Books on the topic 'Regulatory Scientists'
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1
Iain, Hay, ed. Research ethics for social scientists: Between ethical conduct and regulatory compliance. London: Sage, 2006.
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2
Radiation protection: A guide for scientists, regulators, and physicians. 4th ed. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002.
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3
Jacob, Shapiro. Radiation protection: A guide for scientists, regulators, and physicians. 4th ed. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002.
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4
Office, General Accounting. Nuclear nonproliferation: Concerns with DOE's efforts to reduce the risks posed by Russia's unemployed weapons scientists : report to the Chairman, Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C. (Room 1100, 700 4th St. NW, Washington 20548-0001): GAO, 1999.
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5
Lazarev, V. Law-making in the XXI century: the evolution of doctrine and practice (to the 90th anniversary of the birth of A.S.Pigolkin). ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1861953.
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The collection was prepared based on the materials of the All-Russian Annual Meeting of Legal Theorists dedicated to the 90th anniversary of the birth of the outstanding Russian legal scholar Albert Semenovich Pigolkin. The authors study the scientific heritage of A.S. Pigolkin, many of whose works are devoted to the issues of law-making and remain relevant, and also consider the problems of law-making, which is currently acquiring new features.
The first section presents the memories of colleagues and students about the personality of the scientist, the role of his developments for modern legal science and practice is outlined. The importance of methodological foundations for measuring the effectiveness of certain types of law enforcement activities, the doctrine of the division of the law-making process into stages, approaches to systematization and codification of legislation, interpretation of legal norms is emphasized.
In other sections, separate facets of this heritage are considered, including in the light of modern challenges, the general philosophical, socio-political and legal vision of the Russian legal system, as well as the development of digitalization processes. Inspired by the scientific ideas of Albert Semenovich, the authors explore contractual and judicial rulemaking, legal techniques and experimental legal regimes, pay attention to new trends in the use of the language of law, pose questions and give answers to many other problems of legal regulation.
The publication is aimed at the transfer of unique scientific experience, the development of the methodology of legal research, the formation of scientific approaches to improving the process
of preparation and adoption of regulatory legal acts, increasing the effectiveness of their action.
For legal scholars and practitioners, teachers, students and postgraduates
of law universities and faculties, experts in the field of law-making.
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Pharmaceutical Regulatory Affairs: An Introduction for Life Scientists. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2016.
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7
Research Ethics and Integrity for Social Scientists: Beyond Regulatory Compliance. SAGE Publications, Limited, 2014.
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8
Israel, Mark. Research Ethics and Integrity for Social Scientists: Beyond Regulatory Compliance. SAGE Publications, Limited, 2014.
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Research Ethics and Integrity for Social Scientists: Beyond Regulatory Compliance. SAGE Publications, Incorporated, 2014.
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10
Hay, Iain, and Mark Israel. Research Ethics for Social Scientists: Between Ethical Conduct and Regulatory Compliance. SAGE Publications, Incorporated, 2006.
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11
Patisaul, Heather B., and Scott M. Belcher. Risk Assessment and Chemical Regulatory Policy in the United States and Abroad. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199935734.003.0007.
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This chapter presents an overview of the risk assessment process with an in-depth description of the related terminology. Critical study features that should be included to maximize utility of data for risk assessment for any experimental study are presented as an aid for academic scientists interested in designing studies with utility in the risk assessment process. The second half of this chapter summarizes the current state of regulatory policy regarding EDCs in the United States and abroad. Topics addressed include the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) and a detailed accounting of the changes enacted by the recent 2016 revisions to TSCA. These policies are compared to the Registration Evaluation Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) laws that govern chemical safety assessment in the European Union. The Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program (EDSP) and current efforts toward developing high-throughput methods for screening chemicals for endocrine-disrupting activity are also summarized.
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Mantzari, Despoina. Courts, Regulators, and the Scrutiny of Economic Evidence. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851608.001.0001.
