Journal articles on the topic 'Regulatory dietary standards'
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Bansal, Rohit, and Anju Dhiman. "Line of Progression: Indian Regulatory Framework for Nutraceuticals and Dietary Supplements." Applied Clinical Research, Clinical Trials and Regulatory Affairs 6, no. 1 (March 27, 2019): 46–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2213476x06666190128150415.
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Introduction:Nutraceuticals although is a widely accepted term and now well understood, there exists several nomenclature and definitions across the countries. The present article discussed the progression of Indian food product regulations over the years, mainly emphasizing on regulations of nutraceuticals and dietary supplements.Regulatory Progression in India:The regulatory structure of nutraceuticals in India has evolved after the establishment of Food Safety and Standard act in 2006, which brought together preexisting eight laws to one single law regulated by Food Safety and Standard Authority of India (FSSAI). After the introduction of this act, the regulatory framework of food products progressed year by year with continuous amendments to this Act. The major milestone in the field of nutraceuticals was in 2016 with the introduction of regulations of functional food and nutraceuticals. Under these regulations, various guidelines were laid down for nutraceuticals in terms of their safety standards, health claims along with permissible limits of active ingredients and excipients for the safe and effective use.Conclusion:India has progressed in the development of a strong regulatory framework for nutraceuticals; however, to effectively implement these guidelines and for ensuring the safe and nutritious food, a robust system and a better-coordinated actions are required.
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Alsharairi, Naser A. "Supplements for Smoking-Related Lung Diseases." Encyclopedia 1, no. 1 (January 6, 2021): 76–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia1010010.
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Supplements for smoking-related lung diseases are considered as nonfood products and thought to improve health. Multivitamins and antioxidants are the most commonly dietary supplements used by cancer and asthma patients. There are currently no clear regulatory guidelines that include dietary supplements and their effect on lung cancer and asthma patients, particularly in smokers. Several countries have taken steps to overcome challenges in regulating dietary supplements in the marketplace. These challenges include inadequate assurance of safety/efficacy, inaccuracy of product labeling, misleading health claims, and lack of analytical techniques for dietary supplements. There is a need to establish standards and regulation of dietary supplement use in patients with lung cancer and asthma. The aim of this entry is to expand knowledge on dietary supplements use and smoking-related lung diseases (lung cancer and asthma).
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Jairoun, Ammar Abdulrahman, Moyad Shahwan, and Sa’ed H. Zyoud. "Fish oil supplements, oxidative status, and compliance behaviour: Regulatory challenges and opportunities." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 31, 2020): e0244688. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244688.
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Background Fish oil supplements that are rich in omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs). PUFAs are among the most widely-used dietary supplements globally, and millions of people consume them regularly. There have always been public concerns that these products should be guaranteed to be safe and of good quality, especially as these types of fish oil supplements are extremely susceptible to oxidative degradation. Objectives The aim of the current study is to investigate and examine the oxidation status of dietary supplements containing fish oils and to identify important factors related to the oxidation status of such supplements available in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Methods A total of 44 fish oil supplements were analysed in this study. For each product, the oxidative parameters peroxide value (PV), anisidine value (AV), and total oxidation (TOTOX) were calculated, and comparisons were made with the guidelines supplied by the Global Organization for EPA and DHA Omega-3s (GOED). Median values for each of the above oxidative parameters were tested using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. P values < 0.05 were chosen as the statistically significant boundary. Results The estimate for the average PV value was 6.4 with a 95% confidence interval (CI) [4.2–8.7] compared to the maximum allowable limit of 5 meq/kg. The estimate for the average P-AV was 11 with a 95% CI [7.8–14.2] compared to the maximum allowable limit of 20. The estimate for the average TOTOX value was 23.8 meq/kg with a 95% CI [17.4–30.3] compared to the maximum allowable limit of 26 according to the GOED standards. Conclusion This research shows that most, although not all, of the fish oil supplements tested are compliant with the GOED oxidative quality standards. Nevertheless, it is clear that there should be a high level of inspection and control regarding authenticity, purity, quality, and safety in the processes of production and supply of dietary supplements containing fish oils.
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Yang, Xue Xin. "Health Care Products Branding: The New Facts of Life Connecting on Health and Environment." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 970–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.970.
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The soaring rates of dietary-related diseases have increased the need for communicating consumers' health and food resource environment. As a wholesome food, health care products improve the nutrition content of food products and make consumers change their food choices. Therefore, branding is considered an important tool in connecting on the value of health and contributing towards healthier food resource environment. Being faced with Chinese health care products brand development and the problems of creation and new regulatory situation and opportunities for engineering, government departments should establish and improve relevant scientific technology evaluation system , regulatory standards , and innovative mechanisms in the premise of food safety insurance through health education and other means , to strengthen market supervision and guidance of the masses, and to promote the health care products development and improve the food resource environment.
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Miller, Kevin Burke. "Review of whole grain and dietary fiber recommendations and intake levels in different countries." Nutrition Reviews 78, Supplement_1 (July 30, 2020): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuz052.
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Abstract This review of whole grain and dietary fiber recommendations and intake levels was presented at the symposium on whole grains, dietary fiber, and public health, convened in Beijing, China, on May 11, 2018. The review reflects on inconsistencies among the definitions of whole grains and fiber as well as recommended intake levels in different countries. The lack of consistent dietary recommendations from authoritative sources may delay the regional implementation and consumer adoption of diets that include whole grains and fiber. Currently, few countries include specific intake recommendations for whole grain, and even among those countries with guidance the recommendations can be vague and qualitative. As a result of the well-documented associations between increasing whole grain intake and reduced disease risk, there is compelling evidence to create clear, actionable dietary recommendations for both whole grains and fiber. Furthermore, work is ongoing to develop uniform standards for whole grain and whole-grain food to ensure recommendations are being met. Health and regulatory authorities are encouraged to acknowledge the public health benefits that could be derived from strong, clear whole-grain and dietary fiber recommendations; examine existing definitions (whole grain as an ingredient, whole-grain food, and dietary fiber); and adopt the most appropriate approach to best serve public health needs for their respective populations.
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Goodman, Julie E., Robyn L. Prueitt, Paolo Boffetta, Crispin Halsall, and Andrew Sweetman. "“Good Epidemiology Practice” Guidelines for Pesticide Exposure Assessment." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 14 (July 15, 2020): 5114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145114.
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Both toxicology and epidemiology are used to inform hazard and risk assessment in regulatory settings, particularly for pesticides. While toxicology studies involve controlled, quantifiable exposures that are often administered according to standardized protocols, estimating exposure in observational epidemiology studies is challenging, and there is no established guidance for doing so. However, there are several frameworks for evaluating the quality of published epidemiology studies. We previously developed a preliminary list of methodology and reporting standards for epidemiology studies, called Good Epidemiology Practice (GEP) guidelines, based on a critical review of standardized toxicology protocols and available frameworks for evaluating epidemiology study quality. We determined that exposure characterization is one of the most critical areas for which standards are needed. Here, we propose GEP guidelines for pesticide exposure assessment based on the source of exposure data (i.e., biomonitoring and environmental samples, questionnaire/interview/expert record review, and dietary exposures based on measurements of residues in food and food consumption). It is expected that these GEP guidelines will facilitate the conduct of higher-quality epidemiology studies that can be used as a basis for more scientifically sound regulatory risk assessment and policy making.
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Lepre, Breanna, Kylie J. Mansfield, Sumantra Ray, and Eleanor Beck. "Reference to nutrition in medical accreditation and curriculum guidance: a comparative analysis." BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health 4, no. 1 (March 8, 2021): 307–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000234.
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ObjectivePoor diet is a leading cause of death worldwide. Doctors are well placed to provide dietary advice, yet nutrition remains insufficiently integrated into medical education. Enforcement of curriculum or accreditation requirements such as nutrition requires relevant regulatory frameworks. The aim of this review was to identify nutrition content or requirements for nutrition education in accreditation standards or formal curriculum guidance for medical education internationally.DesignNon-systematic comparative analysis.Data sourcesAn internet search using the Google Search engine, the WHO Directory of Medical Schools and Foundation for Advancement of International Medical Education and Research Directory of Organizations that Recognise/Accredit Medical Schools was conducted through September 2020 to identify government and organisational reports as well as publications from regulatory and professional bodies relevant to medical education.Eligibility criteriaEligible publications included (A) accreditation standards, (B) competency standards or a framework, (C) curricula, and (D) assessment content.Data extraction and synthesisWe stratified findings by country or region and both preregistration and postregistration education. Findings were synthesised based on the existence of nutrition content or requirements for nutrition education within systems used to guide medical education internationally.ResultsThis review found that despite an emphasis on meeting the needs of the community and the demands of the labour market, only 44% of accreditation and curriculum guidance included nutrition. Nutrition remains inadequately represented in accreditation and curriculum guidance for medical education at all levels internationally. Accreditation standards provide a mandated framework for curricula and inclusion of nutrition in accreditation frameworks provides an incentive for the integration of nutrition into medical education.ConclusionsThis review is a call to action for the medical profession including government, health agencies and educational and accreditation entities. The inclusion of nutrition in medical education has appeared throughout medical education literature for more than five decades, yet without consensus standards there is little likelihood of uniform adoption.
