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Journal articles on the topic 'Reintroduction'
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1
Hapeman, Paul, Emily K. Latch, Olin E. Rhodes, Brad Swanson, and C. William Kilpatrick. "Genetic population structure of fishers (Pekania pennanti) in the Great Lakes region: remnants and reintroductions." Canadian Journal of Zoology 95, no. 11 (November 2017): 869–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2016-0325.
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Reintroduction programs have been pivotal in augmenting populations of fishers (Pekania pennanti (Erxleben, 1777)) and re-establishing them to their former range in North America. The majority of reintroduction efforts in fishers have been considered demographically successful, but reintroductions can alter genetic population structure and success has rarely been evaluated in fishers from a genetic standpoint. We used microsatellite data (n = 169) to examine genetic population structure of fishers in the Great Lakes region and comment on the success of past reintroductions at two different spatial scales. We found significant genetic population structure among source and reintroduced populations within the Great Lakes region and large-scale genetic structure between fisher populations located in two geographically distant regions (Great Lakes and Northeast) in the eastern United States. Reintroductions associated with the Great Lakes produced results that were largely consistent with other studies of fisher reintroductions in the Northeast. However, our data are the first to support a measurable impact on genetic population structure in Pekania pennanti pennanti (Erxleben, 1777) from a reintroduction using geographically distant source and reintroduced populations. When feasible, we strongly recommend that reintroduction programs include an investigation of the underlying genetic structure to better define intended goals and supplement measures of demographic success.
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Duncan, Michael, and Paul D. Moloney. "Comparing wild and reintroduced populations of the threatened orchid Diuris fragrantissima (Orchidaceae) in south-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 66, no. 7 (2018): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt18047.
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Orchids have high rates of speciation and extinction, and are over-represented on threatened species lists. Reintroductions are being used with increasing frequency as an important tool for threatened orchid recovery. The ultimate aim of these reintroductions is to create a self-sustaining population that will reduce the risk of extinction for the species. In this case study, we test the hypotheses that state transition, annual survival, and seed production rates in a reintroduced population were equivalent to those in the wild population. These hypotheses were tested using long-term demographic monitoring datasets from a wild and a reintroduced population of Diuris fragrantissima, and analysed using Bayesian multistate capture–recapture and multinomial models. The results showed that emergent plants at the reintroduction site were more likely to transition to vegetative or unobserved states, and less likely to flower in the following year, than those at the wild site. This resulted in a strong trend through time away from emergent life states at the reintroduction site. The estimated annual survival rate was >90% at the wild site, and <80% in five of the seven years at the reintroduction site. Flowering was the most frequently recorded life state at the wild site. The fate of an individual flower was not affected by site (wild or reintroduction), but an increase in rainfall increased the probability that a flower would set seed and decreased the probability that it would be browsed. The reintroduction has failed to produce a stable, sustainable, long-term population, but it has been valuable in providing information that will inform the development and improvement of future D. fragrantissima reintroductions. Improving our knowledge in these areas should increase the chances of future D. fragrantissima reintroductions being assessed as a success.
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Bajomi, Bálint, Andrew S. Pullin, Gavin B. Stewart, and András Takács-Sánta. "Bias and dispersal in the animal reintroduction literature." Oryx 44, no. 3 (May 18, 2010): 358–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605310000281.
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AbstractWe examined the literature on animal reintroductions to assess the challenges facing individual conservation practitioners who wish to access, synthesize and interpret available evidence to inform their decision making. We undertook an extensive search in eight electronic literature databases, using seven different keyword combinations, and added the content of four bibliographies on reintroductions. We found 3,826 potentially relevant publications totalling at least 29,290 pages of text. Taxonomic bias is apparent in the distribution of general and conservation scientific literature and in reintroduction programmes. We examined whether the literature on reintroductions is biased in a similar way. Comparing the distribution of reintroduction publications to numbers of species, reintroduction programmes and the general conservation literature, there is a marked taxonomic bias favouring vertebrates, especially birds and mammals. The bias in relation to reintroduction programmes is surprising and indicates that managers working with invertebrates and amphibians are less willing and/or less able to publish their results than those working with mammals and birds. The reasons for this are unclear. The growth of the cumulative body of literature can be depicted by a sigmoid curve. Almost 40% of the items were scientific journal articles distributed across 335 journals. The large, ever-growing and dispersed evidence base results in an increased need for reviews, which must be systematic to minimize bias.
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Thévenin, Charles, Maud Mouchet, Alexandre Robert, Christian Kerbiriou, and François Sarrazin. "Reintroductions of birds and mammals involve evolutionarily distinct species at the regional scale." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 13 (March 12, 2018): 3404–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1714599115.
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Reintroductions offer a powerful tool for reversing the effects of species extirpation and have been increasingly used over recent decades. However, this species-centered conservation approach has been criticized for its strong biases toward charismatic birds and mammals. Here, we investigated whether reintroduced species can be representative of the phylogenetic diversity within these two groups at a continental scale (i.e., Europe, North and Central America). Using null models, we found that reintroduced birds and mammals of the two subcontinents tend to be more evolutionarily distinct than expected by chance, despite strong taxonomic biases leading to low values of phylogenetic diversity. While evolutionary considerations are unlikely to have explicitly driven the allocation of reintroduction efforts, our results illustrate an interest of reintroduction practitioners toward species with fewer close relatives. We discuss how this phylogenetic framework allows us to investigate the contribution of reintroductions to the conservation of biodiversity at multiple geographic scales. We argue that because reintroductions rely on a parochial approach of conservation, it is important to first understand how the motivations and constraints at stake at a local context can induce phylogenetic biases before trying to assess the relevance of the allocation of reintroduction efforts at larger scales.
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Reading, RP, TW Clark, JH Seebeck, and J. Pearce. "Habitat suitability index model for the eastern barred bandicoot, Perameles gunnii." Wildlife Research 23, no. 2 (1996): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9960221.
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The eastern barred bandicoot, Perameles gunnii, is functionally extinct on mainland Australia. Conservation of this unique taxon is dependent on reintroduction, based on a managed captive-breeding programme that provides founder animals. Existing reserves at which reintroduction has occurred are too small to support long-term genetically viable populations. Therefore, reintroductions must be made at a number of sites and the resulting populations managed as a metapopulation. A habitat-suitability model has been developed to assess and compare reintroduction sites. This is the first application of this concept to an Australian species. The model is composed of five variables-size, habitat structure, predation, shape and security-values of which are combined in a simple relationship to produce comparable mathematical statements for proposed reintroduction sites. The model has been applied to existing reserves to test their contribution to the recovery programme.
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Wilson, Shannon, and Marco Campera. "The Perspectives of Key Stakeholders on the Reintroduction of Apex Predators to the United Kingdom." Ecologies 5, no. 1 (January 24, 2024): 52–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecologies5010004.
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Apex predators were extirpated from the UK hundreds of years ago. Practitioners have recently advocated for reintroductions of predators in the UK given their role as keystone species. For a reintroduction to take place, a survey of public desirability needs to be conducted. We aimed to understand the perspectives of people across the United Kingdom on the reintroduction of Eurasian lynxes, gray wolves, and brown bears. We collected data via mixed-methods questionnaires from 78 key stakeholders, such as farmers, the general public, nature conservationists, and those in environmental sectors, with these areas being seen as the most affected by these reintroductions. It was organizations that front these stakeholder groups which mainly distributed the survey as well as social media groups. We ran a path analysis, which highlighted that there was a negative correlation between respondents viewing the species as a danger toward livestock and humans, and the respondent seeing it as being good to have that species in their region. Overall, participants who stated that rewilding their region was a priority also stated that it would be good to have Eurasian lynx in their region. That said, 70% of farmers strongly disagreed with the reintroduction of Eurasian lynx. These findings showed that much of the United Kingdom would welcome the reintroduction of Eurasian lynx, but both farmers and the public would fear the loss of livestock that may come along with these species. Support can be gained through education and knowledge, which is a necessary step needed especially targeting farmers before any reintroduction plans can be made.
