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Xu, Jonathan, Rachel Gotlieb, Shannon McNall, and Octavia Devon. "Think Inside the Box: Wilhelm Reich’s Theories on Orgasm and the Orgone." International Journal of Urologic History 2, no. 2 (January 5, 2023): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.53101/ijuh.2.2.01052305.
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Objectives As the originator of the term “sexual revolution”, Wilhelm Reich – an Austrian physician, psychoanalyst, political activist and author – was a significant, albeit controversial, contributor to his field. Throughout his career he extensively studied the human orgasm and developed the theory of “orgone energy” as a driving force present in animate and inanimate beings. While Reich’s theories are now largely seen as pseudoscientific, his views on sex and orgasmic energy have had an enduring impact in popular culture and society. Methods We analyzed primary material including journal entries and personal accounts obtained from the Wilhelm Reich Museum (Rangeley, Maine). We reviewed published secondary sources on Reich, news articles, and biographies obtained through on-line public resources as cited. Results Following a tumultuous childhood, Reich attended medical school in Vienna and started his early career under the tutelage of Sigmund Freud. Freud’s influence was instrumental in the development of Reich’s theories on character analysis and orgastic potency and his ideas were some of the first linking mental and sexual health. Reich also notably combined his interests in politics and sexual health and created “Sex-Pol” clinics, clinics that provided both sexual and Marxist education along with contraceptives, to the working class. Prior to WWII, Reich fled Nazi Germany to the United States, where he studied the relationship between sexual health and cosmic energy, a novel concept he termed “orgone”. To harness this energy, Reich invented “orgone accumulators’’ which, among other claims, were thought to improve physical and mental health. Ultimately, Reich’s notoriety garnered him attention from the American government, which led to the censorship of his works and ideas and eventual downfall and imprisonment. Conclusions Although Reich’s theories were largely discredited later in his life, he was a pioneer in advocating for a deeper curiosity of sexual health and its personal and societal consequences, which continue to impact society today.
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Bennett, Philip W. "Wilhelm Reich, the FBI and the Norwegian Communist Party: The Consequences of an Unsubstantiated Rumor." Psychoanalysis and History 16, no. 1 (January 2014): 95–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/pah.2014.0141.
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Soon after his arrival in the United States from Oslo, radical psychoanalyst Wilhelm Reich became the subject of intensive inquiry by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Part of what motivated the FBI's case against Reich was an anonymous claim that he had been a member of the Norwegian Communist Party. The initial investigation led to Reich's arrest and detention for nearly a month after the United States declared war on Germany in December, 1941. Some years later, after Reich became a naturalized citizen of the United States, a more extensive investigation occurred, this time by the Immigration and Naturalization Service. The INS looked to strip Reich of his citizenship, and central to their efforts was the very same anonymous claim about his membership in the Norwegian Communist Party. In this essay, relying upon US government documents, Reich's reported membership is examined and its veracity assessed.
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Meier, Mischa. "Der Untergang des Römischen Reiches." Historische Anthropologie 29, no. 1 (May 25, 2021): 51–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.7788/hian.2021.29.1.51.
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Szczęśniak, Dorota. "O „duchowej ojczyźnie” Marcela Reicha-Ranickiego." Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis | Studia Historicolitteraria 22 (December 31, 2022): 129–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20811853.22.7.
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The aim of this paper is to present a profile of literary critic Marcel Reich-Ranicki (1920–2013), who lived on the borderland of three cultures: Polish, Jewish, and German. The paper attempts to reconstruct the main phases of Reich-Ranicki’s life in Poland, including an analysis of the critic’s interests and opinions about Polish literature, as well as his concept of a ‘spiritual homeland’. The status of M. Reich is studied in relation to the category of the alien commonly encountered in the discourse of the humanities. Reich’s strangeness is presented in three dimensions: space, culture and mentality. The paper also proves that it was the trauma of the Holocaust that had exerted the major impact on Reich-Ranicki’s personal memories and accounts.
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Müller, Laurenz. "Revolutionary Moment: Interpreting the Peasants' War in the Third Reich and in the German Democratic Republic." Central European History 40, no. 2 (March 7, 2007): 193–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938907000258.
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History textbooks speak of an American, an English, a French, and a Russian revolution, but historians do not recognize a “German Revolution.” For this reason the formation of a German national state was long described as an aspect of a German “divergent path” (Sonderweg) or exceptionalism. While this concept established itself in post-1945 West Germany, German historical scholarship had even earlier insisted on a uniquely German transition from the Old Regime to the modern state, fundamentally different from what took place in the other western European countries. Still earlier, German idealist thinkers had declared the national state (Reich) to be the German people's historical objective. Around 1900 the Reich was understood to be not a rational community based on a contract between independent individuals, as were France and England, but a national community of destiny. The German ideal was not a republic split up into political parties but an organic community between the Reich's people and its rulers. This is why German history had never known a successful revolution from below. During the nineteenth and the early twentieth century, this alleged unity was seen in a positive light, but after 1945 it inspired an explanation, which quickly became canonical, of why German history had led to a catastrophe. German exceptionalism was now understood, especially by German social historians, as a one-way street toward the National Socialist regime.
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Petersen, Ulrike. "Revising Lehár’s Rastelbinder for the Reich." Cambridge Opera Journal 26, no. 2 (July 2014): 147–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954586714000020.
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AbstractOperetta held an ambiguous position within Nazi German entertainment culture: while suitably diverting and escapist, many of the most successful hits had Jewish authors and were thus increasingly avoided by theatre directors. To replenish the Reich’s performable repertory, Goebbels founded the ‘Reichsstelle für Musikbearbeitungen’, whose revisions of classical works including Handel’s oratorios and Mozart’s Da Ponte operas have been widely discussed. This article focuses on one of the institution’s many operetta commissions, Viennese satirist Rudolf Weys’s unfinished 1944 version of Franz Lehár’s Der Rastelbinder (1902), a box office success that featured an itinerant Jewish peddler as the central character. Weys’s revisions as well as his own story show that this kind of Reichsstelle commission could be a lifeline for artists who could not afford to attract attention or leave the Reich.
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Blasius, Dirk. "Carl Schmitt, April 1939: „Der Reichsbegriff im Völkerrecht“." Der Staat 60, no. 3 (July 1, 2021): 455–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/staa.60.3.455.
