Journal articles: 'Reinforced a bottom of footwear'

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Weerasinghe, Thilina W., and Ravindra S. Goonetilleke. "Getting to the bottom of footwear customization." Journal of Systems Science and Systems Engineering 20, no. 3 (August 22, 2011): 310–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11518-011-5171-0.

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Makhotkina, Liliia Yu, Natalia Tikhonova, Tatiana Zhukovskaya, Guzel I. Garipova, Yuliia A. Kovalenko, Leysan R. Fatkhullina, and Valeriia I. Bil (Khristoliubova). "Effect of Non-Equilibrium Low Temperature Plasma on Genuine Leather Adhesion Properties of Special Purpose Footwear Upper to Molding Compositions with Polyurethanes Base." Key Engineering Materials 869 (October 2020): 296–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.869.296.

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Roughing operation is used to improve the adhesive properties of footwear upper to footwear bottom polyurethane compositions in the manufacture of special purpose footwear with an upper made of genuine leather by the injection molding method of attachment. Roughing operation is an operation of coating removal and partial removal of the front layer from the protracted edge of footwear upper workpiece. This operation has a disadvantage, it often causes technological defects. A method for increasing the adhesive properties of genuine leather special purpose footwear upper workpiece with a front layer by means of non-equilibrium low temperature plasma modification and technological scheme that allows this operation to be integrated into the production process are considered in the article.

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Shalamberidze, M. M., and Z. P. Sokhadze. "DEVELOPMENT OF POLYMERIC COMPOSITE MATERIALS FOR THE BOTTOM OF FOOTWEAR." Theoretical & Applied Science 99, no. 07 (July 30, 2021): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.15863/tas.2021.07.99.20.

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Yang, Guang, Xueyang Liu, and Vitali Lipik. "Evaluation of silica aerogel-reinforced polyurethane foams for footwear applications." Journal of Materials Science 53, no. 13 (March 26, 2018): 9463–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-018-2244-1.

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Kavros, Steven J., Meegan G. Van Straaten, Krista A. Coleman Wood, and Kenton R. Kaufman. "Forefoot plantar pressure reduction of off-the-shelf rocker bottom provisional footwear." Clinical Biomechanics 26, no. 7 (August 2011): 778–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2011.03.009.

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Przepiórka, Jacek, Marian Szczerek, and Marian W. Sułek. "TRIBOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF POLYURETHANES USED FOR THE SOLES OF FOOTWEAR." Tribologia 294, no. 6 (April 12, 2021): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.8339.

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The inability to take into account the type of base material (floor, pavement, soil), as well as the inability to take into account the variable friction conditions – load, intermediary medium (water, loose abrasive, sand or other soil particles), sliding velocity, and ambient temperature – is a significant limitation the use of friction methods and devices used so far in the footwear industry to precisely anticipate the behavior of the bottom materials in the actual operating conditions of the footwear. These limitations prompted the authors to adapt a tribological tester for this purpose, used in the area of construction and operation of machines and material engineering. A research methodology was developed and, in order to verify it, measurements of the coefficient of friction and wear of polyurethane used for shoe soles in combination with a raw and varnished wooden substrate were carried out. The obtained test results are characterized by diversity, which proves the high research resolution of the developed method. It allows determining the coefficient of friction of associations influencing the slip of the footwear and the wear and tear that determines the length of use of the footwear.

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Sobel, Ellen, Christopher J. Japour, Renato J. Giorgini, Steven J. Levitz, and Hugh L. Richardson. "Use of Prostheses and Footwear in 110 Inner-City Partial-Foot Amputees." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 91, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 34–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/87507315-91-1-34.

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The number of partial-foot amputations performed is increasing, and many recommendations have been made regarding the use of prostheses and footwear designed to prevent higher-level amputations in this population. The present study investigated the use of prostheses and shoe inserts and the types of footwear worn by partial-foot amputees in the inner city to determine whether previous recommendations are being followed as well as whether new prosthetic styles are being used. The study surveyed 110 patients (73 men and 37 women) with a mean age of 58.6 years (range, 21 to 86 years) with partial-foot amputations of all levels. The results showed that about one-half of all patients wore a shoe-insert orthosis. Although 54% wore some form of special footwear to accommodate and protect the residual foot, no patient in this study wore a shoe with a rocker-bottom sole. Only one patient with a transmetatarsal amputation used a brace and only one patient in the entire study wore a modern cosmetic foot prosthesis. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 91(1): 34-49, 2001)

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Díez-Pascual, Ana. "Nanoparticle Reinforced Polymers." Polymers 11, no. 4 (April 4, 2019): 625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11040625.

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Chekan, A., and T. Khomyak. "PROBLEMS OF SOLVING THE QUESTION AS TO DETERMINATION OF THE HEIGHT OF A PERSON BY SHOE BOTTOM TRACES DETECTED AT THE CRIME SCENE." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics 21, no. 1 (December 15, 2020): 340–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32353/khrife.1.2020_23.

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Human footprints and footwear traces were one of the first well-studied forensic objects of examination. This is due to the fact that these traces are most often found at the scene of the incident, as well as by the fact that they contain most valuable and significant information needed for criminal investigation. Forensic examination of footprints and footwear traces of a person are among the most common trace evidence examinations encountered in practice, and defining a human height based on footprints is relevant and important in terms of obtaining primary (up-to-date), and later evidentiary information for a successful investigation and crime detection. The approximate height of a person, as indicated in the current trace evidence literature, can be established by using a certain number of the most common methods, one of which is to establish height by the total length of the trace. However, the existing today methods for calculating human height by foot traces (footprints) have certain disadvantages, which are mentioned in this article. The article purpose is to analyze current known methods and techniques for determining human height by footwear (feet) traces, conducting practical research on a given topic, indicating objective defects and the presence of a number of errors that are not taken into account while calculations, formulation of a reasonable conclusion based on the analyzed results of an examination. In the course of the analysis of forensic practice, a number of problematic issues was identified that make it difficult to objectively determine a person’s height by footwear traces, namely: non-conformity between the real value of human height and the height value calculated according to the most common formulas given in the forensic literature; non-compliance with standards by manufacturers while the production of shoes; lack of catalogues on shoe production, information on trace formation and the environment when examining a crime scene. All the above factors have a significant impact on the establishment of real human height by foot traces (footprints), and the absence or variability of at least one of these indicators leads to significant differences in the final values. Our research has shown that each individual foot length corresponds to not one, but several height indicators at once. At the same time the limit intervals of the height range are not the same for all foot lengths (3-20 cm for men and 6-20 cm for women). The above-mentioned discrepancies in the data are unacceptable while criminal investigation for the persons involved in crimes commission. The methods of establishing a person’s height described in the forensic literature are imperfect and require modification or revision. The conducted analysis indicates the necessity for further research on correlation dependence of the foot length and a person height taking into account all variables of indicators which have been listed above, since the efficiency of the way for establishing a person height by foot and footwear traces will depend on the right adjustment of the given parameter.