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de Gramont, Aimery, Marc Buyse, Jose Cortinas Abrahantes, Tomasz Burzykowski, Emmanuel Quinaux, Andres Cervantes, Arie Figer, et al. "Reintroduction of Oxaliplatin Is Associated With Improved Survival in Advanced Colorectal Cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 25, no. 22 (August 1, 2007): 3224–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2006.10.4380.
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Purpose In the OPTIMOX1 trial, previously untreated patients with advanced colorectal cancer were randomly assigned to two different schedules of leucovorin, fluorouracil, and oxaliplatin that were administered until progression in the control arm or in a stop-and-go fashion in the experimental arm. The randomly assigned treatment groups did not differ significantly in terms of response rate, progression-free survival, and overall survival (OS). However, the impact of oxaliplatin reintroduction on OS was potentially masked by the fact that a large number of patients did not receive the planned oxaliplatin reintroduction or received oxaliplatin after second-line therapy in both treatment groups. Patients and Methods A Cox model was fitted with all significant baseline factors plus time-dependent variables reflecting tumor progression, reintroduction of oxaliplatin, and use of second-line irinotecan. A shared frailty model was fitted with all significant baseline factors plus the number of lines of chemotherapy received by the patient and the percentage of patients with oxaliplatin reintroduction in the center. An adjusted hazard ratio (HR) was calculated for three reintroduction classes (1% to 20%, 21% to 40%, and > 40%), using centers with no reintroduction (0%) as the reference group. Results Oxaliplatin reintroduction had an independent and significant impact on OS (HR = 0.56, P = .009). The percentage of patients with oxaliplatin reintroductions also had a significant impact on OS. Centers in which more than 40% of the patients were reintroduced had an adjusted HR for OS of 0.59 compared with centers in which no patient was reintroduced. Conclusion Oxaliplatin reintroduction is associated with improved survival in patients with advanced colorectal cancer.
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Swaisgood, RR. "The conservation-welfare nexus in reintroduction programmes: a role for sensory ecology." Animal Welfare 19, no. 2 (May 2010): 125–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096272860000138x.
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AbstractSince reintroduction programmes involve moving animals from captive or wild environments and releasing them into novel environments, there are sure to be a number of challenges to the welfare of the individuals involved. Behavioural theory can help us develop reintroductions that are better for both the welfare of the individual and the conservation of populations. In addition to modifying captive environments to prepare animals for release to the wild, it is possible to modify the animals’ experience in the post-release environment. For releases to be more successful, they need to better accommodate the ecological and psychological needs of individuals. A better understanding of sensory ecology — how animals acquire and respond to information in their environment — is needed to develop new, more successful management strategies for reintroductions. Sensory ecology integrates ecological and psychological processes, calling for better synergy among researchers with divergent backgrounds in conservation and animal welfare science. This integrative approach leads to new topics of investigation in reintroduction biology, including more careful consideration of post-release stress and the role of social support. Reintroductions are essentially exercises in ‘forced’ dispersal; thus, an especially promising avenue of research is the role of proximate mechanisms governing dispersal and habitat selection decisions. Reintroduction biologists have much to gain from the study of mechanism because mechanisms, unlike function or adaptive value, can be manipulated to enhance conservation and welfare goals.
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Christie, Kimberley, Michael D. Craig, Vicki L. Stokes, and Richard J. Hobbs. "Movement patterns by Egernia napoleonis following reintroduction into restored jarrah forest." Wildlife Research 38, no. 6 (2011): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr11063.
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Context The value of animal reintroduction as a conservation tool is debated. This is largely because the limited quantity of research that has been conducted on animal reintroductions has shown varying degrees of success in establishing new populations. The reasons why some reintroductions are successful, whereas others are not, are often not clear. Aims The present research aims to determine whether reptile reintroduction into restored mine pits is a potential management technique for managing and conserving reptile populations within a mined landscape. Methods Twelve Napoleon’s skinks were trapped then fitted with 0.9-g transmitters. Half were reintroduced into 5-year-old restored mine pits and the other half into unmined forest. Bodyweights, movement patterns and macro-habitat selection were recorded weekly during November and then monthly until March. Key results Skinks reintroduced into restored sites quickly moved into unmined forest. Both groups of skinks moved large distances, but those reintroduced into restored sites travelled further than did control skinks and took longer to reduce their distances travelled, showing possible stress as a result of release into unsuitable habitat. Eventually, almost all skinks found suitable habitat in unmined forest and settled into these areas while continuing to gain weight. Conclusions Reintroduction was an ineffective technique for facilitating colonisation of restored minesites by Napoleon’s skink. Lack of suitable micro-habitats within restoration areas, such as ground logs and coarse, woody debris piles, is likely limiting the use of these areas by Napoleon’s skinks and is likely to be the cause of their failure to remain or settle in restored sites after reintroduction. Implications Determining the habitat requirements of skinks and replicating this in restoration sites would seem the more appropriate management option than is reintroduction, and this may be the case for other reptiles and habitat specialists.
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Guerrant, Edward O. "The value and propriety of reintroduction as a conservation tool for rare plants." Botany 91, no. 5 (May 2013): v—x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2012-0239.
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Three recent reviews of reintroduction for conservation purposes, which draw on substantial and largely nonoverlapping data sets, have come to strikingly different conclusions about its value. One concludes that “reintroduction is generally unlikely to be a successful conservation strategy as currently conducted”. Another concludes that “…this review cannot conclusively comment on the effectiveness of reintroductions…” The third concludes that there is “strong evidence in support of the notion that reintroduction, especially in combination with ex situ conservation, is a tool that can go a long way toward meeting the needs it was intended to address”. The argument over the conservation value of reintroduction is of more than academic interest. It illustrates a challenge facing land managers and decision makers who may be tempted to act on stated conclusions without thoroughly understanding their underlying assumptions, methodology, and terminology. The differing conclusions can be partially explained by different criteria of what constitutes success, how to measure it, and differing time scales considered. The propriety of reintroduction is briefly discussed and focuses on the following two issues: translocation of naturally occurring individuals to new locations and introduction outside a species' naturally occurring range. Both have appropriate uses but can be used in ways that detract from the survival prospects of taxa.
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McCallum, H., P. Timmers, and Hoyle.S. "Modelling the impact of predation on reintroductions of bridled nailtail wallabies." Wildlife Research 22, no. 2 (1995): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9950163.
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Predation by introduced foxes and cats is generally thought to be the main reason for the poor success rate of macropod reintroductions on the Australian mainland. Predator-prey theory suggests that predation may have particularly severe impacts on very small populations, especially if a more common primary prey species is present (such as the rabbit). Thus, a sufficiently large reintroduction may overcome predation and succeed where a smaller one would fail. The minimum viable population would, however, be much larger than that predicted by standard population-viability analysis. We use a simple stochastic model based upon the bridled nailtail wallaby to explore this possibility. Even very small amounts of predation (2-4 individuals per six months) can be sufficient to cause reintroductions of up to 50 animals to fail. No clear threshold population size beyond which reintroductions will succeed is evident and, for a given mean, the probability distribution of predation has a very limited impact on the success of reintroductions. In almost all circumstances, a single reintroduction of a given size is preferable to multiple reintroductions of the same total number of individuals.
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Martínez-Meyer, Enrique, A. Townsend Peterson, Jorge I. Servín, and Lloyd F. Kiff. "Ecological niche modelling and prioritizing areas for species reintroductions." Oryx 40, no. 4 (October 2006): 411–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605306001360.
