restreints. Nous avons recherche les mecanismes et regulations impliques dans la production de cette famille. Chez les souris lupiques, les anticorps anti-nucleosomes sont le resultat d'un mecanisme t dependant, considerant la relation entre les isotypes de ces anticorps seriques ou deposes dans les reins, et le profil des cytokines secretees par les lymphocytes t. Enfin, nous proposons un mecanisme b dependant sous les traits d'un systeme b regulateur dont la sous-representation pourrait conduire a l'emergence des anticorps anti-nucleosomes

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Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
The making of the definitions is the most complex step in terminological research which aims to compile specialized dictionaries, for the good ones are evaluated mainly as to the quality of their definitions. As there are differences between terms and words, there are also differences between defining them. While the lexicographic definition specifies and describes the meanings of words as language units, giving all their possible senses, the terminological definition (TD) identifies and describes terms only in reference to the specific conceptual system to which they belong. Therefore, the TD is the object of this Master s study. Our undergraduate experience in terminological research in the Group of Studies and Research in Terminology (GETerm), revealed several difficulties associated with the TD process. The defining method was changed, adapted, extended, and revised to handle the challenges of the research. From that experience, we came to a set of methodological procedures to aid the TD routines in any domain knowledge. Accordingly, this Master s dissertation research aims to systematize those procedures to be implemented into a Web-based, computational environment (E-Termos) to aid research groups in their terminological endeavor.
A elaboração da definição é a etapa mais complexa e custosa numa pesquisa terminológica que objetiva a elaboração de dicionários especializados, já que um bom dicionário se avalia, principalmente, pela qualidade das suas definições. Assim como há diferença entre termo e palavra, também há diferenças entre os modos de definir termos e palavras. Enquanto a definição lexicográfica descreve e delimita os sentidos das palavras enquanto unidades do sistema, oferecendo todas as acepções possíveis, a definição terminológica (DT) oferece a identificação do termo somente com referência ao sistema conceitual do qual faz parte. É esse segundo tipo de definição, portanto, que é objeto desta pesquisa de mestrado. Na experiência adquirida durante nossa pesquisa terminológica realizada durante a Iniciação Científica, junto ao Grupo de Estudos e Pesquisas em Terminologia (GETerm), deparamo-nos com diversas dificuldades para a elaboração da DT. O método de trabalho foi por diversas vezes alterado, adaptado, ampliado, revisto, de forma a dar conta dos desafios que iam surgindo. A partir dessa experiência, chegamos a um conjunto de procedimentos metodológicos úteis para a redação da definição, em qualquer domínio de conhecimento. Pretendeu-se, pois, nesta pesquisa de mestrado, sistematizar esses procedimentos, de modo a proporcionar conhecimento linguístico que será implementado num ambiente computacional baseado na Web, de maneira a auxiliar demais grupos que desenvolvem pesquisas terminológicas em língua portuguesa a elaborar a DT de forma mais sistemática.