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Marinangeli, Christopher P. F., Scott V. Harding, Andrea J. Glenn, Laura Chiavaroli, Andreea Zurbau, David J. A. Jenkins, Cyril W. C. Kendall, Kevin B. Miller, and John L. Sievenpiper. "Destigmatizing Carbohydrate with Food Labeling: The Use of Non-Mandatory Labelling to Highlight Quality Carbohydrate Foods." Nutrients 12, no. 6 (June 9, 2020): 1725. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12061725.
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Dietary carbohydrates are components of healthy foods, but many carbohydrate foods have recently been stigmatized as primary causes of diet-related risk factors for chronic disease. There is an opportunity to enhance efforts within the food landscape to encourage the consumption of higher quality carbohydrate foods. The use of labelling is one strategy that permits consumers to identify healthy carbohydrate foods at the point-of-purchase. This review discusses the regulatory frameworks and examples of associated non-mandatory food labelling claims that are currently employed to highlight healthy carbohydrate foods to consumers. The existing labelling frameworks discussed here align with established measures of carbohydrate quality, such as 1. dietary fibre nutrient content claims and associated dietary fibre-based health claims; 2. the presence of whole carbohydrate foods and ingredients that are intact or reconstituted, such as whole grains; and 3. low glycemic index and glycemic response claims. Standards from Codex Alimentarius, and regulations from Australia and New Zealand, Canada, Europe, and the United States will be used to illustrate the means by which food labelling can be used by consumers to identify quality carbohydrate foods.
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Smriga, Miro. "International Regulations on Amino Acid Use in Foods and Supplements and Recommendations to Control Their Safety Based on Purity and Quality." Journal of Nutrition 150, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2020): 2602S—2605S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxaa093.
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ABSTRACT We examined international regulatory developments related to the use of proteinogenic amino acids in human nutrition and concluded that the current risk-assessment practices tend to focus exclusively on setting maximum daily limits. In this brief review we argue that controlling the standards of purity and ingredient quality are the key safety issues that should be considered during risk assessment. Moreover, if maximum intake limits on amino acids are implemented, they should be defined using a well-established rationale for the health risks associated with high intakes. This would avoid setting limits that are so low that they render the dietary supplements ineffective and which, therefore, could mislead the consumer. We further suggest that there should be greater regional concordance in how the use of amino acids as ingredients is regulated and use the capacity of industry to oversee pre-competitive issues, such as standards of purity and scientific research on the safety of generic ingredients. Our arguments are based on clinical safety scientific research and oversights of amino acid purity standards conducted in the last decade by the not-for-profit international association, the International Council on Amino Acid Science.
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Nickel, Ronald O. "Nutraceuticals: Pharmacy's Challenge and Opportunity." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 12, no. 3 (June 1999): 172–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089719009901200304.
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The rapid increase in the use of nutraceuticals by large segments of the American population presents both a challenge and professional opportunity for pharmacists. Nutraceuticals include dietary supplements, functional foods, and medicinal foods. The regulations regarding the marketing and advertising of nutraceuticals are less stringent than those governing pharmaceuticals. Quality control standards for nutraceuticals vary significantly among manufacturers. Information regarding clinical effectiveness and interaction of nutraceuticals with pharmaceuticals is not readily accessible to many pharmacy practitioners. Pharmacists' formal education in recent decades deemphasized the clinical use of natural products. While the growing public interest in nutraceuticals presents a new opportunity to pharmacy for patient service, the current regulatory and information climate presents significant challenges to the rendering of such service.
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Lewis, Janine L. "The regulation of protein content and quality in national and international food standards." British Journal of Nutrition 108, S2 (August 2012): S212—S221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114512002425.
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Food regulation aims to protect public health through a safe and nutritious food supply produced by a compliant food industry. Food standards of developed countries generally do not regulate protein content or protein quality because the risk of dietary protein inadequacy in their national populations is very low. Protein is nevertheless regulated for reasons of product quality or protein labelling or to minimise assessed health risks associated with consumption of certain animal- and vegetable-protein foods; analogue products that extend or simulate commonly available animal-protein foods; and special purpose foods such as infant formula and foods, supplementary and medical foods, and foods for weight loss. The extent and approach to protein regulation varies greatly among jurisdictions but where it occurs, it is applied through minimum and sometimes maximum limits on protein content or quality measures or both using an inter-related approach. Protein quality measures range from amino acid profiles and digestibility corrected scores to protein rating, a rat bioassay and reference proteins not further described. Regulatory methods for protein quality determination are referenced to the published scientific literature or developed nationally. Internationally, the Codex Alimentarius regulates the protein content and quality of some foods. The Codex approach varies according to the food but is similar to the approaches used in national and regional food regulation. This paper provides a comparison of the regulation of protein in foods using examples from the food regulations of Australia New Zealand, Canada, the European Union, the United States of America and the Codex Alimentarius.
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Mossoba, Magdi M., Julie Moss, and John K. G. Kramer. "Trans Fat Labeling and Levels in U.S. Foods: Assessment of Gas Chromatographic and Infrared Spectroscopic Techniques for Regulatory Compliance." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 92, no. 5 (September 1, 2009): 1284–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/92.5.1284.
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Abstract Trans fatty acids are found in a variety of foods like dairy and meat products, but the major dietary sources are products that contain commercially hydrogenated fats. There has been a renewed need for accurate analytical methods for the quantitation of total Trans fat since mandatory requirements to declare the amount of Trans fat present in food products and dietary supplements were issued in many countries. Official capillary GC and IR methodologies are the two most common validated methods used to identify and quantify Trans fatty acids for regulatory compliance. The present article provides a comprehensive discussion of the GC and IR techniques, including the latest attenuated total reflection (ATR)-FTIR methodology called the negative second derivative ATR-FTIR procedure, which is currently being validated in an international collaborative study. The identification and quantitation of Trans fatty acid isomers by GC is reviewed and an alternative GC method is proposed using two temperature programs and combining their results; this proposed method deals more effectively with the resolution of large numbers of geometric and positional monoene, diene, and triene fatty acid isomers present in ruminant fats. In addition, the different methylation procedures that affect quantitative conversion to fatty acid methyl esters are reviewed. There is also a lack of commercial chromatographic standards for many Trans fatty acid isomers. This review points to potential sources of interferences in the FTIR determination that may lead to inaccurate results, particularly at low Trans levels. The presence of high levels of saturated fats may lead to interferences in the FTIR spectra observed for Trans triacylglycerols (TAGs). TAGs require no derivatization, but have to be melted prior to IR measurement. While GC is currently the method of choice, ATR-FTIR spectroscopy is a viable, rapid alternative, and a complementary method to GC for a more rapid determination of total Trans fats for food labeling purposes.
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Georgieva, Olga V., L. S. Konovalova, and I. Ya Kon'. "The system of the quality control and the safety of baby food, the prospects of its development." Hygiene and sanitation 95, no. 11 (October 28, 2019): 1091–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2016-95-11-1091-1095.