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Der Artikel rekonstruiert die Geschichte von Carl Schmitts Reichsbegriff. Die historische Situation im Frühjahr 1939 hatte Einfluss auf den Weg seines juristischen Werks. Der Reichsbegriff war Thema eines Vortrags, den Schmitt in das Zentrum seiner „Völkerrechtlichen Großraumordnung“ stellte. Diese im April 1939 erschienene Publikation wurde nach Ausbruch des Krieges mehrfach ergänzt. Der Abschnitt zum Reichsbegriff blieb unverändert. Schmitt unterstützte mit seinen Beiträgen zum Völkerrecht den aggressiven Weg der NS-Politik, der zum Ausbruch des Krieges im September 1939 führte. In einem Essay vom Mai 1939 über das Reich und den Untergang der europäischen Kultur zitierte er frühere Veröffentlichungen. Sie hatten ihn zu einem neuen völkerrechtlichen Gedanken geführt. Reiche, nicht Staaten sollten Träger des Völkerrechts sein. An diesem Gedanken hielt Schmitt auch während des Krieges fest. Sein Essay ist ein Selbstportrait des Juristen Schmitt. Seine Gegner erhoben den Vorwurf mangelhafter Weltanschauung. Sie forderten eine „völkische Großraumordnung“. Im Zweiten Weltkrieg schloss sich Schmitt nicht Ereignissen an, die der Ideologie vom „Lebensraum“ Taten folgen ließen. Mit dem Begriff „Ereignisse“ wurden 1941/42 Kriegsverbrechen in den „Ereignismeldungen UdSSR“ benannt. Die Stäbe des „Reichssicherheitshauptamts“ werteten sie aus. Schmitt ließ den Zusammenhang dieser Verbrechen mit dem Typus des totalen Staats unbeachtet. The article reconstructs the history of Carl Schmitt's concept of the Reich. The historical situation in the spring of 1939 had an influence on the path of his legal work. The concept of empire was the subject of a lecture that Schmitt placed at the center of his “Völkerrechtliche Großraumordnung”. This publication, which appeared in April 1939, was supplemented several times after the outbreak of World War II. The section on the concept of empire remained unchanged. Schmitt's contributions to international law supported the aggressive course of Nazi policy before September 1939. In a May 1939 essay on the Reich and the Decline of European Culture, he cited earlier publications. They had led him to a new idea of the causal connection between empires and international law. Schmitt held on to it even during the war. His essay is a self-portrait of the jurist Schmitt. His opponents raised the accusation of a deficient world view (Weltanschauung). They demanded a "völkische Großraumordnung". In the Second World War, Schmitt did not join events (Ereignisse) that gave action to the ideology of Lebensraum. The term "Ereignisse" was used in 1941/42 to name war crimes in the "Ereignismeldungen UdSSR". The staffs of the Reich Security Main Office (Reichssicherheitshauptamt) evaluated them. Schmitt ignored the connection of these crimes with the type of the total state.
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Calonge García, Amelia, and Mª Dolores López Carrillo. "Importancia de los yacimientos cretácicos de Cuevas de Portalrubio (Montalbán, Teruel)." Spanish Journal of Palaeontology 18, no. 2 (September 22, 2021): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/sjp.18.2.21649.
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En los afloramientos cretácicos de Cuevas de Portalrubio próximos a Montalbán (provincia de Teruel) ubicados en la Cordillera Ibérica se han identificado varias especies de Foraminíferos. Además, Manfred Reichel en 1936, describió los Alveolínidos: Praealveolina iberica y Praealveolina debilis. En este trabajo se recogen los datos históricos y las aportaciones biocronoestratigráficas obtenidas en estos afloramientos.
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Yasui, Michihiro. "Leon Reich (1879–1929). Sylwetka przywódcy syjonistów w Galicji Wschodniej." Polish Biographical Studies 1, no. 1 (2013): 59–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/pbs.2013.04.
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The article presents a profile of Leon Reich (1979–1929), one of the leaders of Zionists movement in Polish territories. Scientific literature has not taken any deeper interest in him so far. Here he is presented against the nationality background and social and political life in Galicia in his multicultural hometown Drohobych in Eastern Europe, and as a leader of Jewish youth during his studies at the University of Lviv. As a well-educated doctor of laws he conducted his own research and attempted to define a modern nation. He was an active member and participant of world congresses of Zionist Organisation. When Poland gained independence he was in favour of granting autonomy to the Jewish population in eastern Malopolska. He attempted to revive Zionist movement in Poland and was categorically against assimilating Jews. As a member of Polish parliament (1922–1930) he headed a Jewish parliamentary group. He resigned from this function after the Polish-Jewish agreement with Wladysław Grabski’s government had failed. After Reich’s death his family moved to Jerusalem fulfilling his last will.
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Zmierczak, Maria. "Refleksje na temat książki Sebastiana Fikusa „Trudny spadek dysydentów III Rzeszy w Republice Federalnej Niemiec”." Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem 40, no. 4 (February 18, 2019): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2300-7249.40.4.10.
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REFLECTIONS ON SEBASTIAN FIKUS’S TRUDNY SPADEK DYSYDENTÓW III RZESZY W REPUBLICE FEDERALNEJ NIEMIEC DIFFICULT LEGACY OF THE THIRD REICH’S DISSIDENTS IN FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANYThe reviewed book contains a description of state policy towards the German opponents of Hitler’s regime after the fall of the Third Reich. The death sentences of military courts, Volksgericht and special war courts were treated as legal and the victims and their descendants were not vindicated until 2009. It means that they figured as criminals for more than 50 years. The author suggests that this was connected mainly with economic reasons and the need to restore the national economy. The commentary of the reviewer underlines the importance of other aspects: on the one hand, it was not easy to declare that the Federal Republic of Germany is a new state and to break the continuity of state, especially in the face of the existing German Democratic Republic. On the other hand, it is not easy to declare that the law was not legal, and to punish judges or officers who had acted according to the legal prescriptions; not to mention the old sentence lex retro non agit.
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Gramantieri, Riccardo. "Re-emergence of the Death Instinct in Wilhelm Reich's Last Experiment." Psychoanalysis and History 18, no. 2 (July 2016): 203–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/pah.2016.0189.
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In 1956 Wilhelm Reich published ‘Re-emergence of Freud's “Death Instinct” as “DOR” Energy’. The scientist reverted to psychoanalysis in what proved to be his last theoretical article, in which he reassessed the Freudian theory of the death drive, the very thesis he had rejected in the 1930s, and whose rejection had made him unpopular with the psychoanalytic movement. In that article, not only did Reich intend to pay homage to his old master Sigmund Freud, but also to partly revise his theories on the Eros-Thanatos instinct duality. After summarizing his own theories on the OR orgone life energy and its DOR negative equivalent, and continuing to claim that there was no clinical evidence to support the death instinct, Reich cautiously stated that Freud had had his legitimate reasons to classify that duality: the libido and the death instinct would actually be the psychological correlates of physical phenomena that he was able to observe both in the neurotics’ character armour and in the weather phenomena and climatic events affecting the environment.
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BRODIE, THOMAS. "German Society at War, 1939–45." Contemporary European History 27, no. 3 (July 23, 2018): 500–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777318000255.
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The actions, attitudes and experiences of German society between 1939 and 1945 played a crucial role in ensuring that the Second World War was not only ‘the most immense and costly ever fought’ but also a conflict which uniquely resembled the ideal type of a ‘total war’. The Nazi regime mobilised German society on an unprecedented scale: over 18 million men served in the Wehrmacht and Waffen SS, and compulsoryVolkssturmduty, initiated as Allied forces approached Germany's borders in September 1944, embraced further millions of the young and middle-aged. The German war effort, above all in occupied Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, claimed the lives of millions of Jewish and gentile civilians and served explicitly genocidal ends. In this most ‘total’ of conflicts, the sheer scale of the Third Reich's ultimate defeat stands out, even in comparison with that of Imperial Japan, which surrendered to the Allies prior to an invasion of its Home Islands. When the war in Europe ended on 8 May 1945 Allied forces had occupied almost all of Germany, with its state and economic structures lying in ruins. Some 4.8 million German soldiers and 300,000 Waffen SS troops lost their lives during the Second World War, including 40 per cent of German men born in 1920. According to recent estimates Allied bombing claimed approximately 350,000 to 380,000 victims and inflicted untold damage on the urban fabric of towns and cities across the Reich. As Nicholas Stargardt notes, this was truly ‘a German war like no other’.
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Castro, Sergio A., and Mélica Muñoz-Schick. "Naturalistas y botánicos: una estimación y caracterización de su aporte al conocimiento de la diversidad florística de Chile." Boletín Museo Nacional de Historia Natural 53 (December 26, 2004): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.54830/bmnhn.v53.2004.293.