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Abstract This book explores the interaction of courts and regulators with economic evidence in the realm of utilities regulation in two common law jurisdictions: the US and the UK. Adopting the error-correction function of judicial review as a starting point, it unveils how the increasing reliance of regulators on economic inputs affects the legal outputs of regulation and transforms administrative discretion and judicial review. After delineating how positive law has responded to the challenges posed by economic evidence, the book engages in a normative debate on the appropriate scope of judicial review of discretionary economic assessments and the optimal institutional response to the pervasiveness of economic evidence in economic regulation. Building on comparative institutional analysis, the book rejects single-factor explanations, such as that judges do not understand economics, in favour of a richer set of macro-level and micro-level factors that shape the relationship between courts and regulators in the regulatory enterprise. Mantzari argues that the ‘recipe’ for adjudicating economic evidence requires a balance to be struck, in which deference is accorded to regulatory agencies on institutional competencies grounds and a degree of epistemic diversity is introduced in courts. The book combines theoretical, doctrinal, comparative, and empirical analysis and it is written to be accessible to lawyers, economists, judges, regulators, policymakers, and political scientists.
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Shapiro, Jacob. Radiation Protection: A Guide for Scientists, Regulators and Physicians. 4th ed. Harvard University Press, 2002.
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14
King, Desmond, and Robert Lieberman. The American State. Edited by Richard Valelly, Suzanne Mettler, and Robert Lieberman. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697915.013.26.
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This chapter introduces the complex and extensive scholarly literature that political scientists have generated about the American federal State. It is organized into four sections and begins with the seminal work of political scientist Stephen Skowronek. After specifying the institutional structure of the American federal state, the second section identifies some of the distinctive features of this polity including the development of regulatory commissions, the way in which some agencies such as the Federal Reserve stretch the boundaries of autonomy, and the distinct congressional and judicial constraints shaping the American state. Third, the submerged state is discussed as an example of some key recent contributions about the American state. Last, we write about the challenge of transforming the set of institutions constitutive of the American State into a civil rights enforcing apparatus.
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Bliss, Catherine. A Sociogenomic World. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190465285.003.0006.
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This chapter discusses a paradigm shift in the genomic sciences wherein scientists have gone from ignoring race to studying it. It argues that the field has adopted a sociogenomic approach to race, in which scientists understand race as a muddled mix of genetic and social factors. Scientists responsible for seminal genome projects, who have faced pressure from the US public health establishment and an array of experts on race, now prioritize race-targeted research, minority recruitment, and analysis of genomic health disparities. As a result large-scale sequencing projects, pharmaceuticals, and postgenomic research have become ever more racialized, while race has taken on an irrevocably genomic imprimatur. This paradigm shift has occurred because of changes across a number of powerful social domains of expertise within science, medicine, and policy. This chapter thus draws upon events taking place in a variety of institutional, regulatory, and normative contexts.
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Ehlers, Caspar, and Holger Grewe, eds. "Rechtsräume". Klostermann, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783465144120.
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The development of normative orders in both the secular and the ecclesiastical spheres can be analysed as a configuration of new regulatory patterns or as a modification of existing ones. This richly illustrated anthology focuses primarily on the observation of dynamic changes through the regional, linguistic and cultural transmission of norms and practices. Archaeologists, natural scientists and historians ask about such processes, the investigation of which requires interdisciplinary and transnational approaches as well as diachronic comparative studies. The spectrum ranges from research on 'ancient DNA' in an archaeological context to the historiographical (re-)construction of identities and the investigation of the relationship between topography and domination in the European Early and High Middle Ages.
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Miller, David, Claire Harkins, Matthias Schlögl, and Brendan Montague. Corporate capture of science? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198753261.003.0007.
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Science can provide a rationale and a basis for policy decisions; therefore, corporate planners see it as a crucial resource. This chapter draws on our structural data to show how science policy organizations play a role in pursuing corporate strategy. Corporations create ‘sound science’ lobby and front groups, and they fund libertarian and neoliberal think tanks and groupings to attack and undermine scientists. They try to influence and capture public and policy debates on issues related to the regulation of addictive substances or services. Specifically, they help to provide a range of experts and advisors that can be tapped by the policy and decision-making apparatus at the national and EU levels. Regulatory systems at national and EU levels are mostly insufficient to monitor or manage the conflicts of interest that arise as a result.
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Kovalyov, Anatoliy, ed. Scientific problems of management at the macro-, meso- and microeconomic levels : Proceedings of the 20 th International Scientific and Practice Conference, April 14, 2022. Odessa. Odessa National Economic University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32680/npg.conf.oneu.2022.
