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Journal articles on the topic 'Regulatory functions'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Vasiliev, J. M., and V. I. Samoylov. "Regulatory functions of microtubules." Biochemistry (Moscow) 78, no. 1 (January 2013): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0006297913010045.

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2

Means, Anthony R., Mark F. A. VanBerkum, Indrani Bagchi, Kun Ping Lu, and Colin D. Rasmussen. "Regulatory functions of calmodulin." Pharmacology & Therapeutics 50, no. 2 (January 1991): 255–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0163-7258(91)90017-g.

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3

Stampfel, Gerald, Tomáš Kazmar, Olga Frank, Sebastian Wienerroither, Franziska Reiter, and Alexander Stark. "Transcriptional regulators form diverse groups with context-dependent regulatory functions." Nature 528, no. 7580 (November 9, 2015): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature15545.

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4

Murakami, Makoto, Yoshihito Nakatani, Gen-ichi Atsumi, Keizo Inoue, and Ichiro Kudo. "Regulatory Functions of Phospholipase A2." Critical Reviews™ in Immunology 17, no. 3-4 (1997): 225–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/critrevimmunol.v17.i3-4.10.

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Murakami, Makoto, Yoshihito Nakatani, Gen-ichi Atsumi, Keizo Inoue, and Ichiro Kudo. "Regulatory Functions of Phospholipase A2." Critical Reviews in Immunology 37, no. 2-6 (2017): 121–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/critrevimmunol.v37.i2-6.20.

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6

Grzybowska, Ewa A., Anna Wilczynska, and Janusz A. Siedlecki. "Regulatory Functions of 3′UTRs." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 288, no. 2 (October 2001): 291–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.2001.5738.

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7

Vakhitov, T. Ya, and L. N. Petrov. "Regulatory functions of bacterial exometabolites." Microbiology 75, no. 4 (July 2006): 415–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0026261706040084.

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8

Barczyk-Kahlert, K. "SP0160 Regulatory Functions of Macrophages." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 73, Suppl 2 (June 2014): 43.1–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-eular.6186.

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9

Fillatreau, Simon. "Regulatory functions of B cells and regulatory plasma cells." Biomedical Journal 42, no. 4 (August 2019): 233–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bj.2019.05.008.

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10

Bowen, Frances, and Panos Panagiotopoulos. "Regulatory roles and functions in information-based regulation: a systematic review." International Review of Administrative Sciences 86, no. 2 (July 16, 2018): 203–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020852318778775.

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Information-based regulation occurs when regulators use information to drive changes in behaviours in order to achieve public policy objectives. Information-based regulation has emerged as an alternative way to regulate firms compared with more traditional direct command-and-control and market-based policy instruments within the contemporary regulatory state. Despite growing international interest, challenges remain in understanding the roles for regulators in information-based regulation, the functions of regulators in shaping and leveraging information flows, and the administrative capacities required to fulfil them. Based on a systematic review methodology, this article synthesises the findings of 130 peer-reviewed articles in the environmental, energy and food policy areas. It develops a typology of functions for regulators and outlines the new administrative capacities required in the contemporary regulatory state, particularly in standard setting, assurance and intermediation, and smart data management. Points for practitioners Regulation by information is becoming popular in many part of the world beyond its original genesis in the US and other developed countries. The design and implementation of such schemes creates new challenges for regulators. Our review integrates relevant research in three policy areas (environment, food and energy) and develops a new typology of functions performed by regulators. The article is the first to discuss how the roles and functions of regulators need to change in the contemporary information and regulatory environment. It also emphasises the importance of regulatory involvement in information-based regulation, which has traditionally been seen as a deregulatory approach.
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11

Lackey, Erika, Geethanjali Vipulanandan, Delma S. Childers, and David Kadosh. "Comparative Evolution of Morphological Regulatory Functions in Candida Species." Eukaryotic Cell 12, no. 10 (August 2, 2013): 1356–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00164-13.

