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1
Rhee, Young. "Being and Relation in the Posthuman Age." Socium i vlast 5 (2020): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1996-0522-2020-5-07-12.
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What will be the posthuman society? As usual, there are two prospects: the pessimistic view and the optimistic view. According to pessimistic view, as technologies advance emerge new beings called as transhuman with enhanced intelligence and physical power, and extremely long lifespan and they will dominate humans. On the other hand, according to optimistic view, technology will benefit humans, so humans evolve via transhuman to posthuman with smart machines. There are complex issues tangled together in the dispute between the rival views, especially such as the natural vs. artificial beings, human dignity and equality, and meaning of life. The aim of this article is to examine being and relation in posthuman age in the point of Nietzsche’s philosophy. I examine transhuman as a typical being of posthuman age and ressentiment as its relation respectively. Nietzsche has influenced the rise of transhumanism and posthumanism, as can be seen from direct or indirect confessions from pioneers of them, though there are debates about whether the influence is real or superficial. By paying particular attention to Nietzsche’s idea of Master and Slave, ressentiment, and Overman (Übermensch), I contend that (a) in the posthuman age new classes will emerge, which correspond to Master and Slave, (b) there will be a new ressentiment of Slaves toward their Masters, and (c) Overman as a creator of new value will be required in order to solve the problem by ressentiment.
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Rhee, Young. "Being and Relation in the Posthuman Age." Socium i vlast 5 (2020): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1996-0522-2020-5-13-19.
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What will be the posthuman society? As usual, there are two prospects: the pessimistic view and the optimistic view. According to pessimistic view, as technologies advance emerge new beings called as transhuman with enhanced intelligence and physical power, and extremely long lifespan and they will dominate humans. On the other hand, according to optimistic view, technology will benefit humans, so humans evolve via transhuman to posthuman with smart machines. There are complex issues tangled together in the dispute between the rival views, especially such as the natural vs. artificial beings, human dignity and equality, and meaning of life. The aim of this article is to examine being and relation in posthuman age in the point of Nietzsche’s philosophy. I examine transhuman as a typical being of posthuman age and ressentiment as its relation respectively. Nietzsche has influenced the rise of transhumanism and posthumanism, as can be seen from direct or indirect confessions from pioneers of them, though there are debates about whether the influence is real or superficial. By paying particular attention to Nietzsche’s idea of Master and Slave, ressentiment, and Overman (Übermensch), I contend that (a) in the posthuman age new classes will emerge, which correspond to Master and Slave, (b) there will be a new ressentiment of Slaves toward their Masters, and (c) Overman as a creator of new value will be required in order to solve the problem by ressentiment.
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Watson, Eleanor Nell. "The Supermoral Singularity—AI as a Fountain of Values." Big Data and Cognitive Computing 3, no. 2 (April 11, 2019): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bdcc3020023.
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This article looks at the problem of moral singularity in the development of artificial intelligence. We are now on the verge of major breakthroughs in machine technology where autonomous robots that can make their own decisions will become an integral part of our way of life. This article presents a qualitative, comparative approach, which considers the differences between humans and machines, especially in relation to morality, and is grounded in historical and contemporary examples. This argument suggests that it is difficult to apply models of human morality and evolution to machines and that the creation of super-intelligent robots that will be able to make moral decisions could have potentially serious consequences. A runaway moral singularity could result in machines seeking to confront human moral transgressions in a quest to eliminate all forms of evil. This might also culminate in an all-out war in which humanity might be defeated.
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Pentazou, Ioulia. "‘Having everything, possessing nothing’: archives and archiving in the digital era." Punctum. International Journal of Semiotics 09, no. 01 (2023): 133–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.18680/hss.2023.0008.
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The article explores meaning-making by investigating the subject-object relation and human-machine intra-action within the context of archive and archiving practices. It discusses changing relations between humans, machines, and objects in changing technological environments. Entering the digital archive’s cosmos, the subject-object relation transfers the focus on human-machine intra-action. The article examines the thingness of digital objects and the role of search engines in generating data collections as prerequisites for the intelligibility of the entangled parts. In digital flowness, search engines provoke a stasis in the constant movement of information, creating ephemeral collections. Thus, meaning emerges as a temporal pause within the ongoing continuum. The article argues that in the processual continuum of movement-stasis, meaning is a process – always a momentum, always stillborn, thus, intelligible to both the human and the machine. Conceiving meaning as a process within the condition of digital flowness signifies the transcendence of content in favor of processual entanglements between the human and the machine.
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Oriel, Elizabeth. "Whom Would Animals Designate as “Persons”?" Journal of Ethics and Emerging Technologies 24, no. 3 (September 30, 2014): 44–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.55613/jeet.v24i3.32.
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Humans are animals; humans are machines. The current academic and popular dialogue on extending the personhood boundary to certain non-human animal species and at the same time to machines/robots reflects a dialectic about how “being human” is defined, about how we perceive our species and ourselves in relation to the environment. While both paths have the potential to improve lives, these improvements differ in substance and in consequence. One route has the potential to broaden the anthropocentric focus within the West and honor interdependence with life systems, while the other affords greater currency to a human-purpose-driven worldview–furthering an unchecked Anthropocene. The broadening of legal personhood rights to life systems is underway with a ruling for dolphins in India, for a river in New Zealand and with Laws of the Rights of Mother Earth in Bolivia. Many philosophers, ethicists, and ethologists define personhood within the confines of the dominant anthropocentric paradigm, yet alternate eco-centric paradigms offer an inclusive model that may help dismantle the artificial wall between humans and nature. In this paper, I explore these eco-centric paradigms and the implications of an associated worldview for human perceptions, self-awareness, communication, narrative, and research.
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Krause, Markus, François Bry, and Mihai Georgescu. "Disco: Workshop on Human and Machine Learning in Games." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Human Computation and Crowdsourcing 1 (November 3, 2013): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/hcomp.v1i1.13063.
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Exploiting the playfulness of games has been extremely successful in bringing humans “in the loop” to solve complex computational tasks that would otherwise be hardly tractable. Although many proposals and systems after this paradigm have been developed, deployed, and tested, the relationship between play and human computation still deserves more investigations. Most work in human computation focuses on the ability for the machine to exploit, or learn from, humans. The workshop has a slightly different focus: the exploration of extending “I learn” (“disco” in Latin) to machines and humans alike. Games hold tremendous potential for discovery related to human and machine computation because of the intrinsic relation between play and learning. Extending and building upon the focus of past workshops on games and human computation Disco aims at exploring the intersection of entertainment, learning and human computation.
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Wargo, Eric. "The Passion of the Space Jockey: Alienated Sentience and Endosymbiosis in the World of H. R. Giger." Gnosis: Journal of Gnostic Studies 5, no. 1 (March 26, 2020): 22–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2451859x-12340075.