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The peculiarities of the Ukraine’s economy development during the last years are characterized by the process of systemic institutional transformation. Deep economic changes are occurring, new approaches to managing the economy are being actively formed, market management methods are being improved, European integration processes are being implemented, and Ukrainian legislation is being adapted and changed in accordance with the EU regulatory framework. The complexity and inconsistency of modern transformational processes, the urgency of solving these problems determines the relevance and applied meaning of their comprehensive study and objective economic and legal assessment. Modern challenges and unfolding of global economic crisis due to the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the devastating consequences for all spheres of Ukraine’s vital activities in the conditions of military aggression by the Russian Federation, require a rethinking of the socio-economic processes that are taking place and making adaptive or radical decisions in managing the country and protecting its national interests The conference is designed to consolidate scientists and specialists around the solution of economic problems which appear before our country in these difficult conditions. The conference proceedings oriented towards scientists, postgraduate students and students of economic specialties of higher education institutions, as well as a specialists of economic divisions of enterprises and organizations.
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Mansell, Robin, and W. Edward Steinmueller. Digital Infrastructures, Economies, and Public Policies. Edited by William H. Dutton. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199589074.013.0024.
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This chapter explores the claims about the social and economic benefits and disadvantages of digital infrastructure investment. The differences between economists' and other social scientists' viewpoints affect the ways in which the outcomes of these industrial policy initiatives might be evaluated. The chapter concentrates on Europe and North America. The Digital Agenda is one of several pillars in the 2020 strategy. The data in support of industrial policies and regulatory measures to promote information and communications technologies (ICTs) and broadband networks appears strong. Investment in ICTs will produce productivity growth. The strategies of the large content-providing firms and the network operators affected the opportunities proposed by the availability of the Internet. There are signs that in both Europe and the United States, research has added to the realisation that ICTs are general purpose technologies, and that they are capable of contributing to extensive and pervasive changes in the economy and society.
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Kovalyov, Anatoliy, ed. Scientific problems of management at the macro-, meso- and microeconomic levels:Proceedings of the XIX International scientific-practical conference dedicated to the 100th anniversary of Odessa National Economic University, May 17-18, 2021. Odessa National Economic University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32680/978-966-992-589-3.
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Peculiarities of Ukraine's economic development in recent years are characterized by the process of systemic institutional transformation. Deep economic changes are taking place, new approaches to economic management are being actively formed, market management methods are being improved, European integration processes are being implemented, and Ukrainian legislation is being adapted and changed in accordance with the EU regulatory framework. The complexity and contradictions of modern transformation processes, the urgency of solving these and other problems determines the relevance and application of their comprehensive study and objective economic and legal assessment. The current challenges and unfolding of the new global economic crisis in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic require a rethinking of the ongoing socio-economic processes and the adoption of adaptive or, in some cases, radical decisions in governing the country and protecting its national interests. The conference proceedings are aimed at scientists, graduate students and students of economic specialties of higher education institutions, as well as specialists of economic departments of enterprises and organizations.
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Stevens, Daryl, ed. Growing Crops with Reclaimed Wastewater. CSIRO Publishing, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643093522.
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This comprehensive work examines the fundamentals required for reclaimed water schemes to deliver sustainable farming operations that achieve the yield and quality of produce necessary for acceptance in the market.
Growing Crops with Reclaimed Wastewater reviews the historical background of water treatment, its use and disposal from Australian wastewater treatment facilities and the technologies now utilised to treat our wastewater for reuse. The major concerns of chemical, physical and pathological qualities of reclaimed water are addressed, ensuring that the environmental, economic and social requirements of today’s society are met.
It reviews the state and national regulatory requirements and guidelines that have made Australia a world leader in the management of reclaimed water and also examines the guidance in the United States of America (Federal) and in California, the World Health Organization guidance and the situation in Israel.
This is the first time such a definitive review has been produced on the use of wastewater for horticulture and it will be a key tool for decision makers, researchers and practitioners to understand the main issues and constraints. It will be of particular interest to agricultural scientists, waste and horticulture consultants, engineers, planners, state agencies, environmental officers and students.
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Dresser, Rebecca. Silent Partners. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190459277.001.0001.