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Numerosos naturalistas y botánicos han contribuido a documentar la diversidad florística chilena. En este artículo se evalúa cuantitativamente este aporte considerando dos métricas basadas en la descripción de plantas vasculares: (1) el número de taxa descritos y (2) el número de arreglos nomenclatura les vigentes. Los autores suman 608, quienes solos o en coautoria, describieron 5.249 taxa de plantas vasculares. Entre los descriptores más prolíficos destaca R.A. Philippi, quien describió 3.695 taxa, de los cuales son válidos actualmente sólo 1.312 taxa, cifra equivalente al 25% de la flora nativa chilena. Por otra parte, K. Reiche realizó el arreglo nomenclatura] de 200 taxa vigentes. Se destaca la importancia de estudios historiográficos en el desarrollo de las disciplinas científicas en Chile.
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GOBOZASHVILI, A. "THEORETICAL FUNDAMENTALS OF EDUCATION IN GERMANY IN 1933-1945." Pedagogical Sciences, no. 77 (August 28, 2021): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.33989/2524-2474.2021.77.239299.
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It was found that the National Socialists paid considerable attention to education and upbringing, setting before these areas specific tasks: the dissemination and support of a new worldview. Within a few years, the face of German education was radically changed: it began to serve a single purpose - to educate fanatics who are not able to critically perceive the reality around them. The conceptual constructions of education and upbringing in the Third Flight did not differ either in the originality of thinking, which gave way to freedom due to ideology, or in the honesty of the pedagogical mind.It was established that education in the Third Reich, according to A. Hitler, should not be reduced to classes in suffocating classrooms: it had to be, according to certain age groups, supplemented by Spartan, political and military training.An analysis of the process of centralization of the education system of the Third Reich. In 1933, government decrees were passed to begin the nationalization of the entire educational system of the country from primary school to universities. The first practical steps in the implementation of this course were the decrees adopted in May 1934 on the establishment of the Imperial Ministry of Science, Education and Public Education, headed by Bernhard Rust, and the replacement of the decentralized system of educational management with a centralized one.It has been established that school textbooks have been reworked in a racist and anti-Semitic spirit. In accordance with ideological requirements, the nature of teaching certain subjects, including geography, has changed. Thus, school curricula ranged from geographical to “geopolitical” in order to suggest to young people that state borders should be constantly changing, depending on the development of Germany’s need for “living space”. There were also new items needed to prepare young people for the Nazi plans. In addition to military affairs from the 1934-1935 academic year, the discipline of “orienteering” was introduced. The network of out-of-school Nazi children’s and youth organizations is characterized: “Pimpfe”, “Jungfolk”, “Hitler Youth”, “Jungmedhen”, “Bund Deutscher Medhen”.It has been proven that during the 12 years of the Third Reich’s existence, the entire education system collapsed catastrophically when it began to be adjusted to the standards of the Nazi dictatorship. The “reforms” carried out by the Nazi leadership in the German education system had catastrophic consequences. In particular, there was a sharp decline in the level of intellectual and professional training of students; the system, which had previously enjoyed universal respect for the quality and scope of knowledge, dignity and validity, became an appendage to the Nazi Ministry of Propaganda; year after year, the level of preparation of students fell sharply at all stages - from primary school to universities.
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Cinotti, Nicoletta. "Eva Reich e il logaritmo." GROUNDING, no. 2 (July 2009): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/gro2008-002008.
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- Eva Reich has given a major contribution to the development of body therapy starting from the work of his father, Wilhelm Reich, who, in the last years of his life, had said that preventing to avoid the formation of character structure in children was more productive than working with adults. Some of the basic principles of her work are born in Wilhelm Reich tradition but she integrates them in a personal way: the self regulation, the minimum stimulus, the logarithm of the beginning, the "glow and flow" are defined in a personal style.Key words Body therapy, minimum stimulus, flow and glow, bondingParole chiave Terapia corporea, minimo stimolo, flow and glow, bonding
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Solberg, Ida Hove. "Translated literature as soft propaganda: examples from occupied Norway (1940-1945)." Translation Matters 2, no. 2 (2020): 144–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21747/21844585/tm2_2a9.
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Among the cultural fields censored under the Nazi rule of occupied Norway (1940-1945) during WWII, translated literature stands out as the most strictly controlled part of the literary field, censored by the Norwegian Literature and Library Office. Moreover, the Reich Commissariat (the highest German authority in occupied Norway) used the field of translated literature as a site for soft propaganda, here understood as subtle messaging, in contrast to hard propaganda, which is cruder and more heavy-handed. Aiming to investigate how the Reich Commissariat influenced the field of translated literature, this article presents findings from archival research focused on correspondence directly or indirectly involving the Reich Commissariat, taking into consideration textual and contextual features of the books and authors discussed. The article concludes that the Reich Commissariat had various ways of influencing publications of translated literature, being both overtly and covertly involved in publishing processes.
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Rich, David Alan. "Eastern Auxiliary Guards at Auschwitz-Birkenau in Spring 1943." Russian History 41, no. 2 (May 18, 2014): 269–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763316-04102012.
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To solve insurmountable manpower shortages in its concentration camp guard forces, the Nazi ss turned in early 1943 to an untapped, highly experienced and brutal source. Former Soviet prisoners of war recruited in 1941 and 1942 and trained at the Trawniki training camp in Poland, had effectuated the mass murder of over one million Jews in the three Operation “Reinhard” killing centers in about 9 months. By early 1943, however, some of those guards had come to doubt the wisdom of their collaboration with the Nazis, and deserted to the partisans. ss authorities decided to solve manning shortages in concentration camps by transferring 150 Trawniki guards to Auschwitz-Birkenau camp in March 1943. By failing to accommodate the foreign auxiliaries’ discontent, Auschwitz’s commandant faced his own mass desertion three months later. Berlin’s response to events at Auschwitz fundamentally reconfigured the relationship between the ss and its eastern guards in the Reich’s entire concentration camp system. About 1,500 Trawniki-trained guards eventually entered the camp system and served loyally until the Reich’s end. In coming to know their Slavic clients, the “new Soviet men,” the Nazis abandoned collaboration and turned to hierarchical discipline and integration with their own German guards.
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Shen, Hong. "On the evolution of the architectural style of Tao Fong Shan." International Journal of Arts and Humanities 1, no. 1 (2020): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.25082/ijah.2020.01.006.
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The characteristic architectural style of Tao Fong Shan in Hong Kong is unique in the sense that this Christian institution looks exactly like a traditional Chinese Buddhist monastery. What kind of secret exists behind this seemingly uncoordinated appearance? The two names of Karl Ludvig Reichelt and Johannes Prip-Møller are closely connected with Tao Fong Shan buildings, but few people know how exactly the Norwegian founder of The Christian Church for China’s Buddhists met and cooperated with the Danish architect in designing these buildings. The present paper is an effort to retrace the initial vision of architectural style for Tao Fong Shan shared by Reichelt and Prip-Møller, as well as the evolution of the later designs at different stages. Reichelt found many common features between Chinese Buddhism and the Gospel of John in New Testament. In order to promote the missionary work among China’s Buddhists, he tried to create an environment in which the inquiring Buddhists would find it comfortable and at ease. Reichelt’s another contribution is in raising money for the construction of Tao Fung Shan buildings. His method of crowd funding proved to be practical and effective. Prip-Møller had ten years’ experiences of working in China and was a top-notch expert in China’s Buddhist architecture. His professional expertise has ensured that Reichelt’s idea of combining the traditional Chinese Buddhist architectural style and the Christian nature of Tao Fong Shan buildings could be eventually realized.
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Cramer, Kevin. "A World of Enemies: New Perspectives on German Military Culture and the Origins of the First World War." Central European History 39, no. 2 (May 19, 2006): 270–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938906000112.