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Abstract The “biomechanoids” of the Swiss painter H. R. Giger (1940–2014) depict the sadomasochistic bondage of humans and machines. Although Giger’s art has commonly been interpreted in psychoanalytic terms as representing some past trauma connected with origins and birth, I argue that it also encodes a distinctly gnostic warning about the trajectory of consciousness in relation to technology, a “fall of spirit into matter” that may lie ahead of our species rather than behind. With the help of the endosymbiosis theory of biologist Lynn Margulis, I decode the dark warning transmission in Giger’s work, especially the iconic “Space Jockey” Giger designed for Ridley Scott’s 1979 blockbuster Alien—a fossilized star pilot fused to its ship. As a vision of the more disturbing possibilities of cyborgs or human-machine symbionts, the Space Jockey contrasts sharply with optimistic dreams of Singularities and “spiritual machines.” It suggests a posthuman future in which distinctly nonspiritual machines find it useful to coopt or exploit spirit (human or otherwise) for their own ends.
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Hayward, Mark, and Ghislain Thibault. "Ethics in Jacques Lafitte’s Mechanology." Theory, Culture & Society 38, no. 5 (January 31, 2021): 73–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263276420981156.
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This article argues that the most widely disseminated reading of Lafitte’s writings, which aligns his proposals for ‘mechanology’ with cybernetics, overlooks the broader ethical and social project to which he hoped his ideas would contribute. It is shown that the purpose of mechanology articulated by Lafitte was the development of an ethical relation to machines, a theme he developed in his later publications. It is argued that Lafitte’s position resonates with positions taken by contemporary works focused on the renewal of a critical approach to the philosophy of technology, particularly those that seek to transform the relationship between humans and the natural world.
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Sin, Dong Eui. "A Study on Moral Education in the Age of Artificial Intelligence: Focusing on the Distinction and Application of Ethics of Artificial Moral Agent (AMA)." Korean Journal of Teacher Education 39, no. 3 (May 31, 2023): 29–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.14333/kjte.2023.39.3.02.
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Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the ultimate difference and limitations between humans and machines while addressing the most heated controversy in the era of artificial intelligence, particularly the question of “Can machines think?”, which is considered a critical issue in moral education in the age of artificial intelligence. Methods: To this end, the direction of moral education in the AI era is sought through analysis and reflective discourse on literature materials related to digital technologies such as the Fourth Industrial Revolution, artificial intelligence (AI), big data and machine learning. Results: From the perspective of moral education in the era of artificial intelligence, this study discusses the classification of Artificial Moral Agents (AMA) and the application of ethics, focusing on reflective discourse on science and technological civilization. In other words, it examines three principles of machine construction based on Stuart Russell’s belief in “beneficial machines” from the perspective of “preference”, presents Moors four stages of AMAs, and addresses the concept of explicit ethical agents in the third stage. Additionally, it explores Heidegger's critique of technological civilization and discusses creativity in relation to the controversies surrounding artificial intelligence. Conclusion: Based on this, the present study explored the potential application of moral education in artificial intelligence through the question “Can machines think?”, which can be a core topic in the field of artificial intelligence.
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Noor, Sifatun. "“I'm yours, and I'm not yours”: Reinventing the Genesis of Creation in a Posthuman World." International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences 8, no. 4 (2023): 278–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijels.84.45.
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The aim of this study is to discuss and examine the film Her, in relation to the story of Genesis. This will allow us to study the concept of humans from the inception to the contemporary world and address how women as the ‘other’ have always been excluded from that category. The emergence of AI, machines, or cyborgs as the new social entities in the context of posthumanism, as portrayed in the film manages to widen the border of the exclusive category of ‘human’ and helps women to build a place for themselves within it. In addition, the relationship between Theodore and Samantha contradicts the typical relationship of the male-dominated world and finds similarities with the story of Adam and Eve and their creation. The study uses the film, Her, to develop the argument that the posthuman approach is an ideal path to stretch the borders of the category of ‘humans’ and make it more inclusive.
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Jones, Malcolm. "Artificial Intelligence (AI) - The Need for New Safety Standards and Methodologies." Journal of System Safety 55, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.56094/jss.v55i3.39.
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There have been a series of challenges in developing appropriate safety standards and methodologies as technology evolves to ensure their safe implementation. These challenges, which fi rst arose at the dawn of the industrial revolution, will inevitably continue. New technologies will always forge ahead in a competitive marketplace; failure to do so will inevitably lead to organizational demise. However, these developments must be matched by a complement of research activity seeking to ensure that appropriate new safety standards and methodologies are put in place to maintain acceptable levels of risk. A new challenge now confronts us in the form of artifi cial intelligence (AI), where we stand at the frontiers of decision making in relation to what roles machines and humans should play in optimal decision making and how this will impact safety.
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Solans, David, Christopher Tauchmann, Aideen Farrell, Karolin Kappler, Hans-Hendrik Huber, Carlos Castillo, and Kristian Kersting. "Learning to Classify Morals and Conventions: Artificial Intelligence in Terms of the Economics of Convention." Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media 15 (May 22, 2021): 691–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v15i1.18095.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) and its relation with societies has become an increasingly interesting subject of study for the social sciences. Nevertheless, there is still an important lack of interdisciplinary and empirical research applying social theories to the field of AI. We here aim to shed light on the interactions between humans and autonomous systems and analyse the moral conventions, which underly these interactions and cause moments of conflict and cooperation. For this purpose we employ the Economics of Convention (EC), originally developed in the context of economic processes of production and management involving humans, objects and machines. We create a dataset from three relevant text sources and perform a qualitative exploration of its content. Then, we train a combination of Machine Learning (ML) classifiers on this dataset, which achieve an average classification accuracy of 83.7%. A qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the predicted conventions reveals, inter alia, that the Industrial and Inspired conventions tend to co-exist in the AI domain. This is the first time, ML classifiers are used to study the EC in different AI-related text types. Our analysis of a larger dataset is especially beneficial for the social sciences.
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Snehitha, Kanaparthi. "Facial Expression Recognition with Appearance Based Features of Facial Landmarks." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 30, 2021): 3343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35702.
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Artificial intelligence technology has been trying to bridge the gap between humans and machines. The latest development in this technology is Facial recognition. Facial recognition technology identifies the faces by co-relating and verifying the patterns of facial contours. Facial recognition is done by using Viola-Jones object detection framework. Facial expression is one of the important aspects in recognizing human emotions. Facial expression also helps to determine interpersonal relation between humans. Automatic facial recognition is now being used very widely in almost every field, like marketing, health care, behavioral analysis and also in human-machine interaction. Facial expression recognition helps a lot more than facial recognition. It helps the retailers to understand their customers, doctors to understand their patients, and organizations to understand their clients. For the expression recognition, we are using the landmarks of face which are appearance-based features. With the use of an active shape model, LBP (Local Binary Patterns) derives its properties from face landmarks. The operation is carried out by taking into account pixel values, which improves the rate of expression recognition. In an experiment done using previous methods and 10-fold cross validation, the accuracy achieved is 89.71%. CK+ Database is used to achieve this result.
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Kielin, Katarzyna. "Enlivening vast green spaces of Zamość. Spatial organization of key recreational areas of the Town. Planty." Teka Komisji Architektury, Urbanistyki i Studiów Krajobrazowych 15, no. 2 (January 31, 2020): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/teka.811.