Le mot minéralité est largement employé et diffusé tant par des professionnels que des consommateurs. Depuis sa première apparition associé aux vins dans l`œuvre littéraire « Les Impudents » de Marguerite Duras en 1946, il est passé d`une mode au début des années 1980, à un phénomène et une réalité sensorielle de nos jours bien que sans définition précise. Pendant la dernière décennie le monde du vin a été acteur de cette augmentation de l’utilisation du terme « minéral » ou encore « minéralité », à travers la presse spécialisée, les guides et les producteurs eux-mêmes. Cet engouement pour le concept de « minéralité » a été à l`origine de divers enjeux économiques, marketing intelligent ainsi que la cause de questionnements chez les consommateurs: Qu`est-ce que la minéralité ? Dois-je payer plus cher pour avoir une bouteille de vin minéral ? L`objectif de cette thèse est de mieux comprendre ce concept. Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous avons utilisé plusieurs angles d`attaque issus de champs de connaissance très diversifiés allant de l`analyse sensorielle, à la psychologie sociale, et à la chimie. Cette thèse est constituée de quatre études interconnectées. La première étude a pour objectif d’étudier la représentation sociale de la minéralité de deux groupes sociaux, les producteurs Chablisiens et les consommateurs Bourguignons. Pour accéder aux représentations de chaque groupe, nous nous sommes servis d`un test d`association libre. Ensuite, nous avons utilisé la théorie du noyau central, issue de la psychologie sociale, pour analyser le contenu et la structure des représentations des deux groupes de participants. Les résultats ont montré qu`un seul élément de représentation est stable et partagé par les deux groupes sociaux : la minéralité des vins a une origine dans le terroir. Les dimensions sensorielles sont plus présentes et plus partagées dans la représentation des producteurs que dans celles des consommateurs. La deuxième étude a pour but d’étudier les modes de production des vins à Chablis, et de savoir si le comportement et les attitudes des producteurs, ainsi que leurs décisions au moment de produire les vins sont associés à leur représentation de la minéralité. Pour cela, nous avons réalisé deux interviews séparées. La première nous a permis d’établir une typologie de la production des vins de Chablis et la seconde de mettre en perspective cette typologie avec la façon dont les producteurs conceptualisent la minéralité. L`étude typologique a dégagé quatre types différents de production à Chablis : naturelle, technologique, traditionnelle et transition. Les résultats de la seconde interview ont montré que les producteurs associent la minéralité à certains paramètres et choix d’itinéraire en viticulture et vinification. L’étude montre que certains répondants adaptaient leur conception de la minéralité à leurs pratiques alors que la représentation de la minéralité d’autres producteurs guidait leurs stratégies de production. La troisième étude concerne l`étude de l`effet du vieillissement des vins sur l’intensité de la note minérale. Plusieurs études récentes associent la minéralité à certaines notes de réduction ou à des notes empyreumatiques du type pierre à fusil ou fumée. Ces notes réductives et empyreumatiques sont produites par des composés soufrés qui sont par ailleurs connus pour être sensibles à l’oxydation. Nous avons développé l’hypothèse que la minéralité, si elle est bien reliée à des composés soufrés, devrait disparaitre avec l’âge du vin à cause des phénomènes naturels d’oxydation. Pour vérifier cette hypothèse, nous avons sélectionné différents millésimes de Chablis 1er Cru et les avons soumis à une description sensorielle. Les résultats ont mis en évidence deux conceptions différentes de la minéralité par rapport au mécanisme d’oxydoréduction (...)
The word minerality is widely used and spread by professionals and consumers. Since it’s first appearence in Marguerite Duras’ “Les Impudents” in 1946 in relation to wines, it passed from a fad in the early 1980’s to a phenomenon and a sensory reality today, even though no precise definition exists. Since the last decade, the use of the term “mineral” or “minerality” by the press, guides or producers themselves has notably increased in the world of wine. This enthusiasm for "minerality" concept was the origin of clever marketing and the reason for consumers to ask: What is minerality? Should I pay more for a bottle of mineral wine?The aim of this thesis is to better understand the concept of minerality. In order to achieve this, we used several aproaches from diverse scientific fields including sensory analysis, social psychology, and chemistry. This thesis includes four interconnected studies.The aim of the first study is to investigate the social representation of minerality in two social groups, Chablisiens producers and Burgundy consumers. To access the representation of each group we used a free association task. Then, we used the central core theory, derived from social psychology, to analyze the content and structure of representations of both groups of participants. The results showed that only one representation element is stable and shared by the two social groups: the minerality of the wine has an origin in terroir. Sensory aspects are more present in producers represents than in the consumers. The aim of the second study is to gather knowledge on wine production processes in Chablis, and whether the behavior and attitudes of producers and their decisions when producing wines are associated with their representation of minerality. We performed two separate interviews. The first one to establish a typology of the production of Chablis wines, and the second, to put into perspective this typology with how producers conceptualize minerality. Four different types were indentified in Chablis: “natural”, “technological”, “traditional” and “transitional”. The results of the second interview showed that producers associate the minerality to certain parameters and the selection path in viticulture and winemaking activities. The study shows that some respondents adjusted their representation of minerality to their practices, while other producers led their production strategies specifically for minerality. The third study evaluates the effect of wine aging on the intensity of perceived minerality. Several recent studies associate minerality to reduction notes, also burnt, flint or smoke notes. These reductive and burnt notes are produced by sulfur compounds that are also known to be sensitive to oxydation. We hypothesized that if perceived minerality is connected to sulfur compounds it disappear with age due to natural oxydation phenomena. To test this hypothesis, we selected different vintages of Chablis 1er Cru which were subjected to sensory description. The results showed two different conceptions of minerality in respect to oxydation-reduction mecanisms. According to the first conception, minerality is correlated with reduction and according to the second, minerality is opposed to reduction and independent of oxidation.The fourth and final study has a dual purpose: first, to identify the chemical molecules that can be responsible for minerality, and second, check whether topoclimatic conditions can have an influence in the emergence of minerality in wines. This study combines sensory and chemical analysis. The sensory analysis consisted of a minerality judgment and a free description by expert judges. The chemical analysis consisted of conventional parameters, metals and volatile compounds. A correspondence analysis highlighted links between descriptors associated with minerality and molecules or groups of molecules (...)