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In the article there is considered the substantiation of raise demands to the chemical composition of children’s food and indices of their safety, with taking into account the immaturity of metabolic and physiological processes and limitations of “depot” of nutrients in babies. Based on research results of leading experts in the field of children’s nutritiology and according to the recommendations of the Codex Alimentarius of the Commission of FAO/WHO, ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition, the EFSA recommendations and EUDirectives there were specified requirements for the ingredient composition, content of essential components and indices of the nutritional value of substitutes for human milk and functional products for the nutrition of infants of the first year of life. There are shown stages of the development of the Russian system of hygienic requirements for baby food, and the direction of its harmonization with international and European standards, particularly for substitutes for human milk and products of dietary therapeutic and dietary preventive nutrition for babies. There are considered aspects of the introduction ofproducts and weaning food dishes into the food ration of infants. There is presented the classification ofproducts of children’s food and the assortment of each group of weaning foods. There is provided the modern legislative framework in the field of the quality and safety for infant nutrition. There was shown the difference between domestic legislation and regulatory framework of the EurAsEC Customs Union of the European countries in the field offood products safety for children older three years. There are presented proposals on the creation of the single regulatory base within the framework of the EurAsEC Customs Union for control the quality and safety of all the baby foods
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Arora, Malika, Navdeep Kaur, Manish Arora, and Parveen Bansal. "Critical Review on Food Safety Standard Regulations: A Real Scrutinizing Authority or a Misleading Player for Probiotic Products." Applied Clinical Research, Clinical Trials and Regulatory Affairs 6, no. 2 (July 3, 2019): 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2213476x05666181011144420.
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Background:Probiotics is a broad term used for friendly bacteria which are increasingly used in present scenario due to their wide range of health benefits accompanied by low cost and negligible side effects. The status of the probiotics as a component of food is not clear in the health industry. The use of probiotic bacteria is exploited over-the-counter as dietary supplements or in food products such as yogurt, as well as in the pharmaceutical preparations too. These products have witnessed tremendous growth in the market around the globe. For acceptance of probiotics based products with uniform quality, greater safety of patients, with established scientific evidences for holistic therapeutic benefits in the treatment of various ailments, appropriate drafting and implementation of comprehensive regulatory guidelines is the need of the hour. So in this context, already prescribed guidelines in India are reviewed critically.Conclusion:This article has been compiled to highlight the variations of food safety standards since 2002 to till date along with the existing ambiguities. Moreover, suggestive consolidations are compiled to take a lead for framing a comprehensive and harmonized guideline to be accepted universally.
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Lepak, Ryan F., Joel C. Hoffman, Sarah E. Janssen, David P. Krabbenhoft, Jacob M. Ogorek, John F. DeWild, Michael T. Tate, et al. "Mercury source changes and food web shifts alter contamination signatures of predatory fish from Lake Michigan." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 47 (November 4, 2019): 23600–23608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1907484116.
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To understand the impact reduced mercury (Hg) loading and invasive species have had on methylmercury bioaccumulation in predator fish of Lake Michigan, we reconstructed bioaccumulation trends from a fish archive (1978 to 2012). By measuring fish Hg stable isotope ratios, we related temporal changes in Hg concentrations to varying Hg sources. Additionally, dietary tracers were necessary to identify food web influences. Through combined Hg, C, and N stable isotopic analyses, we were able to differentiate between a shift in Hg sources to fish and periods when energetic transitions (from dreissenid mussels) led to the assimilation of contrasting Hg pools (2000 to present). In the late 1980s, lake trout δ202Hg increased (0.4‰) from regulatory reductions in regional Hg emissions. After 2000, C and N isotopes ratios revealed altered food web pathways, resulting in a benthic energetic shift and changes to Hg bioaccumulation. Continued increases in δ202Hg indicate fish are responding to several United States mercury emission mitigation strategies that were initiated circa 1990 and continued through the 2011 promulgation of the Mercury and Air Toxics Standards rule. Unlike archives of sediments, this fish archive tracks Hg sources susceptible to bioaccumulation in Great Lakes fisheries. Analysis reveals that trends in fish Hg concentrations can be substantially affected by shifts in trophic structure and dietary preferences initiated by invasive species in the Great Lakes. This does not diminish the benefits of declining emissions over this period, as fish Hg concentrations would have been higher without these actions.
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Dubuisson, Carine, Sandrine Lioret, Gloria Calamassi-Tran, Jean-Luc Volatier, and Lionel Lafay. "School meals in French secondary state schools with regard to the national recommendations." British Journal of Nutrition 102, no. 2 (December 24, 2008): 293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114508149212.
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In 2001, a circular addressing both the composition of school meals and food safety issues was introduced in France to improve the nutrient composition of school meals and provided food-frequency guidelines to guarantee dietary balanced meals. The present study assesses the extent to which secondary state schools are familiar with and implement this circular. In 2005, a nationally representative sample of 1440 secondary state schools received a questionnaire on their catering service and the implementation of the circular's recommendations, and were requested to enclose all menus (lunches and dinners) served over 1 month. Menu analysis shows that progress is still required to achieve a meal composition in accordance with the food-group frequency guidelines appended to the circular. Some recommendations are followed by most of the schools, such as limiting high-fat products and providing plenty of raw fruits and vegetables, cooked vegetables and starchy foods. Other guidelines should be implemented further, especially with regard to the nutritional quality of main courses and dairy products, which are met by less than a third and a half of schools, respectively. Specific efforts are necessary for evening meals to ensure that the nutritional requirements of boarders are covered. Some recommendations, such as the food purchasing manager being trained in nutrition (38 % of schools) and the involvement of dietetic expertise when designing meals (6 %), seem to be linked to better dietary balance of meals. Implementation of the circular must therefore be promoted in schools and may require stronger regulatory nutrition standards and better cooperation between schools.
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Krpan, M., K. Marković, G. Šarić, B. Skoko, M. Hruškar, and N. Vahčić. "Antioxidant Activities and Total Phenolics of Acacia Honey." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 27, Special Issue 1 (June 24, 2009): S245—S247. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1112-cjfs.
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The antioxidant activities and total phenolic content of 30 samples of acacia honey from Croatian territory were analysed. Phenolics were determined by the modified Folin-Ciocalteu method, antiradical activity by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and potential antioxidant activity using the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method. In all samples, physicochemical parameters (water content, electrical conductivity, total reducing sugars, sucrose content, acidity, hydroxymethylfurfural content, prolin content, optical rotation, diastase activity and invertase activity) were measured according to Croatian legislation and International regulatory standards. Honey can be considered as a dietary supplement as it contains some important components including α-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, flavonoids and phenolics. The composition and properties of honey are dependent on floral origins, climatic conditions of the produced area, processing and storage methods. The results of physicochemical analyses showed that all the values of investigated parameters are in agreement with the current legislation. Phenolic content ranged from 31.72 mg/kg to 80.11 mg/kg, antiradical activity expressed as IC50 ranged from 61.28% to 253.47% and antioxidant activity expressed as FRAP value from 6.95 to 142.43. A positive correlation was observed between total phenolic content and antioxidant activity, indicating that phenolic compounds are mainly responsible for the antioxidant power of acacia honey.
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Shimizu, Toshio. "Health claims on functional foods: the Japanese regulations and an international comparison." Nutrition Research Reviews 16, no. 2 (December 2003): 241–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/nrr200363.
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The Japanese scientific academic community defined ‘functional food’ early in the 1980s. That is, functional foods are those that have three functions. The primary function is nutrition. The secondary function is a sensory function or sensory satisfaction. The third is the tertiary function, which is physiological. The Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare (MHLW) set up ‘Foods for Specified Health Use’ (FOSHU) in 1991 as a regulatory system to approve the statements made on food labels concerning the effect of the food on the human body. Food products applying for approval by FOSHU are scientifically evaluated in terms of their effectiveness and safety by the Council of Pharmaceutical Affairs and Food Hygiene under the MHLW. The regulatory range of FOSHU was broadened in 2001 to accept the forms of capsules and tablets in addition to those of conventional foods. FOSHU increased the total to about 330 items in January 2003. The MHLW enacted a new regulatory system, ‘Foods with Health Claims’, in April 2001, which consists of the existing FOSHU system and the newly established ‘Foods with Nutrient Function Claims’ (FNFC). Under the FNFC, twelve vitamins (vitamins A, B1, B2, B6, B12, C, E, D, biotin, pantothenic acid, folic acid, and niacin) and two minerals (Ca and Fe) are standardized. Examples of claims regarding these substances are as follows: ‘Calcium is a nutrient which is necessary to form bones and teeth’; ‘Vitamin D is a nutrient which promotes calcium absorption in the gut intestine and aids in the formation of bones.’ The upper and lower levels of the daily consumption of these nutrients are also determined. The labelling of functional foods should always be based on scientific evidence and be in harmony with international standards. The nutrient–function claim was adopted in the guidelines for nutrition claims by the Codex Alimentarius in 1997. The claims of the Japanese FNFC are equivalent to the nutrient function claims standardized by the Codex Alimentarius. The enhanced function claim and the disease risk-reduction claims were proposed by both the Codex Alimentarius and an Economic Union project in 1999. The structure function claim, which is similar to the enhanced function claim, was enacted by the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act in the USA in 1994. Most of the statements of the Japanese FOSHU system are close to the category of structure/function claims in the USA or the enhanced function claims of the Codex Alimentarius.