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Species reintroduction programmes, in prioritizing areas for reintroductions, have traditionally used tools that include measures of habitat suitability and evaluations of area requirements for viable populations. Here we add two tools to this approach: evaluation of ecological requirements of species and evaluation of future suitability for species facing changing climates. We demonstrate this approach with two species for which reintroduction programmes are in the planning stages in Mexico: California condor Gymnogyps californianus and Mexican wolf Canis lupus baileyi. For the condor, we identify three areas clustered in the Sierra San Pedro Mártir, Baja California; for the wolf, we identify a string of suitable sites along the Sierra Madre Occidental of western Mexico. We discuss the limitations of this approach, identifying ways in which the models illustrated could be made more realistic and directly useful to reintroduction programmes.
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van Heezik, Yolanda, and Philip J. Seddon. "Animal reintroductions in peopled landscapes: moving towards urban-based species restorations in New Zealand." Pacific Conservation Biology 24, no. 4 (2018): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc18026.
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Urban areas are highly modified landscapes that can support significant biodiversity, including threatened species, although native species are usually present at low densities and several native species will be absent. The most powerful tool for increasing urban biodiversity is supporting existing biodiversity through appropriately designed and managed public and private greenspaces, and improving habitat quality. However, if a more proactive strategy is required to overcome recolonisation barriers, then reintroduction is another powerful tool to enhance biodiversity across urban landscapes. The health of cities, in terms of biodiversity, ecosystem services, and the quality of the nature experiences accessed by adults and children largely depends on how much human communities value and know about nature. While community-driven habitat restorations can improve biodiversity and increase human–nature connection, reintroduction of appropriate species could fill ecological gaps that would otherwise remain empty, and further enrich biodiversity in residents’ nearby neighbourhoods. New Zealand is currently a hotspot of reintroduction activity, but these take place in relatively unmodified terrestrial sites, such as national parks, restored offshore islands, and fenced eco-sanctuaries. We review global examples of animal reintroductions taking place within areas modified by human activity, and, using information elicited from 18 experts, consider potential reintroduction candidates, and consider the benefits, opportunities, challenges, and requirements for the reintroduction of native species into New Zealand’s urban areas.
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Rees, P. A. "Is there a legal obligation to reintroduce animal species into their former habitats?" Oryx 35, no. 3 (July 2001): 216–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.2001.00178.x.
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AbstractSpecies reintroduction programmes are an important feature of global conservation efforts. There is evidence within the texts of some international and European laws of legal obligations to reintroduce species to their former habitats. However, these obligations are inconsistent between legal instruments, and it is not at all clear exactly what it is they are legislating to recreate. In particular, definitions of native species are either absent from the law or unclear, especially in an historical context. Attempts to reintroduce some predators have been met with legal challenges, and so it is essential that conservation authorities have a clear mission in their reintroduction activities and that this mission is reflected in their national law. Successful reintroductions will be achieved only with public support, and this is more likely where clear objectives have been established after public consultation. Conservation authorities undertaking reintroduction projects should use the legal system and the international commitments made by their governments to validate their efforts.
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Woodroffe, Rosie, and Joshua R. Ginsberg. "Conserving the African wild dog Lycaon pictus. II. Is there a role for reintroduction?" Oryx 33, no. 2 (April 1999): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.1999.00053.x.
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AbstractAfrican wild dogs Lycaon pictus have been extirpated across most of West and central Africa, and greatly depleted in eastern and southern Africa. Given an urgent need for population recovery, especially in West and central Africa, this paper discusses the possibilities for using reintroduction to re-establish wild dog populations. Reintroduction is probably now technically possible, as long as release groups include wildcaught animals; several past attempts failed because captive-reared animals lacked skills needed to survive in the wild. However, reintroduction has only a limited role to play in wild dog conservation. Ideally, it should involve animals of the appropriate local genotype. Limited genetic data indicate that wild dogs from West and central Africa may be distinct from those in eastern and southern Africa. Because there are no wild dogs with West or central African genotypes in captivity, and no wild populations in the region large enough to be harvested for translocation, future reintroductions might have to use animals with non-native genotypes. In addition, there appear to be no suitable sites for wild dog reintroduction in West or central Africa, and few in eastern and southern Africa. Releases currently planned in the Republic of South Africa will be locally valuable, but will not establish a population likely to remain viable without intensive management in perpetuity. For these reasons, protecting remaining wild dog populations currently represents a better investment than any attempt at reintroduction.
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Watkins, Cristina E., Neelam C. Poudyal, Robert E. Jones, Lisa I. Muller, and Donald G. Hodges. "Risk perception, trust and support for wildlife reintroduction and conservation." Environmental Conservation 48, no. 2 (February 9, 2021): 127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892921000011.
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SummaryWildlife reintroduction projects often face resistance from local residents who see potential conflicts with the species or lack trust or confidence in the agencies and professionals involved in reintroduction. Yet the linkages between trust, confidence, risk perceptions, attitudes towards the species and local support for its reintroduction are not well known. The Dual-Mode Model of Cooperation and Cognitive Hierarchy Model were theoretical frameworks used to shed light on these linkages by exploring the potential roles trust and confidence play as mediators between risk perceptions and attitudes towards, and support for, reintroduced elk in Tennessee (USA). A mail survey of 1005 residents living in the five-county area surrounding the North Cumberland Elk Restoration Zone assessed resident attitudes and risk perceptions towards the reintroduced elk, trust towards the managing wildlife agency and support for continued conservation efforts. A structural equation model revealed that trust and confidence play positive roles in mitigating risk perceptions and improving support for the reintroduction of elk. The findings confirm the roles public trust and confidence play in wildlife reintroductions and should help agencies work towards building local trust and confidence, minimizing risks, improving attitudes and increasing the chances for successful outcomes for the species and people.
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White, Thomas H., Wilfredo Abreu, Gabriel Benitez, Arelis Jhonson, Marisel Lopez, Limary Ramirez, Iris Rodriguez, Miguel Toledo, Pablo Torres, and Jafet Velez. "Minimizing Potential Allee Effects in Psittacine Reintroductions: An Example from Puerto Rico." Diversity 13, no. 1 (January 2, 2021): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13010013.
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The family Psittacidae is comprised of over 400 species, an ever-increasing number of which are considered threatened with extinction. In recent decades, conservation strategies for these species have increasingly employed reintroduction as a technique for reestablishing populations in previously extirpated areas. Because most Psittacines are highly social and flocking species, reintroduction efforts may face the numerical and methodological challenge of overcoming initial Allee effects during the critical establishment phase of the reintroduction. These Allee effects can result from failures to achieve adequate site fidelity, survival and flock cohesion of released individuals, thus jeopardizing the success of the reintroduction. Over the past 20 years, efforts to reestablish and augment populations of the critically endangered Puerto Rican parrot (Amazona vittata) have periodically faced the challenge of apparent Allee effects. These challenges have been mitigated via a novel release strategy designed to promote site fidelity, flock cohesion and rapid reproduction of released parrots. Efforts to date have resulted in not only the reestablishment of an additional wild population in Puerto Rico, but also the reestablishment of the species in the El Yunque National Forest following its extirpation there by the Category 5 hurricane Maria in 2017. This promising release strategy has potential applicability in reintroductions of other psittacines and highly social species in general.
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Vieira, B. P., C. Fonseca, and R. G. Rocha. "Critical steps to ensure the successful reintroduction of the Eurasian red squirrel." Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 38, no. 1 (March 2015): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.32800/abc.2015.38.0049.