A palavra mineralidade é muito empregada e difundida por profissionais e consumidores. Desde a sua primeira aparição associada aos vinhos na obra literária « Les Impudents » de Marguerite Duras em 1946, essa palavra, caracterizada como uma moda no inicio dos anos 1980 se transforma em fenômeno e uma realidade sensorial da atualidade, ainda que não tenha uma definição precisa. Durante a ultima década, o mundo do vinho foi palco da crescente utilização do termo « mineral » ou, ainda, « mineralidade », por meio da midia especializada, dos guias e dos produtores de vinhos. Mas, o que é « mineralidade » ? O objetivo dessa tese é comprender melhor tal conceito. Para atingir a finalidade, utilisamos diferentes ângulos de ataque saídos de campos de conhecimento extremamente diferentes : análise sensorial, psicologia social e química. Essa tese é constituida de quatro estudos interconectados. O primeiro estudo tem como objetivo revelar a representação social da « mineralidade » em dois grupos sociais, os produtores de vinhos de Chablis e os consumidores da Borgonha. Para acessar as representações de cada grupo, aplicou-se um teste de associação livre de palavras. Em seguida, utilizou-se a teoria do núcleo central, derivada da psicologia social, para analisar o conteúdo e a estrutura das representações de ambos os grupos de participantes. Os resultados mostraram que apenas um elemento da representação é estável e compartilhado pelos dois grupos sociais: a « mineralidade » do vinho tem uma origem no terroir. Os aspectos sensoriais estão mais presentes e são mais compartilhados na representação dos produtores que desta dos consumidores.O segundo estudo tem como objetivo estudar os modos de produção de vinhos em Chablis, e apurar se o comportamento, as atitudes dos produtores e as suas decisões relativas aos vinhos produzidos por eles estão associados com a sua representação de mineralidade. Para isso, foram realizadas duas entrevistas separadas. A primeira permitiu estabelecer uma tipologia da produção de vinhos à Chablis. A segunda, colocar em perspectiva tal tipologia com a forma na qual os produtores conceituam a mineralidade. A investigação tipológica identificou quatro tipos de produção de vinhos em Chablis: naturais, tecnológicas, tradicionais e transitórias. Os resultados da segunda entrevista mostraram que os produtores combinam a mineralidade a certos parâmetros e escolha de manejo em viticultura e enologia. A pesquisa aponta que alguns entrevistados adaptam suas representações de mineralidade à suas praticas, enquanto para outros, a representação que eles têm da mineralidade guia suas estratégias de produção. O terceiro estudo diz respeito ao efeito do envelhecimento do vinho em relação a intensidade da nota de mineralidade. Pesquisas recentes associam mineralidade às notas de redução ou notas de « fumaça » ou silex. Essas notas redutoras são produzidas por compostos de enxofre, que também são conhecidos por serem sensíveis à oxidação. Desenvolvemos a hipótese de que a mineralidade, se ligada a compostos de enxofre, deve desaparecer com o envelhecimento do vinho em virtude de fenômenos naturais de oxidação. Para testar tal hipótese, diferentes vinhos Chablis 1er Cru foram selecionados e foram submetidos a uma descrição sensorial. Os resultados mostraram duas concepções de mineralidade em relação ao mecanismo de oxi-redução. De acordo com a primeira, a mineralidade está correlacionada com a redução. De acordo com a segunda concepção, a mineralidade tem uma oposição à redução e é independente à oxidação. O quarto e último estudo tem um duplo objetivo: primeiro saber quais moléculas químicas podem estar envolvidas na origem da mineralidade e, descobrir se as condições topoclimáticas podem influenciar o surgimento dessa característica sensorial. Essa pesquisa combina análise sensorial e análise química (...)