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Scientists and ethicists often speak of subjects as partners in research, but the reality is quite different. Experienced subjects are rarely appointed to the committees that create guidelines for ethical research or the committees that review individual studies to determine whether they meet ethical and regulatory standards. Yet experienced research subjects can make valuable contributions to research ethics. People who have been in studies know facts about the experience that others may overlook. Their experience as subjects gives them special insights into ethics too. Experienced subjects know about problems that can lead people to refuse to join studies or to drop out before studies are complete. A large body of work describes the perceptions and viewpoints of people who have participated in research, but experts rarely use this material to guide improvements in human subject protection. Although subjects have the power to decide whether to participate in a study, they have little control over anything else that goes on in research. Silent Partners moves research subjects to the forefront, examining what research participation is like for healthy volunteers and patients and explaining why subjects’ voices should influence research ethics. Silent Partners shows how experienced research subjects can become real—not just symbolic—partners in research.
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Mueller, Milton. Internet Governance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.245.
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The internet is a set of software instructions (known as “protocols”) capable of transmitting data over networks. These protocols were designed to facilitate the movement of data across independently managed networks and different physical media, and not to survive a nuclear war as the popular myth suggests. The use of the internet protocols gives rise to technical, legal, regulatory, and policy problems that become the main concern of internet governance. Because the internet is a key component of the infrastructure for a growing digital economy, internet governance has turned into an increasingly high-stakes arena for political activity. The world’s convergence on the internet protocols for computer communications, coupled with the proliferation of a variety of increasingly inexpensive digital devices that can be networked, has created a new set of geopolitical issues around information and communication technologies. These problems are intertwined with a broader set of public policy issues such as freedom of expression, privacy, transnational crime, the security of states and critical infrastructure, intellectual property, trade, and economic regulation. Political scientists and International Relations scholars have been slow to attack these problems, in part due to the difficulty of recognizing governance issues when they are embedded in a highly technological context. Internet governance is closely related to, and has evolved out of, debates over digital convergence, telecommunications policy, and media regulation.
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IX Congress with international participation Control and prevention of infections associated with health care (HAIs-2021). Central Research Institute for Epidemiology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/978-5-6045286-5-5.
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The significant prevalence of healthcare associated infections (HAIs) in medical organizations of various profiles, its negative impact on the health of patients and the outcomes of the underlying disease, the increasing duration of treatment with the addition of HAIs have determined their relevance at all times. Ensuring the epidemiological safety of healthcare activities requires the introduction of new methods of prevention into epidemiological practice, which can only be implemented from the standpoint of an interdisciplinary approach, the joint participation of professionals of various specialties. An interdisciplinary approach to the prevention of HAIs during a pandemic of a new coronavirus infection has made it possible to successfully implement clinical and epidemiological practices, to form a new regulatory and legislative framework for the control of HAIs. This book of proceedings contains abstracts of reports prepared by leading experts: epidemiologists, disinfectologists, clinicians, scientists and medical practitioners. The published materials contain data on the professional risks of infection with the new coronavirus in medical workers, the development of post-COVID-19 syndrome, the resistance to antimicrobial drugs of the main pathogens of HAIs, including fungi, recommendations on the effective use of skin antiseptics and modern technology for air disinfection, as well as issues of improving the specific and non-specific prevention of the most socially significant infections, including COVID-19. The proceedings of the Congress are of interest to specialists from the institutions of Rospotrebnadzor, doctors of clinical specialties, epidemiologists, disinfectologists, as well as teachers of medical colleges and universities.
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Cassis, Youssef, and Dariusz Wójcik, eds. International Financial Centres after the Global Financial Crisis and Brexit. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817314.001.0001.
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This book gathers leading economic historians, geographers, and social scientists to focus on the developments in key international financial centres following the 2008 Global Financial Crisis and to consider the likely effects of Brexit on these centres. Eleven centres in eight countries are taken into consideration: New York, London, Frankfurt, Paris, Zurich/Geneva, Hong Kong/Shanghai/Beijing, Tokyo, and Singapore. The book addresses three main issues. The first is the hierarchy of international financial centres, in particular whether Asian financial centres have taken advantage of the crisis in the West. The second is the medium-term effects of the crisis, with respect to the volume of business activity (including employment), and the level of regulation, with concerns regarding the risks of regulatory overkill. And the third is the rise of new technology, known as fintech, possibly the most important change in the decade following the crisis, with questions as to whether it will render financial centres, as we know them, unnecessary for the functioning of the global economy, and which cities are likely to emerge as hubs of new financial technology. Finally, the book discusses the likely effects of Brexit on international financial centres, in particular London, Paris, and Frankfurt. The book takes a decidedly interdisciplinary approach, with a general introduction providing a global overview from a historical perspective, and a general conclusion providing a global overview from a geographical perspective. Its focus on the implications for global financial centres is unique among books about the aftermath of the Global Financial Crisis.