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In the introduction to his 1915 book Die Hohenzollern und ihr Werk, Otto Hintze ruefully quoted an Englishman's observation that, “Prussian history is endlessly boring because it speaks so much of war and so little of revolution.” As the “Great War” entered its second year, and with Germany's hopes for a quick and decisive victory fading, Hintze saw history repeating itself. Like Frederick the Great's Prussia, he wrote, “The German Reich, under a Hohenzollern Kaiser, [now] battles for its existence against a world of enemies.” Since the beginning of the war, Entente propaganda had mobilized the home front by depicting the war as an epochal struggle against the enemy of all civilized men: the savage “Hun,” the jack-booted, spike-helmeted despoiler of innocent Belgium. The crudity of this propaganda caricature aside, its power to persuade nevertheless drew on a widespread conviction that the story of war constituted the core of German history and that the disease of “militarism” was a peculiarly German deformation of the national psyche. In response to the censure of their nation's enemies, the German intellectuals rejected that diagnosis while defending the role war had played in their nation's history. Published in the Kölnische Zeitung on October 4, 1914, the hastily drafted manifesto “To the Civilized World!” was endorsed (if not read) by ninety-three of the Second Reich's most prominent scholars, scientists, philosophers, and theologians, including Peter Behrens, Lujo Brentano, Adolph von Harnack, Max Lenz, and Gustav von Schmoller. They vehemently repudiated the distortion of Germany's history: “Were it not for German militarism, German civilization would long since have been extirpated.” “The word militarism,” the liberal jurist Gerhard Anschütz defiantly declared in 1915, “which is being used throughout the world as a swear word against us, let it be for us a badge of honor.” As Hintze, Anschütz, and their contemporaries understood the course of German unification (and Germany's rise as a great power under Prussian leadership), the modern German nation-state owed its very existence to what Hintze called “the monarchical-military factor.” If we are to advance our understanding of how a nationalist discourse obsessed with foreign and domestic threats supported a foreign policy that ignited two world wars in the space of twenty-five years, we must be prepared, I believe, to re-think the “Sonderweg thesis,” not in its relation to the putative immaturity of German liberalism or an atavistic predilection for autocratic rule, but as it was rooted in German military culture. The books under discussion in this essay reframe the militarism/“Sonderweg” debate by examining the unique connection between modern German visions of the nation and the waging of war as revealed in the experience of the First World War. Representing the maturation of the new intellectual and cultural history of war, they pose two fundamental questions: What kind of war did the Second Reich's military, political, and intellectual leadership envision that would “complete” the German nation? And how did they define Germany's enemies?
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Klein, Richard. "Johannes Hahn: Gewalt und religiöser Konflikt. Studien zu den Auseinandersetzungen zwischen Christen, Heiden und Juden im Osten des Römischen Reiches (von Konstantin bis Theodosius II.)." Gnomon 77, no. 7 (2005): 607–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17104/0017-1417_2005_7_607.
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Maróti, Dávid. "Egy új, mégis régi Németország születése." DÍKÉ 5, no. 1 (September 1, 2021): 213–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15170/dike.2021.05.01.15.
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The year 1945 brought a radical change in the German history. The total defeat landed the Reich in difficulty. On the territory of the German Reich four entities have been established which could only get in touch with each other if the Allied Powers allowed them. The Allies took over the supreme power after Germany’s unconditional surrender. The old-new German political parties had to face the state building under hard circumstances such as the lack of sovereignty. The postwar chaos could be overcome in four years, therefore two new states have been rebuilt on the territory of the ‘Third Reich’. This study is restricted to present the birth of West Germany also known as Federal Republic of Germany from 1948 when the Western Powers officially announced the establishment of a federal state in the West German area.
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Filitov, Alexey. "Bismarck – Wilhelm – Hitler: Continuity or Break with Tradition?" Novaia i noveishaia istoriia, no. 3 (2022): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013038640020238-9.
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The article examines the problem of similarities and major contradictions between the periods of 1871–1890 (Bismarckian Reich) and 1890–1918 (Wilhelmine Reich) in German history. Although anti-democratic tendencies were a common feature of both, ideology and practice in the field of foreign policy differed sharply. The Bismarckian notion of a “saturated state”, which implied a commitment to the status quo, was superseded by the expansionist “Griff nach der Weltmacht” (the push towards a “world power” equal to the British and French colonial empires). However, the expansionism of the Wilhelmine Empire was not unlimited, unlike the Third Reich's quest for world domination. The hostility of the Wilhelmine Germany towards Russia, which represented a clear departure from the Bismarckian traditions, also had some limits, and therefore cannot be equated with an inexorable programme of extermination of the Hitler regime. Having critically assessed the concepts of some German historians, the author concludes that no line of continuity could be drawn between the Bismarck Empire and the Third Reich, a line that exists between the latter and the Wilhelmine Empire, although one should not overestimate the commonalities between the two regimes.
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Bergmann, Cynthia, Jens Westemeier, and Dominik Gross. "The Editors of Scientific Journals in Dentistry in Nazi Germany and after 1945: A Sociodemographic Study." Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 77, no. 1 (December 27, 2021): 48–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhmas/jrab045.
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Abstract This socio-demographic study examines the effects of the Nazification of the professional press in the Third Reich using the example of the dental press organs. Three subgroups were examined: (1) dental editors who lost their positions after Hitler assumed power; (2) editors who were newly appointed or confirmed in their positions during the Third Reich; and (3) editors who were recruited for these positions in the post-war period. The study was based on archival sources, contemporary registers, and dental journals from 1932-1949. These sources were supplemented by available secondary literature. A total of 34 editors were identified and their biographies reconstructed. Several of the editors appointed during the Nazi regime were able take up their positions again after 1945. Overall, the majority of editors appointed between 1945-1950 were former party members; in contrast, not a single Nazi victim was appointed to a position of this kind. We conclude in this article that denazification had no consequences for the specialist dental press. On the contrary, dentists who had benefited professionally from the Nazi regime during the Third Reich stood a good chance of furthering their careers after 1945.
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Kruszewski, Tomasz. "Wpływ zmian ustrojowych w Niemczech po I wojnie światowej na skład osobowy sejmów prowincjonalnych na Śląsku." Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne 17, no. 3 (January 24, 2020): 67–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.25167/osap.1869.
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The author presents the rules of suffrage that were binding in Zweites Reich (The Second Reich), that is the German Empire, during elections to provincial self-government in Prussia and then compares them with the new election law implemented in the Weimar Republic (Weimarer Republik). In this way it is possible to establish the degree of potential changes that influenced the personal composition of provincial parliaments. Upon the analysis of the given lists of deputies it clearly follows that a revolution took place in Germany in November 1918: up to that time the Members of Parliament had represented the elites of the Second Reich, recruiting from, among others, aristocrats, the nobility, state administration officials, municipal elites, high mayors, mayors, other officials of municipal councils and industrialist elites. The majority of these people in Weimar Republic were replaced by party activists, which resulted from the new electoral law.
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Reich, Yoram. "Modelling engineering information with machine learning." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 10, no. 2 (April 1996): 171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060400001487.
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Since the inception of research on machine learning (ML), these techniques have been associated with the task of automated knowledge generation or knowledge reorganization. This association still prevails, as seen in this issue. When the use of ML programs began to attract researchers in engineering design, different existing tools were used to test their utility and gradually, variations of these tools and methods have sprung up. In many cases, the use of these tools was based on availability and not necessarily applicability. When we began working on ML in design, we attempted to follow a different path (Reich, 1991a; Reich & Fenves, 1992) that led to the design of Bridger (Reich & Fenves, 1995), a system for learning bridge synthesis knowledge. Subsequent experiences and further reflection led us to conclude that the process of using ML in design requires careful and systematic treatment for identifying appropriate ML programs for executing the learning tasks we wish to perform (Reich, 1991b, 1993a). Another observation was that the task of creating or reorganizing knowledge for real design tasks is outside the scope of present ML programs. Establishing the practical importance of ML techniques had to start by addressing engineering problems that could benefit from present ML programs.