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Tong, Fang, Qiang Ma, Bin Hu, and Zhenyi Zheng. "Static Load Test on Trapezoidal Filling Structure of Crushed Concrete Particles Reinforced with Waste Tire Slices." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (November 24, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2207377.

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In this paper, a series of model tests about the trapezoidal filling structures filled with tire reinforced concrete particles has been conducted to study their stability and the ultimate bearing capacity. The effects of the reinforcing tire slices on the global stability and ultimate bearing capacity of the model were investigated, the results show that the tire slices reinforcement can reduce the total settlement of the trapezoidal filling structure, and the ultimate bearing capacity of the reinforced trapezoidal filling structure with tire slices is obviously improved. Among them, the settlements of crushed concrete particles reinforced with bottom layer, top layer, and two layers (both bottom layer and top layer) waste tire slices are 11.5%, 37.7%, and 46.2% less than that of unreinforcement, respectively. Compared with unreinforcement, when the top layer of the model is reinforced with tire slices, the Earth pressure values at the top layer and the bottom layer are reduced by 21.1% and 22.7%, respectively; the Earth pressure values at the top layer and the bottom layer are reduced 6.3% and 14.3%, respectively, when the bottom layer of the model is reinforced with tire slices, and the Earth pressure values at the top layer and the bottom layer are reduced 23.4% and 32.9%, respectively, when the two layers of the model are reinforced with tire slices. The sliding surface of the pure concrete particles filled trapezoidal structure is continuous and runs through the whole trapezoidal filling structure slope; the sliding zone of reinforced trapezoidal filling structure with tire slices decreases with the laying of tire slices.

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de Souza, Thiago Francisco, Paulo Roberto Lopes Lima, Franco Dani Rico Amado, Rosana de Alburquerque Arleo Alvim, Felipe Martins Ramos dos Santos, and Danilo de Santana Nunes. "EVA Lightweight Concrete Reinforced with Piassava Fiber." Applied Mechanics and Materials 864 (April 2017): 296–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.864.296.

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The residue of Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate (EVA) generated in the footwear industry is an economic and environmental problem as it requires large area for storage in landfills and is not biodegradable or capable of transformation into other polymers. Its use as a lightweight aggregate in mortar and concrete results in a material with lower density but with reduced strength. In this paper, piassava fibers (Attalea funifera Martius) were used as reinforcement of lightweight concrete containing 4% and 6% of EVA, with the goal of improving the flexural strength of the material. The determination of density, compressive strength and flexural strength were performed at 28 days of age. The experimental results demonstrate that the addition of EVA decreases the density and flexural strength of the concrete in proportion to the amount of addition, but a recovery resistance is obtained when the piassava fibers are added in amounts of 1 to 2% by volume.

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Gao, Li Jun, Yong Sheng Zhang, and Qin Li. "Research on Damage Status of the Reinforced Concrete Ground Floor Columns." Applied Mechanics and Materials 226-228 (November 2012): 1436–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.226-228.1436.

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In this paper, dynamic measurement method is applied to test the damage of the bottom reinforced concrete column. The comparison between the calculated first order frequency of the bottom reinforced concrete column and the measured first order frequency shows that the result is consistent. This indicates that this approach is feasible. However, in recent years, dynamic measurement method is widely used in non-destructive testing of bridges and floors. The principle of the dynamic measurement method for the detection of reinforced concrete column utilizes the measured natural frequency, vibration model and damping ratio of reinforced concrete column and such inherent dynamic characteristics of indicators to reflect the damage of reinforced concrete column. And there is no secondary injury for the column. The simplified method of structure dynamics is applied to calculate the frequency of the bottom reinforced concrete column. And the simple calculation method is verified by experiment and practice.

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Zhao, Dong Qi, Yi Jun Tang, Hui Li, Gui Feng Song, and Feng Ling Guan. "The Application Research of Reinforced Concrete Multi-Ribbed Hollow Composite Slab in the Road Slab Culvert." Advanced Materials Research 368-373 (October 2011): 307–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.368-373.307.

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Reinforced concrete cover in the road culvert cover design, in order to facilitate the construction, usually using precast reinforced concrete solid slab, but the overall cost is not low. This article researched a reinforced concrete multi-ribbed hollow composite slab, it based on the theory of reinforced concrete multi-ribbed slab structures, using a precast reinforced concrete ribbed slab as the bottom die, then poured reinforced concrete beams and panels rib ,and them constituted a whole stack of reinforced concrete ribbed hollow slab. This kind of cover, compared with the precast reinforced concrete solid cover, is not only good mechanical properties, high integrity, but also saving concrete, steel, and bottom slab appeared smooth and fine, lower construction cost.

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Kumar, R. Saravana, and V. Revathi. "Flexural Behaviour of Bottom Ash Geopolymer Reinforced Concrete Beams." Asian Journal of Research in Social Sciences and Humanities 6, no. 9 (2016): 820. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2249-7315.2016.00834.0.

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Constantino, Rodrigo A., José P. Lopes Neto, Marcilene V. da Nóbrega, José W. B. do Nascimento, and Jefferson H. G. da Silva. "Fiber-reinforced concrete for the flat bottom of silos." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 24, no. 4 (April 2020): 274–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v24n4p274-279.

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ABSTRACT The use of synthetic fibers as reinforcement for concrete replacing the steel reinforcement has been diffused worldwide in several applications, gaining prominence in the application for industrial floors, tunnel linings, road pavements, etc., i.e., continuous structures in contact with soil that require performance in the elastic medium. The present study investigated the applicability of concrete reinforced with synthetic fibers in the bottom slab of silos supported directly on the ground, being composed of an experimental study and a case study. The experimental study consisted of the analysis of the mechanical behavior of this concrete by testing three concentrations of synthetic fibers (3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 kg m-3) in a conventional simple concrete matrix. The case study consisted of the design of this part in conventional reinforced concrete and concrete reinforced with synthetic fibers with the objective of performing an economic comparison between the two projects. The experimental results showed that the fiber concentration that contributed to a better mechanical performance of the concrete matrix was 3.0 kg m-3. The case study showed that the most economical design was the one made with fiber-reinforced concrete.

