Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Réhabilitation écologique'
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Ramade, Bénédicte. "Infortunes de l'art écologique américain depuis les années 1960 : proposition d'une réhabilitation critique." Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010558.
Full textCôté, Léonie. "Sélection de symbiotes racinaires pour la restauration écologique de résidus miniers dans le nord du Québec." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/40334.
Full textMining activities involve the removal of healthy living soil, plant propagule and symbionts, beneficial to plant is necessary to take steps to promote the ecological restoration of degraded sites. Our research hypothesis is that the use of root symbionts can enhance the establishment and survival of plant communities on on drastically disturbed sites. Healthy roots were collected from six plant species at the Schefferville iron mine site in northern Quebec. Fungi were isolated from root tips and pure isolates were identified based on ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) analysis. A total of 376 cultivable fungi were isolated and identified to 106 operational taxonomic units (OTU). These cultivable communities show differences according to the types of habitat and host plant. Nine of the most frequently isolated fungi were used for an invitro test in liquid-based media (GYME) amended with overburden, waste rock or pure iron. Ergosterol andorganic acids were quantified to monitor fungal growth and reaction to amendments. Ericoid fungusRhizoscyphus ericae exhibited the best growth in the presence of mine tailings. Dark septate endophytePhialocephala fortinii ranked second in terms of growth, but it produced the highest amount of organic acids.Cadophora finlandica and Meliniomyces bicolor also showed good tolerance to amendments. In conclusion,cultivable root associated fungi did not all respond in the same way to the imposed abiotic stress. We selected the candidate fungi that would best suit the particular case of the restoration of the Schefferville mining site.
Chenot, Julie. "Réhabilitation écologique d’écosystèmes dégradés par l’exploitation des carrières : faire avec, refaire ou laisser faire la nature ?" Thesis, Avignon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AVIG0344/document.
Full textRestoration ecology is a scientific discipline that has emerged forty years ago to try to compensate the negative impacts of society development on ecosystems. Today, following global meta-analyzes revealing the relative success of ecological restoration, a new question emerges: should we actively or passively restore degraded ecosystems? It is in this context that this thesis project took place with a multidisciplinary approach and focused on the study of quarrying impacts on the Mediterranean steppe of Crau (Bouches-du-Rhône, France). Two cases were taken into account: (i) old quarries operated in the 1970s and abandoned then, presenting a variety of exploitation types or rehabilitation modalities, and (ii) a quarry still in the process of exploitation, the legislation now requiring repairs. The aim is to better identify possible scientific obstacles in the field of knowledge for ecological restoration and better define societal expectations in order to finally propose a general strategy intended to serve the future management of these ecosystems. The research of this thesis was based on two major questions, reflections: (1) Do ecological restoration actions restore the reference ecosystem (= the pre-existing ecosystem)? By comparing different long-term restoration treatments (various types of soil transfers, anthropogenic deposits, lack of rehabilitation), we were able to show that soil transfer is still the best method, especially when the initial characteristics of the soil are respected. However, it still does not compensate in the medium term (35 years) for the destruction of the pre-existing ecosystem: the soil and the plant community of the reference steppe are not completely restored yet. A second soil mixing technique used when the original soil is no longer available has also been tested, but it is not very successful either in the short-term (3 years). A second question arose in parallel: (2) Without active restoration, what is the value of biodiversity generated by human activities? And more generally, what kind of nature do we want? Quarries have destroyed the pre-existing steppe ecosystem but have also created new conditions (soil, new habitats) that support the functioning and connectivity of pioneer species and shelter important heritage biodiversity that is absent from the pre-existing ecosystem. In addition, the comparison between the quarry landscapes and the reference ecosystem landscapes with different stakeholders and the general public has shown that the old quarries are perceived as being much more natural than the reference steppe and that they are also associated to an important biodiversity. These results could therefore reorient the choice of restoration or management, in order to choose between 1) what is currently recommended (active restoration applied after the end of quarry exploitation with the historical ecosystem as a reference) and 2) the free expression of feral nature also called passive restoration (with or without reclamation, i.e. where the reference ecosystem is different from the pre-existing ecosystem)
Sarasin, Gabriel. "Biotechnologie des symbioses racinaires en restauration écologique des écosystèmes dégradés à Madagascar." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28352/28352.pdf.
Full textThis study focused on the south-east part of Madagascar, the Anosy region. This region, as elsewhere in Madagascar, is subject to an alarming ecological degradation which is threatening its abundant biodiversity. QMM, a Rio Tinto subsidiary, started in 2009 an important mining project in this region. The company committed itself to social responsibility activities and environmental rehabilitation of the mined site. Indeed, the mining operations imply the clearcutting of the land and the disturbance of the mycorhizosphere in order to extract the minerals found at a depth of twenty meters. Considering the key role of root symbioses in the establishment of plants, these biotools should integrated parts in enhanced reclamation practices. The aim of the project was to test different symbiotic stains (arbuscular mycorrhiza, Glomus irregulare and indigenous rhizobial bacterias, Bradyrhizobium spp.) on Mimosa latispinosa, a native, pioneer and nitrogen fixing shrub. Glomus irregulare and two Malagasy strains of Bradyrhizobium spp. (STM1415 & STM1447) were inoculated alone or in combination on M. Latispinosa in nursery, located close to the mining site. Four months after inoculation, it appeared that none of the symbiotic strain had a significant effect on the plant growth, even if there was a good colonization. However, the soil sterilization produced a positive effect on the plant growth. G. irregulare and two strains of Bradyrhizobium spp. (STM1413 and STM1415) were also tested on M. latispinosa in glasshouse at the headquarter of the National Center for Environmental Research of Madagascar, located at Antananarivo. These trials showed that G. irregulare inoculated alone was ineffective for the plant growth increment, but that dual inoculation increased growth significantly. Both rhizobial strains tested, STM1413 and STM1415, were effective to stimulate the growth of M. Latispinosa in glasshouse. However, the soil conditions were slightly different in the glasshouse, making it difficult to compare the results with the nursery conditions.
Paradis, Étienne. "Restauration écologique des transitions tourbière-forêt dans les marges des tourbières perturbées par l'extraction de tourbe." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26476.