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Wildlife reintroduction strategies aim to establish viable long–term populations, promote conservation awareness and provide economic benefits for local communities. In Portugal, the Eurasian red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) became extinct in the 16th century and was reintroduced in urban parks in the 1990s, mainly for aesthetic and leisure purposes. We evaluated the success of this reintroduction in two urban parks and here described the critical steps. We assessed habitat use, population density and abundance, and management steps carried out during reintroduction projects. Reintroductions have been successful to some extent given squirrels are present 20 years after release. However, populations in both parks are declining due to the lack of active management and poor quality habitat. Successful reintroduction of Eurasian red squirrel in areas without competition of alien tree squirrels involves three critical main stages. The pre–project stage includes studies on habitat quality, genetic proximity between donors and closest wild population, and health of donor stocks. In the release stage, the number of individuals released will depend on resource variability, and the hard release technique is an effective and economically viable method. Post–release activities should evaluate adaptation, mitigate mortality, monitor the need for supplementary feeding, provide veterinary support, and promote public awareness and education.
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Kaplan, Rachel H., Kristen M. Rosamond, Sandra Goded, Alaaeldin Soultan, Alex Glass, Daniel H. Kim, and Nico Arcilla. "Bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus) Declines Follow Bison (Bison bison) Reintroduction on Private Conservation Grasslands." Animals 11, no. 9 (September 10, 2021): 2661. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11092661.
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Among the most rapidly declining birds in continental North America, grassland birds evolved with American bison (Bison bison) until bison nearly became extinct due to overhunting. Bison populations have subsequently rebounded due to reintroductions on conservation lands, but the impacts of bison on grassland nesting birds remain largely unknown. We investigated how bison reintroduction, together with other land management and climate factors, affected breeding populations of a grassland bird species of conservation concern, the Bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus). We quantified population changes in Bobolinks over an 18-year period in conservation grasslands where bison were reintroduced, compared with adjacent grasslands grazed by cattle and where hay was harvested after the bird breeding season. Four years after bison reintroduction, the bison population in the study area had doubled, while Bobolink abundance declined 62% and productivity declined 84%. Our findings suggest that bison reintroduction as a conservation strategy may be counterproductive in grassland fragments where overgrazing, trampling, and other negative impacts drive declines in grassland breeding birds. Where bird conservation is an objective, small grassland reserves may therefore be inappropriate sites for bison reintroduction. To maximize conservation benefits to birds, land managers should prioritize protecting grassland birds from disturbance during the bird breeding season.
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de Milliano, Jasmine, Julian Di Stefano, Peter Courtney, Peter Temple-Smith, and Graeme Coulson. "Soft-release versus hard-release for reintroduction of an endangered species: an experimental comparison using eastern barred bandicoots (Perameles gunnii)." Wildlife Research 43, no. 1 (2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr14257.
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Context Reintroduction is a popular tool for conserving endangered species, yet many attempts fail. Soft-release measures, including acclimatisation, have been used for many species around the world, based on the reasoning that gradual and supported reintroductions should improve the success of animals released into an unfamiliar wild environment. However, experimental testing of soft-release methods is rare. Aims To experimentally test the effect of a soft-release method versus a hard-release method on the initial reintroduction success of the eastern barred bandicoot (Perameles gunnii). Methods We released 12 captive-bred eastern barred bandicoots into a predator-proof reserve using two methods: soft-release (7 days of on-site acclimatisation with supplementary food before release) and hard-release (no acclimatisation and no supplementary food). We monitored the bandicoots intensively via radio-tracking and live-trapping for 4 weeks after release. Compared with hard-release bandicoots, we predicted that soft-release bandicoots would have (1) reduced movement (first night dispersal, site fidelity and activity range), (2) more directed patterns of habitat selection, (3) improved bodyweights and (4) improved survival. Key results There was no detectable difference in habitat selection, overall weight change and survival between the soft-release and hard-release groups. There was moderate evidence that, compared with the hard-release group, soft-release bandicoots moved less, demonstrated lower individual variation in all measures of movement, and lost weight more gradually after release. In most cases, effect sizes were moderate to large but had large standard errors owing to both small sample size and high variance. Consequently, statistical testing failed to detect significant differences at the 5% level. Conclusions Despite evidence that the release method influenced some of the monitored behaviours, soft-release did not confer a consistent and substantive advantage for captive-bred eastern barred bandicoots at our site. We conclude that soft-release is unlikely to improve overall reintroduction success for this species at fenced predator-free sites. Implications The present study suggests that the preferred option for reintroductions of eastern barred bandicoots to fenced sites is a hard-release, information that is now being used to guide reintroductions of this species. Similar experiments should be undertaken to improve reintroduction practice for other endangered species.
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Thulin, Carl-Gustaf, Malin Sörhammar, and Jonas Bohlin. "Black Stork Back: Species distribution model predictions of potential habitats for Black Stork Ciconia nigra in Sweden." Ornis Svecica 32 (February 1, 2022): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.34080/os.v32.22081.
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Increased understanding of the need to save endangered and locally extinct species has led to restoration or preservation of populations through reintroductions. Reintroduction of a species is worthwhile if the prerequisites for existence at the historical location have improved. Thus, background information about the habitat requirements of a target species is important for introduction programmes to be successful. The Black Stork Ciconia nigra was lost as a breeding species in Sweden during the 20th century, but recent observations and reports of potential breeding indicate that habitat conditions for Black Stork in Sweden may have improved. In this study, we used species characteristics and references to identify habitats in Sweden suitable for potential reintroduction of Black Stork. We identified several suitable areas in the former distribution range of this species in southern Sweden. Seven Swedish counties contained more than 18 % suitable habitat within their total area, with highest proportions in Jönköping County (25.8 %), Blekinge County (23.9 %), Västra Götaland County (22.1 %) and Kronoberg County (20.7 %). We suggest these areas to be made the primary targets for Black Stork reintroduction in Sweden.
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Vetchinnikova, Lidia V., and Alexander F. Titov. "Reintroduction of Curly Birch." Lesnoy Zhurnal (Forestry Journal), no. 3 (June 1, 2022): 9–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2022-3-9-31.
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The paper offers a systematic overview of the results of research regarding reintroduction of curly (Karelian) birch Betula pendula Roth var. carelica (Mercklin) Hämet-Ahti published by Russian and foreign authors over the past few decades. We briefly outline the current situation with its resources and the key causes of their decline in the late 20th – early 21st centuries, such as mass-scope illegal logging, vanishing or substantial alteration of typical curly birch habitats, as well as some biological features (fragmented distribution, low competitive capacity, etc.). The main outcomes of the curly birch introduction activities in the areas lying far beyond its natural distribution (mainly to the south-east from it) are reported. It is shown that the experience of curly birch reintroduction in Russia is mostly based on planting of forests and establishment of specially protected areas. The results of curly birch reintroduction in Finland, Sweden, Norway, Germany, Belarus and other countries are observed. Although reintroduction is not equally effective in all countries (its success depends on many factors), it has made and is making a significant contribution to the preservation and augmentation of the resources of this unique member of the European forest tree flora. Importantly, the curly birch from the reintroductions performed in different years and different edaphic and climatic conditions steadily retains its key biological features, such as figured grain and diversity of growth forms and trunk surface characteristics, which once again confirms the authors’ previously expressed opinion that there are grounds for classifying the curly birch as a separate biological species. Proceeding from the analysis of the data amassed by now, it is suggested that that the efficiency of curly birch reintroduction to its natural habitats can be promoted by mainly using the stocking material of local provenance (when restoring populations) or by transferring it from other populations (for repatriation cases). An important role in the preservation and reproduction of curly birch belongs to the micropropagation technique.
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Viggers, KL, DB Lindenmayer, and DM Spratt. "The Importance of Disease in Reintroduction Programmes." Wildlife Research 20, no. 5 (1993): 687. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9930687.