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Kalkani, E. C. "Computations of an earth-dam reinforced-concrete bottom outlet." Computers & Structures 35, no. 2 (January 1990): 189–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-7949(90)90337-2.

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Zhao, Jun, Quan Sheng Liu, and Kai Shi. "The CFRP Material's Mechanical Performance and Application." Applied Mechanics and Materials 29-32 (August 2010): 1777–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.29-32.1777.

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This paper analyzes the normal section capacity of the reinforced concrete paste with CFRP. Based on the models under different pasting conditions(U model, one layer at the bottom plus one layer of U model, two layers in the bottom), and experiments on the reinforced concrete beams with CFRP, we will analyze the failure mechanism and failure mode of reinforced concrete beams, and calculate the limit bending capacities. The results are directly applied to practical project.

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Wieczorek, Miroslaw. "Experimental research of the impact of upper reinforcement on the tension membrane action of narrow three-span reinforced concrete slabs." MATEC Web of Conferences 310 (2020): 00056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202031000056.

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The aim of the paper was to demonstrate the influence of reinforced steel parameters and quantity on the failure mechanism of four three-span models of reinforced concrete strips with the dimensions 7140×500×190 mm. Two models had only bottom reinforcement, while two were reinforced at the bottom and upper sides. The paper contains the description of the experimental stand and models along with the results of experimental tests which were compared with the results of the calculations based on traditional methods.

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Skinner, Graeme D., and R. Kerry Rowe. "A novel approach to estimating the bearing capacity stability of geosynthetic reinforced retaining walls constructed on yielding foundations." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 42, no. 3 (June 1, 2005): 763–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t05-006.

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Yielding foundation conditions have been shown to adversely affect the stability and behaviour of overlying geosynthetic reinforced soil walls. To avoid serious problems and maintain a cost-effective design, careful consideration must be given to short-term stability. Previous research has shown that lengthening and stiffening the bottom reinforcement layer of the wall can increase the external stability, but the magnitude of this increase is not well understood. To provide insight regarding the potential benefit of lengthening and stiffening the bottom reinforcement layer, a numerical investigation is made of the plastic collapse mechanism due to bearing capacity failure of the foundation deposit for the case of a 6 m high geosynthetic reinforced retaining wall on a 10 m thick soft to firm visco plastic clay stratum. The calculated behaviour of the wall is compared with that from typical and novel design considerations for both a conventional reinforced wall and a wall where the bottom reinforcement layer has been extended and stiffened. A parametric study of the extended bottom reinforcement layer stiffness and interaction is reported, and the influence on the external stability is discussed.Key words: reinforced soil wall, soft yielding foundation, bearing capacity design, numerical analysis.

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Ghioca, Paul, Ramona Marina Grigorescu, Lorena Iancu, Rodica-Mariana Ion, Madalina-Elena David, Mircea Ioan Filipescu, Elena Ramona Andrei, Bogdan Spurcaciu, Cristian-Andi Nicolae, and Raluca Gabor. "Composites of Styrene-Butadiene Block-Copolymer Reinforced with Waste Printed Circuit Boards (WPCB)." Materiale Plastice 57, no. 1 (April 17, 2020): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.20.1.5316.

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In recent years, the rapid development of electronic equipment led to millions of tons of waste printed circuit boards (WPCB) generated in the entire world rising important concerns regarding its recycling. Besides the metals recovery, intensively studied, the reuse of the nonmetals is especially difficult. In this study, the non-metallic fraction from the waste of printed circuit boards is used as reinforcing filler of a styrene-butadiene block-copolymer. The composites were characterized by mechanical and dynamo-mechanical analysis and thermo-gravimetry. The study aimed the reintroduction into the economic circuit of WPCB as composites suitable for the production of shoe soles injected directly on the footwear faces and as bitumen modifiers for road coverings.

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Hanafi, Mohamad, Ertug Aydin, and Abdullah Ekinci. "Engineering Properties of Basalt Fiber-Reinforced Bottom Ash Cement Paste Composites." Materials 13, no. 8 (April 21, 2020): 1952. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13081952.

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Extinction of natural resources builds up pressure on governments to invest in research to find more sustainable resources within the construction sector. Earlier studies on mortar and concrete show that bottom ash and basalt fiber are independently alternative binders in the concrete sector. This study aims to use bottom ash and basalt fiber blends as alternative novel-based composites in pure cement paste. The strength and durability properties of two different percentages of bottom ash (40% and 50%) and three volume fractions of basalt fiber (0.3%, 0.75%, and 1.5%) were used at three curing periods (7, 28, and 56 days). In order to measure the physical properties of the basalt-reinforced bottom ash cement paste composites flowability, dry unit weight, porosity, and water absorption measurements at 7, 28, and 56 days of curing were performed. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of composites were determined by unconfined compressive strength and flexural strength tests. Finally, to assess the durability, sulfate-resistance and seawater-resistance tests have been performed on composites at 28 and 56 days of curing. Results showed that the addition of basalt fiber improves the physical, mechanical, and chemical stability properties of paste up to a limiting basalt fiber addition (0.3% volume fraction) where, above, an adverse effect has been monitored. It is clear that observed results can lead to the development of sustainability strategies in the concrete industry by utilizing bottom ash and basalt fiber as an alternative binder.

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Hsu, Shou-Hsiung (Vincent), and Jong-Shyong Wu. "Study on Production-Oriented Design for the Capesize Bulk Carrier: Using Transverse Reinforced Double-Bottom Pipe Duct." Journal of Ship Production 22, no. 01 (February 1, 2006): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jsp.2006.22.1.15.

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Cutting total man-hours is one of the most effective ways of reducing costs in a shipyard and, in general, designing structures with fewer pieces will achieve the goal of reducing man-hours. The Capesize bulk carrier, due to requirements for access, ballast capacity, and double-bottom height, always has a pipe duct in the center part of the double bottom. Comparison between two existing Capesize bulk carriers reveals that one may eliminate more than 1,800 structural pieces (about 2.6% of the total number of ship pieces) if the conventional longitudinal reinforced pipe duct is replaced by a transverse reinforced one. Further, from the finite element analysis (FEA) results using the SafeHull computer package of the American Bureau of Shipping (ABS), it has been found that the vertical deflection and stress concentration of the double bottom are improved and some of the thicker plates can be removed if the transverse reinforced pipe duct is used. Therefore, the overall steel weight for the Capesize bulk carrier using the transverse reinforced pipe duct was found to be less than that using the longitudinal reinforced pipe duct.