La palabra mineralidad es ampliamente utilizada y difundida por los profesionales y los consumidores. Desde su primera aparición asociada a vinos en la obra literaria "Les Impudents" de Marguerite Duras en 1946, pasó de ser una moda a principios de 1980 a un fenómeno y una realidad sensorial en nuestros días, aun sin tener una definición precisa. Durante la última década el mundo del vino ha sido testigo de este incremento en el uso del término "mineral" o "mineralidad", utilizado por la prensa, los guías y los propios productores. Este entusiasmo por el concepto de "mineralidad" es el origen de marketing inteligente y la causa de preguntas de la parte de los consumidores: ¿Que es la mineralidad? ¿Debo pagar más por una botella de vino mineral? El objetivo de esta tesis es entender mejor este concepto. Para lograr esto, hemos utilizado varios ángulos de ataque, desde muy diversos campos del conocimiento como el análisis sensorial, la psicología social, y la química. Esta tesis consiste en cuatro estudios interconectados.El primer estudio tiene como objetivo investigar la representación social de la mineralidad de los dos grupos sociales: productores de Chablis y consumidores de la Borgoña. Para acceder a las representaciones de cada grupo, se utilizó la prueba de asociaicón libre de palabras. Después, se utilizó la teoría del núcleo central, derivada de la psicología social para analizar el contenido y la estructura de las representaciones de ambos grupos de participantes. Los resultados mostraron un único elemento de la representación que es estable y compartido por los dos grupos sociales: la mineralidad del vino tiene un origen en el terroir. Los aspectos sensoriales están más presentes y más compartidos en la representación de los productores que en la de los consumidores.El segundo estudio tiene como objetivo estudiar los modos de producción de los vinos en Chablis, y si el comportamiento y las actitudes de los productores, y sus decisiones al producir los vinos, están asociadas con su representación de mineralidad. Para ello, hemos realizado dos entrevistas por separado. La primera nos permitió establecer una tipología de la producción de vinos de Chablis y el segundo poner en perspectiva la conceptualización de minerallidad de los productores de acuerdo con esta tipología. Identificamos cuatro tipos de producción en Chablis: natural, tecnológica, tradicional y de transición. Los resultados de la segunda entrevista mostraron que los productores asocian la mineralidad a ciertos parámetros de manejo en la viticultura y la enología. El estudio muestra que algunos de los encuestados adaptan su representación de mineralidad a sus prácticas, mientras que otros productores guían sus estrategias de producción para obtener mineralidad.El tercer estudio se refiere al efecto de envejecimiento del vino en relación con la intensidad de la nota de mineralidad. Recientes investigaciones indican que la mineralidad esta asociada a las notas reductoras y notas de "humo" o silex. Estas notas se producen mediante la reducción de compuestos azufrados, que también se sabe que son sensibles a la oxidación. Hemos desarrollado la hipótesis de que si la mineralidad está conectada a compuestos azufrados debe desaparecer con el envejecimiento del vino debido a los fenómenos naturales de oxidación. Para probar esta hipótesis, se seleccionaron diferentes vinos Chablis 1er Cru y se sometieron a una descripción sensorial. Los resultados muestran dos vistas de mineralidad en relación con el mecanismo redox. De acuerdo con la primera, la mineralidad se correlaciona con la reducción. De acuerdo con el segundo diseño, la mineralidad tiene una oposición a la reducción y es independiente de la oxidación (...)