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Alderete, E., I. Bejarano, and A. Rodríguez. "Beverage intake and obesity in early childhood: evidence form primary health care clients in Northwest Argentina." Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 7, no. 3 (December 7, 2015): 244–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s204017441500793x.
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Sugar sweetened beverages (SSB) are thought to play an important role in weight gain. We examined the relationship between the intake of caloric and noncaloric beverages (SSB and water) and the nutritional status of children. In 2014, we randomly selected 16 public health clinics in four cities of Northwest Argentina and conducted a survey among mothers of children 0–6 years of age. Children’s beverage intake was ascertained by 24-h dietary recall provided by the mothers. Children’s weight and height measures were obtained from clinic’s registries. We calculated the body mass index using the International Obesity Task Force standards. The analysis included 562 children 25 months to 6 years of age with normal or above normal nutritional status. Children’s beverage consumption was as follows, water 81.8%, carbonated soft drinks (CSD) 49.7%, coffee/tea/cocoa 44.0%, artificial fruit drinks 35.6%, flavored water 17.9%, natural fruit juice 14.5%. In multivariate logistic regression models the likelihood of being obese v. being overweight or having normal weight doubled with an intake of one to five glasses of CSD (OR=2.2) and increased by more than three-fold with an intake of more than five glasses (OR=3.5). Drinking more than five glasses of water decreased the likelihood of being obese by less than half (OR=0.3). The percentage of children drinking more than five glasses of other beverages was low (3.3–0.9%) and regression models did not yield significant results. The study contributed evidence for reducing children’s CSD intake and for promoting water consumption, together with the implementation of comprehensive regulatory public health policies.
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Romanenko, Sergey P. "EVALUATION OF NUTRITION AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY OF CHILDREN IN EDUCATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS OF THE CADET TYPE." Hygiene and sanitation 99, no. 1 (January 15, 2020): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.33029/0016-9900-2020-99-1-63-68.
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Introduction. The development of a system of cadet education organizations is an important part of the training of highly qualified military personnel. Under the conditions of various regulatory documents on the food supply of the cadet, it is extremely important to implement studies of actual energy expenditures and adjust dietary standards taking into account the characteristics of physical development, physical activity, health status and characteristics of the children’s learning regime. Material and methods. The object of the study were pupils of grades 5-11 of the cadet corps of the Volga Federal District. There were investigated indices of the state of health and physical development of cadets according to results of their medical examinations, data on the organization of nutrition, the results of the assessment of daily motor activity. There were evaluated retrospective data on the health status of pupils for each cadet corps in the aggregate of the total number of pupils for three years. To carry out the research tasks, there were used hygienic, anthropometric and physiometric methods as well as methods of mathematical data processing. To assess the daily energy expenditure and the level of motor activity, there were used methods of daily timing, heart rate monitoring using a Polar V800 heart rate monitor and a Polar H10 sensor. Catering was evaluated according to results of the analysis of the cyclic menu, technological maps, menu layouts and data on the operating mode of the catering unit and catering. Results. Among the pupils, there were prevailed physical and dynamic loads, providing high levels of average daily physical activity. The current nutritional standards failed to take into account the needs of the cadets at actual levels of motor activity. Conclusion. The level of the physical activity of the child and his diet determines the likelihood of a decrease in the functional capabilities of the body, mental and physical performance, body resistance, the formation of physical development disorders and chronic diseases. To determine the required caloric content of children’s diet, there is recommended to conduct a preliminary assessment of the actual motor activity of children, taking into account the daily regimen and the educational and sports programs implemented in the institution.
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Bottrill, Krys. "The Use of Biomarkers as Alternatives to Current Animal Tests on Food Chemicals." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 26, no. 4 (July 1998): 421–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119299802600411.
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Recent developments in biomarkers relating to the interrelationship of diet, disease and health were surveyed. Most emphasis was placed on biomarkers of deleterious effects, since these are of greatest relevance to the subject of this review. The area of greatest activity was found to be that relating to biomarkers of mutagenic, genotoxic and carcinogenic effects. This is also one of the major areas of concern in considerations of the beneficial and deleterious effects of dietary components, and also the area in which regulatory testing requires studies of the longest duration. A degree of progress has also been made in the identification and development of biomarkers relating to certain classes of target organ toxicity. Biomarkers for other types of toxicity, such as immunotoxicity, neurotoxicity, reproductive toxicity and developmental toxicity, are less developed, and further investigation in these areas is required before a comprehensive biomarker strategy can be established. A criticism that recurs constantly in the biomarker literature is the lack of standardisation in the methods used, and the lack of reference standards for the purposes of validation and quality control. It is encouraging to note the growing acknowledgement of the need for validation of biomarkers and biomarker assays. Some validation studies have already been initiated. This review puts forward proposals for criteria to be used in biomarker validation. More discussion on this subject is required. It is concluded that the use of biomarkers can, in some cases, facilitate the implementation of the Three Rs with respect to the testing of food chemicals and studies on the effects of diet on health. The greatest potential is seen to be in the refinement of animal testing, in which biomarkers could serve as early and sensitive endpoints, in order to reduce the duration of the studies and also reduce the number of animals required. Biomarkers could also contribute to establishing a mechanistic basis for in vitro test systems and to facilitating their validation and acceptance. Finally, the increased information that could result from the incorporation of biomarker determinations into population studies could reduce the need for supplementary animal studies. This review makes a number of recommendations concerning the prioritisation of future activities on dietary biomarkers in relation to the Three Rs. It is emphasised, however, that further discussions will be required among toxicologists, epidemiologists and others researching the relationship between diet and health.
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Sneha, Sweta, Srivarun Thalla, Ishaan Rischie, and Hossain Shahriar. "Health Internet Technology for Chronic Conditions: Review of Diabetes Management Apps." JMIR Diabetes 6, no. 3 (August 31, 2021): e17431. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/17431.
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Background Mobile health (mHealth) smartphone apps have shown promise in the self-management of chronic disease. In today’s oversaturated health app market, selection criteria that consumers are employing to choose mHealth apps for disease self-management are of paramount importance. App quality is critical in monitoring disease controls but is often linked to consumer popularity rather than clinical recommendations of effectiveness in disease management. Management of key disease variances can be performed through these apps to increase patient engagement in disease self-management. This paper provides a comprehensive review of features found in mHealth apps frequently used in the self- management of diabetes. Objective The purpose of this study was to review features of frequently used and high consumer-rated mHealth apps used in the self-management of diabetes. This study aimed to highlight key features of consumer-favored mHealth apps used in the self-management of diabetes. Methods A 2-fold approach was adopted involving the Apple iOS store and the Google search engine. The primary search was conducted on the Apple iOS store using the term “diabetes apps” (device used: Apple iPad). The top 5 most frequently used mHealth apps were identified and rated by the number of consumer reviews, app ratings, and the presence of key diabetes management features, such as dietary blood glucose, A1C, insulin, physical activity, and prescription medication. A subsequent Google search was conducted using the search term “best Apple diabetes apps.” The top 3 search results—“Healthline,” “Everyday Health,” and “Diabetes Apps–American Diabetes Association”—were explored. Results In total, 12 mHealth apps were reviewed due to their appearing across 4 evaluated sources. Only 1 health app—Glucose Buddy Diabetes Tracker—appeared as the most frequently used within the Apple iOS store and across the other 3 sources. The OneTouch Reveal app ranked first on the list in the iOS store with 39,000 consumer reviews and a rating of 4.7 out of 5.0 stars but only appeared in 1 of the other 3 sources. Blood glucose tracking was present across all apps, but other disease management features varied in type with at least 3 of the 5 key features being present across the 12 reviewed apps. Subscription cost and integration needs were present in the apps which could impact consumers’ decision to select apps. Although mobile app preference was assessed and defined by the number of consumer reviews and star ratings, there were no scientific standards used in the selection and ranking of the health apps within this study. Conclusions mHealth apps have shown promise in chronic disease management, but a surge in development of these nonregulated health solutions points to a need for regulation, standardization, and quality control. A governing body of health IT professionals, clinicians, policymakers, payors, and patients could be beneficial in defining health app standards for effective chronic disease management. Variabilities in features, cost, and other aspects of management could be reduced by regulatory uniformity, which would increase patient engagement and improve disease outcomes.