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ABSTRACTMorphological transitions play an important role in virulence and virulence-related processes in a wide variety of pathogenic fungi, including the most commonly isolated human fungal pathogenCandida albicans. While environmental signals, transcriptional regulators, and target genes associated withC. albicansmorphogenesis are well-characterized, considerably little is known about morphological regulatory mechanisms and the extent to which they are evolutionarily conserved in less pathogenic and less filamentous non-albicans Candidaspecies (NACS). We have identified specific optimal filament-inducing conditions for three NACS (C. tropicalis,C. parapsilosis, andC. guilliermondii), which are very limited, suggesting that these species may be adapted for niche-specific filamentation in the host. Only a subset of evolutionarily conservedC. albicansfilament-specific target genes were induced upon filamentation inC. tropicalis,C. parapsilosis, andC. guilliermondii. One of the genes showing conserved expression wasUME6, a key filament-specific regulator ofC. albicanshyphal development. Constitutive high-level expression ofUME6was sufficient to drive increased filamentation as well as biofilm formation and partly restore conserved filament-specific gene expression in bothC. tropicalisandC. parapsilosis, suggesting that evolutionary differences in filamentation ability among pathogenicCandidaspecies may be partially attributed to alterations in the expression level of a conserved filamentous growth machinery. In contrast toUME6,NRG1, an important repressor ofC. albicansfilamentation, showed only a partly conserved role in controlling NACS filamentation. Overall, our results suggest thatC. albicansmorphological regulatory functions are partially conserved in NACS and have evolved to respond to more specific sets of host environmental cues.
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12

Baltrus, David A., Kevin Dougherty, Beatriz Diaz, and Rachel Murillo. "Evolutionary Plasticity of AmrZ Regulation in Pseudomonas." mSphere 3, no. 2 (April 18, 2018): e00132-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/msphere.00132-18.

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ABSTRACT amrZ encodes a master regulator protein conserved across pseudomonads, which can be either a positive or negative regulator of swimming motility depending on the species examined. To better understand plasticity in the regulatory function of AmrZ, we characterized the mode of regulation for this protein for two different motility-related phenotypes in Pseudomonas stutzeri. As in Pseudomonas syringae, AmrZ functions as a positive regulator of swimming motility within P. stutzeri, which suggests that the functions of this protein with regard to swimming motility have switched at least twice across pseudomonads. Shifts in mode of regulation cannot be explained by changes in AmrZ sequence alone. We further show that AmrZ acts as a positive regulator of colony spreading within this strain and that this regulation is at least partially independent of swimming motility. Closer investigation of mechanistic shifts in dual-function regulators like AmrZ could provide unique insights into how transcriptional pathways are rewired between closely related species. IMPORTANCE Microbes often display finely tuned patterns of gene regulation across different environments, with major regulatory changes controlled by a small group of “master” regulators within each cell. AmrZ is a master regulator of gene expression across pseudomonads and can be either a positive or negative regulator for a variety of pathways depending on the strain and genomic context. Here, we demonstrate that the phenotypic outcomes of regulation of swimming motility by AmrZ have switched at least twice independently in pseudomonads, so that AmrZ promotes increased swimming motility in P. stutzeri and P. syringae but represses this phenotype in Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Since examples of switches in regulatory mode are relatively rare, further investigation into the mechanisms underlying shifts in regulator function for AmrZ could provide unique insights into the evolution of bacterial regulatory proteins.
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13

Sawasdikosol, Sansana, Renyuan Zha, Timothy S. Fisher, Saba Alzabin, and Steven J. Burakoff. "HPK1 Influences Regulatory T Cell Functions." ImmunoHorizons 4, no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 382–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/immunohorizons.1900053.

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14

M. Mates, J., J. A. Segura, F. J. Alonso, and J. Marquez. "Anticancer Antioxidant Regulatory Functions of Phytochemicals." Current Medicinal Chemistry 18, no. 15 (May 1, 2011): 2315–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/092986711795656036.

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15

이진아. "Regulatory Functions of L2 Speakers’ Talk." English Language and Linguistics ll, no. 23 (June 2007): 179–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.17960/ell.2007..23.009.

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16

Magin, Thomas M., Preethi Vijayaraj, and Rudolf E. Leube. "Structural and regulatory functions of keratins." Experimental Cell Research 313, no. 10 (June 2007): 2021–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.03.005.