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Rodrigo López, Maria José, Raquel Amaya Martínez González, and Beatriz Rodríguez-Ruiz. "La Relación Centro Escolar-Familia como Factor Protector de Conductas Transgresoras en la Adolescencia." Aula Abierta 47, no. 2 (April 30, 2018): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.17811/rifie.47.2.2018.149-158.
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Este estudio se plantea con el objetivo de analizar la potencialidad predictiva de la relación entre los centros escolares y las familias sobre la actitud de los adolescentes hacia transgredir la autoridad institucional. La muestra está compuesta por 400 adolescentes de segundo y cuarto curso de educación secundaria obligatoria de Asturias y Santa Cruz de Tenerife (España), sus 400 padres y 400 madres y sus 125 profesores/as. Los datos se han recabado con el Cuestionario sobre la Colaboración Centro Escolar-Familia en sus versiones para padres y madres y para profesorado (Martínez-González, 1996) y con el Cuestionario de Actitud hacia la Autoridad Institucional para Adolescentes (Reicher y Emler, 1985; LISIS, 2005)...
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Krüger, K., O. M. Lukhele, and C. H. Scholtz. "Survival and reproduction of Euoniticellus intermedius(Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in dung following application of cypermethrin and flumethrin pour-ons to cattle." Bulletin of Entomological Research 89, no. 6 (December 1999): 543–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485399000693.
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AbstractCattle were treated with cypermethrin and flumethrin pour-ons to determine possible adverse effects of residues in dung on the survival, fecundity and fertility of Euoniticellus intermedius (Reiche). Dung from both cypermethrin- and flumethrin-treated cattle was collected 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after treatment, with an untreated control for each. Mortality of adult E. intermedius exposed to dung collected from cypermethrin-treated cattle two to seven days after treatment ranged between 80% and 100%. Cypermethrin had no effect on adult and immature survival or on fecundity and fertility of E. intermediusexposed to dung collected 1, 14, 21 and 28 days after treatment. Dung collected from flumethrin-treated cattle had no apparent effect on adult survival, egg production, immature survival, adult emergence, fecundity and fertility of E. intermedius, except at seven days after treatment, when fewer brood balls were produced and consequently fewer adults emerged from dung from treated animals compared with the control.
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TAJADURA TEJADA, JAVIER. "LIBERTAD DE EXPRESIÓN Y NEGACIÓN DEL GENOCIDIO: COMENTARIO CRÍTICO A LA STC DE 7 DE NOVIEMBRE DE 2007." RVAP 80, no. 80 (April 1, 2008): 233–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.47623/ivap-rvap.80.2008.08.
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En la Sentencia del 7 de noviembre de 2007 el Tribunal Constitucional tuvo que resolver una cuestión de inconstitucionalidad fundada en la posible colisión con el derecho a la libertad de expresión (reconocido en el art. 20.1 CE) del delito contenido en el art. 607.2 CP, consistente en difundir por cualquier medio ideas o doctrinas que nieguen o justifiquen los delitos de genocidio o pretendan la rehabilitación de regímenes o instituciones que amparen esas prácticas. Como resultado de esta sentencia, a partir de ahora, en España, la negación del genocidio perpetrado por el Tercer Reich durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial ya no puede ser sancionado penalmente. Y ello porque la mayoría de los magistrados de nuestro Tribunal Constitucional entiende que dicha negación está protegida por los derechos fundamentales de libertad de expresión y de libertad científica. Aunque el Tribunal invoca formalmente la jurisprudencia del TEDH, lo cierto es que, materialmente, se desvincula de ella puesto que llega a sostener un criterio no ya distinto sino absolutamente incompatible con aquella. Donde el TEDH dice que la libertad de expresión no ampara la negación del genocidio, nuestro Tribunal dice que sí. Por ello, un tipo penal presente en numerosos Códigos Penales europeos sin tacha alguna de constitucionalidad, desaparece del nuestro. Konstituzio-auzitegiak, 2007ko azaroaren 7ko epaian, konstituzionaltasun-auzi bat ebatzi behar izan zuen, Zigor-kodearen 607.2 artikuluan jasota dagoen delituaren eta adierazpen-askatasunerako eskubidearen (EKaren 20.1 artikuluak aitortua) arteko talkarengatik; delitu hori, hain zuzen, genozidio-delitua ukatzen edo justifikatzen duten ideiak edo doktrinak edo praktika horiek berriro ezartzeko xedea duten araubideak edo erakundeak hedatzean datza, edozein dela ere erabiltzen den hedabidea. Epai horren ondorioz, hemendik aurrera, Espainian, Hirugarren Reichak
Bigarren Mundu Gerran eragindako genozidioa ukatzea ez da delitu gisa zigortuko. Izan ere, gure Konstituzio-auzitegiko magistraturik gehienek uste dute adierazpen-askatasunaren eta askatasun zientifikoaren funtsezko eskubideek babestu egiten dutela ukazio hori. Auzitegiak Giza Eskubideen Europako Auzitegiari egiten dio dei formalki, baina, hala ere, funtsari helduz gero, ez dio jaramonik egiten, irizpide ezberdina ez, baizik eta erabat bateraezina hartzen baitu. Giza Eskubideen Europako Auzitegiak dio adierazpen-askatasunak ez duela genozidio-delitua babesten, eta gure
auzitegiak, ordea, baietz. Hori dela-eta, Europar zigor-kode askotan dagoen tipo penal bat, konstituzionaltasun-akatsik bat ere gabea, desagertu egiten da gure zigor-kodetik. By judgment of November 7th 2007, the Constitutional Court had to solve a preliminary question on the unconstitutionality based on the possible collision between right to free speech (as recognized by art. 20.1 Constitution) and the crime set forth in art. 607.2 of the Criminal Code which consist of dissemination by means of any media ideas or doctrines that deny or justify genocide crimes or that pretend to discharge regimes or institutions that abet thoses practices. As a result of this judgment, from now on, in Spain, the denial of the Third Reich genocide during Second World War cannot be criminally punished. And that is because most judges sitting at our Constitutional Court understood that that denial is covered by the fundamental right to freedom of speech and to cientific creation and production. Although the Court formally invokes the European Court of Human Rights caselaw, the truth is that it departs from it because it maintains an opinion not only different but absolutely imcompatible with it. Where the European Court of Human Rights says freedom of speech does not protect denial of genocide, our Court says it does. Hence, a criminal offence present at many European criminal codes and with no flaw of unconstitutionality at all, has just been faded away from ours.
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Fudin, Robert, Lesley Renninger, Elizabeth Lembessis, and Jordon Hirshon. "Sinistrality and Reduced Longevity: Reichler's 1979 Data on Baseball Players Do Not Indicate a Relationship." Perceptual and Motor Skills 76, no. 1 (February 1993): 171–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1993.76.1.171.
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Halpern and Coren's 1988 results concerning the longevity of sinistral and dextral baseball players have been used to support the idea that sinistrality is associated with reduced longevity. Halpern and Coren stated that they used Reichler's 1979 The Baseball Encyclopedia, which has longevity data through 1978, as their source. Apparent errors in reporting findings from that source suggested the possible value of analyzing Reichler's 1979 data. That analysis indicated findings that did not confirm Halpern and Coren's 1988 findings. Coren, however, related in 1992 that, although Halpern and Coren used Reichler as their source, they considered longevity data only through 1974. We therefore contend that the present findings represent what Halpern and Coren would have found had they considered Reichler's longevity data through 1978. Procedures used to analyze baseball players' longevity and the possible value of and potential problems with an updated baseball study are discussed.