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Sun, Mingna, Zhou Tong, Xu Dong, Yue Chu, Mei Wang, Tongchun Gao, and Jinsheng Duan. "Determination of the Residue Behavior and Risk Assessment of Chlorfluazuron in Chinese Cabbage, Kale, Lettuce and Cauliflower by UPLC-MS/MS." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 10 (May 17, 2019): 1758. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101758.
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Chlorfluazuron is used as a highly effective insect growth regulator to control a variety of crop pests. However, residues of this pesticide have been shown to be harmful to human health. To evaluate the residual dissipation pattern and risk for dietary intake of chlorfluazuron in various vegetables, a solid phase extraction-ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was established to analyze chlorfluazuron residues in Chinese cabbage, Chinese kale, Chinese lettuce, and cauliflower. The sample was extracted with acetonitrile and purified using an SPE amino column. The average recovery of the target sample in the analyzed four vegetables was between 75.0% and 104.1%, and the relative standard deviation was between 2.5% and 9.6%. The precision and accuracy of the analysis met the requirements of residue analysis standards. Dissipation kinetic testing of chlorfluazuron in different vegetables showed a half-life of 2.4–12.6 days, with a rapid dissipation rate. The estimated daily intake of the chlorfluazuron was 0.753–1.661 μg/(kg bw·d), and the risk quotient was 0.15–0.35. It showed that chlorfluazuron had a low risk of chronic dietary intake from vegetables in different populations in China. The results of this study has described the degradation rate of chlorfluazuron in four vegetables, evaluated the risk of dietary exposure to Chinese residents. Therefore, it provides supporting data and empirical basis for guiding the reasonable use of chlorfluazuron in vegetable production and in evaluating its dietary intake risk in vegetables.
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Sagher, F. A., J. A. Dodge, C. F. Johnston, C. Shaw, K. D. Buchanan, and K. E. Carr. "Rat small intestinal morphology and tissue regulatory peptides: effects of high dietary fat." British Journal of Nutrition 65, no. 1 (January 1991): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19910062.
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Sprague–Dawley rats (3 weeks old) were fed on isoenergetic diets in which 40 % of the total energy was provided as fat either in the form of butter (high saturated fat), olive oil (high monounsaturated fat) or maize oil (high polyunsaturated fat), with one group on low-fat (10% of total energy) standard diet as a control. Animals were killed after 8.4 (se 0.8) weeks by cardiac puncture. Similar pieces of jejunum and ileum were prepared for morphometric studies. Extracts of tissue from the proximal and distal segments of the whole small intestine from four animals per group were assayed using established techniques for enteroglucagon, motilin, neurotensin, somatostatin, substance P and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). We found that maize oil and olive oil increased villus height: crypt depth ratio in both jejunum and ileum. Maize oil increased tissue concentrations of somatostatin (P < 0.05) and substance P (P < 0.005) in the proximal segment. Both maize oil and olive oil increased tissue concentrations of neurotensin and substance P (P < 0.005) in the distal segments. These observations may explain the improvement of intestinal absorption of fluid following supplementation with polyunsaturated fat
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Ashraf, Sadia, Gizem Yilmaz, Xu Chen, and Romain Harmancey. "Dietary Fat and Sugar Differentially Affect β-Adrenergic Stimulation of Cardiac ERK and AKT Pathways in C57BL/6 Male Mice Subjected to High-Calorie Feeding." Journal of Nutrition 150, no. 5 (January 17, 2020): 1041–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxz342.
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ABSTRACT Background High dietary fat and sugar promote cardiac hypertrophy independently from an increase in blood pressure. The respective contribution that each macronutrient exerts on cardiac growth signaling pathways remains unclear. Objective The goal of this study was to investigate the mechanisms by which high amounts of dietary fat and sugar affect cardiac growth regulatory pathways. Methods Male C57BL/6 mice (9 wk old; n = 20/group) were fed a standard rodent diet (STD; kcal% protein-fat-carbohydrate, 29-17-54), a high-fat diet (HFD; 20-60-20), a high-fat and high-sugar Western diet (WD; 20-45-35), a high-sugar diet with mixed carbohydrates (HCD; 20-10-70), or a high-sucrose diet (HSD; 20-10-70). Body composition was assessed weekly by EchoMRI. Whole-body glucose utilization was assessed with an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test. After 6 wk on diets, mice were treated with saline or 20 mg/kg isoproterenol (ISO), and the activity of cardiac growth regulatory pathways was analyzed by immunoblotting. Data were analyzed by ANOVA with data from the STD group included for references only. Results Compared with HCD and HSD, WD and HFD increased body fat mass 2.7- to 3.8-fold (P < 0.001), induced glucose intolerance (P < 0.001), and increased insulin concentrations >1.5-fold (P < 0.05), thereby enhancing basal and ISO-stimulated AKT phosphorylation at both threonine 308 and serine 473 residues (+25−63%; P < 0.05). Compared with HFD, the high-sugar diets potentiated ISO-mediated stimulation of the glucose-sensitive kinases PYK2 (>47%; P < 0.05 for HCD and HSD) and ERK (>34%; P < 0.05 for WD, HCD, and HSD), thereby leading to increased phosphorylation of protein synthesis regulator S6K1 at threonine 389 residue (>64%; P < 0.05 for WD, HCD, and HSD). Conclusions Dietary fat and sugar affect cardiac growth signaling pathways in C57BL/6 mice through distinct and additive mechanisms. The findings may provide new insights into the role of overnutrition in pathological cardiac remodeling.
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Fleming, Heather L., Patricia L. Ranaivo, and Paul S. Simone. "Analysis and Confirmation of 1,3-DMAA and 1,4-DMAA in Geranium Plants Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry at ng/g Concentrations." Analytical Chemistry Insights 7 (January 2012): ACI.S10445. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/aci.s10445.
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1,3-Dimethylamylamine (1,3-DMAA) is a stimulant commercially sold in a variety of dietary supplements as a chemical species derived from geranium plants (Pelargonium graveolens). Whether 1,3-DMAA naturally occurs in geranium plants or other dietary ingredients, it has important regulatory and commercial ramifications. However, the analysis of 1,3-DMAA in geranium plants is not trivial due to low concentrations and a complex environmental matrix, requiring high selectivity and sensitivity. An extraction method combined with high performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry is used to determine 1,3-DMAA and 1,4-dimethylamylamine (1,4-DMAA) concentrations in geranium plants with both external calibration and standard addition method. Samples from the Changzhou, Kunming, and Guiyang regions of China during both winter and summer were analyzed for 1,3-DMAA and 1,4-DMAA. The diastereomer ratios of the 1,3-DMAA stereoisomers of a racemic standard and the extracted plant were also quantified.
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Bohannon-Stewart, Ann, Gary Kelley, Boniface Kimathi, Sri Harsha K. V. Subramanya, Joseph Donkor, Carl Darris, James Tyus, et al. "Expression of Potential Regulatory Genes in Abdominal Adipose Tissue of Broiler Chickens during Early Development." Genetics Research International 2014 (January 16, 2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/318304.
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The identities of genes that underlie population variation in adipose tissue development in farm animals are poorly understood. Previous studies in our laboratory have suggested that increased fat tissue involves the expression modulation of an array of genes in broiler chickens. Of special interest are eight genes, FGFR3, EPHB2, IGFBP2, GREM1, TNC, COL3A1, ACBD7, and SCD. To understand their expression regulation and response to dietary manipulation, we investigated their mRNA levels after dietary manipulation during early development. Chickens were fed either a recommended standard or a high caloric diet from hatch to eight weeks of age (WOA). The high caloric diet markedly affected bodyweight of the broiler birds. mRNA levels of the eight genes in the abdominal adipose tissue were assayed at 2, 4, 6, and 8 WOA using RT-qPCR. Results indicate that (1) FGFR3 mRNA level was affected significantly by diet, age, and diet:age interaction; (2) COL3A mRNA level was repressed by high caloric diet; (3) mRNA levels of EPHB2, ACBD7, and SCD were affected by age; (4) mRNA level of TNC was modulated by age:diet interaction; (5) changes in GREM1 and IGFBP2 mRNA levels were not statistically different.
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Cunningham, Karen M., Michael Horowitz, and Nicholas W. Read. "The effect of short-term dietary supplementation with glucose on gastric emptying in humans." British Journal of Nutrition 65, no. 1 (January 1991): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19910061.