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Disease may play an important role in the decline or extinction of small, isolated animal populations. Disease also has thwarted attempts to reintroduce some endangered captive-bred species. Despite this, the impacts of disease rarely have been considered in the planning and design of reintroduction programmes. A remnant wild population could be decimated by a disease cointroduced with reintroduced animals. Alternatively, diseases that are endemic in wild animal populations could be fatal for those immunologically naive individuals that are reintroduced. We contend that the planning of reintroduction programmes should include an examination of the potential impacts of disease on extant populations and on animals targeted for release. A number of steps are outlined to reduce disease risk and to minimise the probability of failure of reintroductions because of disease.
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Valnisty, A. A., K. V. Homel, E. E. Kheidorova, M. E. Nikiforov, V. O. Molchan, A. A. Siamionava, P. Y. Lobanovskaya, and A. A. Semionova. "Reintroduction shapes the genetic structure of the red deer (Cervus elaphus) population in Belarus." Theriologia Ukrainica 2022, no. 23 (June 30, 2022): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/tu2306.
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The red deer (Cervus elaphus) is considered a valuable and important ungulate species with significant ecological role and high importance as a game species in Europe. Its local population in Belarus had undergone extended periods of decline in the past, followed by multiple reintroduction campaigns and management policy adjustments during the Soviet and post-Soviet periods, which eventually led to a recent spike in estimated population numbers. Along with increasing the numbers, those reintroductions have made the understanding of the structure and origins of the populations for the purpose of proper management and sustainable long-term growth much more complicated. Information on the origin of the reintroduction stock has often been lacking, while control of the red deer population dynamics in Belarus is currently limited to indirect survey of putative population numbers, with no utilization of contemporary genetic analysis. Here we report an estimate and interpretation of the red deer population structure in Belarus based on the analysis of microsatellite genotype data from 118 individuals of the red deer from the most well-known groups across Belarus. These specimens were genotyped using a novel multiplex panel of 14 microsatellite loci with various levels of polymorphism. We describe two red deer subpopulations with overlapping ranges that form the Belarussian metapopulation. We also report estimates of their genetic diversity, gained from the analysis of molecular variance, Bayesian analysis of genetic structure, differentiation indices, genetic bottleneck event analysis, and standard genetic diversity metrics. Based on the geographical distribution of subpopulations, their genetic differentiation and known history of red deer reintroductions in Belarus, we consider that both these subpopulations emerged mostly out of the patterns of animal release during two separate periods of reintroduction. We also suggest appropriate population management adjustments arising from the issue of anthropogenic reintroductions that determine the population structure in this managed species.
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Scott, J. M. "Lynx Reintroduction." Science 286, no. 5437 (October 1, 1999): 49d—49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.286.5437.49d.
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Vaissi, Somaye. "Incorporating habitat suitability and demographic data for developing a reintroduction plan for the critically endangered yellow spotted mountain newt, Neurergus derjugini." Herpetological Journal, Volume 29, Number 4 (October 1, 2019): 282–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.33256/29.4.282294.
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In reintroduction programmes for amphibians, data on age structure in hosting populations and choices of life stage or age groups in releasing captive bred individuals are often missing. Similarly, employing site selection procedures for selecting appropriate reintroduction locations are often neglected. Here, we obtained data on longevity, age at maturation, and age structure from skeletochronological data in a free living population of the yellow spotted mountain newt, Neurergus derjugini. A maximum longevity of 13 years for males and 12 years for females showed that N. derjugini is a long living newt with a stable age structure. We also employed maximum entropy modelling, geographic information system, and multicriteria decision analysis to obtain ranked suitability scores for reintroduction sites. Finally, we determined post-release survival rates for different life stage and age groups of N. derjugini including 30 eggs and 60 individuals of six-months old larvae, one and three-year old juveniles, and six-year old adults (15 each) born and raised in a captive-breeding facility and released into mesh enclosures in a selected stream. Over 10 visits to the site before and after overwintering, the survival rates for eggs, larvae, one and three-year juveniles and six-year old adults were 25, 80, 86.66, 93.33 and 53.33 % respectively. Applying survival rates obtained from current experimental reintroductions through a static life table suggest that an optimal release strategy to arrive at a numerical target of 100 adults aged three can be achieved by reintroduction of 650 fertilised eggs and fostering them in meshed enclosures in the selected stream.
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Sakai, Ann K., Stephen G. Weller, Weigang Yang, Susan Ching Harbin, Talia Portner, Greg Mansker, and Marie Bruegmann. "The intersection of basic research and conservation: a 30-year study of the Critically Endangered Schiedea adamantis (Caryophyllaceae) on Lē‘ahi (Diamond Head Crater), Hawai‘i." Oryx 52, no. 3 (February 20, 2017): 479–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605316001162.
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AbstractWe report on how a long-term study of the reproductive biology of the Critically Endangered Schiedea adamantis (Caryophyllaceae), one of Hawai‘i's rarest plant species, was leveraged for conservation purposes. Our major goals were to provide seeds with the greatest genetic variation possible for reintroduction and to ensure that both female and hermaphroditic plants of this wind-pollinated species were reintroduced in a manner that maximized both outcrossing and seed production. Schiedea adamantis was one of the first Hawaiian plant species listed under the Endangered Species Act (USA). The species has been studied intensively to test hypotheses addressing the evolution of breeding systems. Information on outcrossing levels and the extent of inbreeding depression was integrated into ongoing reintroduction efforts. Population size peaked in 1994, when 267 flowering individuals were found on Lē‘ahi (Diamond Head Crater). By 2016 only 17 flowering individuals were present, with drought and invasive species being possible causes of this decline. Reintroduction attempts in 1998 using genetically diverse seeds were unsuccessful because of drought and a lack of sufficient supplemental irrigation. Additional reintroduction attempts in 2012 and 2014 were more successful because of increased supplemental irrigation. Plants used in reintroductions represent genotypes long since absent in the natural population, and may contain the genetic variability essential for evolutionary responses to climate change and the spread of invasive species. The destruction of many plants reintroduced in 2015 and 2016 by a fire in March 2016 highlights the need for additional restoration areas at Lē‘ahi and elsewhere, and storage of seeds for future use.
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Jung, Thomas S., and Nicholas C. Larter. "Observations of Long-distance Post-release Dispersal by Reintroduced Bison (Bison bison)." Canadian Field-Naturalist 131, no. 3 (February 28, 2018): 221–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v131i3.1825.
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Key objectives of wildlife reintroduction projects should include encouraging post-release site fidelity and high survival rates of founding individuals. Yet, few studies empirically evaluate these performance metrics for released individuals. Bison(Bison bison) restoration is receiving renewed interest by wildlife managers. To inform new bison reintroduction projects, we provide an observation of a 375-km (straight-line distance) post-release movement of three bison bulls from a release site in Yukon, Canada, in 1988. In addition, we note 250-km and 155-km post-release movements of bison in the Northwest Territories, Canada, in 1980 and 1998, respectively. These observations demonstrate the dispersal ability of bison encountering new environments. Wildlife managers planning for new bison reintroductions should consider means to enhance post-release site fidelity to limit long-distance dispersal and mortality and maximize initial population growth.
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Thévenin, Charles. "Reintroduction efficiency: a stepping stone approach to reintroduction success?" Animal Conservation 22, no. 2 (April 2019): 116–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/acv.12501.
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Carrasco-Rueda, Farah, and Raúl Bello. "Demographic dynamics of Peruvian black-faced spider monkeys (<i>Ateles chamek</i>) reintroduced in the Peruvian Amazon." Neotropical Primates 25, no. 1 (December 1, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.62015/np.2019.v25.86.