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Fatihhi, S. J., Syukran Ismail Ahmad, Adnan Bakri, Zulhaimi Muhamad, and Hanim Yatim. "Strength and performance of reinforced incinerator bottom ash concrete cube." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 469 (January 16, 2019): 012018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/469/1/012018.

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Pant, Aali, Manoj Datta, and G. V. Ramana. "Bottom ash as a backfill material in reinforced soil structures." Geotextiles and Geomembranes 47, no. 4 (August 2019): 514–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2019.01.018.

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Shakouri, Ehsan, Alireza Mossayebi, and Payam Saraeian. "Fabrication of medical footwear for suitable distribution of stress and strain and reduction of plantar pressure by numerical and experimental approaches." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 233, no. 10 (July 27, 2019): 1051–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954411919866596.

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Medical insoles and orthopedic shoes are responsible for reducing the force exerted by the ground to the plantar region of the feet. This combination is designed to develop a suitable distribution of stress and strain in the plantar region. In the present study, attempts have been made to design a prototype of medical footwear which can provide a proper stress and strain distribution in the plantar region while reducing pressure in comparison with current orthopedic footwear. For this purpose, the hyper-elastic behavior materials, including styrene-butadiene rubber, silicon, Plastazote foam, polyfoam, ethylene-vinyl acetate foam, polyurethane foam, and polyurethane, have been investigated, with different degree of hardness as well as one layer of composite with Kevlar fiber, whose effect is reducing the pressure exerted to the feet. A combination of materials was used to construct an insole sample, and uniaxial pressure tests were performed for testing its mechanical properties. Then, these properties were used in finite element analysis, whereby the best type of insole for the footwear was chosen and fabricated. The results of finite element analysis were validated using Pedar system and after performing the experimental tests both statically and dynamically. Experimental and numerical investigations suggested that the sole material of orthopedic shoe should be selected as styrene-butadiene rubber. The internal layers of styrene-butadiene rubber frame from top to bottom should be comprised of Plastazote-polyurethane with Kevlar fiber-silicon shore A6, which can be a suitable orthopedic boot in terms of proper stress and strain distribution. Generally, it could reduce the pressure exerted to the sole by 79% compared with barefoot.

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Zhang, Wei, David Du, and Xiaohong Bai. "In Situ Testing of Square Footing Resting on Geobelt-Reinforced Gravel Thin Cushion on Soft Silt." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3563914.

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A series of in situ static loading tests of square footing were carried out on the geobelt-reinforced gravel cushion on soft silt. The reinforced gravel cushion was thin with the depth-to-width ratio of 0.2. A parameters study was conducted by considering the number of geobelt layers, the depth of the first geobelt layer beneath the footing, the vertical spacing between two geobelt layers, the linear density of reinforcement, and the material type of geobelt. The pressure distribution on bottom of the cushion was measured. The test results showed that the bearing capacity of reinforced gravel cushion was significantly larger than that of unreinforced gravel cushion, and the stress diffusion effect of reinforced gravel cushion was also more pronounced than that of the unreinforced cushion. The pressure distribution on bottom of reinforced gravel cushion was in a saddle shape. According to calculation and analysis, the stress diffusion angles of reinforced cushions were all larger than 20°.

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Zhang, Jing Shu, Huan Huan Nie, Yuan Long Yang, and Yuan Yao. "Research and Application of Pre-Stressed Concrete Composite Slabs." Applied Mechanics and Materials 166-169 (May 2012): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.166-169.131.

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The pre-stressed concrete composite slab, which combines the advantages of cast-in-place slabs and precast slabs, has promising development prospects. In the paper, according to structural integrity, bond performance, sound insulation, thermal preservation and construction techniques, four categories composite slab, such as the composite slab with flat bottom panel (including the composite slab with bar truss reinforced precast concrete bottom panel), the concrete composite slab with precast ribbed panel, the composite slab with hollow bottom panel and the composite slab with sandwich bottom panel are studied. The composite slab with flat bottom panel has poor structural integrity, and its bond performance and crack resistance of edge joint details need to be improved; the composite slab with bar truss reinforced precast concrete bottom panel has enough bond force, but its storage and transportation are inconvenient; the concrete composite slab with precast ribbed panel has good structural integrity and convenient construction procedure; the composite slab with hollow bottom panel and the composite slab with sandwich bottom panel have functions of sound insulation and thermal preservation, however they are inadequacy to resist bending moment and have complex construction procedure. The concrete composite slab with precast ribbed panel is provided with good mechanical behavior, economy and practicability, and is worth further researching and promoting.

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Hasan, M., M. S. I. Zaini, N. A. A. Hashim, A. Wahab, K. A. Masri, R. P. Jaya, M. Hyodo, M. J. Winter, M. Sholichin, and R. Haribowo. "Stabilization of Kaolin Clay Soil Reinforced with Single Encapsulated 20mm Diameter Bottom Ash Column." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 930, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012099. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/930/1/012099.

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Abstract Ground improvement methods are used to reduce the weakness of soft clay, which is low strength and high compressibility. The stone column technique involves replacing any of the soil with crushed stone such as broken rocks or sand which is an efficient method of improving the strength parameters of soil. Bottom ash usage in materials of building will effectively decrease the buildup of the waste and hence protect the environment. This study is to determine the shear strength of kaolin soft clay reinforced with a 20 mm diameter single encapsulated bottom ash column with various lengths. The research will look into the physicomechanical qualities of the materials used, including subsoil and bottom ash. Three (3) batches of samples with each batch consists of five (5) samples were prepared by using compaction method. All kaolin samples with a diameter of 50mm and height of 100mm with single encapsulated bottom ash columns with various lengths which are 60mm, 80mm, and 100mm were tested under Unconfined Compression Test (UCT). The result illustrated that the strength of samples increases as the height and volume of encapsulated bottom ash column increases.

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Yoo, Sun-Jae, Tian-Feng Yuan, Se-Hee Hong, and Young-Soo Yoon. "Effect of Strengthening Methods on Two-Way Slab under Low-Velocity Impact Loading." Materials 13, no. 24 (December 8, 2020): 5603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13245603.