Full textIn Canada, peat moss is extracted for production of horticultural substrate on an industrial scale. Several studies have contributed to develop restoration techniques for open Sphagnum-dominated habitats on the peat massif of peatlands. Beside tree plantation trials, however, peatland margins and their connectivity with surrounding landscapes has received little attention. The goal of this thesis is to acquire the ecological knowledge required to develop an ecological restoration strategy adapted to the bog - mineral land (upland) forest transition (aka the “lagg” habitat of the peatland). A first study of the bog-ecotone-forest gradient showed that the lagg is a true ecotone, with unique properties: 1) vegetation is more structured, with a dense shrubby stratum (Ilex mucronata often present); 2) nitrogen and phosphorus soil concentrations are high; 3) water table level fluctuates widely, but remains high for relatively long periods. A second study aimed at improving our knowledge of the baseline ecological conditions in cutaway peat fields located within the marginal areas of extracted peatlands. One major result is that soil nutrient concentrations in cutaway peat fields are very low: for phosphorus and potassium, approximately one order of magnitude lower when compared to natural laggs. Also, in exception to recolonization in former ditches, there is little spontaneous recolonization. In this same study, one area rehabilitated through afforestation (20-year-old coniferous plantations) was also characterized to compare its ecological status to unrestored fields: results suggest that afforestation ameliorates abiotic micro-site environmental conditions (richer soils and more temperate soil-air microclimate), but spontaneous recolonization does not occur. As reintroduction seems inevitable, two studies were conducted to improve our ecological knowledge of ecological filters in cutaway areas, and to assess the establishment potentials of some target species: one study on bryophytes, and one study on shrubs. Among the reintroduced species, two showed higher establishment potential: the bryophyte Dicranum polysetum and the shrub Ilex (Nemopanthus) mucronata. Shade significantly ameliorated the establishment potential of the reintroduced bryophytes Sphagnum and Dicranum, and of the shrub Ilex. Fertilization significantly increased Ilex seedling growth, while presence of a Dicranum carpet significantly increased seedling survival through a reduction of frost-heaving effects. In conclusion, the combination of exploratory and experimental studies allowed us to significantly improve our knowledge of bog - mineral land forest transitions, and to suggest guidelines for an ecological restoration strategy leading to a functioning lagg ecotone.
Origo, Nadia. "Approche socio-spatiale de la réhabilitation des sites industriels pollués." Thesis, Paris 4, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA040181/document.
Full textThe socio-space approach of the rehabilitation of the polluted industrial sites is based on two supports of analysis: environmental components and the executive framework. This study, which relates primarily to France, made it possible to emphasize the major failures of an operation of rehabilitation of site, generally reduced to two factors: costs and techniques of depollution. This approach stresses that there is a dimension of the rehabilitation of the sites, which should be considered. It is a question of considering it, since depollution until the reuse of a site. It led starting from the Total site of Vendin-le-Vieil and other sites taken in example to expose some direct orientations, which would channel the useful and durable reuse of a site from its environmental immediate and of the executive context into force. These orientations led to the development of a model diagram tested on the boubiers of flaring of l’Ile Mandji in Gabon (Central Africa). The objective in the long term is to consider the design of a Socio-space System of Management of the Sites and Sols Polluted
Andersen, Roxane. "Évaluation du succès de la restauration écologique des tourbières à sphaignes : intégrations des critères physico-chimiques et microbiologiques au suivi à long terme." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/20579.
Full textJouve, André. "Flux des radionucléides dans les productions agricoles suites à un accident nucléaire : contre-mesures et techniques de réhabilitation." Aix-Marseille 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996AIX11069.
Full textFoucault, Yann. "Réhabilitation écologique et gestion durable d’un site industriel urbain : cas d’une pollution historique en éléments inorganiques potentiellement toxiques (Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu, Sb et As." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013INPT0090/document.
Full textRehabilitation of brownfields in urban areas is a major challenge for the sustainable development of cities. Management and conversion of these sites, imposed by regulation, however, require the development of tools for environmental risk assessment and health and sustainable remediation techniques. This thesis focused on the establishment of multidisciplinary tools for the sustainable management of polluted site, with the particular case of rehabilitation recycling of lead batteries with a mainly historical lead pollution and other inorganic pollutants (Cd, Sb, As, Cu and Zn), currently defined as Metal Trace Elements (MTE). While trying to answer questions of applied research, this work has sought to investigate the mechanisms involved in the soil-plant pollutants to strengthen the consideration of the overall quality of soil management for industrial sites. In addition to the tools and procedures conventionally used to assess, control and reduce environmental and health risks caused by polluted soils; measures of bioavailability (plants and humans) and ecotoxicity (different bioassays: inhibition of the mobility of Daphnia magna, Microtox® and induction of bioluminescent bacteria and microbiology) have been developed with the aim to refine the classification of contaminated soils in terms of dangerousness. Moreover, green manure plants (borage, phacelia and mustard), commonly used in agriculture or by gardeners because they improve the bio-physico-chemical properties of soils with a root system and a large production of root exudates were tested for re-functionalization of polluted soils. Finally, the mechanisms involved in the fate of pollutants in the rhizosphere and their microorganisms in the plant were studied. The main results provide some answers and ways of improving the management of soils contaminated by metals and metalloids. (1) First, the size separation for soil fractions allows a significant reduction in tonnages of contaminated material and therefore costs for the landfill excavated soil with a gain result in terms of ecological footprint. (2) Then, calculation for the differents polluted soil samples of eco-scores based on the results of ecotoxicity tests can discriminate more accurately compared to physicochemical parameters required by the regulations. Differences in sensitivity were observed depending on the nature of the bioassay, the origin of the sample, physico-chemical properties and total concentrations of pollutants. (3) Unlike phacelia, borage and mustard improve soil respiration, ecotoxicity and reduce theamount of bioaccessible and total lead in soil, respectively by phytostabilisation and storage in roots (Pb, Sb) or phytoextraction and storage in aerial parts. Further, these plants could be field tested for use in phytoremediation of brownfields and gardens moderately polluted. Depending on the nature of the metal, the type of soil and plant, compartmentalization and speciation of the pollutant differ, and in conjunction with agronomic characteristics of soil and rhizosphere microbial activity. Molecular screening and meta-analysis of microbial genomics have enabled highlight differences in bacterial communities studied by species and growing conditions
Lamargue, Delphine. "Cognition et sclérose en plaques : développement de nouveaux outils d’évaluation « écologique » en réalité virtuelle et d'un programme spécifique de réhabilitation, caractérisation de l’humeur dépressive, évaluation de la qualité de vie et apport de l’imagerie cérébrale à l'étude de la réhabilitation." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0120/document.