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Today’s city longs for air and green. Congestion, overflow of car traffic, the pace and randomness of contemporary living might serve as plights for the spaces around us since one might observe accruing amounts of waste produced by humans, pollution or disorganization/ inconsistency/ incongruity of public spaces. Quite threatening might that be, but there has been observed a ‘trickling’, continuous shift of a social life towards virtual reality of tempting, alluring social media, games, news on-and-on broadcasts, shopping websites. We engage in perversely intimate relation with our ‘cuddle-to’ electronic devices – phones, laptops, smartphones. Little Prince would not be happy with ‘our establishing ties’ with lifeless machines, would he? Getting children out of their computers to kick some ball or play hide-and-seek turns into changing the current of a river or tempering with a bee. It will definitely stab you. Can a historically charged, conservatory space be a no space?
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Lee, Ching-Long, Wen Pei, Yu-Cheng Lin, Anders Granmo, and Kang-Hung Liu. "Emotion Detection Based on Pupil Variation." Healthcare 11, no. 3 (January 21, 2023): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11030322.
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Emotion detection is a fundamental component in the field of Affective Computing. Proper recognition of emotions can be useful in improving the interaction between humans and machines, for instance, with regard to designing effective user interfaces. This study aims to understand the relationship between emotion and pupil dilation. The Tobii Pro X3-120 eye tracker was used to collect pupillary responses from 30 participants exposed to content designed to evoke specific emotions. Six different video scenarios were selected and presented to participants, whose pupillary responses were measured while watching the material. In total, 16 data features (8 features per eye) were extracted from the pupillary response distribution during content exposure. Through logistical regression, a maximum of 76% classification accuracy was obtained through the measurement of pupillary response in predicting emotions classified as fear, anger, or surprise. Further research is required to precisely calculate pupil size variations in relation to emotionally evocative input in affective computing applications.
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Kardinata, Eunike Andriani, and Nur Aini Rakhmawati. "Online Incremental Learning Based on Crowdsourcing For Indonesian Ontology Relation Extraction." Inteligencia Artificial 26, no. 72 (September 6, 2023): 124–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4114/intartif.vol26iss72pp124-136.
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Ontology is one form of structured representation of knowledge. Ontology is widely used and developed in information retrieval because of its ability to represent knowledge in a form that machines and humans can understand. With the increasing scale and complexity of ontology, there are more significant challenges in identifying extra-logical errors. Ontological development methods mostly use machine learning, which is at risk of missed extra-logical errors. To handle it, crowdsourcing is used, i.e. dividing a large job into several small jobs and hiring the masses to complete it. Data processing is usually done offline to take advantage of crowdsourcing, and batches are converted into online and incremental. Online incremental learning directly arranges an iterative model after a change is made by ensuring that the knowledge that has been obtained before is maintained. This study built an interactive medium to present the initial relationship between concept pairs. Crowdsourcing participants were asked to validate the relationship repeatedly until a specified accuracy value was reached. This study found that the crowdsourcing process was able to improve the model used in the relationship extraction process, from F1-Score 87.2% to 89.8%. Improvements using crowdsourcing achieve the same result as improvements by experts. Thus, crowdsourcing can correct extra-logical errors appropriately as an expert. In addition, it was also found that offline incremental learning using Random Forest resulted in higher model accuracy than incremental online learning using Mondrian Forest. The accuracy of the Random Forest model has a final accuracy of 90.6%, while the accuracy of the Mondrian Forest model is 89.7%. From these results, it was concluded that incremental online learning cannot provide better results than offline incremental learning to improve the meronymy relationship extraction process.
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Toohey, Kelleen. "The Onto-Epistemologies of New Materialism: Implications for Applied Linguistics Pedagogies and Research." Applied Linguistics 40, no. 6 (October 20, 2018): 937–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/applin/amy046.
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Abstract The Douglas Fir Group (2016) argued that applied linguistics needed new interdisciplinary perspectives, and I suggest here that the concepts provided by new materialism might aid in gaining such perspectives. New materialism foregrounds the material nature of humans, discourses, machines, other objects, other species, and the natural environment, as well as constant change, non-binary thinking, and the porosity of boundaries; it also asks for the posing of new problems and new concepts to ‘bring forth a world distinct from what we already are’ (Colebrook and Weinstein 2017: 4). Refusing the central binaries and hierarchies of Cartesian thinking, new materialism’s relational ontology stresses becoming; people, discourses, practices, and things are continually in relation and becoming different from what they were before. New materialist conceptions of knowledge/knowing and language/languaging are also relational, processual, and entangled. I review recent new materialist educational research and present two descriptions of events in my own research to show what pedagogical and research-oriented questions might be stimulated from this perspective.
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Spyropoulos, Alexandros Z., Angelos Kornilakis, Georgios C. Makris, Charalampos Bratsas, Vassilis Tsiantos, and Ioannis Antoniou. "Semantic Representation of the Intersection of Criminal Law & Civil Tort." Data 7, no. 12 (December 9, 2022): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/data7120176.
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The more complex and globalized social structures become, the greater the need for new ways of exchanging information and knowledge. Legal science is a field that needs to be codified to allow the interoperability between people and states, as well as between humans and machines. The objective of this work is to develop an ontology in order to describe two different pillars of codified law (civil and criminal) and be able to depict the interaction between them. To answer the above question, we examine the Greek Criminal Law as depicted in the Greek Penal Code (ΠΚ) and the way its articles can be analyzed. Then we examine Tort as described in the Greek Civil Code (AΚ) and link the two codifications through the concepts of illegality and damage, both being prerequisites of tortious liability. Following that, through the Protégé application, a legal ontology is created in the OWL semantic language, while finally, four articles of the Penal Code are codified in the ontology and a presentation of their relation to the civil tort is required from a reasoning algorithm.
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Cieślik, Karol, Piotr Krogul, Marian Janusz Łopatka, Mirosław Przybysz, and Rafał Typiak. "The Influence of the Operator’s Perception on the Energy Demand for a Hydraulic Manipulator with a Large Working Area." Applied Sciences 14, no. 5 (February 22, 2024): 1800. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14051800.
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The efficient operation of hydraulic manipulators with expansive working areas is crucial in various applications such as the construction industry, the rescue service, and the military. These machines are characterized by having more capabilities than humans, and they perform tasks that are not repeated in the same environment. For this reason, they are most often controlled by a human in a teleoperation system. This research investigates the influence of the operator’s perception on the energy demand of such manipulators. Specifically, the research focused on assessing how the intuitive control systems, such as primary–secondary solutions, impact the energy consumption. Understanding the relation between the operator’s perception and the energy demand is essential for optimizing manipulator design and operation. Experimental research was conducted to analyze the velocity and acceleration of the manipulator’s effector, which is controlled by human operators under different movement ranges and size ratios. The obtained test results allow for the assessment of the dynamic loads, velocity, and energy consumption of the movement of a manipulator with a large working area due to the limitations resulting from the operator’s perception.