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In this study, the performance of reinforced concrete slabs strengthened using four methods was investigated under impact loads transferred from the top side to bottom side. The top and bottom sides of test slabs were strengthened by no-slump high-strength, high-ductility concrete (NSHSDC), fiber-reinforced-polymer (FRP) sheet, and sprayed FRP, respectively. The test results indicated that the test specimens strengthened with FRP series showed a 4% increase in reaction force and a decrease in deflection by more than 20% compared to the non-strengthened specimens. However, the specimen enhanced by the NSHSDC jacket at both the top and bottom sides exhibited the highest reaction force and energy dissipation as well as the above measurements because it contains two types of fibers in the NSHSDC. In addition, the weight loss rate was improved by approximately 0.12% for the NSHSDC specimen, which was the lowest among the specimens when measuring the weight before and after the impact load. Therefore, a linear relationship between the top and bottom strengthening of the NSHSDC and the impact resistance was confirmed, concluding that the NSHSDC is effective for impact resistance when the top and bottom sides are strengthened. The results of the analysis of the existing research show that the NSHSDC is considered to have high impact resistance, even though it has lower resistance than the steel fiber reinforced concrete and ultra-high-performance-concrete, it can be expected to further studies on strengthening of NSHSDC.

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Anggono, Agus Dwi, Zaennal Muttaqiem, Agung Setyo Darmawan, Tri Widodo Besar Riyadi, Agus Yulianto, Bibit Sugito, Judha Purbolaksono, and Ebrahim Mustafa Abdullah. "Mechanical Properties of Concrete Block Reinforced with Recycle HDPE and Coal Bottom Ash." Materials Science Forum 961 (July 2019): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.961.51.

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Garbage is a serious problem if it is not managed properly, both organic and non-organic. Inorganic waste, for example, plastic, metal, glass, and charcoal from coal combustion are difficult to decompose in the soil. HDPE (high-density polyethylene) plastic is one type of inorganic waste that is difficult to decompose, but this plastic can be recycled. The objective of the study is to develop light cement blocks by using the waste of HDPE, coal bottom ash and cement. The research guide was referred to SNI (Indonesian National Standard). The SNI-03-6825-2002 is for testing of the compressive strength and SNI 03-0349-1989 for the testing of the water absorption. The size of the specimen was 5 x 5 x 5 cm. In this study, the compositions of HDPE: coal bottom ash were varied by 70%: 0%, 60%: 10%, 50%: 20%, and 40%: 30%. The Holcim cement was 30% of the volume fraction. Testing was conducted after the specimens stay in 7 and 28 days. For the 7 days old of specimens, the highest compressive strength has resulted from 50%:20% composition with the value of 5.88 N/mm2. For the 28 days old specimens, the highest compressive strength was 8.34 N/mm2. The lowest water absorption test was delivered by the more coal bottom ash in the composition of 40%:30%. It was 16.971%. The more coal bottom ash, the less water absorption. The mean of specimens density was 1.076 gr/cm3. The result of the research shows that recycles HDPE and coal bottom ash as concrete block meet the required strength.

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Chen, Xu Jun, Xiao E. Zhu, and Chao Hong Gao. "Comparison and Analysis of RC Beams Strengthened with FRP Bonded on the Side and Bottom Surface." Advanced Materials Research 1095 (March 2015): 229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1095.229.

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Many studies have focused on the flexural behavior of conventional reinforced concrete (RC) beams strengthened with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) bonded on the bottom surface; however, rare attempt is made to strengthen RC beams with FRP bonded on the side surface, furthermore, as for the comparative study of the both is even more scarce.Based on the existing bending experimental data of RC beams externally strengthened with FRP, the flexural capacity calculation formula of normal section of RC beams strengthened with FRP bonded on the side or bottom surface was deduced in the paper. In addition, a comparative analysis on the strengthening effect between bottom bonded FRP and side bonded FRP was made. The results indicated that the ultimate load-carrying capacity of the former was slightly lower than the later.

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Abdulrahman, Mazin, and Saba Mahmood. "Strength of Reinforced Reactive Powder Concrete Hollow Beams." Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences 26, no. 2 (May 3, 2019): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjes.26.2.03.

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The main objective of this research is to investigate the structural behavior and strength of reinforced reactive powder concrete beams with a hollow section subjected under two point concentrated loading. The experimental work consist of ten beams with dimensions (150mm width×200mm height×1000 mm length), eight of them are hollow beams and two solid beams were cast and tested up to failure. The major parameters adopted in the current research includes the hollowness ratio (10% and15%), hollow location (at top or at bottom), and hollow shape (circle or square). The amount of longitudinal and transverse reinforcement, concrete strength and the other parameters were kept constant for all the specimens. The comparisons between all specimens (hollow and solid) are based on the load carrying capacity, deflection, crack pattern and mode of failures. Results showed that the strength capacity of hollow beam when the hollow lies in the bottom is much higher than for top hollow, and the square hollow will lead to more decrease in the beam strength compared with the circular hollow and this is more evident when the hollowness ratio increases from (10% to 15%).

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Jia, Hui Na, and Gao Wei Yue. "Mechanical Simulation of Reinforced Concrete Frame Structure." Applied Mechanics and Materials 256-259 (December 2012): 689–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.256-259.689.

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In this paper the theoretical model of reinforced concrete frame structure is established to numerically simulate and analyze its overall morphology with the finite element analysis method. The calculation results shows that at the bottom of the structure the stress and deformation is much larger than other parts with the action of constant load, live load and wind load. And with modal analysis and buckling analysis natural frequency and vibration mode are obtained to avoid resonance and predict the buckling load.

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Hassan, Shereen K. H., Mu`tasim S. Abdel-Jaber, and Maha Alqam. "Rehabilitation of Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams Using Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers (CFRP)." Modern Applied Science 12, no. 8 (July 28, 2018): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v12n8p179.