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Moreno, Catalina Mejía. "There was once an empty site." Architectural Research Quarterly 24, no. 2 (June 2020): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1359135520000214.
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This article unveils and discusses a series of unknown photographs of the empty site in which Mies and Lilly Reich's 1929 German Pavilion in Barcelona had been built and dismantled, and shot by Ludwig Glaeser, curator of the Mies van der Rohe Archive at MoMA in 1979. It suggests that more than the manifestation of a desire to rematerialise the building through the agency of photography, Glaeser's photographs are, photographs of dust, but more importantly, a manifestation of the possibility of re-enacting the widely known 1929 Berliner Bild-Bericht photographs.
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Doering-Manteuffel, Anselm. "X. Gesetzesbruch als Prinzip. Entwicklungslinien des weltanschaulichen Radikalismus in der Führerdiktatur." Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte: Germanistische Abteilung 132, no. 1 (August 1, 2015): 420–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.7767/zrgga-2015-0113.
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Breaking the Law as a Norm: Contours of Ideological Radicalism within the Nazi Dictatorship. This article analyzes the relationship between Nazi legal experts’ efforts to create a canon of constitutional law for the Third Reich and the ideological radicalism characteristic of Hitler and the SS-state. The attempts of legal professionals to establish “völkisch” constitutional law emerged out of the staunch anti-liberalism that had spread throughout Germany since the end of World War I. However, this “völkisch” constitutional law bore no resemblance to rational European legal thought. It not only proved to be ineffective for this reason, but also because the ideological radicalism that reigned supreme in the Third Reich sought to break the law and let lawlessness rule.
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Schneider, Thomas. "Ägyptologen im Dritten Reich: Biographische Notizen anhand der sogenannten „Steindorff-Liste“." Journal of Egyptian History 5, no. 1-2 (2012): 120–247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187416612x632526.
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Abstract The history of Egyptology in the Third Reich has never been the subject of academic analysis. This article gives a detailed overview of the biographies of Egyptologists in National Socialist Germany and their later careers after the Second World War. It scrutinizes their attitude towards the ideology of the Third Reich and their involvement in the political and intellectual Gleichschaltung of German Higher Education, as well as the impact National Socialism had on the discourse within the discipline. A letter written in 1946 by Georg Steindorff, one of the emigrated German Egyptologists, to John Wilson, Professor at the Oriental Institute Chicago, which incriminated former colleagues and exonerated others, is first published here and used as a framework for the debate.
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Jantzen, Kyle. "Totalitarianism: Propaganda, Perseverance, and Protest: Strategies for Clerical Survival Amid the German Church Struggle." Church History 70, no. 2 (June 2001): 295–327. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3654455.
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The Protestant historiography of the German Church Struggle has been shaped largely by its attention to two fundamental issues. The first has been the intrachurch struggle dominated by two churchpolitical factions: the Faith Movement of the German Christians and the Confessing Church. German Christians whole-heartedly endorsed the government of Adolf Hitler, campaigned to align the organization, theology, and practice of the twenty-eight German Protestant Land Churches with the racial and authoritarian values of the National Socialist regime and worked to create a centralized Reich church under a powerful Reich bishop. The Confessing Church stood for theological orthodoxy and ecclesiastical independence, rejected the authority of the Land Church governments that had fallen under the control of German Christians, and asserted itself as the uniquely legitimate church government in Germany.
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Hahn, Laura J., Nancy C. Brady, Kandace K. Fleming, and Steven F. Warren. "Joint Engagement and Early Language in Young Children With Fragile X Syndrome." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 59, no. 5 (October 2016): 1087–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2016_jslhr-l-15-0005.
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PurposeIn this study, we examine joint engagement (JE) in young children with fragile X syndrome (FXS) and its relationship to language abilities and autism spectrum disorder symptomatology at 24 to 36 months (toddler period) and 59 to 68 months (child period).MethodParticipants were 28 children with FXS (24 boys, four girls) and their mothers. Videotaped home observations were conducted during the toddler period and coded for JE. Language abilities were measured at both ages from a developmental assessment, a functional measure, and from a language sample. The Childhood Autism Rating Scale (Schopler, Reichler, & Renner, 1988) was completed at both ages.ResultsChildren with FXS spent more time in supported JE than in coordinated JE. Using a weighted JE variable, we found that children with FXS who had higher weighted JE scores also had more advanced expressive language skills at both the toddler and child periods. Weighted JE was negatively related to autism symptomatology in the toddler period.ConclusionThis study provides evidence that children with FXS who use more JE also have more advanced expressive language skills in early development. Therefore, existing early interventions that target JE behaviors may be effective for promoting language, social communication, and social interaction in this population.
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Klein, Hans. "Gerichtsankündigung und Liebesforderung: Lk 6.24–6 Und 27 Innerhalb Der Botschaft des Frühen Christentums." New Testament Studies 42, no. 3 (July 1996): 421–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0028688500020877.
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Ulrich Luz schreibt in seinem kleinen, sehr anregenden Büchlein,Matthew in History: Interpretation, Influence and Effects:‘Even Matthew himself seems to have completely forgotten what he had written in the Sermon of the Mount when he was writing his twenty-third chapter, with the harsh and unjust woes agains Pharisees and Scribes.’ Eines der hier angerissenen Probleme ist viel ausgeprägter in Lk 6 feststellbar, wo dem Gebot der Feindesliebe unmittelbar die Wehesprüche gegen die Reichen vorangestellt sind. Es begegnet aber schon in der Logienquelle und bei Paulus. Wie ist das Verhältnis dieser beiden Aussagen zu einander zu sehen? Das ist die Frage, der wir im folgenden nachgehen wollen
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Węgrzyn, Kinga. "Kształt polityki organizacji syjonistycznej we Lwowie po śmierci Leona Reicha (lata 1929–1934)." Studia Polityczne 50, no. 1 (July 13, 2022): 125–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/stp.2022.50.1.06.
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The year 1929 ended an important ten-year period of reorganisation and consolidation of the Zionist movement in Poland for the Zionists from Galicia and other districts. Undoubtedly, these years were the time of the greatest activity and development of the Zionists. Many factors contributed to the Zionist successes at that time; the possibility of free sociopolitical activity in a reborn Poland and the political abilities of Zionist leaders such as Leon Reich, Izaak Grünbaum or Ignacy Schwarzbart. However, the political strength of these leaders also became the weakness of the Zionist movement. The ambitions, tenacity and ruthless ideological struggle between Zionists became the main cause of the internal crisis of the Zionist organisation, also contributing to the decline in Zionist activity in the late 1920s. As a result, the Zionist movement was marginalised in the political life of the Second Polish Republic in the 1930s. The death of Leon Reich, one of the most prominent Zionist activists in post-war Poland, had an undeniable impact on the position of and the decline in the Zionist movement’s activity in Galicia and across the country. The politician’s death also added another dimension. Namely, the durability of the ‘Zion-Zion agreement’ concluded in Drohobycz in 1926 and the issue of the unification of the Zionist movement in Poland was questioned.
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Kruszewski, Tomasz. "Prawo osobowe na ziemiach polskich wcielonych do Rzeszy Niemieckiej podczas drugiej wojny światowej." Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem 43, no. 3 (December 20, 2021): 465–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2300-7249.43.3.31.
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The subject of this article are basic questions within the range of civil law. They concern the general position of a human and legal people in the sphere of this law on Polish territory, which was incorporated into the Third Reich. The position of individuals, the citizens of II RP, under the occupation of the Third Reich in years 1939–1945, is analysed by the author not from the perspective of literal meaning of regulations of general part of Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (BGB) from 1896, but from the perspective of their specific interpretation, congruent with strategic and ideological purposes of the Nazi regime.