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17

Änggård, E. E. "The regulatory functions of the endothelium." Japanese Journal of Pharmacology 58 (1992): 200–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-5198(19)59914-0.

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18

Gough, N. R. "Immune Regulatory Functions of Mutant p53." Science Signaling 7, no. 357 (December 23, 2014): ec354-ec354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scisignal.aaa5332.

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19

Bouton, Cécile, Martine Raveau, and Jean-Claude Drapier. "Modulation of Iron Regulatory Protein Functions." Journal of Biological Chemistry 271, no. 4 (January 26, 1996): 2300–2306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.271.4.2300.

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20

Epstein, Franklin H., John R. Vane, Erik E. Änggård, and Regina M. Botting. "Regulatory Functions of the Vascular Endothelium." New England Journal of Medicine 323, no. 1 (July 5, 1990): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejm199007053230106.

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21

van Hinsbergh, Victor W. M. "Regulatory functions of the coronary endothelium." Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 116, no. 1-2 (October 1992): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01270584.

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22

Kabelitz, Dieter, Christian Peters, Daniela Wesch, and Hans-Heinrich Oberg. "Regulatory functions of γδ T cells." International Immunopharmacology 16, no. 3 (July 2013): 382–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2013.01.022.

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23

Peters, Christian, Dieter Kabelitz, and Daniela Wesch. "Regulatory functions of γδ T cells." Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 75, no. 12 (March 8, 2018): 2125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00018-018-2788-x.

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24

Larigot, Lucie, Ludmila Juricek, Julien Dairou, and Xavier Coumoul. "AhR signaling pathways and regulatory functions." Biochimie Open 7 (December 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopen.2018.05.001.

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25

Schwer, Bjoern, and Eric Verdin. "Conserved Metabolic Regulatory Functions of Sirtuins." Cell Metabolism 7, no. 2 (February 2008): 104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2007.11.006.

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26

Bartel, David P. "MicroRNAs: Target Recognition and Regulatory Functions." Cell 136, no. 2 (January 2009): 215–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2009.01.002.

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27

Wolffe, Alan P. "Introduction: Chromatin: regulatory and developmental functions." Seminars in Cell Biology 6, no. 4 (August 1995): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/scel.1995.0024.

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28

Nakajima, Takeshi, Halvor McGee, and Patricia W. Finn. "CDK4: Regulatory functions related to lymphocytes." Cell Cycle 10, no. 10 (May 15, 2011): 1527. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/cc.10.10.15524.

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29

Gray, Elizabeth C., Daniel M. Beringer, and Michelle M. Meyer. "Siblings or doppelgängers? Deciphering the evolution of structured cis-regulatory RNAs beyond homology." Biochemical Society Transactions 48, no. 5 (September 1, 2020): 1941–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20191060.

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Structured cis-regulatory RNAs have evolved across all domains of life, highlighting the utility and plasticity of RNA as a regulatory molecule. Homologous RNA sequences and structures often have similar functions, but homology may also be deceiving. The challenges that derive from trying to assign function to structure and vice versa are not trivial. Bacterial riboswitches, viral and eukaryotic IRESes, CITEs, and 3′ UTR elements employ an array of mechanisms to exert their effects. Bioinformatic searches coupled with biochemical and functional validation have elucidated some shared and many unique ways cis-regulators are employed in mRNA transcripts. As cis-regulatory RNAs are resolved in greater detail, it is increasingly apparent that shared homology can mask the full spectrum of mRNA cis-regulator functional diversity. Furthermore, similar functions may be obscured by lack of obvious sequence similarity. Thus looking beyond homology is crucial for furthering our understanding of RNA-based regulation.
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30