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Reintroductions of animals are important conservation tools for different taxa around the world. A reintroduction program in the Peruvian Amazon is focusing on black-faced spider monkeys (Ateles chamek). We investigated life-history parameters such as stage-specific survival and female fertility rates using a capture-mark-recapture framework and data from the literature. We estimated growth rate and probability of extinction for a reintroduced group using matrix models, as well as testing whether population growth depends more on survival of juvenile females or adult females. Our results suggest the population of the reintroduced group is decreasing. After projecting the group size for the next 25 years using different scenarios, we found that in order for the group to persist, survival rate of the female adult stage needs to exceed 79 %. Given that group growth rate is more sensitive to the survival of adult females, management measures actions that target this demographic are required to guarantee survival of the group. Extrapolations of our results are subject to restrictions imposed by the small sample size and the conditions specific to this reintroduction program. However, this study may provide valuable lessons for reintroduction programs attempting the recovery of wild populations of similar species.
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Hunter‐Ayad, James, Ralf Ohlemüller, Mariano R. Recio, and Philip J. Seddon. "Reintroduction modelling: A guide to choosing and combining models for species reintroductions." Journal of Applied Ecology 57, no. 7 (May 4, 2020): 1233–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13629.
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Bouley, Paola, Antonio Paulo, Mercia Angela, Cole Du Plessis, and David G. Marneweck. "The successful reintroduction of African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) to Gorongosa National Park, Mozambique." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 22, 2021): e0249860. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249860.
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Large carnivores have experienced widespread extirpation and species are now threatened globally. The ecological impact of the loss of large carnivores has been prominent in Gorongosa National Park, Mozambique, after most were extirpated during the 1977–92 civil war. To remedy this, reintroductions are now being implemented in Gorongosa, initiating with endangered African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus), hereafter ‘wild dogs’. We describe the first transboundary translocation and reintroduction of founding packs of wild dogs to Gorongosa over a 28-month study period and evaluate the success of the reintroduction based on five key indicator categories. We also assess how wild dog space use and diet influenced their success. We found that pre-release, artificial pack formation in holding enclosures aided group cohesion and alpha pair establishment. Post-release, we also observed natural pack formations as a result of multiple dispersal events. Founder and naturally formed packs produced pups in two of the three breeding seasons and packs successfully recruited pups. Survival rate for all wild dogs was 73% and all mortality events were from natural causes. Consequently, the population grew significantly over the study period. All indicators of success were fully achieved and this study documents the first successful reintroduction of wild dogs into a large, unfenced landscape in Mozambique and only the second on the continent. Potential mechanisms underlying these early successes were the avoidance of habitats intensively used by lions, dietary partitioning with lion, avoidance of human settlements, and Gorongosa’s management strategy. We predict further population expansion in Gorongosa given that 68% of the park is still unused by wild dogs. This expansion could be stimulated by continued reintroductions over the short- to medium-term. Recovery of wild dogs in Gorongosa could aid in the re-establishment of a larger, connected population across the greater Gorongosa-Marromeu landscape.
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Davis, Michelle L., Carl Barker, Ian Powell, Keith Porter, and Paul Ashton. "Combining modelling, field data and genetic variation to understand the post-reintroduction population genetics of the Marsh Fritillary butterfly (Euphydryas aurinia)." Journal of Insect Conservation 25, no. 5-6 (October 10, 2021): 875–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10841-021-00354-3.
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Abstract The Marsh Fritillary butterfly (Euphydryas aurinia) is a Eurasian species which has suffered significant reductions in occurrence and abundance over the past century, particularly across the western side of its range, due to agricultural intensification and habitat loss. This loss has been particularly severe in the UK with extensive localised extinctions. Following sympathetic management, reintroduction was undertaken at four Cumbria (northern UK) sites in 2007 with stock from a captive admixture population descended from Cumbrian and Scottish founders. Annual population monitoring of the reintroductions was undertaken. Nine years post-reintroduction, the level of population genetic variation was assessed using microsatellites. Variation in historical Cumbrian samples was determined using museum samples and Scottish samples from current populations were assayed to characterise natural population variation. Half of the Scottish sites also served as indicators of the alleles present in the founder populations. The genetic contribution of the founder populations allied to population size data allowed patterns of genetic variation to be modelled. Alleles from Cumbrian and Scottish founders are present in the reintroduced populations. The four sites have levels of variation akin to natural populations and exhibit differentiation as predicted by statistical modelling and comparable with natural populations. This suggests that reintroduction following captive breeding can produce self-sustaining populations with natural levels of genetic diversity. These populations appear to be undergoing the same evolutionary dynamics with bottlenecks and drift as natural populations. Implications for insect conservation Reintroduction of captive bred individuals is a viable strategy for producing populations with natural levels of genetic diversity and evolutionary dynamics. Hybridisation of populations on the brink of extinction with those thriving can preserve some of the genetic distinctiveness of the declining population.
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Hayward, Matt W., Graham I. H. Kerley, John Adendorff, Lucius C. Moolman, John O'Brien, Angus Sholto-Douglas, Charlene Bissett, et al. "The reintroduction of large carnivores to the Eastern Cape, South Africa: an assessment." Oryx 41, no. 2 (April 2007): 205–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605307001767.
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AbstractRecently, conservation estate in South Africa's Eastern Cape Province has increased 10-fold resulting in large predators being increasingly reintroduced to restore ecological integrity and maximize tourism. We describe the reintroductions of large carnivores (>10 kg) that have occurred in the Eastern Cape and use various criteria to assess their success. Lion Panthera leo reintroduction has been highly successful with a population of 56 currently extant in the region and problems of overpopulation arising. The African wild dog Lycaon pictus population has increased to 24 from a founder population of 11. Preliminary results for spotted hyaenas Crocuta crocuta also indicate success. Wild populations of leopards Panthera pardus exist on several reserves and have been supplemented by translocated individuals, although deaths of known individuals have occurred and no estimate of reproduction is available. Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus reintroduction has also been less successful with 36 individuals reintroduced and 23 cubs being born but only 41 individuals surviving in 2005. Criteria for assessing the success of reintroductions of species that naturally occur in low densities, such as top predators, generally have limited value. Carrying capacity for large predators is unknown and continued monitoring and intensive management will be necessary in enclosed, and possibly all, conservation areas in the Eastern Cape to ensure conservation success.
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Kenup, Caio Fittipaldi, Raíssa Sepulvida, Catharina Kreischer, and Fernando A. S. Fernandez. "Walking on their own legs: unassisted population growth of the agouti Dasyprocta leporina, reintroduced to restore seed dispersal in an Atlantic Forest reserve." Oryx 52, no. 3 (February 15, 2017): 571–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605316001149.
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AbstractReintroduction of locally extirpated species is an increasingly popular conservation tool. However, few initiatives focus on the restoration of ecological processes. In addition, many reintroductions fail to conduct post-release monitoring, hampering both assessment of their success and implementation of adaptive management actions. In 2009 a reintroduction effort was initiated to re-establish a population of the red-rumped agouti Dasyprocta leporina, a scatter-hoarding rodent known to be an important disperser of large seeds, with the aim of restoring ecological processes at Tijuca National Park, south-east Brazil. To assess whether this reintroduced population established successfully we monitored it using mark–resighting during November 2013–March 2015. Population size and survival were estimated using a robust design Poisson-log normal mixed-effects mark–resight model. By March 2015 the number of wild-born individuals fluctuated around 30 and overall growth of the population was positive. As the reintroduced population is capable of unassisted growth, we conclude that the reintroduction has been successful in the medium term. We recommend the cessation of releases, with efforts redirected to continued monitoring, investigation and management of possible threats to the species’ persistence, and to quantification of the re-establishment of ecological processes. Reintroduction of D. leporina populations can be a cost-effective tool to restore ecological processes, especially seed dispersal, in Neotropical forests.