Full textThe purpose of this work is to better understand the cognitive and brain changes associated with multiple sclerosis and the influencing factors to help improve cognitive support for people living with MS. We organized our work according to two axes. The first one was to optimize cognitive assessments. We have shown i) a decrease in quality of life (QoL) linked to cognitive impairment and its impact on the professional status and ii) interest in the use of Depressed Mood Scale self-questionnaire that we validated and whose lack of emotional control dimension was particularly associated with QoL. We also developed ecological tasks in virtual environment and showed their potential to evaluate several cognitive components or their interactions, suggesting an interest in evaluating the functional impact of cognitive impairment in daily activities of PwMS. The second, for which we presented the theoretical basis, methodology and preliminary results, was to improve cognitive care through its assessment and rehabilitation (REACTIV study in progress). We created fMRI paradigms and a specific rehabilitation program to guide brain plasticity phenomena in order to optimize the transfer of training in daily life and improve QoL. Preliminary results in multimodal imaging revealed MRI measures of two structures, the thalamus and the corpus callosum, which would be predictive of progression of certain cognitive performance during our therapies
Bangirinama, Frédéric. "Processus de la restauration écosystémique au cours de la dynamique post-culturale au Burundi: mécanismes, caractérisation et séries écologiques." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210090.
Full textColombini, Gabin. "Étude multi-échelle des interactions saprophages-matières organiques et de leurs implications dans le fonctionnement des humipedons de Technosols : approche fondamentale vers l’ingénierie écologique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0277.
Full textIn a context of soil degradation and erosion of biodiversity resulting from anthropogenic activities, understanding the role of edaphic fauna in the functioning of humipedons is of growing interest. The development of reclamation strategies on anthropized soils, based on the concepts of ecological engineering, could be based on the actions of transformation of organic matter carried out by saprophagous organisms. The objective of this thesis was (i) to characterize the ecological functions performed by saprophagous organisms through the production of biostructures on anthropized soils and (ii) to assess their potential for the reclamation of brownfields Technosols. To do so, an integrative approach, based on the changes of spatial scale, was carried out on an industrial brownfield of interest. First, it was demonstrated that Technosols physicochemical characteristics can represent an abiotic filter limiting the colonization of edaphic fauna, especially highlighted by the absence of anecic and endogeic earthworms in Technosols. Secondly, at the scale of the humipedon, the results showed that the dynamics of organic matter formed by vegetation also depends on the nature of the substrate used during the rehabilitation of the brownfield. Indeed, under the action of epigeic saprophagous arthropods, a series of ectorganic horizons, similar to the ones of a Moder, developed on the technogenic horizon of Technosols. The term "Techno-moder" has thus been proposed to describe this new humus form. The chemical and ultrastructural features of the Techno-moder zOH horizon, made up of biostructures produced by saprophagous, also confirmed this classification proposal. Finally, feces produced by the saprophagous isopod Porcellio scaber, studied under controlled conditions, allowed to demonstrate that their physicochemical characteristics depend on the Technosol substrate and on organic matter chemical features. In agreement with the conclusions at the humipedon scale, it seems that feces traits produced by the epigeic saprophagous arthropods are an intrinsic characteristic of the ecosystem, which results from the Technosols humipedons composition. The development of Technosols reclamation strategies using coupled inoculation of saprophagous and organic matter could thus improve Technosols humipedons physicochemical characteristics while requiring the specific interactions of organisms with the substrate to be taken into account
Mimoun, Djamel. "Spatialisation de l'information : une aide à l'analyse hydraulique et paysagère développée lors de la réhabilitation des sites post-industriels - Cas des réaménagements des gravières en eau en milieu alluvionnaire." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00355331.
Full textGrundmann, Emmanuelle. "Intérêt de la réhabilitation et de la réintroduction dans la conservation des orangs-outans et des autres grands primates : eco-éthologie et cognition des orangs-outans (Pongo pygmaeus) réintroduits en forêt de Meratus, Indonésie." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MNHN0044.
Full textThe orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus and Pongo abelii), living on the islands of Borneo and Sumatra are amongst the first victims of the large-scale deforestation and exploitation of the south-east tropical rainforest and their future is today joepardized. The increasing orangutan pet trade is accelerating even more this decline. The situation is so critical that if nothing’s done, the researcher hypothesized that orangutan will be extinct in the next ten years (van Schaik et al 2001). Several intitiatives and measures have been set up (???) to stop the pet trade on one hand and protect the last remaining wild population and their habitat on the other hand. Rehabilitation and reintroduction of confiscated orangutans back to their original habitat was initiated in the 1960s in the double perspective of fighting against the orangutan pet trade and reinforce the already established wild populations. This method implies for the Primates a complete cognitive restructuration as well as a re-shaping of their behaviours in accordance with their awaiting new way of life. They have to lose the dependance towards humans that has been imprinted on them during their captivity, avoid contact with humans and acquire the behavioural repertoire of the species. The orangutan community that has been reintroduced in the Meratus forest since 1997 presents an ideal opportunity to study the success and failures of the readaptation of individual whose maternal bond has been broken at various ages, interrupting their learning phase and try to understand which abilities were deficient or absent in those individuals. This study enable us also to evaluate the relevance of reintroduction in the conservation efforts of great Apes
Le, Fur Yann. "La patrimonialisation des grands sites : évolution des doctrines et transformation des espaces : exemple des promontoires littoraux emblématiques bretons." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00869354.
Full textVarenne, Alix. "Étude de la diversité des nurseries artificielles dans les zones portuaires et de leur connectivité trophique avec les écosystèmes adjacents." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024COAZ5044.