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Arjaliès, Diane-Laure, Philip Grant, Iain Hardie, Donald MacKenzie, and Ekaterina Svetlova. Chains of Finance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802945.001.0001.
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Investment is no longer a matter of individual savers directly choosing which shares or bonds to buy. Rather, most of their money flows through a ‘chain’: an often extended sequence of intermediaries. What goes on in that chain is of huge importance: the world’s investment managers, who are now almost as well paid as top bankers, control assets equivalent in value to around a year of total global economic output. In Chains of Finance, five social scientists (four of whom have worked in investment management) discuss the ways in which the intermediaries in the chain influence each other, channel the flows of savers’ money, enhance investment decisions, and form audiences for each other’s performances of financially competent selves. The central argument of the book is that investment management is fashioned profoundly by the opportunities and constraints this chain creates. Whether chains constrain or enable, however, they always entangle, tying intermediaries to each other—silently and profoundly shaping the investment management industry. Chains of Finance is a novel analysis that will make students, social scientists, financial professionals and regulators look at the workings of financial markets in a new light. A must-read for anyone looking for insights into the decision-making processes of investment managers and those influenced by and working for them.
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Behmer, Markus, and Vera Katzenberger, eds. Vielfalt vor Ort. Die Entwicklung des privaten Rundfunks in Bayern. University of Bamberg Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20378/irb-49753.
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In der bayerischen Verfassung steht seit 1973, dass Rundfunk allein in öffentlich-rechtlicher Trägerschaft betrieben wird. Seit Mitte der 1980er Jahre hat sich aber gerade im Freistaat die vielfältigste privatwirtschaftliche Radio- und Fernsehlandschaft entwickelt. In jeder größeren Stadt, in allen Regierungsbezirken gibt es lokale Sender. Auf 600 Seiten bietet der Band einen Überblick, wie sich diese Medienszene unter dem Dach der Bayerischen Landeszentrale für neue Medien (BLM) entwickelt hat – von der Vorgeschichte bis in die Gegenwart. In sechs Kapiteln und mehr als 30 Aufsätzen werden Einblicke vermittelt in die Anbieterstruktur sowie die rechtlichen, technischen und ökonomischen Grundlagen, in die Programmangebote und deren Nutzung, wie auch beispielsweise in Ansätze, die Medienkompetenz zu fördern und die Qualität dessen, was da tagaus und tagein, landauf und landab gesendet wird, vergleichend zu messen. Detailstudien bieten darüber hinaus aktuelle Befunde etwa zu Ansätzen crossmedialen Arbeitens und zur Entwicklung von Redaktionsstrukturen sowie zur Stellung von Frauen in den Redaktionen, zu Hochschulradioangeboten, zur inhaltlichen Ausgestaltung von Regionalnachrichten, zur wachsenden Bedeutung auch von Podcasts, zu Musikformaten und Moderationsformen im Wandel der Jahrzehnte und zu vielem anderen mehr. Die Vielfalt vor Ort des privaten Rundfunks in Bayern wird damit umfassend abgebildet. Since 1973, the Bavarian State Constitution requires broadcasting services licensed in Bavaria to be organised under public control. However, since the mid 1980s the most diverse commercial radio and television landscape has developed in Bavaria. There are local broadcasting stations in every major city and in every government district. On 600 pages, the anthology offers an overview of how this media scene has developed under the oversight of the Bayerische Landeszentrale für neue Medien (BLM), the regulatory authority for new media in Bavaria, over the last decades. In six chapters and more than 30 articles, historians and communication scientists discuss the broadcasting structure, the legal, technical and economic basics, the program offers and their use, as well as, for example, approaches to promote media literacy and media quality. In addition, detailed studies provide current findings, for example, on approaches to cross-media work and the development of editorial structures as well as the position of women in editorial offices, campus radio offers, the content of regional news, the growing importance of podcasts, music formats and forms of moderation over the decades and much more. Thus, the anthology comprehensively represents the diversity of the commercial broadcasting in Bavaria.
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Cook, Peter, ed. Geologically Storing Carbon. CSIRO Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486302314.