Hallur, Giri Gundu, and Vivek S. Sane. "Indian telecom regulatory framework in comparison with five countries: structure, role description and funding." Digital Policy, Regulation and Governance 20, no. 1 (January 8, 2018): 62–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dprg-06-2017-0035.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present a cross-country qualitative comparative analysis of telecom regulatory frameworks of five countries with that of India. Adopting an institutionalist approach, this paper contributes to understanding of how institutional frameworks in these five countries are structured as compared to that in India so as to ensure division of the authority and scope of the regulator vis-a-vis that of the ministry, and the bureaucracy; financial autonomy of the regulator; redressal of grievances of individual consumers; and modification in the framework to cater to convergence of telecom and broadcasting. Design/methodology/approach The study is based on literature review of research papers, secondary research and documents published by the regulators of the five countries. The research methodology used is qualitative comparative analysis case-based research of five countries. The variables for comparison have been sourced from the World Bank Handbook for Evaluating Infrastructure Regulatory System. The researcher has adopted qualitative research method to bring forth the similarity, as well as the diversity in the regulatory setup of the five countries in comparison with India. Findings Analysis reveals that there is an absence of clear role definition for policy formulating body, the DoT and the regulatory body, the TRAI. The involvement of a number of bodies leads to duplication of regulatory functions in the TRAI, DoT and the Telecom Commission. Secondly, with respect to standards, compliance and spectrum management, the TEC and WPC function as divisions of DoT; however, the TRAI is entrusted with ensuring interoperability among service providers as well as spectrum management. This leads to duplication of regulatory functions and absence of a single authority. Lastly, funding of the TRAI is done through the departmental allocation given to DoT alone with no additional funds coming in the form of regulatory fees. This is seen to be specific to TRAI as other sector regulators in India have been empowered to collect fees from industry participants. The Indian framework shows two commonalities in comparison with the five countries; firstly, India has adopted self-regulation through the setting up of the Telco-consumer group-led consumer redressal process. The second similarity being convergence of the regulatory functions performed by the TRAI for the telecom as well as the information and broadcasting ministries, although the two ministries continue to function independently. Originality/value The paper furthers the understanding of the good practices in the design of telecom regulatory framework. It brings out the similarity and diversity in these frameworks. And, most importantly, it highlights limitations that the Indian telecom regulatory framework has in areas of role definition for the regulator, its autonomy and regulation of telecom-media convergence.
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31

Wilson, Nicola K., Richard T. Timms, Sarah J. Kinston, Yi-Han Cheng, S. Helen Oram, Josette-Renee Landry, Joanne Mullender, Katrin Ottersbach, and Berthold Gottgens. "Gfi1 Expression Is Controlled by Five Distinct Regulatory Regions Spread over 100 Kilobases, with Scl/Tal1, Gata2, PU.1, Erg, Meis1, and Runx1 Acting as Upstream Regulators in Early Hematopoietic Cells." Molecular and Cellular Biology 30, no. 15 (June 1, 2010): 3853–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.00032-10.

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ABSTRACT The growth factor independence 1 (Gfi1) gene was originally discovered in the hematopoietic system, where it functions as a key regulator of stem cell homeostasis, as well as neutrophil and T-cell development. Outside the blood system, Gfi1 is essential for inner-ear hair and intestinal secretory cell differentiation. To understand the regulatory hierarchies within which Gfi1 operates to control these diverse biological functions, we used a combination of comparative genomics, locus-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, functional validation in cell lines, and extensive transgenic mouse assays to identify and characterize the complete ensemble of Gfi1 regulatory elements. This concerted effort identified five distinct regulatory elements spread over 100kb each driving expression in transgenic mice to a subdomain of endogenous Gfi1. Detailed characterization of an enhancer 35 kb upstream of Gfi1 demonstrated activity in the dorsal aorta region and fetal liver in transgenic mice, which was bound by key stem cell transcription factors Scl/Tal1, PU.1/Sfpi1, Runx1, Erg, Meis1, and Gata2. Taken together, our results reveal the regulatory regions responsible for Gfi1 expression and importantly establish that Gfi1 expression at the sites of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) emergence is controlled by key HSC regulators, thus integrating Gfi1 into the wider HSC regulatory networks.
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32

Song, Eunjung, Yung-Hun Yang, Bo-Rahm Lee, Eun-Jung Kim, Ji-Nu Kim, Sung-Soo Park, Kwangwon Lee, et al. "An integrative approach for high-throughput screening and characterization of transcriptional regulators in Streptomyces coelicolor." Pure and Applied Chemistry 82, no. 1 (January 3, 2010): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-09-02-12.