This thesis focuses on how Public service Co-ordinating Bargaining Council (PSCBC) contributes to social dialogue within South African Public service. This thesis seeks to filL a significant literature gap on collective bargaining as accomplished by the PSCBC. The thesis briefly examines the history of collective bargaining in the South African Public Service. The research methodology used includes information gleaned from annual reports published by the PSCBC. Interviews of selected stakeholders such as government officials and labour organisations involved in the PSCBC were conducted.The thesis holds that historically an adversarial relationship existed between the state as employer and the recognised trade unions.

Les Soins de Support sont apparus en France dans les années 90. Héritiers du mouvement des Soins Palliatifs et de la médecine des maladies chroniques, ils occupent une place singulière dans les services de cancérologie. La définition des Soins de Support n’est pourtant pas harmonisée au sein des études, des pratiques et des discours. L’enjeu de ce travail est de poser ce constat, d’en analyser les causes puis de proposer des perspectives menant à un positionnement commun dans le paysage médical contemporain.Il s’agira ainsi de démontrer qu’une définition des Soins de Support est souhaitable et qu’un socle de convictions propres la permet. Méthodes : Une revue de littérature par mots clés a été menée afin de décrire l’utilisation de la définition de Soins de Support dans les études les concernant. Des axes récurrents ont, ensuite, été dégagés. Les Soins de Support sont définis en tant qu’amélioration de la qualité de vie, prise en charge des effets secondaires, modèle d’organisation des soins ou bien à partir de la durée de prise en charge. Cette revue de littérature donne lieu à une restitution par thématiques. Un travail de terrain, fondé sur l’observation et des entretiens auprès de 32 professionnels, patients, proches et associations a été réalisé au sein de quatre établissements de soin : l’Institut Curie, l’Institut Curie Saint Cloud, l’Hôpital Kremlin Bicêtre, l’hôpital Henri Mondor. Il a permis de tester les axes issus de la revue de littérature et d’en mettre en lumière de nouveaux. Le temps, les projets, le corps et la notion de collectif se sont révélés au cœur des discours des acteurs des Soins de Support.Ce travail est qualitatif et non représentatif. Analyse et discussion : Un premier temps dévoile les références auxquelles se rattachent les Soins de Support et les tensions qu’elles produisent les unes par rapport aux autres. Les Soins de Support sont partagés entre des philosophies de l’action définissant la maladie comme réduction des capacités, et des philosophies du soin refoulant les notions telles que l’autonomie en étudiant la relation à l’autre. Un second temps permet de condenser en trois axes unanimes le positionnement des Soins de Support. Tout d’abord, les Soins de Support appuient leurs actions sur une compréhension du temps comme épaisseur vécue. Il s’agit d’accompagner le patient dans un cheminement propre, et d’inscrire le temps des horloges, des techniques et de la physiologie dans le temps de celui qui vit l’événement de la maladie. Ensuite, les Soins de Support mettent en œuvre une compréhension du soin en tant qu’acte collectif. L’équipe de soin se constitue avec le malade au cours de sa maladie. Elle comprend des professionnels soignants et non soignants, ainsi que des membres de la société civile. Elle se forme aux grés des besoins et en fonction des enjeux qui jalonnent le parcours du patient. Enfin, les Soins de Support brisent le monopole médical du savoir sur la maladie. Chaque situation exige la construction collective de la compréhension de la maladie. Il s’agit de comprendre la maladie en tant que carrefour des connaissances médicales, techniques, sociales, culturelles, psychologiques, mais aussi comme questionnement existentiel et affectif. La conviction profonde des Soins de Support est que la pluralité des approches et des regards permet par l’échange de tracer avec le patient ses possibilités et de l’y aider
Description : Support Cares appeared in France in the 90s. Heirs of Palliative Care Mouvement and chronic diseases medicine take a singular place in cancer departments. Nevertheless, the definition of Support Cares is not harmonized within studies, practices and speeches.The stake in this work is to put this report, to analyze the causes then to propose perspectives leading to a common positioning in the contemporary medical landscape. It will so be a question of demonstrating that a definition of Support Cares is advisable and that a base of appropriate convictions allows it. Methods : A literature review by keywords was led to describe the use of Support Cares definition in the studies concerning them. Then, Recurring axes were cleared. The Support cares are defined as the quality of life improvement, treating