Full textCoastal development modifies shorelines by introducing man-made habitats, which significantly impact coastal biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Ecological engineering solutions, such as artificial fish habitats (AFH), can help rehabilitate extremely modified areas, including ports, by offering shelter for fish. As a side effect, AFH provide a substrate to benthic invertebrates and macroalgae, that could improve ecosystem functioning. The effects of AFH may also extend beyond ports and modify trophic exchange with adjacent habitats via fish feeding hydrodynamics. This thesis investigates the patterns of distribution of invertebrate biodiversity associated with AFH and explores the exchange of biomass between marinas and adjacent Posidonia oceanica meadows along the French Mediterranean coast where these habitats are often adjacent.The objectives are: (1) evaluating how taxonomic diversity and composition of benthic invertebrates vary with AFH immersion time, (2) understanding how AFH types and environmental context modify benthic assemblages, and (3) exploring the exchanges of organic matter between marinas and adjacent meadows. I focused on Biohut® AFH (ECOCEAN), made of a metal cage filled with oyster shells, attached to docks or under pontoons in harbours and marinas.In chapter 1, I examined the role of immersion time in determining the diversity and composition of invertebrate assemblages colonising AFH in 3 commercial harbours. The findings indicated significant variations in invertebrate composition from 6 to 18 months, with increased abundance, taxonomic richness, and evenness over time. In chapter 2, I focused on the geographical and within-port variability in taxonomic composition and diversity of invertebrates dwelling in AFH. The study revealed differences in taxa composition between 2 large regions, characterised by different nutrient loads and correlations between assemblage composition and chlorophyll-a, a proxy for nutrient concentration. The number of taxa was the highest in the nutrient-enriched region. Additionally, invertebrate assemblages varied according to port habitats where the AFH were placed, possibly due to differences in light availability. In chapter 3, I investigated trophic connectivity between P. oceanica meadows and adjacent marinas at 4 sites where both habitats are present. Two marinas were equipped with AFH and the remaining 2 were not. At the unequipped sites, the δ15N values of the particulate organic matter within the marina were the highest indicating human-derived nutrient enrichment. The values decreased within the meadow, gradually according to the distance. This suggests a spill of nutrients over the portion of the meadow adjacent to the inlet. Fish relied on resources from both the seagrass meadow and the marina, similarly among the 4 sites, however, the trophic niches of fishes (Diplodus spp.) captured within the equipped marina were slightly larger than those within unequipped ones and overlapped less with the trophic niches of the fish captured outside. Fish faeces were also part of the organic matter sedimenting within meadows. In chapter 4, I reported initiatives developed with other scientists. They include species functional diversity and trophic relations within AFH, acoustic signatures of organisms dwelling in AFH and biodiversity comparison between ports and marine reserves using environmental DNA.My work has highlighted several aspects that could improve the effectiveness of AFH as ecological engineering solutions. Immersion time, local environmental conditions, and specific locations within ports need particular attention. Although I did not find clear differences in cross-habitat exchange related to AFH, they seemed to play a role in reducing nutrient enrichment. Moreover, since fish play an important role in cross-habitat exchanges and find refuge within AFH, this ecological engineering solution could indirectly contribute to change trophic connectivity
Velayoudon, Prescilia. "Valorisation de biodéchets pour la restauration de sites dégradés de Nouvelle-Calédonie." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Nouvelle Calédonie, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NCAL0004.
Full textBiowaste like biosolids or poultry can be used for organic amendment of soils. In New Caledonia, the demographic development involves an increase in waste production and the management of these ones is highly important for local authorities. On the other hand, there are numerous degraded sites issued from mining activity. In particular mining sites after exploitation, characterized by an ultramafic substratum, and industrial sites The objective of this thesis consists to bring data on biowaste valorization (sewage sludge and poultry) for degraded sites restoration. Three kind of degraded sites are selected: a not-reorganized ferralsol, a ferralsol reorganized by the mining activity and an industrial site. From these independent studies, we try to evaluate the opportunity of revegetalization from the seed bank of the original soil, or vegetalized a site free of original soil by plantations. On these 3 sites, it was followed the biometric, chemical variables of the vegetal species and chemical and physico-chemical variables of the substrata. The results are encouraging, with positive effects on plant growth. The biosolids quantity should be modulating according to the objectives to obtain between plant production and specific diversity. The low bioavailability of the ETM seems to be favorable to the biowaste manuring of these specific substrata for the rehabilitation of the degraded sites
Akpa-Vinceslas, Marthe. "Activité cellulolytique liée au tube digestif d'Eisenia fetida andrei. Impact sur la dynamique de la matière organique de déchets lignocellulosiques." Rouen, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ROUES030.
Full textBoigné, Audrey. "Restauration écologique de prairies humides à vocation agricole suite au comblement d'une ballastière en basse vallée de Seine : incidence du type de sol recréé sur les fonctions pédologiques associées et sur la dynamique de colonisation végétale." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMR008/document.
Full textIn a worldwide context of wetland destruction, a consequence of anthropic activities, ecological restoration of such habitats and their functions has become a societal and ecological issue. The objective of this project is to recreate agriculture-oriented wet grasslands with pedological and floristical properties as similar as possible to typical grasslands destroyed by alluvial materials extraction. The study presented here focuses on the impact of pedological materials, used in the re-creation of four soils, on soil functions and associated floristic processions. The main hypothesis is that re-creation of a soil morphologically similar to the previously destroyed one should drive ecological restoration. The underlying hypothesis is that different local pedological materials inherit their previous physicochemical and biological properties. This should conserve associated pedological functions and favor the return of a floristic procession compatible with agricultural exploitation. The first part is dedicated to the study of carbon storage and denitrification, two wetlands soils functions. These two functions are retained within the four re-created soils two and a half year after gravel-pit filling. Main results highlight functional efficiency levels of tested pedological material inherited from their respective initial topsoil physico-chemical properties. The second part is devoted to the study of mechanisms structuring plant communities. The high contribution of local pedological materials seed bank during the colonization process and its impact on aforementioned mechanisms was highlighted from our monitoring. Despite demonstration of the start of a dynamic trajectory in the four created soils similarity between obtained and target communities never exceeds 50%. Aerial biomass production associated to these communities is comparable to the production in reference wet grasslands in terms of quantity, but not quality. Implementation of management (sowing and mowing) shows biomass production of comparable quality to reference grassland from the first year onwards. The last part focuses on the effect of three soil waterlogging levels on the denitrification process and the response traits of Holcus lanatus, a meadow species. Pedological materials placement in identical waterlogging conditions highlights the importance of denitrifying bacteria communities inheritance on the denitrification process. These experimental conditions also enabled us to highlight the considered species morphological and functional response traits. To conclude and following our monitoring the best compromise for concurrent restoration of soil and vegetation while considering cost-effectiveness needs to account for topsoils origin and history (i.e. management)
Jaunatre, Renaud. "Dynamique et restauration d'une steppe méditerranéenne après changements d'usages (La Crau, Bouches-du-Rhône, France)." Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00862398.