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In an age of burgeoning information on genomes and proteomes, determining the specific functions of a gene of interest is still a challenging task, especially genes whose functions cannot be predicted from their sequence information alone. To solve this problem, we have developed an integrative approach for discovering novel transcriptional regulators (TRs) playing critical roles in antibiotic production and decoding their regulatory networks in Streptomyces species which contain many regulatory genes for synthesis of secondary metabolites and cell differentiation to spores. The DNA affinity capture assay (DACA) coupled with clustering of DNA chip data was used to find new TRs controlling antibiotic biosynthetic gene clusters. Functions of these newly identified TRs were characterized using 96-well-based minimal media screening (antibiotic production mapping, APM), pH indicator method, comparative two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D-gel), reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Using these techniques, we were able to reconstruct a regulatory network describing how these new TRs collectively regulate antibiotic production. This proposed approach providing additional key regulators and their interactions to an existing incomplete regulatory network can also be applied in studying regulators in other bacteria of interest.
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33

Poteryaeva, O. N., and I. F. Usynin. "DIAGNOSTICS VALUE AND REGULATORY FUNCTIONS OF PROINSULIN." Russian Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 64, no. 7 (October 7, 2019): 397–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0869-2084-2019-64-7-397-404.

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Proinsulin is one of the indicators reflecting the functional activity of the pancreas. In insulin-independent diabetes mellitus the ratio proinsulin / insulin is increased. The review examined the causes of hyperproinsulinemia and the diagnostic value of proinsulin in patients with diabetes mellitus type 1 and 2. The role of proinsulin in the regulation of metabolic pathways and the preservation of the functional activity of cells under physiological conditions, during aging and during pathological processes is discussed. Studies in these areas justify the inclusion of proinsulin in the superfamily of signaling factors. The neuroprotective activity of proinsulin and its potential as a therapeutic tool for neurodegenerative diseases and retinal dystrophy are considered.
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34

Amrouche, Kahina, Jacques-Olivier Pers, and Christophe Jamin. "Glatiramer Acetate Stimulates Regulatory B Cell Functions." Journal of Immunology 202, no. 7 (February 11, 2019): 1970–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1801235.

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35

Lo-Man, Richard. "Regulatory B cells control dendritic cell functions." Immunotherapy 3, no. 4s (April 2011): 19–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/imt.11.34.

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36

Kabarowski, Janusz H. "G2A and LPC: Regulatory functions in immunity." Prostaglandins & Other Lipid Mediators 89, no. 3-4 (September 2009): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2009.04.007.

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37

Ahadiat, Nasrollah, and Keith Ehrenreich. "Regulatory audit functions and auditor‐contractor relationships." Managerial Auditing Journal 11, no. 6 (August 1996): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02686909610125113.

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38

Chen, Luonan, and Ruiqi Wang. "Designing Gene Regulatory Networks With Specified Functions." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers 53, no. 11 (November 2006): 2444–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2006.883880.

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39

Galluzzi, Lorenzo, Oliver Kepp, Christina Trojel‐Hansen, and Guido Kroemer. "Non‐apoptotic functions of apoptosis‐regulatory proteins." EMBO reports 13, no. 4 (March 9, 2012): 322–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/embor.2012.19.

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40

Zhang, Xiaoming. "Regulatory functions of innate-like B cells." Cellular & Molecular Immunology 10, no. 2 (February 11, 2013): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/cmi.2012.63.

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41

von Herrath, Matthias G. "Generation and effector functions of regulatory lymphocytes." BioEssays 24, no. 11 (October 17, 2002): 1074–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bies.10187.

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42

Davey, Matthew P., and Alison G. Smith. "Lipids in photosynthesis. Essential and regulatory functions." Annals of Botany 111, no. 2 (December 12, 2012): viii—ix. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcs277.