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In order to test whether gastric motility can adapt to changes in nutrient load, gastric emptying of hyperosmotic glucose and protein drinks was measured by applied potential tomography in two groups of ten volunteers following dietary supplementation with 400 g glucose/d for 3 d. The half emptying time for the glucose test meal was significantly faster after the standard diet had been supplemented with glucose compared with the standard diet alone (median and range, 20.7 (4.6–36.8) ν. 29.1 (19.8–38.4) min; P < 0.05), while the emptying of the protein drink (Oxo; Brooke Bond Ltd) was unchanged (median and range, 18.0 (12.5–23.6) ν. 16.1 (9.6–22.7) min). These results suggest that rapid and specific adaptation of the small intestinal regulatory mechanisms for gastric emptying of nutrient solutions can occur in response to increases in dietary load. This adaptation may be explained by desensitization of nutrient receptors or by a reduction in the area of receptor field exposed to nutrients caused by increased absorption of glucose in the upper small intestine
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Sato, Keigo, Kota Kodama, and Shintaro Sengoku. "Corporate Characteristics and Adoption of Good Manufacturing Practice for Dietary Supplements in Japan." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 13 (July 1, 2020): 4748. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134748.
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Good manufacturing practice (GMP) is advocated and implemented as a standardized procedure for manufacturing dietary supplements. However, in Japan as a case, only half of the manufacturers in this field so far adopt it. To address this issue, the present study aims to explore the effect of key characteristics of a company on the adoption of and compliance with GMP for dietary supplements. The focus is on the effect of expertise in the pharmaceutical industry. The relationships between company characteristics and the adoption of GMP were analyzed for 90 manufacturers in the dietary supplement industry in Japan. A binomial logistic regression analysis showed that each of the following three factors had a positive and significant effect on the company’s adoption of GMP: company size in terms of revenue (odds ratio = 1.04, p = 0.019), possession of a manufacturing license for pharmaceutical products (13.7, p = 0.003), and number of own product categories manufactured (3.93, p = 0.00009). These findings strongly suggest that the company’s manufacturing capability of pharmaceutical products works as a key driver for the better adoption of a quality standard in the dietary supplement industry in Japan. Few considerations were made for conditions of the adoption and implementation of GMP. The present study empirically contributes by providing key clues for issues in the dietary supplement industry and by forming a theoretical base for policymakers and the regulatory authorities.
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Levine, Keith E., Michael A. Levine, Frank X. Weber, Ye Hu, Jason Perlmutter, and Peter M. Grohse. "Determination of Mercury in an Assortment of Dietary Supplements Using an Inexpensive Combustion Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Technique." Journal of Automated Methods and Management in Chemistry 2005, no. 4 (2005): 211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/jammc.2005.211.
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The concentrations of mercury in forty, commercially available dietary supplements, were determined using a new, inexpensive analysis technique. The method involves thermal decomposition, amalgamation, and detection of mercury by atomic absorption spectrometry with an analysis time of approximately six minutes per sample. The primary cost savings from this approach is that labor-intensive sample digestion is not required prior to analysis, further automating the analytical procedure. As a result, manufacturers and regulatory agencies concerned with monitoring lot-to-lot product quality may find this approach an attractive alternative to the more classical acid-decomposition, cold vapor atomic absorption methodology. Dietary supplement samples analyzed included astragalus, calcium, chromium picolinate, echinacea, ephedra, fish oil, ginger, ginkgo biloba, ginseng, goldenseal, guggul, senna, St John's wort, and yohimbe products. Quality control samples analyzed with the dietary supplements indicated a high level of method accuracy and precision. Ten replicate preparations of a standard reference material (NIST 1573a, tomato leaves) were analyzed, and the average mercury recovery was 109% (2.0% RSD). The method quantitation limit was 0.3 ng, which corresponded to 1.5 ng/g sample. The highest found mercury concentration (123 ng/g) was measured in a concentrated salmon oil sample. When taken as directed by an adult, this product would result in an approximate mercury ingestion of 7μg per week.
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Polakof, Sergio, Jesús M. Míguez, and José L. Soengas. "Dietary carbohydrates induce changes in glucosensing capacity and food intake of rainbow trout." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 295, no. 2 (August 2008): R478—R489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00176.2008.
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We hypothesize that variations in dietary carbohydrate levels produce changes in glucosensor parameters in previously characterized glucosensing areas (hypothalamus and hindbrain) related with the regulation of food intake of a carnivorous fish species like rainbow trout. Therefore, we fed trout with standard, carbohydrate-free (CF) or high-carbohydrate (HC) diets for 10 days to assess changes in glucosensing system and food intake. Fish fed CF diet displayed hypoglycemia and increased food intake. Fish fed a HC diet displayed hyperglycemia and decreased food intake. Changes in food intake due to dietary carbohydrates were accompanied in hypothalamus and hindbrain of fish fed with HC diet by changes in parameters involved in glucosensing, such as increased glucose, glucose 6-phosphate, and glycogen levels and increased glucokinase (GK), glycogen synthase, and pyruvate kinase activities as well as increased GK and GLUT2 expression. All those results address for the first time in fish, despite the relative intolerance to glucose of carnivorous species, that dietary carbohydrates are important regulators of the glucosensing system in carnivorous fish, suggesting that the information generated by this system can be associated with the changes observed in food intake.
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Volani, Chiara, Giuseppe Paglia, Sigurdur Smarason, Peter Pramstaller, Egon Demetz, Christa Pfeifhofer-Obermair, and Guenter Weiss. "Metabolic Signature of Dietary Iron Overload in a Mouse Model." Cells 7, no. 12 (December 11, 2018): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells7120264.
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Iron is an essential co-factor for several metabolic processes, including the Krebs cycle and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Therefore, maintaining an appropriate iron balance is essential to ensure sufficient energy production and to avoid excessive reactive oxygen species formation. Iron overload impairs mitochondrial fitness; however, little is known about the associated metabolic changes. Here we aimed to characterize the metabolic signature triggered by dietary iron overload over time in a mouse model, where mice received either a standard or a high-iron diet. Metabolic profiling was assessed in blood, plasma and liver tissue. Peripheral blood was collected by means of volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS). Extracted blood and tissue metabolites were analyzed by liquid chromatography combined to high resolution mass spectrometry. Upon dietary iron loading we found increased glucose, aspartic acid and 2-/3-hydroxybutyric acid levels but low lactate and malate levels in peripheral blood and plasma, pointing to a re-programming of glucose homeostasis and the Krebs cycle. Further, iron loading resulted in the stimulation of the urea cycle in the liver. In addition, oxidative stress was enhanced in circulation and coincided with increased liver glutathione and systemic cysteine synthesis. Overall, iron supplementation affected several central metabolic circuits over time. Hence, in vivo investigation of metabolic signatures represents a novel and useful tool for getting deeper insights into iron-dependent regulatory circuits and for monitoring of patients with primary and secondary iron overload, and those ones receiving iron supplementation therapy.
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Stacchiotti, Alessandra, Ilaria Grossi, Raquel García-Gómez, Gaurangkumar Patel, Alessandro Salvi, Antonio Lavazza, Giuseppina De Petro, Maria Monsalve, and Rita Rezzani. "Melatonin Effects on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Are Related to MicroRNA-34a-5p/Sirt1 Axis and Autophagy." Cells 8, no. 9 (September 8, 2019): 1053. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells8091053.
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Melatonin, an indole produced by pineal and extrapineal tissues, but also taken with a vegetarian diet, has strong anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-obesogenic potentials. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the hepatic side of the metabolic syndrome. NAFLD is a still reversible phase but may evolve into steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis and carcinoma. Currently, an effective therapy for blocking NAFLD staging is lacking. Silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1), a NAD+ dependent histone deacetylase, modulates the energetic metabolism in the liver. Micro-RNA-34a-5p, a direct inhibitor of SIRT1, is an emerging indicator of NAFLD grading. Thus, here we analyzed the effects of oral melatonin against NAFLD and underlying molecular mechanisms, focusing on steatosis, ER stress, mitochondrial shape and autophagy. Male C57BL/6J (WT) and SIRT1 heterozygous (HET) mice were placed either on a high-fat diet (58.4% energy from lard) (HFD) or on a standard maintenance diet (8.4% energy from lipids) for 16 weeks, drinking melatonin (10 mg/kg) or not. Indirect calorimetry, glucose tolerance, steatosis, inflammation, ER stress, mitochondrial changes, autophagy and microRNA-34a-5p expression were estimated. Melatonin improved hepatic metabolism and steatosis, influenced ER stress and mitochondrial shape, and promoted autophagy in WT HFD mice. Conversely, melatonin was ineffective in HET HFD mice, maintaining NASH changes. Indeed, autophagy was inconsistent in HET HFD or starved mice, as indicated by LC3II/LC3I ratio, p62/SQSTM1 and autophagosomes estimation. The beneficial role of melatonin in dietary induced NAFLD/NASH in mice was related to reduced expression of microRNA-34a-5p and sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP1) but only in the presence of full SIRT1 availability.