Full textMadsen, Torben Meldgaard. "Réhabilitation de la truite marbrée ("Salmo marmoratus") en Slovénie : analyse des caractéristiques génétiques et écologiques du mécanisme d'hybridation en situation de compétition." Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20071.
Full textRäpple, Bianca. "Sedimentation patterns and riparian vegetation characteristics in novel ecosystems on the Rhône River, France : A comparative approach to identify drivers and evaluate ecological potentials." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSEN006/document.
Full textThe multiple uses made of large rivers, such as the Rhône in south-eastern France, have provoked profound modifications of their fluvial dynamics. As a consequence, the hydro-sedimentary and ecological functioning of their channels and floodplains are highly altered. Integrated restoration programmes struggle in defining potentials and risks related to such ‘novel ecosystems’ and to understand the various interacting drivers which influence their formation. This study comparatively focused on 293 dike fields—rectangular units delimited by longitudinal and lateral submersible dikes constructed in the channel in the late 19th century to promote the navigability of the Rhône. They are distributed over four reaches by-passed in the 20th century for hydro-electric energy production. We investigated the spatio-temporal patterns of sediment deposition and the structure and composition of the forest stands using remote sensing and field data. We also propose a conceptual model of potential drivers and processes behind the observed patterns. Eighty percent of the dike fields have evolved from the aquatic to a terrestrial and forested stage, following variable historical trajectories both between and within reaches. The forest stands presented structural characteristics which differed from more natural reference stands and compositional characteristics closer to mature than to pioneer systems. They featured a high presence of non-native species, such as the invasive Box elder (Acer negundo). Our comparative approach constituted a first step to disentangle the cumulative effects of the drivers and define their individual roles: we discovered a prominent role of local factors, especially the connectivity to the main by-passed channel. The evolution of the environmental factors themselves added to the complexity of the patterns. This work provides a basis for future studies of novel ecosystems on rivers, and a new perspective to river managers on the Rhône due to its innovative spatial-scale
Jaunatre, Renaud. "Dynamique et restauration d’une steppe méditerranéenne après changements d’usages (La Crau, Bouches-du-Rhône, France)." Thesis, Avignon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AVIG0324/document.
Full textEcosystem restoration has been identified as one approach to slow down the loss of biodiversity and to protect all the biodiversity-based goods and services from which humankind benefits. Restoration feeds from knowledge coming from both community ecology and restoration ecology. The objectives of the thesis are to provide insights on both the dynamics of a mediterranean steppe after changes in land-use and the implementation of techniques which could be applied to restore this ecosystem after severe anthropogenic disturbances. The thesis takes as a study object the La Crau Mediterranean steppe, and especially former cultivated fields to study the recovery after cultivation and the Cossure large scale rehabilitation project to experiment rehabilitation and restoration techniques. Concerning dynamics after severe exogenous anthropogenic disturbances, we confirmed the low resilience of the steppe plant community both at mid- (30-40 years) and long-term (150 years) while the resilience of soil parameters and mycorrhizal infestation rate are effective on the long-term. Moreover we confirmed the role played by the three filters in the plant community recovery and found that for the La Crau steppe, this is firstly driven by the abiotic filter, then by the dispersion filter and finally by the biotic filter. Given this low resilience, we tested several restoration techniques applied at large-scale within the Cossure rehabilitation project: nurse species seeding, topsoil removal, hay transfer and soil transfer. In order to assess the efficiency of restoration techniques we developed indices to measure the community structure integrity, disentangling lower and higher abundances compared to the reference. The best results were obtained with soil transfer, followed by topsoil removal, then nurse species seeding and finally hay transfer. The research conducted for this thesis shows that current knowledge in ecological restoration makes it possible to restore at least partially some La Crau ecosystem components, but ought to lead us to understand the importance of in situ conservation of natural habitats as a better alternative to restore them after they were destroyed
Lajoie, Julie. "Le Scirpus cyperinus : germination, établissement et compétition en contexte de restauration de fen." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26376.
Full textRecent advances in peat extraction methods now leave the environment in a state closer to an historical development stage designated as minerotrophic (fen) rather than ombotrophic (bog). Consequently, industrial peatlands are commonly invaded monospecifically by Scirpus cyperinus soon after the end of operations. This study investigates new intervention techniques promoting biodiversity of the degraded ecosystem. In this context, two greenhouse experiments were carried out. The first one compared the performance of four plant covers to prevent S. cyperinus germination in relation to hydrologic conditions. Sphagnum warnstorfii and graminoid plants mats efficiently limited Scirpus cyperinus germination. The second experiment looked at the potential of two species targeted for reintroduction to grow and compete with Scirpus cyperinus under two hydrologic regimes. The biomass production of one of the two selected species (Calamagrostis canadensis) was able to maintain itself in presence of Scirpus cyperinus.
Mullane, Fidelma. "La cabane revisitée : réhabilitation de l'architecture vernaculaire irlandaise (XVIIe-XIXe siècles)." Thesis, Paris 4, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA040200.
Full textTaking the Irish cabin as object, this thesis deconstructs the outsider accounts and their contribution to a negative interpretation of such, particularly within the context of postcolonial scholarly literature. Such outsider accounts have an added significance in scholarship in so far as they retained a strict uniformity even while other formal studies changed perspective. This reveals certain ideological assumptions which are examined. The collision between the imposition of a dominating knowledge and practices drawn from indigenous wisdom is examined through the prism of descriptions and interpretations of materials and labour in specific ecological and economic contexts. A case study in the Claddagh village in the West of Ireland examines these contradictions in detail. The survival of such outsider accounts has had its consequence in contemporary constructions as to the meaning and function of the vernacular house. The recovery of the Irish cabin as an object of study within vernacular architecture must be achieved within a context of examining clearance, changes in housing and the major restructuring of economy and society occasioned by the Great Famine. The recovery of a proper account of their function as perceived by those who lived in such habitations in the rural economy is central to this thesis
Velayoudon, Prescilia. "Valorisation de biodéchets pour la restauration de sites dégradés de Nouvelle-Calédonie." Thesis, Nouvelle Calédonie, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NCAL0004/document.