In the article, the following issues are touched upon in turn: 1) personal law in terms of classical civil law contra national-socialist regime; 2) racism towards civil rights of a subjective individual; 3) elimination of the Jews from the legal relationships of civil law; 4) difficulties in the sphere of access to certain professions for Polish people and some restrictions upon personal rights; 5) the dependence of possibilities of exercising the private personal right on the consent to denationalization; 6) ban concerning getting married and the right to motherhood and fatherhood; 7) legislation of sterilisation and euthanasia.
The formal changes in the legislation which were in force in the Third Reich — except for personal and family law (as well as legal rules connected with it regarding health protection of offspring), and “peasant law” (Bauernrecht) — were not significant, as is proved by the author. The old legal order was reversed in the Third Reich due to its new interpretation: classical concepts and legal institutions were filled with a different content.
After the formal extension of BGB to territories incorporated into the Reich, which followed the decree of 25 September 1941 introducing German civil law, these territories became a field of social-political and racial-nationalist experiments, which in fact had a little in common with the German Civil Code’s regulations. A principle of equal access to private subjective rights was respected only in case of German people, i.a. the part which passively gave up to indoctrination. In relation to Jews, racism spoiled in this case the idea and concept of private subjective rights.
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Rosenfeld, Gavriel D. "Monuments and the Politics of Memory: Commemorating Kurt Eisner and the Bavarian Revolutions of 1918–1919 in Postwar Munich." Central European History 30, no. 2 (June 1997): 221–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900014035.
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Given the turbulent nature of recent German history, studies of postwar German memory understandably have focused upon the issue of Vergangenheitsbewältigung—the difficult process of “coming to terms” with the historical experience of the Third Reich and the Second World War. This topic's magnitude has rightly inspired considerable scholarly attention but, at the same time, it has also had the unintended effect of overshadowing other German struggles with memory. In recent years, however, this state of affairs has begun to change. As the epochal events of 1989–90 have forced Germans to confront still another burdensome historical legacy—that of communism—the increasing calls for a “second” Vergangenheitsbewältigung have, for better or worse, broken the monopolistic hold of the Third Reich on the nation's historical consciousness. course of this new Vergangenheitsbewältigung by comparing it to the experience of coming to terms with the legacy of Nazism.
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Schmidt, Mathias, Jens Westemeier, and Dominik Gross. "The two lives of neurologist Helmut J. Bauer (1914–2008)." Neurology 93, no. 3 (July 15, 2019): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000007781.
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In 2008, the internationally renowned neurologist and university professor Helmut Johannes Bauer died at the age of 93 years. In the numerous obituaries and tributes to him, the years between 1933 and 1945 are either omitted or simplified; the Nazi past of Helmut Bauer has hardly been explored. Based on original documents dating from the Third Reich and the early Federal Republic of Germany as well as relevant secondary writings, Bauer's life before 1945 was traced to gain knowledge of his exact activities and tasks during the Second World War. Bauer was actively involved in Nazi crimes. He was a member of the so-called Künsberg special command of the SS and also worked in a prominent position at the Institute for Microbiology as well as for the Foreign Department of the Reich Physicians' Chamber. After World War II, Bauer underwent denazification and, like many others, was able to pursue his further medical career undisturbed, building on the contacts he had already made during the Nazi period.
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Fiebrandt, Maria, Bodo Rüdenburg, and Thomas Müller. "Von Südtirol nach Württemberg. Die «Umsiedlung» Südtiroler Psychiatriepatienten im Rahmen des deutsch-italienischen Optionsvertrages ab 1939." Gesnerus 69, no. 2 (November 11, 2012): 297–329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22977953-06902004.
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Object of this article is the procedure of the transport of South Tyrol patients to the South Wuerttemberg asylums Zwiefalten und Schussenried as well as to some extent to the former asylum of Weissenau near Ravensburg in 1940 and 1942. Attention is focused on the pioneering state pre-negotiations, the so-called option treaties between the German Reich and Fascist Italy as part of the general aspect of National Socialist bio-Politics. The treatment of these South Tyrol patients in the asylums themselves, as well as their fate will be put into the context of the resettlement actions at the margins of the “Third Reich”, which started in 1939 and widely affected the European continent. By presenting the abuse of medical patients in the aim to solve the political problems having occurred after bio-political goals had been set into practice, this study offers new material to the history of National Socialist psychiatry, as well as to National Socialist Foreign Policy in the case of Italy.
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Tushnet, Mark. "The New Citizenship and Wars of Position." Law & Social Inquiry 21, no. 01 (1996): 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.1996.tb00012.x.
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Suppose Charles Reich had typed “The New Citizenship” on the first page of his article. He might have rediscovered republicanism a generation earlier than the neo-republicans of the 1980s. Perhaps he might even have understood that a right to some minimum of property, sufficient to guarantee the independence essential to the exercise of citizenship rights, could be derived from concepts of republican citizenship.
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Rodríguez-Flores, Paula C., and Ernesto Recuero. "Sobre la larva de la luciérnaga ibérica endémica Photinus immigrans Zaragoza-Caballero & Viñolas, 2018 (Coleoptera, Lampyridae)." Graellsia 77, no. 2 (December 2, 2021): e154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/graellsia.2021.v77.319.
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La luciérnaga Photinus immigrans se conoce únicamente en la península ibérica, aunque probablemente es una especie originaria de Norteamérica. En esta nota presentamos el primer registro e ilustración de su larva. Ésta puede ser fácilmente identificada gracias a su patrón de coloración, formado en cada segmento por varias líneas longitudinales marrón claro o rojizas sobre fondo negro o marrón oscuro. Se han encontrado viviendo enterradas en capas superficiales del suelo, hasta 10–15 cm de profundidad. P. immigrans vive en simpatría con al menos otras tres especies de luciérnaga nativas de la península ibérica: Lampyris iberica, Nyctophila reichii and Lamprohiza mulsantii, aunque aparentemente no hay sintopía estricta al menos durante las fases larvarias. Las larvas de P. immigrans probablemente utilizan recursos tróficos parcialmente diferentes a los de las especies nativas, y su señalización luminosa es también muy diferente a aquellas de otras especies simpátricas, aunque es necesario un estudio en profundidad sobre competencia interespecífica y el posible efecto de esta especie exótica sobre las luciérnagas nativas.
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Ji, Seung Yeul, Se Yeon Kang, and Han Jong Jun. "Deep-Learning-Based Stress-Ratio Prediction Model Using Virtual Reality with Electroencephalography Data." Sustainability 12, no. 17 (August 19, 2020): 6716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12176716.
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The Reich Chancellery, built by Albert Speer, was designed with an overwhelming ambience to represent the worldview of Hitler. The interior of the Reich Chancellery comprised high-ceiling and low-ceiling spaces. In this study, the change in a person’s emotions according to the ceiling height while moving was examined through brain wave experiments to understand the stress index for each building space. The Reich Chancellery was recreated through VR, and brain wave data collected per space were processed through a first and second analysis. In the first analysis, beta wave changes related to the stress index were calculated, and the space with the highest fluctuation was analyzed. In the second analysis, the correlation between 10 different types of brain waves and waveforms was analyzed; deep-learning algorithms were used to verify the accuracy and analyze spaces with a high stress index. Subsequently, a deep-learning platform for calculating such a value was developed. The results showed that the change in stress index scores was the highest when entering from the Mosaic Hall (15 m floor height) to the Führerbunker (3 m floor height), which had the largest floor height difference. Accordingly, a stress-ratio prediction model for selecting a space with a high stress level was established by monitoring the architectural space based on brain wave information in a VR space. In the architectural design process, the ratio can be used to reflect user sensibility in the design and improve the efficiency of the design process.