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Wubuli, Aisanjiang, Henry Reyer, Eduard Muráni, Siriluck Ponsuksili, Petra Wolf, Michael Oster, and Klaus Wimmers. "Tissue-Wide Gene Expression Analysis of Sodium/Phosphate Co-Transporters in Pigs." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 22 (November 8, 2019): 5576. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20225576.
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Sodium/phosphate co-transporters are considered to be important mediators of phosphorus (P) homeostasis. The expression of specific sodium/phosphate co-transporters is routinely used as an immediate response to dietary interventions in different species. However, a general understanding of their tissue-specificity is required to elucidate their particular contribution to P homeostasis. In this study, the tissue-wide gene expression status of all currently annotated sodium/phosphate co-transporters were investigated in two pig trials focusing on a standard commercial diet (trial 1) or divergent P-containing diets (trial 2). A wide range of tissues including the gastrointestinal tract (stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum, and colon), kidney, liver, bone, muscle, lung, and aorta were analyzed. Both trials showed consistent patterns in the overall tissue-specific expression of P transporters. While SLC34A2 was considered as the most important intestinal P transporter in other species including humans, SLC34A3 appeared to be the most prominent intestinal P transporter in pigs. In addition, the P transporters of the SLC17 family showed basal expression in the pig intestine and might have a contribution to P homeostasis. The expression patterns observed in the distal colon provide evidence that the large intestine may also be relevant for intestinal P absorption. A low dietary P supply induced higher expressions of SLC20A1, SLC20A2, SLC34A1, and SLC34A3 in the kidney cortex. The results suggest that the expression of genes encoding transcellular P transporters is tissue-specific and responsive to dietary P supply, while underlying regulatory mechanisms require further analyses.
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Trujillo, William A., Wendy R. Sorenson, Paul La Luzerne, John W. Austad, and Darryl Sullivan. "Determination of Aristolochic Acid in Botanicals and Dietary Supplements by Liquid Chromatography with Ultraviolet Detection and by Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry: Single Laboratory Validation Confirmation." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 89, no. 4 (July 1, 2006): 942–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/89.4.942.
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Abstract The presence of aristolochic acid in some dietary supplements is a concern to regulators and consumers. A method has been developed, by initially using a reference method as a guide, during single laboratory validation (SLV) for the determination of aristolochic acid I, also known as aristolochic acid A, in botanical species and dietary supplements at concentrations of approximately 2 to 32 μg/g. Higher levels were determined by dilution to fit the standard curve. Through the SLV, the method was optimized for quantification by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (LC-UV) and LC/mass spectrometry (MS) confirmation. The test samples were extracted with organic solvent and water, then injected on a reverse phase LC column. Quantification was achieved with linear regression using a laboratory automation system. The SLV study included systematically optimizing the LC-UV method with regard to test sample size, fine grinding of solids, and solvent extraction efficiency. These parameters were varied in increments (and in separate optimization studies), in order to ensure that each parameter was individually studied; the test results include corresponding tables of parameter variations. In addition, the chromatographic conditions were optimized with respect to injection volume and detection wavelength. Precision studies produced overall relative standard deviation values from 2.44 up to 8.26% for aristolochic acid I. Mean recoveries were between 100 and 103% at the 2 μg/g level, between 102 and 103% at the 10 μg/g level, and 104% at the 30 μg/g level.
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COSTEAS, Paul A., and Jeffrey M. CHINSKY. "Effects of insulin on the regulation of branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase E1α subunit gene expression." Biochemical Journal 318, no. 1 (August 15, 1996): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3180085.
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Alterations in dietary intake, especially of protein, may produce changes in the hepatic levels of the branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase (BCKAD) complex. The possible role of insulin in the regulation of these observed changes in hepatic capacity for BCKAD expression was therefore examined. Steady-state RNA levels encoding three of the subunits, E1α, E1β and E2, increased by 2–4-fold in the livers of mice starved for 3 days, a known hypoinsulinaemic state. In contrast, the levels of E1β and E2, but not E1α, RNA were decreased when mice were fed 0% protein diets compared with the levels observed in mice fed standard (23%) or higher protein isocaloric diets. BCKAD subunit protein levels under these conditions changed co-ordinately even though the changes in RNA were not co-ordinate. The effects of hormonal changes that might be associated with these dietary changes were examined, using the rodent hepatoma cell line H4IIEC3. In these cells, the levels of E1α protein and mRNA were significantly depressed in the presence of insulin. In contrast, the levels of E1β and E2 RNAs were not decreased by insulin. The half-lives of the E1α and E2 RNAs were determined to be quite long, from 13 to 18 h, with insulin having no dramatic overall effect on the half-lives determined over 24 h. Therefore, it is likely that insulin directly affects the transcription of the E1α gene rather than RNA stability in exerting its negative regulatory effect. This effect is specific to the E1α subunit. The differences in BCKAD subunit RNA levels observed under various nutritional and developmental conditions may therefore be the result of the differential effects of insulin and other hormones on the multiple regulatory mechanisms modulating BCKAD subunit expression.
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Brewer, K., G. A. Maylin, C. K. Fenger, and T. Tobin. "Cobalt use and regulation in horseracing: a review." Comparative Exercise Physiology 12, no. 1 (March 11, 2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep140008.
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Cobalt, atomic weight 58.9, is a metallic element and environmental substance found in the animal in microgram quantities, predominantly as vitamin B12, but is also a component of at least one mammalian enzyme unassociated with B12. Cobalt is a required trace mineral and has long been administered as a dietary supplement to humans and animals. Cobalt deficiency outside of its requirement in vitamin B12 has not been reported in humans. The administration of cobalt salts was once standard treatment for anaemia in humans, owing to its ability to stimulate red blood cell synthesis. Elemental cobalt acts by stabilising hypoxia inducible factor (HIF-1α), which activates the erythropoietin gene, which in turn increases haemoglobin/red blood cell synthesis, which had led to a presumption that cobalt may be performance enhancing in athletes. Administration of cobalt in amounts sufficient to significantly increase the haematocrit are associated with risk of toxicity in humans, and the only cobalt administration study in horses showed no effect on red blood cell parameters or toxicity. Because of the perception that cobalt administration may enhance athletic performance, racing regulators have recently begun to restrict cobalt use in horseracing which has led to the introduction of cobalt thresholds in several racing jurisdictions. The International Federation of Horseracing Authorities is considering an international regulatory threshold for cobalt of 100 ng/ml in urine, based on studies performed in five different countries. In the United States, the Racing Commissioners International has recently set a primary plasma threshold of 25 ng/ml and secondary threshold of 50 ng/ml. One New York and New Jersey racetrack owner has initiated testing for cobalt and has denied his facilities to trainers whose horses tested positive for excessive quantities of cobalt. This review seeks to summarise what is known about the use of cobalt in horse racing.
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Frohlich, Xaq. "Accounting for Taste: Regulating Food Labeling in the “Affluent Society,” 1945–1995." Enterprise & Society 13, no. 4 (December 2012): 744–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1467222700011447.
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Accounting for Taste examines the history of the US Food and Drug Administration's regulation of markets through labels as a form of public–private infrastructure, built through the ceaseless work (and antagonisms) of public regulators, the food industry, and expert advisors. From public hearings on setting “standards of identity” for foods to rule making on informative labels like the Nutrition Facts panel, it links a narrow history of institutional change in food regulation to broader cultural anxieties of twentieth-century America, arguing that the recurrence to informative labels as a political solution reflects a transformation in not only scientific understandings of dietary risk but also cultural understandings about the responsibility of consumers. In describing this “informational turn” in food politics, the dissertation foregrounds the important role of intermediaries, specifically consumer and health experts, and intermediate spaces, such as labels, in the framing of political debates about the production and consumption of everyday goods.
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Domínguez-Vías, Germán, Ana Belén Segarra, Manuel Ramírez-Sánchez, and Isabel Prieto. "High-Fat Diets Modify the Proteolytic Activities of Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV and the Regulatory Enzymes of the Renin–Angiotensin System in Cardiovascular Tissues of Adult Wistar Rats." Biomedicines 9, no. 9 (September 3, 2021): 1149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9091149.