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Strauß, Stefan. "From Big Data to Deep Learning: A Leap Towards Strong AI or ‘Intelligentia Obscura’?" Big Data and Cognitive Computing 2, no. 3 (July 17, 2018): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bdcc2030016.
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Astonishing progress is being made in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) and particularly in machine learning (ML). Novel approaches of deep learning are promising to even boost the idea of AI equipped with capabilities of self-improvement. But what are the wider societal implications of this development and to what extent are classical AI concepts still relevant? This paper discusses these issues including an overview on basic concepts and notions of AI in relation to big data. Particular focus lies on the roles, societal consequences and risks of machine and deep learning. The paper argues that the growing relevance of AI in society bears serious risks of deep automation bias reinforced by insufficient machine learning quality, lacking algorithmic accountability and mutual risks of misinterpretation up to incrementally aggravating conflicts in decision-making between humans and machines. To reduce these risks and avoid the emergence of an intelligentia obscura requires overcoming ideological myths of AI and revitalising a culture of responsible, ethical technology development and usage. This includes the need for a broader discussion about the risks of increasing automation and useful governance approaches to stimulate AI development with respect to individual and societal well-being.
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Chander, Subhash. "IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON SOCIETY: RISK AND CHALLENGES." International Journal of Engineering Science and Humanities 14, Special Issue 1 (May 1, 2024): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.62904/s5ezzj40.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines that are programmed to think and act like humans. These machines are designed to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and language translation. AI technologies include machine learning, which enables computers to learn from experience and improve their performance over time without being explicitly programmed, and deep learning, which uses neural networks to process complex patterns and data. AI has applications in various fields, including healthcare, defence, transportation, education, and labour market, and its development has raised ethical, social, educational, and economic implications. The main objective of the study is to explore the literature on the artificial intelligence, its impact on society as well as challenges and risks posed by AI. Recently AI has been utilized in various fields. To cover various societal aspects, literature has been reviewed from various disciplines where AI is applied. These areas include healthcare, automobiles, education, labour market, defence, entertainment, computation, and security. These articles are retrieved from peer-reviewed sources based on the keywords suggesting the role of AI, forecasting & assessment of impact, behavioural & ecological aspects of AI, and AI's relation to employment. In this study it has been concluded that application of Artificial Intelligence has transformed the conventional ways of almost every area of modern society by bringing the significant changes in the industry, commerce, defence, education, labour market and healthcare services. But it has raised certain concerns also such as automation leads to job displacement and economic inequality concentrating revenue among fewer individuals. AI supported Autonomous Weapons to kill could cause mass casualties if misused. Hence the idea is both devastating and exciting and the application of AI should be carefully monitored.
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Tulloch, G. "Animal ethics: the capabilities approach." Animal Welfare 20, no. 1 (February 2011): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600002372.
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AbstractThis paper argues that beliefs about human nature are central for animal ethics as beliefs about animal nature ground human treatment of animals. It shows that what constitutes animal nature is a contested question, and that animals have long been considered inferior to humans in Western thought. In Judaeo-Christian ethics, God gave humans dominion over animals. This exacerbated the long-established prejudice in Western culture in favour of rationality as the defining characteristic of human beings. Rene Descartes was influential in arguing that animals were but machines that moved and made sounds but had no feelings. In such a context it was easy to portray animals as quasi-clockwork animated robots — ‘furry clocks’. Jeremy Bentham first advocated the direct inclusion of animals in our ethical thinking, introducing the concept of sentience, or the capacity to feel pleasure and pain, as the central criterion. Peter Singer's work is in this tradition. He also popularised the notion of speciesism — a bias in favour of one's own species. Now, Martha Nussbaum has introduced a new approach, the capabilities approach, a Quality of Life approach which lists ten capabilities, nine of which apply to animals as part of their nature. It applies to the whole range of animals (and throughout this paper the term ‘animals’ refers to sentient animals unless otherwise specified) — companion animals, farm production animals, animals in zoos, rodeos, museums and laboratories. Her work is the main focus of this paper. It is argued, therefore, that the capabilities approach contributes to understanding the relation of notions of animal nature to animal welfare, and what a good life for animals entails.
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Panchariya, Dev Arastu. "The Theory of Natural-Artificial Intelligence." European Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning 1, no. 1 (February 15, 2022): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejai.2022.1.1.2.
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In recent times, mankind is seeking for certain peculiar solutions to multiple facets containing an identically very fundamental philosophy i.e., certainly intend to have indeterminism as a primordial prerequisite; however, that indeterminism is itself like a void filled with determinism as analogous to the quantum computing as qubits and the corresponding complexity. In the meantime, there are algorithms and mathematical frameworks and those in general; yield the required distinctions in the underlying theories constructed upon principles which then give rise to respective objectifications. But, when it comes to the Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, then there find some mathematical gaps in order to connect other regimes in relation of one and the other. The proposed discovery in this paper is about quilting some of those gaps as like the whole structure of Artificial Intelligence is yet to be developed in the realm concerning with responsive analysis in betwixt to humans and machines or beyond to such analogy. Hence, the entire introduction & incitement of this theory is to mathematically determine the deep rationality as responsive manifestation of human brain with a designed computing and both with the highest potential degree of attributions or overlaps and both the conditions will be shown mathematically herewith as identifications that make each other separate and clear to persuade.
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Gagnier, Regenia. "INTRODUCTION: BOUNDARIES IN THEORY AND HISTORY." Victorian Literature and Culture 32, no. 2 (September 2004): 397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150304000555.
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WHEN ANGELIQUE RICHARDSON AND Ibegan collecting the essays included here, we were interested to see how recent theorists of boundaries like Audre Lorde (hyphenated identities), Gloria Anzaldua (borderlands), Donna Haraway (cyborg), J-F Lyotard (the in-between), or Jacques Derrida (deconstruction) fared in relation to classic theorists of boundaries like Aristotle, Hegel, Marx, and Darwin. We found that while the field of Victorian Studies has absorbed the theory, current practitioners may refer little to past or present theoretical masters. Rather they describe which boundaries were salient to the Victorians and why; when they were permeable and how; and who enforced them and to what ends. The essays in this volume focus on specific boundaries and amass a wealth of detailed knowledge about them. They include the boundaries or boundlessness of London and her suburbs (Parrinder, Cunningham); transnational or deterritorialized boundaries of empire (Spear and Meduri); psychological boundaries (Rylance, Trotter); boundaries between body and soul (Moran) and living and dead (Robson); generic boundaries (Barzilai, Howsam, Small, Toker); boundaries of popular representation between art and politics (Ledger, Livesey); and boundaries between humans, animals, and machines (Joseph and Sussman). The essays here interrogate boundaries historically and pragmatically, with a high tolerance of the in-between or queer, to which I shall return below.
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CASTELFRANCHI, CRISTIANO. "THE SOCIAL NATURE OF INFORMATION AND THE ROLE OF TRUST." International Journal of Cooperative Information Systems 11, no. 03n04 (September 2002): 381–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218843002000649.