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&NA;. "Alosetron reintroduction debated." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 920 (September 2002): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200209200-00004.
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Dunn, Christopher P. "Rare Plant Reintroduction." Ecology 78, no. 3 (April 1997): 961–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1997)078[0961:rpr]2.0.co;2.
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Duran, Jane. "Reintroduction of Species." International Journal of Applied Philosophy 26, no. 1 (2012): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/ijap201226110.
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Moniri, Nader H. "Reintroduction of quazepam." International Clinical Psychopharmacology 34, no. 6 (November 2019): 275–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/yic.0000000000000277.
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Potolsky, Matthew. "Verisimilitude: A Reintroduction." MLN 138, no. 5 (December 2023): 1422–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mln.2023.a922032.
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Abstract: In this article, I argue for giving renewed attention to the concept of verisimilitude, a term popular in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century criticism but which has since the nineteenth century become a mere synonym for realism in fiction and film. It will be my argument that verisimilitude has long existed in Western critical theory as an alternative form of realism and that we gain theoretical dividends by recognizing it as such. Thus reframed verisimilitude demonstrates the extent to which all versions of mimesis are also implicitly theories about human character and the nature of social life.
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Wellman, Hannah P., Rita M. Austin, Nihan D. Dagtas, Madonna L. Moss, Torben C. Rick, and Courtney A. Hofman. "Archaeological mitogenomes illuminate the historical ecology of sea otters ( Enhydra lutris ) and the viability of reintroduction." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1940 (December 2, 2020): 20202343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.2343.
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Genetic analyses are an important contribution to wildlife reintroductions, particularly in the modern context of extirpations and ecological destruction. To address the complex historical ecology of the sea otter ( Enhydra lutris ) and its failed 1970s reintroduction to coastal Oregon, we compared mitochondrial genomes of pre-extirpation Oregon sea otters to extant and historical populations across the range. We sequenced, to our knowledge, the first complete ancient mitogenomes from archaeological Oregon sea otter dentine and historical sea otter dental calculus. Archaeological Oregon sea otters ( n = 20) represent 10 haplotypes, which cluster with haplotypes from Alaska, Washington and British Columbia, and exhibit a clear division from California haplotypes. Our results suggest that extant northern populations are appropriate for future reintroduction efforts. This project demonstrates the feasibility of mitogenome capture and sequencing from non-human dental calculus and the diverse applications of ancient DNA analyses to pressing ecological and conservation topics and the management of at-risk/extirpated species.
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Portas, Timothy J., Ross B. Cunningham, David Spratt, Joanne Devlin, Peter Holz, William Batson, Jane Owens, and Adrian D. Manning. "Beyond morbidity and mortality in reintroduction programmes: changing health parameters in reintroduced eastern bettongs Bettongia gaimardi." Oryx 50, no. 4 (March 28, 2016): 674–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605315001283.
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AbstractThe eastern bettong Bettongia gaimardi, a potoroid marsupial, has been extinct on the Australian mainland since the 1920s. Sixty adult bettongs were reintroduced from the island of Tasmania to two predator-free fenced reserves on mainland Australia. We examined baseline health parameters (body weight, haematology and biochemistry, parasites and infectious disease exposure) in a subset of 30 (13 male, 17 female) individuals at translocation and again at 12–24 months post-reintroduction. The mean body weight increased significantly post-reintroduction but there were no significant differences in body weight between the two reintroduction sites or between the sexes in response to reintroduction. Differences were evident in multiple haematological and biochemical variables post-reintroduction but there were few differences between the two reintroduced populations or between the sexes in response to reintroduction. Ectoparasite assemblages differed, with five of 13 species failing to persist, and an additional four species were identified post-reintroduction. None of the bettongs had detectable antibodies to the alphaherpesviruses Macropodid herpesvirus 1 and 2 post-reintroduction, including one individual that was seropositive at translocation. Similarly, the novel gammaherpesvirus potoroid herpesvirus 1 was not detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in any of the bettongs post-reintroduction, including one individual that was PCR-positive at translocation. None of the bettongs had detectable antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii either at translocation or post-reintroduction. Our data demonstrate changing baseline health parameters in eastern bettongs following reintroduction to the Australian mainland are suggestive of improved health in the reintroduced populations, and provide additional metrics for assessing the response of macropodoids to reintroduction.
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Sutton, Alexandra E., and Roel Lopez. "Findings from a survey of wildlife reintroduction practitioners." F1000Research 3 (January 29, 2014): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.3-29.v1.
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Wildlife reintroduction programs are a type of conservation initiative that seek to re-establish viable populations of a species in areas from which they have been extirpated or become extinct. Past efforts to improve the outcomes of reintroduction have focused heavily on overcoming ecological challenges, with little attention paid to the potential influence of leadership, management, and other aspects of reintroduction. This 2009 survey of reintroduction practitioners identified several key areas of leadership and management that may deserve further study, including: (i) the potential value of reintroduction partnerships for improving programmatic outcomes; (ii) the potential management value of autonomy vs. hierarchy in organizational structure; (iii) gaps in perceptions of success in reintroduction; and (iv) the need for improved evaluations of reintroduction programs and outcomes.
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Lapidge, Steven J. "Reintroduction increased vitamin E and condition in captive-bred yellow-footed rock wallabies Petrogale xanthopus." Oryx 39, no. 1 (January 2005): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605305000104.
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Welfare implications of reintroduction are primarily unknown, although reportedly negative. Few studies have described physiological changes in captive-bred animals post-release and consequently the impact of reintroduction on captive-bred animals is not well understood. Such information is crucial to understanding whether reintroduction constitutes ethical practice. For these reasons two physiological indices associated with animal health, plasma vitamin E concentration (PVEC) or α-Tocopherol, and general condition scores, were monitored in reintroduced captive-bred yellow-footed rock wallabies Petrogale xanthopus celeris and P. x. xanthopus pre- and post-release. PVEC was chosen because deficiencies are common in captive animals compared to their wild counterparts, and have been linked to stress, myopathy, neuronal degeneration, low reproduction, anaemia and death. Changes in physical condition, within this study indicated principally by mass variation, coat condition, and reproductive status, but also parasite load, visible stress, lethargy and diarrhoea, have also not been reported for captive-bred animals reintroduced to the wild. Captive-bred yellow-footed rock wallabies reintroduced to areas of their former range in Queensland and South Australia showed a rapid and sustained increase in PVEC and physical condition, with post-release values significantly higher than pre-release captive levels. Post-release values for both parameters did not significantly differ from that of wild counterparts. Hence I conclude that there was no welfare implications related to the observed parameters in these reintroductions, rather the opposite.
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Whitaker, Andrei N., and Karen F. Beazley. "Feasibility of wolf reintroduction to Nova Scotia: public opinions on wolves and their management in light of the ecological potential for wolf recovery." Proceedings of the Nova Scotian Institute of Science (NSIS) 48, no. 2 (May 7, 2016): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.15273/pnsis.v48i2.6657.
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This study investigated the ecological and social potential for wolf (Canis spp.) recovery in Nova Scotia, Canada. Reintroduction potential was considered through a GIS-based analysis of land cover, human population density, land ownership, prey density, and road density. Two disconnected areas of adequate habitat for wolves were identified. Qualitative interviews were conducted with seven identified groups on public attitudes towards the wolf and its potential recovery in the province. Opinions ranged from ‘love’ to a strong dislike of wolves, and many interviewees associated wolves with fear and expressed concern that they would come into contact with wolves on or near their properties. It would likely not be advisable to introduce an active wolf reintroduction program in NS at this time, due to the absence of effective habitat connectivity between the two identified areas of suitable habitat, and the public unease about wolf proximity. However, a proactive public education initiative is recommended in case of future reintroductions or natural immigrations of wolves and other top carnivores from nearby populations.