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Hamans, Camiel. "MINORITY LANGUAGES UNDER NAZI OCCUPATION." Scripta Neophilologica Posnaniensia 19 (December 15, 2019): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/snp.2019.19.03.
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This paper discusses the special interest the Third Reich ideologues had for Germanic minority languages. In particular, the situation in Friesland, Flanders and Brittany is addressed. Moreover, it is made clear how German linguists from that period tried to annex Wallonia as an original Germanic area. Finally, the consequences of this cooperation with the Nazi occupier for the post-war discussions about these minority languages are briefly indicated.
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Krupa, Bartłomiej. "Ida Fink idzie do szkoły." Narracje o Zagładzie, no. 6 (November 23, 2020): 389–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/noz.2020.06.22.
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In the text, the author takes a closer look at Ida Fink’s symbolic “return” to school. The writer, who had to abandon her studies in piano at the Lwów Conservatoire as a result of theThird Reich’s attack on the USSR in 1941, since the end of 1990s has been a frequent presence on Polish school curricula and exams. The essay analyses the very manner in which her works appear within the school canon, student’s books, as well as the Matura examination sheets. What is more, some of the rudimentary biographical mistakes and simplifications are reviewed in the text. Ida Fink’s case analysis also formed a basis for a wider glance at the evolution of the Shoah theme’s presence in Polish school.
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Priebe, Alexander. "Die Abteilungen für Luftfahrt an deutschen Universitäten unter dem NS-Regime." STADION 44, no. 1 (2020): 61–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0172-4029-2020-1-61.
Full textAbstract:
On 17 November 1934, the Reich Education Ministry (REM) issued a decree on the “cultivation of aviation in schools and universities”. It aimed at “ensuring the next generation of aviation professionals in the practical, aeronautical, technical, and scientific fields”, the importance of which, according to the REM, “had even increased with the resurgence of the German Luftwaffe”. Hence, universities and colleges of physical education were deemed responsible for further civil and - increasingly - military training and research in aviation, whereas research in aeronautical engineering was carried out at technical universities, under the enforced auspices of the Reich Ministry of Aviation. From 1934 onwards, aviation training would be coordinated by departments of aviation, which were also responsible for the gliding training of students and, above all, sports instructors. The recast decree of 30 December 1939 would expand and enforce training and research defined as “essential for the war effort”. This crucial development, which essentially bolstered the military strategy of the Nazis before and during World War II, i.e., the so-called “Blitzkrieg”, is presented in a detailed overview, based on recently discovered archival sources.
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Nowacki, Krzysztof, and Adam Szymanowicz. "German preparations for the war in the light of documents of the Polish military intelligence (1933-1939) – selected aspects." Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 192, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 253–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.2597.
Full textAbstract:
As a result of the Treaty of Versailles the provisions concerning the issue of limitation of the armed forces were imposed on Germany. These provisions were unilaterally terminated by Germany two years after Adolf Hitler had come to power. There was introduced general and compulsory military service. On 21st May 1935, Hitler – as the Fuhrer and Reich Chancellor – signed the secret Reich Defence Law, which gave the Wehrmacht command wide powers to expand the army. Thus, the intensive development of the German army was initiated. After the Nazi Party came to power in Germany, gaining new information by the Polish military intelligence became increasingly difficult. It was connected with the expansion of the German counter-intelligence services, especially the Gestapo, as well as the police supervision over the German society. Through good operational work of the Polish intelligence the Polish side already before the outbreak of the war was relatively well familiarized with the particular phases of the overall German army’s armaments, as well as the German operational doctrine and methods of warfare.
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Sihaloho, Rizki Pangihutan. "HUBUNGAN ANTARA SELF AWARENESS DENGAN DEINDIVIDUASI PADA MAHASISWA PELAKU HATE SPEECH." Jurnal Ilmiah Mandala Education 5, no. 2 (October 6, 2019): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.58258/jime.v5i2.795.
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Tujuan penelitian ini Untuk mengetahui hubungan negatif antara self awareness dengan deindividuasi pada mahasiswa pelaku hate speech. Berdasarkan uraian yang telah disampaikan diatas, penulis merasa bahwa tinggi rendahnya kesadaran diri dalam diri individu sangatlah berpengaruh dalam tingkat deindividuasi yang dialami. Seperti yang dikatakan oleh Diener (dalam Li, 2010) yang mendefinisikan deindividuasi sebagai proses psikologis dimana kesadaran diri (self-awareness) berkurang. Menurutnya, proses deindividuasi dapat terjadi apabila seseorang mampu menjauhkan diri dari “self-regulation” dan “self-awareness” yang melekat pada identitasnya sendiri, dimana dalam hal ini fokus dan perhatian hanya diprioritaskan kepada identitas kelompok. Fenomena deindividuasi menurut Diener merupakan proses internal dan cenderung dipengaruhi oleh faktor situasional, internal, dan perilaku kelompok. Sejalan dengan yang dikatakan oleh Reicher (1995) mengenai faktor-faktor penyebab terjadinya deindividuasi yaitu hilangnya identitas (self- awareness dan self regulation).
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Lambertz, Jan. "The Urn and the Swastika: Recording Death in the Nazi Camp System*." German History 38, no. 1 (December 19, 2019): 77–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerhis/ghz107.
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Abstract Why did Nazi concentration camps routinely send death notifications and even cremation urns to families of dead prisoners, including Jewish prisoners, until well into the war years? This article challenges the assumption that these practices served solely to provide reassurance that the prisoners had died under ‘normal’ circumstances. In the case of Jewish prisoners, urns sent home for burial to families in the Reich were part and parcel of a system of intimidation waged through local Gestapo offices. These urns also illuminate changing practices around prisoner deaths within camps themselves and the dissonant character of Nazi camp organization. On the one hand, camp administrators adhered to long-standing German state practices, establishing civil registries on camp premises to record prisoner deaths. On the other hand, they flouted bureaucratic norms, fabricating the causes of prisoner death on a grand scale and using bureaucratic procedures to veil the gross mistreatment of inmates. In many camps, prisoner labour was forced to help manufacture and uphold this imperfect subterfuge. These histories point to one of the few places in which the death of Jewish prisoners in the Nazi detention system was systematically recorded and conveyed back to families and Jewish communities in the Reich. Yet, paradoxically, the ‘processing’ of death in the major concentration camps was in many respects untrustworthy, and intimidation now also hovered over what had been a credible, neutral civil procedure.
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Williams, John Alexander. "“The Chords of the German Soul are Tuned to Nature”: The Movement to Preserve the Natural Heimat from the Kaiserreich to the Third Reich." Central European History 29, no. 3 (September 1996): 339–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900013674.
Full textAbstract:
In the early 1930s, Dr. Konrad Guenther, a longtime advocate of nature conservation, was exhorting the German people to return to “the soil of the homeland.” In the past, according to Guenther, whenever the German people had been forced to respond vigorously to the pressure of hard times, they had returned to their “natural” roots. He called on the population to learn about the Heimat (homeland) and its natural environment, ‘not only through reason alone, but with the entire soul and personality; for the chords of the German soul are tuned to nature. Let us allow nature to speak, and let us be happy to be German!” The stakes were high, for if the German people failed in this way to unite into a strong, “natural” community, they would become “cultural fertilizer for other nations.” Following the fall of the Weimar Republic and the Nazi seizure of power in 1933, Guenther became one of the most vocal exponents of the notion that conserving nature would aid in the cultural unification and “racial cleansing” of Germany. Indeed, Guenther and his fellow conservationists saw their longstanding dream of a nationwide conservation law at last fulfilled under the Third Reich. The 1935 Reich Conservation Law guaranteed state protection of “the nature of the Heimat in all its manifestations”—if necessary through police measures.