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In this paper, I claim that "information" is a social construct, is created and tailored on purpose by somebody for somebody else or collectively, accepted, believed, or propagated through social interactions. In particular, I argue about the essential social nature of several crucial aspects of information in IT and specifically in relation to Information Agents. After situating this view of information within the broader perspective of Social Artificial Intelligence — the new AI paradigm — I analyize the intrinsic social aspects of information ontology, search and access, presentation, overload, credibility and sources, value. The issue of real "collaboration" in providing information deserves special attention and I introduce our theory of over-help and of the ability to provide something different from what is requested in order to satisfy the real need beyond the request. In the second part, I focus on the crucial role of trust (an intrinsically social and cognitive notion) for dealing with information and sources especially on the web. My objective is to claim that: if information per se is a social construct, then its technology should be socially designed and integrated, and that machines must be involved in real social relationships because they have to mediate them among humans. It is necessary incorporating some part of this social knowledge and capability in the information technology itself, especially in adaptive and interacting "agents" and MAS.
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Martinez-Martin, Ester, Eric Ferrer, Ilia Vasilev, and Angel P. del Pobil. "The UJI Aerial Librarian Robot: A Quadcopter for Visual Library Inventory and Book Localisation." Sensors 21, no. 4 (February 4, 2021): 1079. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21041079.
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Over time, the field of robotics has provided solutions to automate routine tasks in different scenarios. In particular, libraries are awakening great interest in automated tasks since they are semi-structured environments where machines coexist with humans and several repetitive operations could be automatically performed. In addition, multirotor aerial vehicles have become very popular in many applications over the past decade, however autonomous flight in confined spaces still presents a number of challenges and the use of small drones has not been reported as an automated inventory device within libraries. This paper presents the UJI aerial librarian robot that leverages computer vision techniques to autonomously self-localize and navigate in a library for automated inventory and book localization. A control strategy to navigate along the library bookcases is presented by using visual markers for self-localization during a visual inspection of bookshelves. An image-based book recognition technique is described that combines computer vision techniques to detect the tags on the book spines, followed by an optical character recognizer (OCR) to convert the book code on the tags into text. These data can be used for library inventory. Misplaced books can be automatically detected, and a particular book can be located within the library. Our quadrotor robot was tested in a real library with promising results. The problems encountered and limitation of the system are discussed, along with its relation to similar applications, such as automated inventory in warehouses.
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Krotz, Friedrich. "Digitalisation Today as the Capitalist Appropriation of People’s Mental Labour." tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique. Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society 22, no. 1 (April 26, 2024): 208–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31269/triplec.v22i1.1477.
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This paper deals with the question of how the process of digitalisation on the technical basis of the computer can be described in Marxist categories and what consequences are foreseeable as a result. To this end, the first section shows, based on a historical analysis of the emergence of the computer, that this apparatus was invented as an instrument of a division of human mental labour and thus complementary to the division of physical labour. It is therefore necessary to analyse computers and digitalisation in their relation to human beings and human labour. In the second section, the central ideology of digitalisation is elaborated, which is supposed to make the current form of digitalisation appear meaningful for people and society: The anthropomorphisation of the computer, which was said to be increasingly able to think, speak, and learn like humans, to become more and more intelligent, and to be able to do everything better than humans once the technical singularity had been reached. This claim, which has been propagated again and again, is contradicted on various levels. The computer operates on about two dozen simple mathematical, logical, and technical commands and can do nothing but run one programme at a time, developed and entered by programmers on the basis of behavioural or physical data. This sometimes produces amazing results because the computer can work quickly and systematically as well as reliably. But in contrast to humans, it faces the world as a behaviouristic machine that can neither understand meaning nor reflect its own or human behaviour. The computer also ”sees” and ”hears” its environment only on a physical basis and it ”thinks” at best on a statistical basis if the programme tells it to do so. The apparatus can therefore simulate mechanical machines, but in interaction with humans its actions and reactions are, as any machine, not socially oriented, but dependent on whether humans interpret them as meaningful und useful. The third section elaborates on the complementarity of mental and physical divisions of labour. This would be a central theme of a critical Marxism for an analysis of digitalisation today, which understands the previous capitalism from the division of physical labour. Even though there are some theoreticians who have contributed to this, so far there is no comprehensive theory of it. Therefore, section 4 wants to contribute to such a theory by collecting empirical observations in an interpretive way regarding the related questions. In this way, it becomes clear how the division of people's intellectual labour made possible by the computer is being dealt with today: Capitalism is reorganising more and more areas of human life such as mobility, social relations, education, medicine, etc. through the use of the computer. As a result, first and foremost the business fields of the digital economy are expanding. Moreover, capitalism no longer has to limit itself to controlling the field of production but is increasingly intervening in the whole symbolic world of people. Consequently, according to the thesis, we are heading for an expanded capitalism that will increasingly restrict and reduce both democracy and people's self-realisation. Section 5 emphasises once again that a different digitalisation is also possible, one that serves humanity and not capitalism. Further, some summarising and comments are added there.
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Soper, Kate. "Humans, Animals, Machines." Capitalism Nature Socialism 12, no. 3 (September 2001): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/104557501101245135.
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Dholakia, Nikhilesh, and A. Fuat Firat. "Markets, consumers and society in the age of heteromation." European Journal of Marketing 53, no. 8 (August 12, 2019): 1504–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-11-2017-0916.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is not to present a crystal ball, but to outline the conceptual strands – some already evident, others only dimly perceivable in emergent forms – that might drive the coming transformations and to weave the strands into a preliminary framework. The stance (and the political perspective) of the paper is informed by critical marketing studies (Tadajewski, 2010), the subfield of marketing that is vibrant in Europe but not yet well developed in other regions of the world. Design/methodology/approach This is a theoretical contribution, relying on discursive analysis. Findings Before an era of full and all-pervasive automation arrives, there will be a decades-long transitional stage of heteromation. In the heteromation, machines and humans will have to coexist adaptively. The spheres of production and consumption will be affected radically by the patterns of people-machine interactions, including coexistence, cooperation, adaptation, adjustments and conflicts. As the connective tissue between the spheres of production and consumption, marketing would also undergo major transformations in the age of heteromation. Research limitations/implications The paper lays out the grounding concepts useful for how heteromation and the subsequent era of full automation could impact organizations and markets. It provides the stepping-stone for further work on how marketing could, would or should transform in relation to the challenges of heteromation and automation. Practical implications The paper offers some guideposts for public policymakers, public intellectuals and thought leaders and social activists. It also points to action options for visionary corporate leaders and for researchers wishing to explore the heteromation–automation futures from critical-social perspectives. Originality/value Using the concept of heteromation, this paper presents hitherto unexplored and critical implications of potentially epochal transformations for marketing.
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Amoako, George, Paul Omari, Desmond K. Kumi, George Cudjoe Agbemabiase, and George Asamoah. "Conceptual Framework—Artificial Intelligence and Better Entrepreneurial Decision-Making: The Influence of Customer Preference, Industry Benchmark, and Employee Involvement in an Emerging Market." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 14, no. 12 (December 13, 2021): 604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14120604.