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Seddon, Philip J., and Khairy Ismail. "Influence of ambient temperature on diurnal activity of Arabian oryx: Implications for reintroduction site selection." Oryx 36, no. 1 (January 2002): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003060530200008x.
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The distribution of the Arabian oryx Oryx leucoryx had declined markedly by the time European explorers documented distributions, and the species became extinct in the wild by the mid 1970s. Consequently, historical distribution records may be unreliable indicators of current habitat suitability for reintroductions. In this study diurnal behaviour of Arabian oryx was recorded within a central Saudi Arabian reintroduction site. Oryx were less active on warmer days due to an increase in shading (resting in shade) at the expense of feeding time; there was an inverse relationship between temperature and feeding. During hot conditions (maximum ambient temperature >40°C) some individuals spent <2 hours feeding during the day, compared with an average of 4.8 hours during cooler weather. This suggests the importance of shade trees to permit year-round occupancy in reintroduction sites. Selection of sites according to documented historical distribution may focus on tree-less areas, probably formerly part of the winter range. Absence of shade could result in migration out of the reserve, into areas where oryx risk being shot.
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QIN, YIYUAN, and PHILIP J. NYHUS. "Assessing factors influencing a possible South China tiger reintroduction: a survey of international conservation professionals." Environmental Conservation 45, no. 1 (March 28, 2017): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892917000182.
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SUMMARYTigers are among the most at-risk large carnivores and the South China tiger is the most threatened tiger subspecies. Reintroduction programmes are one strategy to re-establishing extirpated populations. China is committed to restoring wild South China tigers, but uncertainty remains about factors constraining these efforts. The aim of this study was to query conservation and reintroduction professionals about their attitudes and concerns and to provide guidance regarding a possible tiger reintroduction effort in South Central China. We carried out a global survey of 287 scholars and practitioners involved with wildlife reintroduction and conservation. We received responses from 68 (23.7%) respondents. More than 70% supported a potential South China tiger reintroduction effort, but many expressed concerns over planning and implementation, adherence to International Union for Conservation of Nature reintroduction guidelines and elimination of underlying threats. Respondents generally believed that China has the capacity to carry out such a programme, but may not have the experience or socio-political environment to address the issues facing human populations; 62% of respondents suggested a plausible release site should be greater than 2000 km2. To our knowledge, this is the first survey related to a potential large carnivore reintroduction programme in Asia; it has implications for future reintroduction and recovery programmes in Asia and globally.
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Phillips, Susanna. "The importance of long-term genetic monitoring of reintroduced populations: inbreeding in the natterjack toad (Epidalea calamita)." Herpetological Journal, Volume 30, Number 3 (July 1, 2020): 159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.33256/hj30.3.159167.
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Genetic monitoring is an important, but frequently lacking, component of management actions to support long-term persistence in reintroduced populations. Populations that remain small, due to demographic processes and genetic diversity, are more likely to experience a second extinction event. The natterjack toad (Epidelea calamita) is legally protected in Britain and was the subject of a reintroduction programme in the 1990s. However, subsequent genetic assessment has been mostly lacking. The aim of this study was to assess the genetic diversity of two reintroduced populations of natterjack toads in order to inform conservation management. Adults were sampled and nine microsatellites amplified to assess neutral genetic variation within each site and for comparison with the source population. Inbreeding was observed at the reintroduction sites, as evidenced by high FIS values (0.43 and 0.72), low observed compared to expected heterozygosities, and significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Observed heterozygosity is currently lower in the reintroduction sites than it was in the source population at the time of the reintroductions (Red Rocks: 0.15±0.20; Talacre: 0.12±0.20; Ainsdale (source): 0.29). Evidence for a bottleneck was not found, although this is likely a result of sampling overlapping generations. No withinsite population structuring was observed. Such low genetic diversity has not previously been recorded in any natterjack population. Genetic rescue, combined with pool creation, is the most viable option for safeguarding the species at these sites into the future. Our work highlights the importance of ongoing genetic monitoring, in collaboration with conservation organisations, to support conservation management.
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Rose, Jonathan P., Richard Kim, Elliot J. Schoenig, Patrick C. Lien, and Brian J. Halstead. "Comparing reintroduction strategies for the endangered San Francisco gartersnake (Thamnophis sirtalis tetrataenia) using demographic models." PLOS ONE 18, no. 10 (October 5, 2023): e0292379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0292379.
Full textAbstract:
For endangered species persisting in a few populations, reintroductions to unoccupied habitat are a popular conservation action to increase viability in the long term. Identifying the reintroduction strategy that is most likely to result in viable founder and donor populations is essential to optimally use resources available for conservation. The San Francisco gartersnake (Thamnophis sirtalis tetrataenia) is an endangered sub-species that persists in a small number of populations in a highly urbanized region of California. Most of the extant populations of San Francisco gartersnakes have low adult abundance and effective population size, heightening the need for establishment of more populations for insurance against the risk of extinction. We used simulations from demographic models to project the probability of quasi-extinction for reintroduced populations of San Francisco gartersnakes based on the release of neonate, juvenile, adult, or mixed-age propagules. Our simulation results indicated that the release of head-started juveniles resulted in the greatest viability of reintroduced populations, and that releases would need to continue for at least 15 years to ensure a low probability of quasi-extinction. Releasing captive-bred juvenile snakes would also have less effect on the viability of the donor population, compared to strategies that require more adult snakes to be removed from the donor population for translocation. Our models focus on snake demography, but the genetic makeup of donor, captive, and reintroduced populations will also be a major concern for any proposed reintroduction plan. This study demonstrates how modeling can be used to inform reintroduction strategies for highly imperiled species.
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Lopes-Fernandes, Margarida, Pedro Sarmento, Filipa Soares, Carlos Carrapato, Nuno Neves, Pedro Severino, Barbara Ilardo, Daniel Zarco, Daniel Kleinman-Ruiz, and José Antonio Godoy. "To be or not to be a superpredator: a multidisciplinary assessment of the Iberian lynx in a reintroduction social scenario." Galemys, Spanish Journal of Mammalogy 35 (December 31, 2023): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.7325/galemys.2023.a4.
Full textAbstract:
Since 2015, following reintroductions, an Iberian lynx population in Vale do Guadiana (Portugal) has been breeding and expanding, bringing changes to both ecosystems and residents’ perceptions. We describe how ecological monitoring, genetic analysis and social surveys contribute to assess this new scenario of coexistence with ecological and social repercussions. Departing from a specific case of a monitored lynx family, we present, for the first time, molecular proof of interspecific competition between lynxes and other carnivores. We assessed and compared knowledge of local key actors about the superpredator effect of the lynx previous to and following reintroduction. Data on damage experienced by livestock breeders with foxes and perceptions about it are integrated here, demonstrating how important this lynx role can be for local actors. We present proof of the killing of two foxes and a genet by lynxes through the amplification of a specific lynx DNA region and other molecular analyses carried out on saliva samples. Local actors, who previously were skeptical about the lynx’s ecological effects, do recognize its effect over other wild carnivores presently. This is a major benefit, since social perceptions have been conditioning the acceptance of the lynx, its future expansion, and the whole process of reintroduction. We also present the first documented case of a natural migrant from Doñana (SW Spain) effectively integrated and reproducing in the Vale do Guadiana population. This case study demonstrates the importance of multidisciplinary knowledge in conservation programmes and how genetics and social surveys provide complementary information for monitoring in reintroduction and, generally, conservation programs of an umbrella species.