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43

Kumar, Ashutosh, Vikas Pareek, Muneeb A. Faiq, Pavan Kumar, Khursheed Raza, Pranav Prasoon, Subrahamanyam Dantham, and Sankat Mochan. "Regulatory role of NGFs in neurocognitive functions." Reviews in the Neurosciences 28, no. 6 (July 26, 2017): 649–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revneuro-2016-0031.

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AbstractNerve growth factors (NGFs), especially the prototype NGF and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), have a diverse array of functions in the central nervous system through their peculiar set of receptors and intricate signaling. They are implicated not only in the development of the nervous system but also in regulation of neurocognitive functions like learning, memory, synaptic transmission, and plasticity. Evidence even suggests their role in continued neurogenesis and experience-dependent neural network remodeling in adult brain. They have also been associated extensively with brain disorders characterized by neurocognitive dysfunction. In the present article, we aimed to make an exhaustive review of literature to get a comprehensive view on the role of NGFs in neurocognitive functions in health and disease. Starting with historical perspective, distribution in adult brain, implied molecular mechanisms, and developmental basis, this article further provides a detailed account of NGFs’ role in specified neurocognitive functions. Furthermore, it discusses plausible NGF-based homeostatic and adaptation mechanisms operating in the pathogenesis of neurocognitive disorders and has presents a survey of such disorders. Finally, it elaborates on current evidence and future possibilities in therapeutic applications of NGFs with an emphasis on recent research updates in drug delivery mechanisms. Conclusive remarks of the article make a strong case for plausible role of NGFs in comprehensive regulation of the neurocognitive functions and pathogenesis of related disorders and advocate that future research should be directed to explore use of NGF-based mechanisms in the prevention of implicated diseases as well as to target these molecules pharmacologically.
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Huang, Yong, Ji Liang Zhang, Xue Li Yu, Ting Sheng Xu, Zhan Bin Wang, and Xiang Chao Cheng. "Molecular functions of small regulatory noncoding RNA." Biochemistry (Moscow) 78, no. 3 (March 2013): 221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0006297913030024.

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45

Dou, Shengqian, Yirong Wang, and Jian Lu. "Metazoan tsRNAs: Biogenesis, Evolution and Regulatory Functions." Non-Coding RNA 5, no. 1 (February 18, 2019): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ncrna5010018.

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Transfer RNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs) are an emerging class of regulatory non-coding RNAs that play important roles in post-transcriptional regulation across a variety of biological processes. Here, we review the recent advances in tsRNA biogenesis and regulatory functions from the perspectives of functional and evolutionary genomics, with a focus on the tsRNA biology of Drosophila. We first summarize our current understanding of the biogenesis mechanisms of different categories of tsRNAs that are generated under physiological or stressed conditions. Next, we review the conservation patterns of tsRNAs in all domains of life, with an emphasis on the conservation of tsRNAs between two Drosophila species. Then, we elaborate the currently known regulatory functions of tsRNAs in mRNA translation that are independent of, or dependent on, Argonaute (AGO) proteins. We also highlight some issues related to the fundamental biology of tsRNAs that deserve further study.
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46

Kadamb, Rama, Shilpi Mittal, Nidhi Bansal, Harish Batra, and Daman Saluja. "Sin3: Insight into its transcription regulatory functions." European Journal of Cell Biology 92, no. 8-9 (August 2013): 237–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejcb.2013.09.001.

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47

Valentovičová, J., M. Simon, and J. Antalíková. "Function of complement regulatory proteins in immunity of reproduction: a review." Czech Journal of Animal Science 50, No. 4 (December 6, 2011): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4007-cjas.

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Humoral immunity has an important role during the maturation and development of the functional properties of spermatozoa. Spermatozoa may be exposed to antisperm antibodies in semen and in cervical, ovarian follicular and fallopian fluid. Antisperm antibodies can be complement-fixing or non-fixing and may affect the reproductive functions in a number of ways. Although the antisperm antibody alone can cause sperm agglutination, complement fixation is required for their immobilization. Therefore, the complement activation might be a “keystone” for the better understanding of “sperm humoral immunity” and some types of infertility. Recently, three cell surface molecules (CD molecules – CD46, CD55, CD59) present on many tissues in male and female reproductive tracts and gametes have been identified. These proteins belong to the family of complement regulatory proteins which could regulate the function of a complement system by cleavage of complement cascade in discrete sites of both activation ways (classical and alternative). In this review, the particular mechanisms of activity of complement regulatory proteins are presented as well as their function in a fertilization process and expression in human and animal tissues and organs.  
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48

Cebola, Inês, and Lorenzo Pasquali. "Non-coding genome functions in diabetes." Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 56, no. 1 (October 2, 2015): R1—R20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/jme-15-0197.