Full textBiowaste like biosolids or poultry can be used for organic amendment of soils. In New Caledonia, the demographic development involves an increase in waste production and the management of these ones is highly important for local authorities. On the other hand, there are numerous degraded sites issued from mining activity. In particular mining sites after exploitation, characterized by an ultramafic substratum, and industrial sites The objective of this thesis consists to bring data on biowaste valorization (sewage sludge and poultry) for degraded sites restoration. Three kind of degraded sites are selected: a not-reorganized ferralsol, a ferralsol reorganized by the mining activity and an industrial site. From these independent studies, we try to evaluate the opportunity of revegetalization from the seed bank of the original soil, or vegetalized a site free of original soil by plantations. On these 3 sites, it was followed the biometric, chemical variables of the vegetal species and chemical and physico-chemical variables of the substrata. The results are encouraging, with positive effects on plant growth. The biosolids quantity should be modulating according to the objectives to obtain between plant production and specific diversity. The low bioavailability of the ETM seems to be favorable to the biowaste manuring of these specific substrata for the rehabilitation of the degraded sites
Ranchy, Sophie. "Le statut juridique des zones industrielles littorales et la pollution des sols : état de la réglementation et perspectives." Phd thesis, Université du Droit et de la Santé - Lille II, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00355550.
Full textGalman, Gaëtan. "Suivi spatio-temporel des communautés d'arthropodes : effets de l'éradication des rats et tentative de réintroduction d'un insecte rare dans des îles en cours de réhabilitation des Seychelles." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MNHN0009.
Full textThis work aims primarily at studying the impact of various factors, and particularly the eradication of rats, on Arthropod assemblages in a sample of islands. We monitored populations of invertebrates using mainly pitfall traps and leaf point counts. Island geographical location and type of substrate seem important, although no factor appears dominant, hence microfactors (at microhabitat level) might well have an unsuspected influence. On granitic islands, invertebrate abundance, richness and diversity decreased sharply after rat eradication, suggesting a likely indirect facilitation on the invertebrate populations by rodents, particularly for Auchenorrhyncha (Hemiptera) (P<0,001). On the coralline island studied, however, eradication resulted in a significant increase (p <0. 05) in the abundance of Spiders (P <0. 01), Coleoptera (P <0. 05) and Formicidae (P <0. 05). These opposite reactions are probably related to the structure of the disturbed ecosystems, particularly to the presence of insectivorous animals which may be limited by rats (birds, reptiles, large insects). Our second objective was to attempt a first conservation introduction of the rare endemic Seychelles leaf-insect Phyllium bioculatum (Phasmatodea: Phylliidae). There were difficulties during the captive breeding phase and the released leaf-insects, reintroduced with a semi-captive procedure, disappeared or were found killed by unknown predators. However, this experience, which was the first documented conservation introduction attempt in the Indian Ocean, can serve as a basis for future similar projects. Finally, we discovered two species of Cratopus (Curculionidae) new to science and thus contributed to the inventory of the local entomofauna
Morandi, Bertrand. "La restauration des cours d'eau en France et à l'étranger : de la définition du concept à l'évaluation de l'action. Eléments de recherche applicables." Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENSL0932/document.
Full text“Restoration” is a key concept in river management. In France and worldwide, “river restoration” has been provided a strong legislative, operational and scientific anchor. This research aims to better understand “river restoration”: that is, how is “river restoration” defined, practiced and evaluated? Research materials stand on various documents (scientific articles, administrative documents of French Water Agencies, technical documents about “restoration” procedures and documents related to specific “restoration projects”). These documents are analysed with textual analysis methods (bibliometrics, content analysis, textual statistics, qualitative analysis).Results are organized into five chapters. Chapter I deals with the position of sciences in the field of “river restoration”. This chapter covers research dynamics, scientific definitions of “restoration” and scientists’ research themes related to “river restoration”. Chapter II draws a timeline of French definitions of “river restoration”. It analyses permanence and change in the definition of “river restoration” from the late 19th Century until today. In Chapter III, a framework which suggests the establishment of three French Water Agencies in order to analyse French “river restoration” public policy and practice is proposed. Chapter IV is dedicated to the analysis of “ecological river restoration” practices. This Chapter’s objective is to better understand French public action. French practices are also compared to German practices. Finally, the monitoring and evaluation of contemporary “ecological river restoration” projects in France and in Germany is described in Chapter V.Operational reflections and recommendations are provided through the results of this research in order to aid public action and evaluation strategies in the field of “river restoration”. Special attention was also paid to scientific perspectives in the context of the implementation of the Water Framework Directive
Gagnon, Félix. "La régénération spontanée d'une tourbière manitobaine après extraction de la tourbe : diversité des assemblages végétaux et propositions d'aménagement." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27477.
Full textBurrow, Coralie. "Influence des modalités de restauration de sols dégradés sur leur colonisation par une faune du sol fonctionnelle." Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL10173/document.
Full textSoil construction appears to be a tempting way to restore, lastingly, contaminated urban soils provided that they can become fertile with a functional biodiversity capable of assuring essential ecosystem services. To ensure this, the recolonisation of newly established technosols composed of a mixture of compost and deep alluvion was monitored using judiciously chosen bioindicators: springtails, mites, earthworms, carabid beetles and woodlice. Thus, three experiments were carried out: (i) an experimental plot located inside the future “Ecoquartier de l’Union” (Roubaix, France) (ii) smaller mesocosms with an introduction of earthworms and woodlice and (iii) laboratory microcosms studying the evolution of collembolan populations. The results show that, if the connection of the technosols with an element of the local landscape (in this case a railway hedgerow) plays a part chiefly in aiding the first stages of recolonisation, notably for earthworms and springtails, technosols' management has a lasting impact on the colonization dynamics and the implantation of the different taxa. Establishing an herbaceous cover (flowering meadow, lawn) or a hedge was especially profitable to the pedofaunic communities, which were richer and more abundant, as well as to the technosols functioning (better litter degradation, diversified collembolan communities with regards to functional traits). The same is true for the addition of RCW (Ramial Chipped Wood) which benefits earthworm and mesofauna through the organic components released and the associated fungal development. Therefore, urban planners could use these results in their sustainable rehabilitation projects
Boucher, Ian. "Interactions de facilitation et de compétition : Le cas de Leymus Mollis." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27685/27685.pdf.
Full textVranken, Isabelle. "Quantifying landscape anthropisation patterns: concepts, methods and limits." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209128.
Full textenvironment has kept on growing so that little or no ecosystem in the world is now
considered as untouched. This induces pressures on ecosystem health and land scarcity.