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Reinforced concrete structures that incorporates deep beams are generally susceptible to deterioration due to weathering effects and sulphur attacks, under-design in the detailing of concrete cover and/or reinforcement, and construction errors. In lieu of demolishing and replacing these structures, rehabilitation and strengthening using carbon fiber composites becomes a cost-effective viable alternative. Recent advances in research and innovation have introduced concrete repair and strengthening systems that are primarily based on fiber reinforced polymer composites. These systems have offered engineers the opportunity to provide additional stability to the structural elements in question and to restore the damaged portions back to their original load carrying capacity. This paper investigates the effect of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) composites in enhancing the flexural performance of damaged reinforced concrete deep beams. Two types of CFRP composites and epoxy were used in the experimental investigation carried out and as described by this paper: 1) high strength carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) plates, commercially known as MBrace Laminate, that are bonded using an epoxy resin specifically suited for the installation and used to strengthen existing structural members; and, 2) MBrace Fiber 230/4900, a 100% solids, low viscosity epoxy material that is used to encapsulate MBrace carbon, glass, and aramid fiber fabrics so that when it cures, it provides a high performance FRP sheet.Test samples were divided into four groups: A control group, and three rehabilitated test groups with CRFP fibers, where the main variable among them was the percent length of CRFP used along the bottom beam extreme surface between supports (i.e, for two of the groups reinforced with MBrace laminates), and the use of MBrace Fiber 230/4500 CRFP sheets on the 4th beam along its vertical sides as well as the bottom extreme face between supports. All beams had similar cross-sectional dimensions and reinforcement, and were designed to fail in flexure rather than shear. The results show that CFRP composites, both laminated and sheet type, have increased the load carrying capacity in comparison to the control specimen, where observations were recorded pertaining to the delayed formation of vertical flexural cracks at the section of maximum moment, and diagonal shear cracks at beam ends. The increase in the load carrying capacity varied among the three rehabilitated test group beams, with the 4th group showing the highest ultimate load carrying capacity when compared to the control specimen.

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Khanna, O. Shervan, Aftab A. Mufti, and Baidar Bakht. "Experimental investigation of the role of reinforcement in the strength of concrete deck slabs." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 27, no. 3 (June 1, 2000): 475–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l99-094.

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To study systematically the role of each layer of steel reinforcement in conventionally reinforced deck slabs of girder bridges, a full-scale model was built of a 175 mm thick concrete deck slab on two steel girders with a center-to-center spacing of 2.0 m. The 12 m long deck slab was conceptually divided into four 3 m long segments, identified as segments A, B, C, and D. Segment A contained isotropic steel reinforcement in two layers, conforming to the requirements of the Ontario Highway Bridge Design Code (OHBDC). Segment B contained only the bottom layer of steel reinforcement. Segment C contained only the bottom transverse steel bars. Segment D contained only bottom transverse glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars having the same axial stiffness, but 8.6 times the axial tensile strength, as those of the steel bars in segment C. Each segment of the deck slab was tested to failure under a central concentrated load, simulating the dual tire footprint of 250 × 500 mm dimension of a typical commercial vehicle. All segments failed in the punching shear mode. The failure loads for the four segments were found to be 808, 792, 882, and 756 kN, respectively; these failure loads are similar in magnitude to that of a 175 mm thick steel-free deck slab with steel straps having nearly the same cross-sectional area per metre length of the slab as those of the bottom transverse steel bars in the first three segments. The tests on the four segments of the full-scale model have confirmed that (i) only the bottom transverse reinforcement influences the load carrying capacity of a reinforced concrete deck slab and (ii) the stiffness of the bottom transverse reinforcement, rather than its strength, is of paramount importance.Key words: arching, deck slab, FRP, shake down, slab-on-girder bridge.

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Dey, Thuhin K., Arman Hossain, Mamun Jamal, Rama K. Layek, and Md Elias Uddin. "Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle Reinforced Waste Buffing Dust Based Composite Insole and Its Antimicrobial Activity." Advances in Polymer Technology 2022 (January 25, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7130551.

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The objective of this research is to use zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) combined with buffing dust to develop footwear insole with antibacterial properties. In addition, performance analysis (mechanical, chemical, and thermal) of fabricated insole is also the integral consideration of this study. With such aim, antimicrobial composite insoles were fabricated via simple solution mixing of ZnONPs and natural rubber latex (NRL) binder along with buffing dusts with optimum ratio. Then, removal of water was considered by mechanical pressing followed by natural drying in sunlight. The chemical bonding and material interactions of composites were investigated using FT-IR and XRD, respectively. TGA analysis confirmed the thermal stability of composites, while SEM and OTR are elucidating the surface morphology and gas barrier properties, respectively. Tensile strength, elongation, flexibility, hardness, and water absorption of prepared composite with optimum NRL content were increased by 39, 31, 30, 38, and 28%, respectively. Finally, 78% antimicrobial performance was achieved against the suspension of ( 1.5 × 10 6 CFU / mL ) bacterial strain Staphylococcus aureus.

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37

Paliy, Anatoliy, Andriy Paliy, K. V. Ishchenko K. V., and S. A. Mikhalchenko. "TECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES FOR SANITARY PROCESSING OF FOOTWEAR AND CLOTHES OF LIVESTOCK WORKERS." Scientific and Technical Bulletin of the Institute of Animal Science NAAS of Ukraine, no. 125 (2021): 130–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.32900/2312-8402-2021-125-130-140.

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Effective control of the quality and safety of livestock products is possible only with the implementation of a scientifically grounded complex of veterinary and sanitary and general economic measures. The goal of our work was to develop effective ways to sanitize clothing and footwear of workers in the livestock industry. The studies were carried out following the current methodological approaches that are used in agriculture and veterinary medicine. Based on the results of the research carried out, two methods and one device have been developed to ensure a high level of veterinary and sanitary measures in animal husbandry. It has been proven that for the sanitization of clothing of workers in the animal husbandry industry, it is effective to use a disinfectant, which includes the sodium salt of dichloroisocyanuric acid (0.09–0.36%), adipic acid (0.01–0.04%), sodium bicarbonate (0.01–0.04%), sodium carbonate (0.003–0.01%), water (99.887–99.55%) when exposed for 30 minutes. For disinfection of workers' footwear, it is advisable to use disinfectants filled with a disinfectant that contains dichlorantin (0.021–0.21%), 5,5-dimethylhydantoin (0.0164–0.164%), a dispersant (0.012–0.12%), anionic surfactants (0.005–0.05%), corrosion inhibitor (0.01–0.1%), filler (0.0356–0.356%) and water (99.9–99.0%). An innovative device for cleaning and disinfection is proposed - a shoe disinfector, which consists of a waterproof box with a bottom wider than the top, filled with a disinfectant solution, a branch pipe for removing waste solution, a brush shaft, which is fixed in the upper part of the waterproof box, an electric motor with a rotational speed 2 rev/s., Which serves as a drive shaft brush, control panel with a start button and a stop button. The proposed developments complement the existing regulations on veterinary and sanitary measures at livestock farms and complexes.