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Purpose: Technology initiatives are now incorporated into a wide range of business domains. The objective of this paper is to explore the possible effects that Artificial intelligence systems have on entrepreneurs’ decision-making, through the mediation of customer preference and industry benchmark. Design/methodology/approach: This is a non-empirical review of the literature and the development of a conceptual model. Searches were conducted in key academic databases, such as Emerald Online Journals, Taylor and Francis Online Journals, JSTOR Online Journals, Elsevier Online Journals, IEEE Xplore, and Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) for papers which focused on Artificial intelligence (AI), Entrepreneurial decision-making, Customer preference, Industry benchmarks, and Employee involvement. In total, 25 articles met the predefined criteria and were used. Findings: The study proposes that Artificial intelligence systems can facilitate better decision-making from the entrepreneurial perspective. In addition, the study demonstrates that employees, as stakeholders, can moderate the relationship between Artificial intelligence systems and better decision-making for entrepreneurs with their involvement. Moreover, the study demonstrates that customer preference and industry benchmark can mediate the relationship between Artificial intelligence systems and better entrepreneur decision-making. Research limitations/implications: The study assumes a perfect ICT environment for the smooth operation of Artificial intelligence systems. However, this might not always be the case. The study does not consider the personal disposition of entrepreneurs in terms of ICT usage and adoption. Practical implications: This study proposes that entrepreneurial decision-making is enriched in an environment of Artificial intelligence systems, which is complemented by customer preference, industry benchmark, and employee involvement. This finding provides entrepreneurs with a possible technological tool for better decision-making, highlighting the endless options offered by Artificial intelligence systems. Social Implications: The introduction of AI in the business decision-making process comes with many social issues in relation to the impact machines have on humans and society. This paper suggests how this new technology should be used without destroying society. Originality/value: This conceptual framework serves as a valuable organizational spectrum for entrepreneurial development. In addition, this study makes a valuable contribution to entrepreneurial development through Artificial intelligence systems.
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Tufarelli, M., and E. Cianfanelli. "Generative Product Design Processes: Humans and Machines Towards a Symbiotic Balance." Proceedings of the Design Society 2 (May 2022): 1787–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pds.2022.181.
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AbstractDesign processes managed by algorithms provide solutions and improvements in terms of efficiency, performance, choice of materials, and cost optimization. It is a whole new approach to industrial design in which artificial intelligence participates directly in the design processes. The paper aims to investigate the way we design through algorithms, and consequent changes in thoughts, approaches, and generation of ideas that are rising determining new ways of defining things and their relations.
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Cohen, Eliot A., and Gregory Stock. "Metaman: The Merging of Humans and Machines into a Global Superorganism." Foreign Affairs 73, no. 2 (1994): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20045953.
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P J, Arya, and Bhuvaneswari R. "Life and (non)Living: Technological and Human Conglomeration in Android Kunjappan Version 5.25." Studies in Media and Communication 11, no. 2 (February 22, 2023): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/smc.v11i2.5943.
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In post-modern society, we (humans) share our space with machines. Though there is no doubt in the efficiency of the machines there is always a doubt in their reason. Machines being programmed cannot exercise reason like humans. Their assistance is limited to the commands designed by the engineer. The Malayalam movie Android Kunjappan Version 5.25 pictures the limitations and advantages of one such robotic creation. The movie narrates the tale of an old man and his association with a robot which becomes his solace and companion. The film questions the association between humans and machines. It raises the fear of constructing and destroying the boundaries between the machine world and the human world. This article attempts to use the concept of cyborg introduced by Donna Haraway in ‘Cyborg Manifesto’; though Haraway uses the concept of a cyborg from a Feminist perspective, the paper attempts to look at the relationship between man and machine using the concept ‘cyborg’. This fusion of the living and non-living is sceptical and this anxiety is presented in the film. The film also captured the naivety of the commoners who are new to the monstrous world of machines. The paper’s primary aim is to list how cyborgs transgress the limitations set by society. Another objective is to discuss the anxieties of the post-modern world when technology and life hold hands. The article considers the film a futuristic art that leaves a message to the viewers; cyborgs will become an inevitable facet of the human world.
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Nasikhah, Nunung, Gustaf Wijaya, and Titik Puji Rahayu. "Chatbot for Public Relations and Customer Service in Indonesia: A Diffusion Innovation Study." Jurnal Sosioteknologi 21, no. 3 (November 28, 2022): 278–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/sostek.itbj.2022.21.3.5.
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Chatbot technology is one of the tools to improve service. In chatbots, communicationis no longer between humans and humans, but between humans and machines or robots,despite it still use human language. In Indonesia, the literature on chatbots is morefocused on the technological aspect, while the communication aspect is still inadequate.This research is a diffusion of innovations study to explain the dissemination ofchatbots’ adoption in Indonesia. Data through interviews with five sources withdifferent backgrounds. Researchers target government agencies as users of chatbotapplications to serve the public, also micro businesses that use automation, and a chatbotprovider as an active party in communicating chatbot technology. Researchers alsoexplore the experiences gained by end-user chatbots. The findings show that the mainreasons for adopting chatbots in Indonesia are the swiftness of service, the efficiencyof human resources, and the unlimited working hours. This leads to chatbots easingthe information process, both customer services, and public relations. The mass mediacommunication channel is used to introduce chatbot services to the public. While theinterpersonal communication channel is used to transfer knowledge from the developerto the administrator.
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Ryder, Mike. "EMSIAC Wars." Extrapolation: Volume 61, Issue 3 61, no. 3 (December 1, 2020): 249–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/extr.2020.14.
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Bernard Wolfe’s dystopian satire Limbo (1952) remains a critically under-discussed work, and despite its many controversies, offers important insight into the ethical dilemmas surrounding modern-day drone warfare and human-machine relations. While the EMSIAC war computers in Limbo may be blamed for World War III, they are only ever a scapegoat to shift blame away from the humans who follow orders blindly, and themselves behave much like machines. To this end, this paper will explore the ethical implications of Wolfe’s novel and what it means for the way we wage wars with robotic drones controlled by humans from afar.
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Mühlhoff, Rainer. "Human-aided artificial intelligence: Or, how to run large computations in human brains? Toward a media sociology of machine learning." New Media & Society 22, no. 10 (November 6, 2019): 1868–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461444819885334.
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Today, artificial intelligence (AI), especially machine learning, is structurally dependent on human participation. Technologies such as deep learning (DL) leverage networked media infrastructures and human-machine interaction designs to harness users to provide training and verification data. The emergence of DL is therefore based on a fundamental socio-technological transformation of the relationship between humans and machines. Rather than simulating human intelligence, DL-based AIs capture human cognitive abilities, so they are hybrid human-machine apparatuses. From a perspective of media philosophy and social-theoretical critique, I differentiate five types of “media technologies of capture” in AI apparatuses and analyze them as forms of power relations between humans and machines. Finally, I argue that the current hype about AI implies a relational and distributed understanding of (human/artificial) intelligence, which I categorize under the term “cybernetic AI.” This form of AI manifests in socio-technological apparatuses that involve new modes of subjectivation, social control, and digital labor.