the side effects, the care organization model or from the care duration. This literature review gives rise to a return by themes.A field work, based on the observation and interviews with 32 professionals, patients, relatives and associations was conducted within four Care establishments : Curie institute, Saint Cloud Curie Institue, Kremlin Bicêtre Institute, Henri Mondor Hospital. It allowed to test axes stemming from the literature review and to highlight new ones. Time, projects, body and notion of collective proved to be in the heart of the Care Actors speeches.This work is qualitative and not representative.Analysis and discussion : A first time reveals the references with which Support Cares are connected and the tensions they produce in relation to each other. The Support Cares are shared between philosophies of the action defining the disease as reduction of capacities, and Care philosophies repressing notions such as autonomy by studying the relationship. A second time allows to condense in three unanimous axes the Support cares positioning. First of all, Support Cares opress their actions an understanding time as real-life thickness. It is a question of accompanying the patient in a unique path progress, and registering the time of clocks, techniques and physiology in the time of the one who lives the disease event. Then, the Support Cares implement an understanding of the care as a collective act. The Care team establishes with the ill person during his disease. It understands nursing and not nursing professionals, as well as members of the civil society. It forms in the wills of needs and according to the stakes which mark out the route of the patient. Finally, the Support Cares break the knowledge medical monopoly on the disease. Every situation requires the collective construction of the desease understanding. It is a question of understanding the disease as crossroads of medical, technical, social, cultural, pasychological knowledge, but also as existential and emotional questioning.The deep conviction of the Support Cares is that the plurality of the approaches and the looks enable by exchanging to draw with the patient his possibilities and to bring that about

Den globala forskningen uppskattar att över en miljard barn har utsatts för våld i hemmet någon gång under det senaste året. Våldet ses som en kränkning mot de mänskliga rättigheterna och ett internationellt folkhälsoproblem av flera världsomspännande människorättsorganisationer. I Sverige framgår det att över 200 000 barn någon gång under sin uppväxt utsatts för eller bevittnat våld i hemmet. Forskningen är tydlig när det kommer till våldets negativa påverkan och dess alvarliga konsekvenser på barns kognitiva och emotionella utveckling. I Sverige finns ett flertal organisationer inom välfärden som har ansvar för att synliggöra barns utsatthet för våld och skyldighet att anmäla denna typ av överträdelse till socialtjänsten. En av dessa instanser är Barn- och ungdomspsykiatrin (BUP), där barn och ungdomar möter en professionell vuxen för psykiskt relaterad problematik och där den professionelle har ett ansvar att genom frågor kartlägga risken för en patients våldsutsatthet. Syfte med denna studie är att undersöka ifall det finns något samband mellan faktorer såsom utbildningsbakgrund, arbetserfarenhet och organisatoriska och behandlare på BUPs benägenhet att fråga patienten om våld i den initiala bedömningsprocessen. Målet med studien är att öka kunskapen om vilka faktorer som kan ha en inverkan på behandlarens benägenhet att fråga om våld. Studien är en tvärsnittsstudie med en kvantitativ ansats där empirin har samlats in genom en webbenkät som respondenterna fått tillgång till via mail. Resultatet är baserat på de 197 respondenterna som deltog i studien, vilkas svar tolkats genom deskriptiva och bivariata analyser i statistikprogrammet SPSS. Sambandet mellan de bivariata analyserna i resultatkapitlets andra del redovisas i tabeller och redogör för respondenternas svar på frågor som behandlar hur det ställer sig till att fråga om våld samt vilka begrepp de inkluderar i sin våldsdefinition i förhållande till utbildningsmässiga, erfarenhetsmässiga och organisatoriska faktorer. Resultatet av studien visar att socionomer känner en större trygghet att fråga om våld, inkluderar fler begrepp i sin våldsdefinition samt att deras grundutbildningen behandlat ämnet våld i nära relation i större utsträckning än behandlare med en bakgrund inom psykologi eller vård och medicin. Vad som även framkommer är att behandlare vars BUP-kontor implementerat riktlinjer för hur våld ska definieras inkluderar fler begrepp i sin definition av våld än behandlare som arbetar på kontor som inte implementerar sådana riktlinjer. I diskussionsdelen argumenterar vi till exempel för att en bredare våldsdefinition skulle kunna komma att påverka huruvida en orosanmälan till socialtjänsten utreds då våld är preciserat i anmälan.