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38

Yan, Kai, Wen Zhong Zheng, and Ying Wang. "Modelling and Analysis of the Bottom Frames of Multi-Story Masonry Buildings Exposed to Fire." Advanced Materials Research 255-260 (May 2011): 704–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.255-260.704.

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The multi-story masonry buildings with reinforced concrete frames on ground floors collapse more easily than pure frames when bottom frames exposed to fire, for reasons that fire load of its ground floors is relatively large, and the ratio of dead load to the total loads is also large, deformations of joists caused by fire produce adverse effect on arch mechanism of masonry. For the purpose of loading temperature on steel bars and concrete for fire resistance analysis of reinforced concrete structures in ABAQUS, separated loading method is proposed firstly in this article. The Hill yield criterion for compression and the Rankine yield criterion for tension are adopted to establish anisotropic elasto-plastic material model for masonry. The process simulation from temperature rises to buildings collapse is realized. A parametric study is conducted to investigate the effects on fire resistance of the bottom frames when the bottom floors exposed to fire due to the change in effective load ratio, section size and reinforcement ratio. The study shows that the failure mode of the bottom frames exposed to fire is mainly due to columns collapse. Bottom fames designed with seismic class I and II have relatively more safety storage than non-seismic designed bottom frames to resist the fire load effect, and they can satisfy time limits of fire resistance.

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Cho, Y. S., H. S. Jang, S. K. Back, M. I. Choi, S. U. Hong, and Y. T. Lee. "Evaluation of Sustainable Structural Concrete Using Recycled Aggregate and Aramid Fiber Sheet." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2721859.

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the flexural performance of recycled aggregate RC beam reinforced with aramid fiber sheets. Compressive strength of concrete using recycled aggregate is generally similar or slightly lower than normal concrete. To improve the compressive strength, aramid fiber sheets have been used in this study. This study examines the structural behavior of concrete beams prepared with recycled aggregate and strengthened aramid fiber sheets at varying locations. One concrete beam as a control specimen, that is prepared with 30 percent recycled aggregate and 70 percent natural aggregate, has been tested, and 3 more strengthened beams (bottom, bottom and sides, bottom and both ends with U-shaped strengthened beams) are tested. The ultimate loads have increased by 38.01%, 39.88%, and 100.79% for bottom, bottom and sides, bottom and both ends with U-shaped strengthened beams. The ductility ratios are 2.75~6.20 for strengthened beams. The experimental results showed that the strengthening system with U-shaped band controls the premature debonding and provides a more ductile failure mode than the strengthening system without U-shaped bands. It can be found that the ultimate strength of H40-RGA30-BS specimen based on load-deflection curves shows most promising result. The experimental results are compared with the analytical results of nonlinear flexural behaviors for strengthened reinforced recycled aggregate concrete beam.

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Zuo, Jun. "The Design Application of Steel Fiber Concrete on Bottom Frame Structure." Advanced Materials Research 639-640 (January 2013): 1241–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.639-640.1241.

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The concrete frame with bottom frame structure bear the load from the upper floors, roofing and brick walls, internal force is quite large, so the designed section size of frame beams is big, sometimes even the clear height of the building can't meet the architectural requirements; And more reinforcement, construction of concrete are difficult to pound, even vibration bar are difficult to insert into the beam, seriously influence the construction quality of reinforced concrete and the frame structure quality can't t be assured. This article introduces the design and application of steel fiber reinforced concrete in the bottom frame through the practical engineering examples. Steel fiber concrete can enhance the tensile and shear strength, and make it has good resistance to crack and toughness. As a result of the steel fiber concrete, the bearing capacity of bottom frame is greatly improved, and the problem in the project is solved.

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Machida, T., and J. Ramkumar. "Defect Controlled Water Jet Piercing of Continuous Fiber Reinforced Plastics." Advanced Composites Letters 17, no. 2 (March 2008): 096369350801700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096369350801700203.

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Water jet piercing of composite laminates finds a wide application in varying fields of manufacturing, but has an inherent problem of delamination which restricts its usage. This paper makes an attempt to successfully make smaller diameter holes using impulse water jet. Both experimental and theoretical results confirmed that while piercing of composite laminates using water jet the defects appear in between the layers of laminates which may be due to bending moment of the bottom plies, which is because of the high pressure jet involved in piercing process. As the hole progresses the bottom layer delaminates from the previous layers which can be analogized to a simple supported beam in the initially stages and finally this gets converted into a cantilever beam at the bore edges. These defects can be effectively prevented by supporting the work material behind the cut edges with a thick plate having a bore smaller than that of the nozzle.

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Yinh, Seyha, Qudeer Hussain, Winyu Rattanapitikon, and Amorn Pimanmas. "Flexural Behavior of Reinforced-Concrete (RC) Beams Strengthened with Hemp Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites." Materials Science Forum 860 (July 2016): 156–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.860.156.

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This experimental study has been conducted on the efficiency of epoxy-bonded hemp fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites in flexural strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) beams. A total of five RC beams were cast and tested up to failure. The test parameters included fiber thickness and strengthening configuration. The experimental results show the capability of hemp FRP composites to increase the loading capacity in flexure of RC beams compared with the un-strengthened beam. The enhancement of ultimate load becomes more significant as the fiber thickness is increased. The effectiveness of strengthened beams in U-wrapped scheme is found greater than strengthened beams in bottom-only scheme. Based on results, it indicates that hemp FRP has a potential to considerably increase the strength and stiffness of the original RC beam.

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Li, Feng Lan, Xiong Huai Yu, Cheng Chen, and Song Chen. "Study on Impaired Reinforced Concrete Beams Strengthening with Externally Steel Frame." Applied Mechanics and Materials 438-439 (October 2013): 477–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.438-439.477.

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A large impaired reinforced concrete beam with cracks was strengthened under self-weight action by the externally bonded steel frame composed with bottom steel plate and side hoop steel belts. The normal service loading behaviors of this beam were tested to verify the effectiveness of this strengthening method specified in current Chinese design code. Based on the analyses of test results, it can be concluded that: the deformation of flexural cross section of this beam fitted the assumption of plain cross section, the steel plate could effectively enhance the flexural stiffness and decrease the deflection of this beam, no new cracks appeared under the normal service loads, the cracks at bottom of this beam were more confined by the steel frame than those at web zone. Therefore, other measure should be taken to avoid the opening of web cracks.