Africa is of particular concern because it still presents broad undisturbed zones and
key ecosystem services, despite being submitted to increasing anthropogenic pressures.
Landscape ecology appears suitable for the study of such phenomena, thanks to its spacebased
integrative nature and geographical level of focus. It studies the impact of spatial
pattern transformation — especially heterogeneity and its components — on ecological
processes and provides powerful analytical tools of landscape anthropisation.
The main objective of this thesis is to organise the concepts and methods, from
landscape ecology and related disciplines, into a consistent logic, to pinpoint missing
analytical frameworks for response-oriented anthropisation assessment, and to apply them
to African cases to explore the spatial patterns of anthropisation. In order to address
landscape anthropisation, we assemble diverse disciplines into a logical network (DPSIR).
The new theoretical framework is tested on Lubumbashi (DRC). In order to address
spatial patterns, we first evaluate the thermodynamic connection of the term entropy in
landscape ecology: spatial heterogeneity, unpredictability and scale influence. Then, based
on 20 landscapes, we highlight the complex relationship between spatial heterogeneity
and landscape anthropisation. We finally use the modelled relationships to test the
anthropogenic origin of the spatial pattern of a land cover class in Lubumbashi.
The main results of this research show that several concepts are used to describe different
aspects of anthropisation and that its quantification strongly depends on the reference states.
Data formats can be combined into a new assessment method ensuring more precision
and comparability, but a good field knowledge is required. As for heterogeneity, the
existing definitions of landscape entropy follow the logic of thermodynamics or information
theory, that are not compatible. Only unpredictability could be properly interpreted in
thermodynamic terms if energy transfer measurements were performed at the appropriate
level. The anthropogenic effects on heterogeneity completely diverge depending on the
amount of already anthropised surface, on the land cover type (natural or anthropogenic),
and on the heterogeneity components.
The aforementioned findings could be adapted to include functional aspects and
better address the relationship between spatial pattern and ecological processes. Such
integration would help designing response actions that can recommend human activities
and spatial patterns that could optimise the use of land to ensure ecological functioning
while supporting human development. /
L’influence croissante de l’homme sur son environnement affecte désormais le monde
entier, ce qui induit des pressions sur la santé des écosystèmes et raréfie les ressources
en terres. L’Afrique présente un intérêt particulier à cet égard car elle contient de vastes
zones quasi vierges et fournit des services écosystémiques importants mais est soumise
à des pressions anthropiques croissantes. L’écologie du paysage étudie ces phénomènes
de façon intégrative au moyen de sa composante spatiale et de son échelle d’intérêt. Elle
étudie l’impact des transformations de la structure spatiale — en particulier l’hétérogénéité
et ses différentes composantes—sur les processus écologiques et fournit de puissants outils
analytiques de l’anthropisation.
L’objectif de cette thèse est d’organiser les concepts et méthodes de différentes disciplines
de façon à mettre en évidence leurs forces et faiblesses pour proposer une nouvelle
quantification de l’anthropisation, orientée vers la gestion, et de la tester sur des paysages
africains pour examiner la structure spatiale de l’anthropisation. Le DPSIR est utilisé pour
assembler les différents concepts. La nouvelle méthodologie est testée sur Lubumbashi
(RDC). Ensuite, le lien entre la thermodynamique et l’utilisation du terme entropie en
écologie du paysage est examiné. Vingt paysages servent alors à mettre en évidence la
complexité de l’impact de l’anthropisation sur l’hétérogénéité du paysage. Enfin, cette
modélisation sert à mettre en évidence l’origine anthropique de la structure spatiale d’une
classe d’occupation du sol à Lubumbashi.
Les résultats principaux de cette recherche sont que pléthore de termes sont utilisés
pour représenter différents aspects de l’anthropisation et que sa quantification dépend de
la définition d’états de référence. Cependant, la combinaison de différents formats de
données peut aboutir à une nouvelle méthodologie plus précise et adaptable, mais cela
nécessite une bonne connaissance de terrain. Les définitions de l’entropie dépendent soit de
la thermodynamique soit de la théorie de l’information, qui ne sont pas compatibles. Seule
l’imprévisibilité pourrait être interprétée thermodynamiquement, si les mesures de transfert
d’énergie étaient effectuées à l’échelle appropriée. L’impact humain sur l’hétérogénéité
diverge selon la quantité de surface déjà anthropisée, le type de couverture du sol pris en
compte ainsi que les composantes de l’hétérogénéité mesurées.
Ces découvertes peuvent être adaptées pour intégrer des aspects fonctionnels de la
structure spatiale et mieux cerner le lien entre celle-ci et le fonctionnement écologique, ce qui
permettrait de proposer des activités humaines et des structures spatiales qui optimiseraient
l’utilisation des ressources en sol pour assurer tant le fonctionnement écologique que le
développement humain.
Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Guo, Meina. "Aggregation and biological processes in ion-adsorption rare earth mine tailings under natural restoration and reclamation approaches." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORR0301.