Selon une présentation classique, la compétence juridictionnelle n’aurait en droit international privé pour objet que de déterminer les hypothèses dans lesquelles l’Etat accepterait de mettre ses juridictions à disposition des justiciables. Cette présentation achoppe cependant sur deux évolutions du droit positif. D’une part, la réglementation de la compétence est en bonne partie internationalisée, et ne suis plus ce modèle. D’autre part, elle occulte le fort développement des juridictions non étatiques instituées pour le contentieux de droit privé et économique dont l’intervention est souvent articulée avec celle des juridictions étatiques comme la compétence le fait en droit interne.Ce double handicap descriptif s’explique par la place que l’Etat conserve au coeur de la théorie classique, une place héritée des théories publicistes du début du XXe siècle. Or, ni l’évolution de la théorie générale du droit international privé, ni surtout le droit positif ne justifie plus cette place centrale de l’Etat. Il faut donc revoir la théorie de la compétence internationale à l’aune du problème presque factuel auquel elle répond, la concurrence internationale des juridictions, et ainsi réintégrer en son sein les règles qui participent de sa résolution en organisant cette concurrence. La théorie renouvellée permet alors d’observer plus complètement l’organisation de la justice internationale de droit économique. Elle autorise en outre des propositions pour un régime plus efficace ou plus souple de la compétence internationale selon que cette concurrence internationale est ordonnée par une règlementation uniforme ou qu’il s’agit seulement de coopérer
French private international law doctrine classicaly defines judicial jurisdiction as the branch of law that deals with describing the hypothesis under which the State makes its courts available to claimants in international matters. This presentation, though, faces two contradicting evolutions in modern-day litigation of international business matters. First, it does give no account of the increasing internationalization of this branch of law, where numerous international conventions and European regulations now regulates judicial jurisdiction between judges of different countries as they would with venue between judges of the same State. Second, this presentation ignores the development of international courts and arbitral tribunals even though these tribunals compete with or replace national courts in international business disputes.The reason for this double exclusion may actually be found in an analytical bias inherited from a century-old description of private international law as a conflict of State regulations, a bias that neither modern theory nor law itself confirms in any way. More simply described according to the problem it resolves, judicial jurisdiction may be defined as the branch of law that deals with organizing the international competition of judges. Under this functional definition, it is possible to broaden its scope and to describe the organization of international justice for business matters, both public and private, both State and International. Also, then encompassing rules of procedure, it becomes possible to offer new solutions to take into account foreign jurisdiction for a better international cooperation

Since the 1970s, most feminist philosophical work, in some form or another, has sought to expose, define and/or combat the “maleness” of philosophy. This thesis is written from the position that the “maleness” of philosophy is not inevitable, but a feature of our dualised discourse. From this perspective, dualism and male bias are deeply implicated in current structures of thought. And yet, from this perspective, philosophy and theory construction should not be rejected as antagonistic to feminist aims, but reinvented through unthinking dualism. This thesis explores the state of dualism within Western discourse in order to describe how feminists must approach the task of reinventing discourse. One aim of this thesis, then, is to examine to what extent feminist theory shares in the wider criticism of dualistic thinking: the critique of thinking in terms of domination. Thus this thesis sets up the problem of how to unthink dualism as being more complicated than many have thought, and as entailing the reinvention of both philosophy and feminist theory. Chapter One begins by distinguishing the position toward dualism taken in this thesis from other prominent feminist approaches based on politics of equality and difference. From there Chapter Two provides an initial description of my account of dualism, based predominantly on Plumwood’s (1993) critique of dualism, as well as of the problem of how to unthink dualism. Chapters Three, Four and Five then describe the problem of how to unthink dualism in greater depth through an examination of Plumwood’s three principles of dualism: hyper-separation, denied dependency and relational definition. These middle chapters explore how resistant this problem is to a solution by addressing feminist theories’ own reliance on dualistic thinking. Central to this is the problem of difference which has been a major concern of contemporary feminist theory. Finally, Chapter Six draws on this discussion to describe the shape of a satisfactory solution to the problem of how to unthink dualism, and of the road ahead for feminist theory.