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Hameed Naser Al-Mamoori, Maryam, and Nameer A. Alwash. "Structural Behavior of Highly Strength Reinforced Concrete Beams with Elliptical Arched Bottom." Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 14, no. 2 (November 20, 2019): 5506–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.36478/jeasci.2019.5506.5513.

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45

Leng, Ding Xin, Ling Yu Sun, Da Yong Hu, and Yi Lin. "A Bottom-up Simulation for Impact Fracture Behavior of Nanoparticle-Reinforced Composites." Advanced Materials Research 183-185 (January 2011): 2308–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.183-185.2308.

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To explore the dynamic impact fracture behavior of nanoparticle-reinforced composites, a bottom-up numerical method was proposed and verified through the fracture process simulation of nano-SiO2/epoxy sample in Charpy impact test. At the nano-scale, a parametric micromechanics model having interphase was built. And the effective material properties of the nanocomposites with variant volume fractions were obtained. Based on the homogenization theory, the macro-scale model of impact sample was established. It is demonstrated that this proposed bottom-up method can predict the locations and directions of cracks at macro-scale, and the growth process of rupture can also be visualized dynamically. The impact strength obtained from this method has a good agreement with the measuring results in literature. And this simulation method can also be used as an assistant tool for comparing the crack propagation rate of nanocomposites with variant particle contents.

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Kwon, Soon-Jang, and Yun-Tae Kim. "Pullout Characteristics of Waste Fishing Net Reinforced Bottom Ash using Pullout Test." Journal of the Korean Geosynthetic Society 12, no. 4 (December 30, 2013): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.12814/jkgss.2013.12.4.057.

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47

Wang, Jiyang, Yongjun Wang, Chenglin Wan, Rongda Chen, Chengbin Liu, and Zhihua Hu. "Seismic Behavior of RC Bridge Piers Locally Replaced with SFRC-FA Subjected to Torsion Combined with Axial Compression." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2021 (May 31, 2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8882573.

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Under complex seismic forces, the failure characteristics of the plastic hinge region at the bottom of the pier column and the methods improving the ductility have attracted extensive attention. In this study, steel fiber-reinforced concrete with fine aggregate (SFRC-FA) was applied to locally replace the conventional concrete in the potential plastic hinge region at the bottom of the pier column. Five SFRC-FA pier column specimens with different stirrup ratios and different replacement lengths and one conventional reinforced concrete pier column specimen were produced. Using the seismic behavior tests under the combined bending-shear-torsion-axial force, the failure mode, torsional bearing capacity, energy dissipation, and the torsional plastic hinges of the pier columns were investigated. In addition, an equation for calculating the torsional bearing capacity of the new composite pier columns was proposed. The results showed that (1) compared with the reinforced concrete pier column, the plastic hinge was shifted from the bottom of the pier column to the middle of the height of the pier column due to the application of SFRC-FA at the bottom of the pier column, which improved the torsional bearing capacity; (2) the effect of reducing the stirrup ratio of the SFRC-FA replacement region on the torsional bearing capacity, cracking mode, energy dissipation, and ductility was not obvious; (3) the accuracy of the new equation based on the space truss model proposed in this article was verified by comparison with the experiments of this study and other researches.

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Zhou, Lin, Guangya Ding, Jie Tan, Xiaoxia Zhao, and Jun Wang. "Seismic Response of Concrete-Canvas Reinforced Slopes: Influence of Tilt Degrees for Reinforcement." Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 14, no. 03 (January 28, 2020): 2050011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793431120500116.

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A series of shaking table tests were conducted on reinforced slopes to study the slope dynamic characteristics. The influence of concrete-canvas tilt degrees on the seismic response was studied. By considering the effects of different concrete-canvas tilt degrees, the seismic responses of the reinforced slopes were analyzed, along with the accelerations, crest settlements, and horizontal displacements. The failure patterns of different model slopes were compared using white coral sand marks placed at designated elevations to monitor the internal slide of the reinforced slopes. Several round markers were placed on the slope surface to compare the deformation before and after shaking with different amplitudes. The results indicated that with the increase in concrete-canvas tilt degrees, a better reinforcing effect was obtained, and 30° reinforcement reached a threshold level, the slide-out point shifts from the crest of the slope to the middle of the reinforced model. The bottom 2/7th zone of the slope was relatively stable during the earthquake and the reinforcement was ineffective at the bottom of the slope. When both considered the influence of reinforcing effect and construction difficulty, 20° is the suitable tilt degree in concrete-canvas reinforced slopes. The characteristics of increasing strength of the concrete canvas make it suitable for the application in slope protection.

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Tang, Xian Xi, Yue Xu, Cun Jun Zou, and Fang Chen. "Numerical Analysis of Reasonable Hinge Joints Size of Reinforced Concrete Hinged Plates." Advanced Materials Research 163-167 (December 2010): 1180–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.163-167.1180.

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In order to study the stress distribution in hinge joints of different depth and the effects of hinged plate by hinge joints depth, 5 group ANSYS finite element models of concrete simply supported hinged plates were built, hinge joints stress of models have been compared under the center load and side load, analysis has been made on the hinge joints of maximal stress. The analysis results indicated that with the increase of the depth of hinge joints, the transverse tensile stress, vertical shear stress and longitudinal tension stress were all showed regular distributions, and with the increase of the depth of hinge joints from 10cm to 26cm, the maximum reduction value of transverse tensile stress in hinge joints was 3.25MPa, the reduction range was 51.9%; the maximum reduction value of vertical shear stress was 1.06MPa, the reduction range was 77.9%; longitudinal compressive stress decreased gradually, and longitudinal tensile stress increased; the maximum reduction value of hinged plates deflection difference was 0.16mm, the reduction range was 36.4%; the transverse tensile stress of hinged plates’ bottom increased. Therefore, increasing the depth of hinge joints was the most effective way to increase the transverse stiffness of slab girder and to prevent hinge joints damage. At the same time, the tensile reinforcements setting in transverse and longitudinal at the bottom of hinge joints and the tensile reinforcements setting in transverse at the bottom of slab girder should be strengthened.

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Shalamberidze, Merab. "INVESTIGATION OF THE DENSITY OF THE SPATIAL GRID OF SYNTHETIC STRUCTURED BUTADIENE-STYRENE RUBBERS FOR THE BOTTOM OF ORTHOPEDIC FOOTWEAR." Theoretical & Applied Science 62, no. 06 (June 30, 2018): 171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15863/tas.2018.06.62.31.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Reinforced a bottom of footwear'

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