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Laura, Ronald Samuel, and Fraser Douglas Hannam. "The Technologisation of Education and the Pathway to Depersonalisation and Dehumanisation." Asian Journal of Social Science Studies 2, no. 2 (May 26, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20849/ajsss.v2i2.155.
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Contrary to the conventional wisdom, it is a central contention of this piece that there exists a growing crisis of depersonalisation and dehumanisation which has emerged from the computechnological texturing of contemporary society. We shall endeavour to show that the primary mode of electronic communication is characterised by the covert depersonalisation of human relations. Depersonalisation, as we shall define this computechnological dimension of the problem refers to the condition of human relationships wherein we have come progressively to substitute face-to-face human exchange in preference for technologically mediated forms of electronic communication. One significant paradox to be explored here will reveal that we personalise and anthropomorphise our computechnology, while simultaneously depersonalising ourselves and treating others as if they were machines. The criterion of 'employment-efficiency-expectation', as we call it, is now determined by the work capabilities of computechnology, not the work-potential of humans defined in terms of integrated well-being and mental health. When we increasingly treat each other as machines, and our machines as humans, the time has truly come to reflect not only on how we value our relationships with each other, but on the way in which we have come, somewhat mindlessly, to value the very tools of technology which depersonalise and in turn dehumanise those relationships.
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Effenberger, Charlotte. "Linguistic Approach to Semantic Correlation Rules." SHS Web of Conferences 102 (2021): 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202110202004.
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As communication between humans and machines in natural language still seems essential, especially for end users, Natural Language Processing (NLP) methods are used to classify and interpret this. NLP, as a technology, combines grammatical, semantical, and pragmatical analyses with statistics or machine learning to make language logically understandable by machines and to allow new interpretations of data in contrast to predefined logical structures. Some NLP methods do not go far beyond a retrieving of the indexation of content. Therefore, indexation is considered as a very simple linguistic approach. Semantic correlation rules offer the possibility to retrieve easy semantic relations without a special tool by using a set of predefined rules. Therefore, this paper aims to examine, to which extend Semantic Correlation Rules (SCRs) will be able to retrieve linguistic semantic relations and to what extend a simple NLP method can be set up to allow further interpretation of data. In order to do so, an easy linguistic model was modelled by an indexation that is enriched with semantical relations to give data more context. These semantic relations were then queried by SCRs to set up an NLP method.
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Winter, Elliot. "THE COMPATIBILITY OF AUTONOMOUS WEAPONS WITH THE PRINCIPLE OF DISTINCTION IN THE LAW OF ARMED CONFLICT." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 69, no. 4 (October 2020): 845–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589320000378.
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AbstractThe law of armed conflict requires ‘distinction’ between civilians and combatants and provides that only the latter may be targeted. However, for proper implementation, distinction requires advanced observation and recognition abilities as well as the capacity to exercise judgement based on situational awareness. While the observation and recognition abilities of machines may now surpass those of humans, the capacity of machines to exercise judgement remains significantly more limited than our own. Consequently, this article contends that the deployment of ‘autonomous weapons’ based on current levels of technological sophistication would be incompatible with distinction and that, as such, their use in conflict would be unlawful.
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Krähling, Maren. "In Between Companion and Cyborg: The Double Diffracted Being Elsewhere of a Robodog." International Review of Information Ethics 6 (December 1, 2006): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/irie142.
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Aibo, Sony’s robodog, questions the relations between nature, technology, and society and directs the attention to the difficult and changing triad between machines, humans and animals. Located at the boundaries between entertainment robot, dog, and companion Aibo evokes the question which relationship humans and Aibo can have and which ethical issues are being addressed. Promoted by Sony as a ‘best friend’, it is useful to analyze Aibo within the theoretical framework of feminist philosopher and biologist Donna Haraway, who develops alternative approaches of companionships between humans and dogs. Therefore, I am going to ask how Aibo challenges the understanding of other life forms by humans and how concepts of friendship are at stake. Ethical questions about human perceptions of dogs in the age of doglike robots must be approached. However, Aibo itself follows no predefined category. Aibo does neither live in a merely mechanistic ‘elsewhere’ nor in the ‘elsewhere’ of animals but in an intermediate space, in a doubled diffracted ‘elsewhere’.
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Dickins, Thomas E. "General Symbol Machines: The First Stage in the Evolution of Symbolic Communication." Evolutionary Psychology 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 147470490300100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147470490300100116.
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Humans uniquely form stimulus equivalence (SE) classes of abstract and unrelated stimuli, i.e. if taught to match A with B and B with C, they will spontaneously match B with A, and C with B, (the relation of symmetry), and A with C (transitivity). Other species do not do this. The SE ability is possibly the consequence of a specific selection event in the Homo lineage. SE is of interest because it appears to demonstrate a facility that is core to symbolic behavior. Linguistic symbols, for example, are arbitrarily and symmetrically related to their referent such that the term banana has no resemblance to bananas but when processed can be used to discriminate bananas. Equally when bananas are perceived the term banana is readily produced. This relation is arguably the defining mark of symbolic representation. In this paper I shall detail the SE phenomenon and argue that it is evidence for a cognitive device that I term a General Symbol Machine (GSM). The GSM not only sets the background condition for subsequent linguistic evolution but also for other symbolic behaviors such as mathematical reasoning. In so doing the GSM is not particularly domain-specific. The apparent domain-specificity of, for example, natural language is a consequence of other computational developments. This introduces complexity to evolutionary arguments about cognitive architecture.
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Azis, Dhani, and Resista Vikaliana. "PENGENDALIAN KUALITAS PRODUK MENGGUNAKAN PENDEKATAN SIX SIGMA DAN KAIZEN SEBAGAI USAHA PENGURANGAN KECACATAN PRODUK." Jurnal Intent: Jurnal Industri dan Teknologi Terpadu 6, no. 1 (June 22, 2023): 37–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.47080/intent.v6i1.2596.
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This study aims to provide a proposal on how to improve product quality and reduce the production of 1 liter long jerry cans of natural and matte colors using the help of PT Maju Kaya Rejeki Six Sigma DMAIC and Kaizen . Where problems regarding the final product are still common, even the final product is considered to be quite a lot. Data collection in this research is done by direct observation by looking at the production process and final product results and conducting interviews with related departments. After the data is obtained and processed, it is found that product factors still occur frequently and are caused by humans, machines, methods, materials, and the environment. Therefore, what is offered to reduce this is to strengthen relations with employees, create new work procedures, make employees to work under pressure, always carry out maintenance and inspection of machines, check and maintain raw materials, make adjustments to machines or production equipment, separate and grouping similar raw materials, arranging the layout of raw materials
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Świątkowski, Andrzej Marian. "ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND LABOR LAW AND RELATIONS." Polityka Społeczna 562, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.9570.
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This study deals with the need and difficulties in its implementation, legal regulation of the position of artificial intelligence in labor relations, its impact on the labor market in the near and distant future, the deficit of trust and limited awareness of contemporary and future employees about its potential and its positive and negative possibilities. The ideal for which “learned machines” can be considered in our society is still far from. We will have to wait for the integration of intelligent robots with employees. At present, one can only consider whether artificial intelligence can help or harm people in employment relationships. Artificial intelligence taking over millions of jobs will not take people away from all the work that exists in the labor markets and is currently performed by people. Instead, it can compete effectively with the types of routine work performed by humans. It will create new, more favorable employment conditions. It will force people of the working age to prepare for the necessary necessity of permanent vocational training.