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Most of the genetic variation associated with diabetes, through genome-wide association studies, does not reside in protein-coding regions, making the identification of functional variants and their eventual translation to the clinic challenging. In recent years, high-throughput sequencing-based methods have enabled genome-scale high-resolution epigenomic profiling in a variety of human tissues, allowing the exploration of the human genome outside of the well-studied coding regions. These experiments unmasked tens of thousands of regulatory elements across several cell types, including diabetes-relevant tissues, providing new insights into their mechanisms of gene regulation. Regulatory landscapes are highly dynamic and cell-type specific and, being sensitive to DNA sequence variation, can vary with individual genomes. The scientific community is now in place to exploit the regulatory maps of tissues central to diabetes etiology, such as pancreatic progenitors and adult islets. This giant leap forward in the understanding of pancreatic gene regulation is revolutionizing our capacity to discriminate between functional and non-functional non-coding variants, opening opportunities to uncover regulatory links between sequence variation and diabetes susceptibility. In this review, we focus on the non-coding regulatory landscape of the pancreatic endocrine cells and provide an overview of the recent developments in this field.
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49

Yang, X. Frank, Martin S. Goldberg, Ming He, Haijun Xu, Jon S. Blevins, and Michael V. Norgard. "Differential Expression of a Putative CarD-Like Transcriptional Regulator, LtpA, in Borrelia burgdorferi." Infection and Immunity 76, no. 10 (July 28, 2008): 4439–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00740-08.

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ABSTRACT The availability of microbial genome information has provided a fruitful opportunity for studying regulatory networks in a variety of pathogenic bacteria. In an initial effort to elucidate regulatory networks potentially involved in differential gene expression by the Lyme disease pathogen Borrelia burgdorferi, we have been investigating the functions and regulation of putative transcriptional regulatory factors predicted to be encoded within the B. burgdorferi genome. Herein we report the regulation of one of the predicted transcriptional regulators, LtpA (BB0355), which is homologous to the transcriptional regulator CarD from Myxococcus xanthus. LtpA expression was assessed in response to various environmental stimuli. Immunoblot and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR analyses revealed that unlike many well-characterized differentially regulated Borrelia genes whose expression is induced by elevated temperature, the expression of LtpA was significantly downregulated when spirochetes were grown at an elevated temperature (37°C), as well as when the bacteria were cultivated in a mammalian host-adapted environment. In contrast, LtpA was induced at a lower culture temperature (23°C). Further analyses indicated that the downregulation of LtpA was not dependent on the Rrp2-RpoN-RpoS regulatory pathway, which is involved in the downregulation of OspA when B. burgdorferi is grown in a mammalian host-adapted environment. LtpA protein levels in B. burgdorferi were unaltered in response to changes in the pH in the borrelial cultures. Multiple attempts to generate an LtpA-deficient mutant were unsuccessful, which has hampered the elucidation of its role in pathogenesis. Given that LtpA is exclusively expressed during borrelial cultivation at a lower temperature, a parameter that has been widely used as a surrogate condition to mimic B. burgdorferi in unfed (flat) ticks, and because LtpA is homologous to a known transcriptional regulator, we postulate that LtpA functions as a regulator modulating the expression of genes important to B. burgdorferi's survival within its arthropod vector.
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50

Lünemann, Anna, Jan D. Lünemann, and Christian Münz. "Regulatory NK-Cell Functions in Inflammation and Autoimmunity." Molecular Medicine 15, no. 9-10 (May 14, 2009): 352–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2119/molmed.2009.00035.

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