Full textIon-adsorption REE deposits are one of the main reservoirs of REEs worldwide, mainly distributing in southern China. In the past decades, the production of REEs has caused serious environmental damage and left over a large area of tailings which continuously threaten the surrounding environment. The main obstacles for ecological restoration of such tailings are poor physical structure, low nutrients, high pollution of REEs and Al. These unfavourable factors hinder the colonization of organisms and the restoration of ecosystem services. Therefore, how to restore the structure and function of soil and ecosystem has become a major issue. Natural succession and phytoremediation provide an option for restoration of mine tailings. However, so far less is understood in terms of the mechanisms of soil formation and ecological succession of REE tailings under different strategies. Therefore, the objectives of this thesis are to: 1) study the evolution mechanism of structure and function of tailing soils and ecosystem in natural succession; 2) study the restoration effects of various phytoremediation strategies; and 3) assess the soil and ecological environment quality under natural succession and phytoremediation. The main findings are as follows. (1) In natural succession of a 15-year chronosequence, soil and ecological functions are significantly increasing over time. There are three completely different evolution patterns (i.e. visual bare, biocrust and vascular vegetation) in the early stage of succession. The evolution between biocrusts and vascular plants occurs from the initial mutual promotion to the later competition. The formation of large aggregates (> 0.25 mm) is mainly controlled by the electrostatic interaction of minerals and biological activities, which improves the diversity of microorganisms and accumulation of nutrients, and controls the migration of REEs. (2) The macroaggregates associated with biocrusts (BC) and with vascular plant root soils (RS) show different morphologies, that is, longitudinal stratification of biocrust and interlacement within the rhizosphere. Both BC and RS are significantly enriched in nutrients. The highest REE concentration is observed in BC while the lowest is found in RS, suggesting that REEs could be redistributed among different horizons by biotic processes. Interestingly, autotrophic microorganisms are more concentrated in the BC, while heterotrophic rhizosphere growth-promoting bacteria are preferentially distributed in the RS. These results show that, although in the same site, the mechanism of soil formation and recovery of soil function under different evolution patterns are quite different. (3) In consideration of time and efficiency, different phytoremediation strategies (i.e. amendment and plantation of pioneer plant Miscantus sinensis and commercial grasses) were conducted by a plot experiment. Compared with bare tailings, the addition of amendment induces a significant increase in nutrients, promotes the formation of macroaggregates, and reduces the availability of REEs. In addition, phytoremediation introduces nitrogen fixing bacteria (e.g. Burkholderia), which change the biological characteristics of tailings and promote nutrient cycling. Our results have proved the effectiveness and sustainability of the amendment input. Nevertheless, the plant effect is not significantly visible within only a 16 month-experiment in this study. In conclusion, this research shows that nature, as an “engineer”, is uninterruptedly improving the soil and ecological environment quality, while phytoremediation efforts can significantly enhance the soil and ecological environment function but the effect weakens with time, which requires longer-term observation
Fay, Emmanuelle. "La dynamique et l'impact du bouleau envahisseur dans une tourbière de l'Est du Canada." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23632/23632.pdf.
Full textPacreau-Hervouette, Fanny. "La déchetterie, espace de concurrence entre recyclage et récupération. Approche ethnopragmatique du rapport des hommes aux déchets." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR22135/document.
Full textAt the time of recycling and sorting , waste sorting , tools implementation , are invested by many actors in search of items to collect . This research, requested by a local authority whereas optimized waste management involves consideration of human factors, is in the field of social demand. The anthropological exploration of the universe of waste can complete the technical and scientific older analyzes . This work reflects the need to understand the process by ethnopragmatique discourse practices established for disposal and those that are spontaneously grafted informal practices . Addressing issues of legitimacy and ontological that prevailed in the competition practice dedicated to the same goal , that of giving a second life to waste , this research is based on a careful examination of the ordinary and dumped on a study of written or spoken language stakeholders. It also focuses on the meaning given in the ordinary players, but in a broader context of environmental crisis and critique of consumer society, the act of throwing and than rehabilitate . She experimented both in the investigation in the way of realizing it, the bringing together experiences of differentiated land survey . It proposes a formal definition abyss frames and thought circumscribed by the initial field survey. It extends the knowledge on individual behavior , games players in connection with the waste. It refines the understanding of public and private organizations, their strategies, decision-making, the ability to change in waste policy
Carlisi-Ridacker, Cyrielle. "Les opérations de rénovation thermique de maisons individuelles : pratiques de collectifs et de ménages (Lorraine)." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCC008.
Full textThis thesis supports a reflection on the expertise deployed by a multitude of actors (human and non-human) on a multi-dimensional and complex subject: global, efficient, and collective energy retrofit. It questions the places and roles of actors in the design of collective and experimental actions which aim to achieve a massification of the energy retrofit of private individual housing. Four schemes, supported by a regional programme, are analysed through the sociology of organisations and the network actor. The careful study of the logic of actions, the articulation and the dynamics of the actors makes it possible to understand how the devices are built as «intermediaries» in their territory, or even as third-partiestrust in their target audience. This one is made up of private owners. The thesis provides an understanding of their practices and representations, and of their renovation paths. The joint study of private devices and uses provides an understanding of the strengths and limitations of collective operations. Through its research-action dimension, the thesis provides recommendations from a field of observation conducted for nearly three years in Lorraine. In this approach, the role of the sociologist, taken in the same way in the observations as any other actor, is the object of a reflexive work
Vincent, Quentin. "Étude des paramètres abiotiques, biotiques et fonctionnels, et de leurs interactions dans des sols délaissés." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0015/document.
Full textDue to industrial activities intensification, large surfaces of degraded soils, with low fertility and sometimes contamination, are derelict. In the context of land depletion and economic pressure, the rehabilitation of these derelict anthropogenic soils could be a key issue. However, these derelict soils needs to be better characterized before to consider their potential use. Soil quality studies rarely take into account the biodiversity and the biological functioning. Thus, the aim of this PhD work was to characterize derelict soils by considering their abiotic, biotic and functional parameters. To this end, six derelict strongly anthropogenic soils from north-eastern France, resulting from different industrial activities, were studied in situ and in laboratory. Several biotic components (bacteria, fungi, mesofauna, macrofauna and flora) were studied to have an almost complete approach of the soil biodiversity. Taxonomical and functional (trait-based approach) study of biodiversity was performed for fungi, meso- and macrofauna. Moreover, the in situ evolution over time of abiotic and biotic parameters was taken into account in one of the six studied derelict soils. Lastly, biotic interactions between a species of Collembola, of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and of herbaceous plant were studied in two derelict soils, in a growth chamber. We showed that derelict soils were characterized by a significant biodiversity, comparable case to case with other kinds of soils like forest, grassland or crop. Nevertheless, differences in terms of density, richness and taxonomical and functional structure community were observed between soils and depend on considered biotic group. These differences were notably linked with contrasting physico-chemical parameters between soils. Thus, a compost-amended constructed soil was the less disturbed among the six studied soils, in contrast with a heavy metal-contaminated constructed soil. We showed that abiotic parameters, notably biotic parameters, evolved quickly (within one year) in the metal-contaminated constructed soil. In the two derelict soils where interactions between Collembola and mycorrhizal fungi were studied, biotic interactions were affected by several parameters like soil volume, time of interaction, indigenous microflora presence etc. Finally, we have shown that these derelict soils support ecosystems services such as biodiversity reserve and could be functional, allowing potential re-use
Paquette, Alain. "Réhabilitation de fôrets par la plantation sous couvert : écologie des arbres plantés dans le sud-ouest du Québec." Thèse, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/17074.
Full textBoothroyd-Roberts, Kathleen. "Restoring forest habitat on abandoned fields using hybrid poplar plantations : understory attributes and suitability for forest understory plants." Mémoire, 2011. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/4023/1/M12061.pdf.
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