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Dutra, Delamar José Volpato, and Edna Gusmão de Góes Brennand. "Intelligence and Philosophy." Filosofia Unisinos 25, no. 1 (March 26, 2024): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4013/fsu.2024.251.08.
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The article discusses which philosophical tools are indispensable and fundamental for understanding the meaning of technology in modern times. It focuses on the debate about artificial intelligence "replacing thought". It provides philosophical criteria for evaluating the rupture between humanism and technology and possible interpretative and analytical choices about human cognition and the possibility of its duplication by machines. It raises ethical and legal issues in the current debates involving Artificial Intelligence and Philosophy, in the sense of the need to regulate the use of artificial intelligence ethically and legally, considering the human perspective of its use and the impacts on humanity. It ponders whether a philosophy of reconstruction of the world will emerge based on technological standards or whether it will look to the humanist tradition to develop an interpretation, given that relations between humans and machines are still unclear.
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Chatzivasileiou, Dimitra, Anastasia Psomiadi, Theoharris William Efthymiou-Egleton, and Laura Kassar. "AI, International Relations & Religion." Journal of Politics and Ethics in New Technologies and AI 3, no. 1 (March 2, 2024): e37109. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jpentai.37109.
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This research envisions a future where humans and machines collaboratively enhance decision-making capabilities, fostering harmonious coexistence. Addressing concerns about the potential threat of artificial intelligence (AI) to humanity, the focus shifts to the benevolence of AI entities shaped by human influence. The prospect of AI functioning at a level where authority is wielded by an inaccessible and infallible entity lies in its role as an independent arbiter. This entails the capability to identify cultural barriers and navigate existing political constraints deliberately. Consequently, there is potential for discovering common political ground through algorithmic processes, leading to the resolution of longstanding political issues between states. However, uncertainties persist – perhaps these aspirations may not materialize as expected. The study explores AI's role in international relations and religion, particularly Christianity, emphasizing its potential as an independent arbiter capable of recognizing cultural barriers and navigating political constraints. This research explores the intersection of cultural sensitivity and AI in diplomacy, discussing ethical considerations and benefits. The impact of AI on conflict resolution and peacebuilding is examined, stressing the need for collaborative efforts to establish robust AI standards. Challenges to religious authority, ethical considerations in AI development, and AI's influence on humanitarian aid and religious values are also explored. The research concludes by highlighting the imperative to address algorithmic bias for inclusivity and equitable representation in the digital age.
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Kuleto, Valentin, and Milena Ilić. "John Senior and Éva Gyarmathy: AI and Developing Human Intelligence, Future Learning and Educational Innovation." Revija za socijalnu politiku 28, no. 3 (December 16, 2021): 442–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3935/rsp.v28i3.1867.
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AI is a branch of computer science that emphasises the development of intelligent machines that think and work like humans. Examples of AI applications are speech recognition, natural language processing, image recognition etc. The term ML represents the application of AI to enable systems’ ability to learn and improve based on experience, without the explicit need for programming, using various problem-solving algorithms. For example, in machine learning, computers learn based on the data they process, not program instructions
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Danlos, Laurence, Katerina Rysova, Magdalena Rysova, and Manfred Stede. "Primary and secondary discourse connectives: definitions and lexicons." Dialogue & Discourse 9, no. 1 (June 8, 2018): 50–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5087/dad.2018.102.
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Starting from the perspective that discourse structure arises from the presence of coherence relations, we provide a map of linguistic discourse structuring devices (DRDs), and focus on those for written text. We propose to structure these items by differentiating between primary and secondary connectives on the one hand, and free connecting phrases on the other. For the former, we propose that their behavior can be described by lexicons, and we show one concrete proposal that by now has been applied to three languages, with others being added in ongoing work. The lexical representations can be useful both for humans (theoretical investigations, transfer to other languages) and for machines (automatic discourse parsing and generation).
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Mascheroni, Giovanna. "A New Family Member or Just Another Digital Interface? Smart Speakers in the Lives of Families with Young Children." Human-Machine Communication 7 (2024): 45–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.30658/hmc.7.3.
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Based on longitudinal qualitative research involving twenty families with at least one child aged eight or younger, the article provides an account of how families, as distinctive communicative figurations, adopt, use and make sense of smart speakers through diverse socially situated practices. Findings show that parents and children enter in a communicative relationship with smart speakers based on their attribution of human-like or machine-like traits to the device, and the device response to their expectations. Moreover, engaging in communicative practices through and with smart speakers, family members subvert or reinforce existing power relations. However, smart speakers acquire new agency by intensifying the datafication and algorithmification of everyday life, thus entailing a shift in power dynamics between humans and machines.
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Asada, Minoru. "Rethinking Autonomy of Humans and Robots." Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Consciousness 07, no. 02 (July 25, 2020): 141–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2705078520500083.
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In the field of artificial intelligence, autonomy is defined as an expected capacity for systems to behave without human control, and there are currently many items with such capabilities. However, the mechanisms for how autonomous behavior is generated in these systems are different than those in humans, thus machine autonomy is often misunderstood. In this paper, we rethink the autonomy of artificial systems, including how they should function, what autonomy truly means, and how society might accept such systems. First, we review the general meaning of autonomy within an ideological background of the relations between human beings and objects. We also discuss how machine autonomy can be realized, and how it differs from human autonomy. Based on these premises, we consider this as a relative difference, not a deficiency of machines, and seek any means by which the concept of autonomy can be fully extended to machines. We begin with a key aspect of autonomy, an early concept of the self. Then, the pain nervous system, which is expected to produce empathy, morality, and ethics, is introduced and compared with human autonomic nervous systems. Finally, a hierarchy of autonomous machines is introduced and discussed in the context of responsibility. This may cause social impacts on how to treat the artificial systems when they cause fatal errors. All stake holders should consider such cases together for the healthy development of science and technology that have important roles in our future symbiotic society.
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DeFalco, Amelia. "Beyond Prosthetic Memory." Age, Culture, Humanities: An Interdisciplinary Journal 3 (January 1, 2018): 01–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/ageculturehumanities.v3i.130153.
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Literary and cinematic speculations about the future of care, read in tandem with the rising prominence of actual robotic caregivers, foretell a future in which human interaction is no longer an inevitable feature of care relations. This essay considers the social, cultural and ethical implications of robotic care alongside a particular speculative representation of posthuman care, the 2012 film Robot and Frank. The film demonstrates how the intimacy of human/machine care relationships can supply posthumanist insights into the illusion of human invulnerability and exceptionalism that obscure the heterogeneity of embedded and embodied subjects. Not only does the film dramatize the fundamental anxieties caregiving robots incite, it also offers provocative posthumanist critiques of human exceptionalism, conjuring haptic affects that trespass the boundaries between humans and machines.