Thesis (MPhil) -- University of Adelaide, School of Humanities, 2020

Thesis (Ph.D.)--York University, 2005. Graduate Programme in Administration.
Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 322-339). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=1&did=1283957761&SrchMode=1&sid=1&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1194976887&clientId=5220

Traditionally, interiors are associated with rooms as spaces inside buildings. Spaces for human habitation and interaction are found throughout the built environment and include urban space. Space is a product of social practices and Lefebvre (1991) argues that this process allows for ‘space’ to be transformed into ‘place’. The appropriation of space adds personal meaning to place that Lefebvre refers to as differential space. The study is based on the premise of Augé’s (1995) argument of place and non-place. Place allows for meaning and enrichment with the connotations of identity, history, urban relationships and social life within spatial dimensions and manifestations. Place and space are central to this investigation, as the study aims to determine the relation between spatial definition and place-making. Anthropological, economic, cultural, sociological, geographical, economic, ecological and political aspects that are influences, are accepted and acknowledged, but fall outside the scope of this study. This investigation focuses on the static, physical spatial dimension. A search into the criteria that can be applied to research, describe and define space and create place is conducted. The terminology that constitutes these criteria is identified according to the elements and modulation variables for architectural interiors. The study explores the possibility of developing a general set of criteria that could be collectively applied to all places for human habitation, regardless of the location. Human need for shelter is universal. Can the criteria to achieve this therefore also be collective? Furthermore, if generalities in spatial dimensions and manifestations do exist, can the term ‘interior’ be used collectively for both architectural and urban places? The existing situation of the Donkin Reserve in Central Hill, Port Elizabeth, is examined according to the criteria established in order to determine whether the space is adequately defined and meaningful to the community it serves. Recommendations are made according to the guidelines to improve the sense of place. The research consists of a literature study to establish a theoretical basis and is supplemented with precedent analyses to interpret and demonstrate theoretical concepts. The descriptive survey method as qualitative research methodology is used to collect data.
Dissertation (Master of Interior Architecture)--University of Pretoria, 2007.
Architecture
unrestricted

碩士
國立屏東商業技術學院
資訊工程系(所)
99
The design of XML-relational databases has become an active research topic in the recent decade. Many excellent approaches have been proposed to store and manipulate XML data in relational databases. The most critical issue for designing a high-performance XML-relational database is the mapping technique which translates XML data into/from relational data. Researchers and venders have proposed many well-design mapping techniques, however, most previous work has a potential performance problem for processing XML data with cross-reference relationships. In this these, we will propose a novel model-mapping-schema-based approach, called XPred+, to store and process cross-reference XML data more efficiently. The proposed approach can reduce significant join costs for processing cross-reference XML data. The basic idea is to store data and its referenced data in the same place such that the number of join operations can be reduced when processing cross-reference data. In particular, for every node in a given XML document, we store its referenced data's ID within itself. It can eliminate the join operation for cross-reference accessing such that the performance of query processing can be improved. The capability of our proposed approach was verified by a series of simulation experiments for which we have some encouraging experimental results.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1985.
Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 138-145).

Picketing, a method used by employees, collectively, to assert their demands against employers, is a controversial subject arising from the conflict of interest existing between labour and employers! Previously, South African law neither forbade nor regulated picketing. Consequently, no immunity from civil liability existed in relation to a person's conduct during a picket. Presently, picketing is regulated by section 17 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act 108of19% (right to picket) and section 69 of the Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995, which provides for a protected picket (one that complies with the requirements of section 69) whereby immunity from civil liability attaches to a person's conduct during a picket. These provisions and their coexistence is examined, comparing foreign law where relevant, in an attempt to provide a foundation for a topic relatively disregarded. Section 69 reveals elements of uncertainty and vagueness.
Law
LL.M.