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Carbon capture and geological storage (CCS) is presently the only way that we can make deep cuts in emissions from fossil fuel-based, large-scale sources of CO2 such as power stations and industrial plants. But if this technology is to be acceptable to the community, it is essential that it is credibly demonstrated by world-class scientists and engineers in an open and transparent manner at a commercially significant scale. The aim of the Otway Project was to do just this.
Geologically Storing Carbon provides a detailed account of the CO2CRC Otway Project, one of the most comprehensive demonstrations of the deep geological storage or geosequestration of carbon dioxide undertaken anywhere. This book of 18 comprehensive chapters written by leading experts in the field is concerned with outstanding science, but it is not just a collection of scientific papers – it is about 'learning by doing'. For example, it explains how the project was organised, managed, funded and constructed, as well as the approach taken to community issues, regulations and approvals. It also describes how to understand the site: Are the rocks mechanically suitable? Will the CO2 leak? Is there enough storage capacity? Is monitoring effective?
This is the book for geologists, engineers, regulators, project developers, industry, communities or anyone who wants to better understand how a carbon storage project really 'works'. It is also for people concerned with obtaining an in-depth appreciation of one of the key technology options for decreasing greenhouse emissions to the atmosphere.
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Hadidi, Ahmed, Ricardo Flores, John Randles, and Joseph Semancik. Viroids. CSIRO Publishing, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643069855.
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This comprehensive volume presents indispensable and up-to-date information on viroids and viroid diseases. It provides a single source of information on the properties of viroids, the economic impact of viroid diseases, and methods for their detection and control. It examines the diseases associated with different plant species, the geographic distribution and epidemiology of viroids, diseases of possible viroid etiology, and the future applications of viroids.
Viroids examines the biology of viroids, molecular characteristics, localization and movement, replication, pathogenesis, viroids and gene silencing, classification, viroid-like satellite RNAs, detection of viroids using bioamplification hosts, biological indexing, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, molecular hybridisation and polymerase chain reaction. The book looks at the geographical distribution and epidemiology of viroids in North America, Australasia, China, Japan, Europe, the Middle East, Africa, South America, and at the global level. It covers the control of viroids including quarantine of imported germplasm, availability of viroid-tested propagation materials, thermotherapy, tissue culture, and other conventional strategies as well as biotechnological control approaches. Special topics such as ribozyme reaction of viroids and economic advantages of viroid infection are also included. Other chapters summarise the current state of knowledge concerning viroid diseases of the crop in question and aspects of the natural history of viroids in horticulture. Among the crops covered are potato, tomato, tobacco, cucumber, pome fruits, stone fruits, avocado, citrus, grapevines, hop, chrysanthemum, coleus, columnea, and coconut palm.
The four eminent editors of this watershed volume have assembled an international group of more than 70 scientists who have substantial experience with viroids and viroid diseases. They have produced a cohesive and comprehensive work that can be used by students, researchers, extension agents, and regulators. It may also be of a great value to science managers, policy makers, and industries in formulating policies and products to obtain viroid-free plants and control viroid diseases. The information on plant quarantine and certification programs will help anyone concerned with the safe movement of plant material across international boundaries or within a single country.
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Grant, Warren, and Martin Scott-Brown. Principles of oncogenesis. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0322.
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It is obvious that the process of developing cancer—oncogenesis—is a multistep process. We know that smoking, obesity, and a family history are strong independent predictors of developing malignancy; yet, in clinics, we often see that some heavy smokers live into their nineties and that some people with close relatives affected by cancer spend many years worrying about a disease that, in the end, they never contract. For many centuries scientists have struggled to understand the process that make cancer cells different from normal cells. There were those in ancient times who believed that tumours were attributable to acts of the gods. Hippocrates suggested that cancer resulted from an imbalance between the black humour that came from the spleen, and the other three humours: blood, phlegm, and bile. It is only in the last 100 years that biologists have been able to characterize some of the pathways that lead to the uncontrolled replication seen in cancer, and subsequently examine exactly how these pathways evolve. The rampant nature by which cancer invades local and distant tissues, as well its apparent ability to spread between related individuals led some, such as Peyton Rous in 1910, to suggest that cancer was an infectious condition. He was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1966 for the 50 years of work into investigating a link between sarcoma in chickens and a retrovirus that became known as Rous sarcoma virus. He had shown how retroviruses are able to integrate sequences of DNA coding for errors in cellular replication control (oncogenes) by introducing into the human cell viral RNA together with a reverse transcriptase. Viruses are now implicated in many cancers, and in countries where viruses such as HIV and EBV are endemic, the high incidence of malignancies such as Kaposi’s sarcoma and Burkitt’s lymphoma is likely to be directly related. There are several families of viruses associated with cancer, broadly classed into DNA viruses, which mutate human genes using their own DNA, and retroviruses, like Rous sarcoma virus, which insert viral RNA into the cell, where it is then transcribed into genes. This link with viruses has not only led to an understanding that cancer originates from genetic mutations, but has also become a key focus in the design of new anticancer therapies. Traditional chemotherapies either alter DNA structure (as with cisplatin) or inhibit production of its component parts (as with 5-fluorouracil.) These broad-spectrum agents have many and varied side effects, largely due to their non-specific activity on replicating DNA throughout the body, not just in tumour cells. New vaccine therapies utilizing gene-coding viruses aim to restore deficient biological pathways or inhibit mutated ones specific to tumour cells. The hope is that these gene therapies will be effective and easily tolerated by patients, but development is currently progressing with caution. In a trial in France of ten children suffering from X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency and who were injected with a vector that coded for the gene product they lacked, two of the children subsequently died from leukaemia. Further analysis confirmed that the DNA from the viral vector had become integrated into an existing, but normally inactive, proto-oncogene, LM02, triggering its conversion into an active oncogene, and the development of life-threatening malignancy. To understand how a tiny change in genetic structure could lead to such tragic consequences, we need to understand the molecular biology of the cell and, in particular, to pay attention to the pathways of growth regulation that are necessary in all mammalian cell populations. Errors in six key regulatory pathways are known as the ‘hallmarks of cancer’ and will be discussed in the rest of this chapter.
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Pool, Robert. Beyond Engineering. Oxford University Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195107722.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
We have long recognized technology as a driving force behind much historical and cultural change. The invention of the printing press initiated the Reformation. The development of the compass ushered in the Age of Exploration and the discovery of the New World. The cotton gin created the conditions that led to the Civil War. Now, in Beyond Engineering, science writer Robert Pool turns the question around to examine how society shapes technology. Drawing on such disparate fields as history, economics, risk analysis, management science, sociology, and psychology, Pool illuminates the complex, often fascinating interplay between machines and society, in a book that will revolutionize how we think about technology. We tend to think that reason guides technological development, that engineering expertise alone determines the final form an invention takes. But if you look closely enough at the history of any invention, says Pool, you will find that factors unrelated to engineering seem to have an almost equal impact. In his wide-ranging volume, he traces developments in nuclear energy, automobiles, light bulbs, commercial electricity, and personal computers, to reveal that the ultimate shape of a technology often has as much to do with outside and unforeseen forces. For instance, Pool explores the reasons why steam-powered cars lost out to internal combustion engines. He shows that the Stanley Steamer was in many ways superior to the Model T--it set a land speed record in 1906 of more than 127 miles per hour, it had no transmission (and no transmission headaches), and it was simpler (one Stanley engine had only twenty-two moving parts) and quieter than a gas engine--but the steamers were killed off by factors that had little or nothing to do with their engineering merits, including the Stanley twins' lack of business acumen and an outbreak of hoof-and-mouth disease. Pool illuminates other aspects of technology as well. He traces how seemingly minor decisions made early along the path of development can have profound consequences further down the road, and perhaps most important, he argues that with the increasing complexity of our technological advances--from nuclear reactors to genetic engineering--the number of things that can go wrong multiplies, making it increasingly difficult to engineer risk out of the equation. Citing such catastrophes as Bhopal, Three Mile Island, the Exxon Valdez, the Challenger, and Chernobyl, he argues that is it time to rethink our approach to technology. The days are gone when machines were solely a product of larger-than-life inventors and hard-working engineers. Increasingly, technology will be a joint effort, with its design shaped not only by engineers and executives but also psychologists, political scientists, management theorists, risk specialists, regulators and courts, and the general public. Whether discussing bovine growth hormone, molten-salt reactors, or baboon-to-human transplants, Beyond Engineering is an engaging look at modern technology and an illuminating account of how technology and the modern world shape each other.