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(1) Background: The replacement of diets high in saturated fat (SAFA) with monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) is associated with better cardiovascular function and is related to the modulation of the activity of the local renin–angiotensin system (RAS) and the collagenase activity of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV). The objective of the work was to verify the capacity of different types of dietary fat on the regulatory activities of RAS and DPP-IV. (2) Methods: Male Wistar rats were fed for 24 weeks with three different diets: the standard diet (S), the standard diet supplemented with virgin olive oil (20%) (VOO), or with butter (20%) plus cholesterol (0.1%) (Bch). The proteolytic activities were determined by fluorometric methods in the soluble (sol) and membrane-bound (mb) fractions of the left ventricle and atrium, aorta, and plasma samples. (3) Results: With the VOO diet, angiotensinase values were significantly lower than with the Bch diet in the aorta (GluAP and ArgAP (mb)), ventricle (ArgAP (mb)) and atrium (CysAP (sol)). Significant decreases in DPP-IV (mb) activity occurred with the Bch diet in the atrium and aorta. The VOO diet significantly reduced the activity of the cardiac damage marker LeuAP (mb) in the ventricle and aorta, except for LeuAP (sol) in the ventricle, which was reduced with the Bch diet. (4) Conclusions: The introduction into the diet of a source rich in MUFA would have a beneficial cardiovascular effect on RAS homeostasis and cardiovascular functional stability.
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Ochu, J. O., A. Uzairu, J. A. Kagbu, C. E. Gimba, and O. J. Okunola. "Evaluation of Some Heavy Metals in Imported Chocolate and Candies Sold in Nigeria." Journal of Food Research 1, no. 3 (July 2, 2012): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v1n3p169.
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<p>This study was initiated as a follow-up information on some impounded products chocolates and candies (Samples A, B, C and D) imported from overseas, and sold in Nigeria markets. This result as their failure to meets Nation Agency for food drug administration and control (NAFDAC) regulatory standard. Samples of these products were collected in five markets of each six states each from the six geographical zones: North-West (Bauchi), North-East (Kano), North-Central (Kogi), South-West (Lagos), South-East (Abia), and South-South (Rivers) of the country. In order to evaluate the quality of the products, the levels of some heavy metals (Cu, Mn, Fe, Ni, Zn, Ti and Cr) were evaluated in the samples using X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Concentrations of metals in both chocolates and candies ranged 3.0 – 4.2 mg/g for Cu, 40.0 – 55.7 mg/g for Mn, ND – 102.5 mg/g for Fe, ND – 305.0 mg/g for Ni, ND – 42.5 mg/g for Zn, ND – 23.8 mg/g for Ti, and ND – 10.8 mg/g for Cr. The results showed that that these metals are at higher levels in Samples A, B, C and D compared to other studies in candies and chocolates in Nigeria. Correlation analysis among metals revealed positive correlations, which indicates similar sources of these metals. Also, evaluation of dietary intake of these products daily revealed that Samples A (except for Cu), B and C are above the daily dietary recommended limit for all the studied metals in food. Thus a frequent intake of these contaminated products is likely to induce health effects arising largely from Cu, Mn, Fe, Ni and Zn.</p>
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Oliva, Laia, Marià Alemany, Xavier Remesar, and José-Antonio Fernández-López. "The Food Energy/Protein Ratio Regulates the Rat Urea Cycle but Not Total Nitrogen Losses." Nutrients 11, no. 2 (February 1, 2019): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11020316.
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Nitrogen balance studies have shown that a portion of the N ingested but not excreted is not accounted for. We compared several diets (standard, high-fat, high-protein, and self-selected cafeteria) to determine how diet-dependent energy sources affect nitrogen handling, i.e., the liver urea cycle. Diet components and rat homogenates were used for nitrogen, lipid, and energy analyses. Plasma urea and individual amino acids, as well as liver urea cycle enzyme activities, were determined. Despite ample differences in N intake, circulating amino acids remained practically unchanged in contrast to marked changes in plasma urea. The finding of significant correlations between circulating urea and arginine-succinate synthase and lyase activities supported their regulatory role of urea synthesis, the main N excretion pathway. The cycle operation also correlated with the food protein/energy ratio, in contraposition to total nitrogen losses and estimated balance essentially independent of dietary energy load. The different regulation mechanisms observed have potentially important nutritional consequences, hinting at nitrogen disposal mechanisms able to eliminate excess nitrogen under conditions of high availability of both energy and proteins. Their operation reduces urea synthesis to allow for a safe (albeit unknown) mechanism of N/energy excess accommodation.
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Bujold, Mattéa, Akila Gopalakrishnan, Emma Nally, and Kirst King-Jones. "Nuclear Receptor DHR96 Acts as a Sentinel for Low Cholesterol Concentrations in Drosophila melanogaster." Molecular and Cellular Biology 30, no. 3 (November 23, 2009): 793–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.01327-09.
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ABSTRACT All eukaryotic cells have to maintain cholesterol concentrations within defined margins in order to function normally. Perturbing cholesterol homeostasis can result in a wide range of cellular and systemic defects, including cardiovascular diseases, as well as Niemann-Pick and Tangier diseases. Here, we show that DHR96 is indispensable for mediating the transcriptional response to dietary cholesterol and that it acts as a key regulator of the Niemann-Pick type C gene family, as well as of other genes involved in cholesterol uptake, metabolism, and transport. DHR96 mutants are viable and phenotypically normal on a standard medium but fail to survive on diets that are low in cholesterol. DHR96 mutants have aberrant cholesterol levels, demonstrating a defect in maintaining cholesterol homeostasis. Remarkably, we found that a high-cholesterol diet phenocopied the genomic profile of the DHR96 mutation, indicating that DHR96 resides at the top of a genetic hierarchy controlling cholesterol homeostasis in insects. We propose a model whereby DHR96 is activated when cellular cholesterol concentrations drop below a critical threshold in order to protect cells from severe cholesterol deprivation.
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Adejumo, Olufunmilayo Ebunoluwa, Elizabeth Ayodele Popoola, Oluyemisi Adebowale Bamiro, John Olabanji Daodu, and Olatunde James Olaitan. "Physicochemical Characteristics and HPLC Determination of Alpha-Tocopherol in Eighteen Edible Vegetable Oils Marketed in Nigeria." Dhaka University Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 20, no. 1 (June 14, 2021): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujps.v20i1.54032.
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Eighteen brands of vegetable oils available in the local market were extracted with n-hexane before analysis for alpha-tocopherol by RP-HPLC method. The chromatographic separation occurred isocratically with methanol-water [96:4%v/v] at 0.9 ml/min flow rate. Tocopheryl acetate was the internal standard and alpha-tocopherol was eluted at 7.87 min. Free fatty acids value [FFAVs], peroxide value [PV], iodine value [IV] and saponification values [SV] were determined as quality parameters. Calibration curve was linear [r2 0.9969] and the method was precise with relative standard deviation of 0.35% and mean recovery, 87.39%. Alpha-tocopherol concentration ranged from 0-9.22 mg/100g with the highest in Tropical sunflower oil [9.22 mg/100g] and the lowest [1.16 mg/100g] in Laziz oil. Alpha-tocopherol was not detected in unbranded, local palm oil. The calculated percentage daily value [% DV] of vitamin E ranged from 0- 8.60%. Significant difference [p<0.05] between % DV and recommended dietary allowance [RDA] of vitamin E was observed. FFAs and PV ranged from 0.11-0.74% and 0.99-11.55 meq/kg while IV and SV ranged from 26.71-37.03 g/100g and 4.14-43.68 mg KOH/g, respectively. Seventeen samples [94%] were found to be within the acceptable limits while one [6%], failed for both quality parameters and α-tocopherol test. Strict regulatory control is advocated for these oils to safeguard the public health.
Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 20(1): 49-57, 2021 (June)
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Pan, Shifeng, Yating Zheng, Ruqian Zhao, and Xiaojing Yang. "MicroRNA-130b and microRNA-374b mediate the effect of maternal dietary protein on offspring lipid metabolism in Meishan pigs." British Journal of Nutrition 109, no. 10 (September 10, 2012): 1731–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114512003728.
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To investigate whether the effect of maternal dietary protein on offspring lipid metabolism is mediated by microRNA (miRNA), fourteen Meishan sows were fed either low-protein (LP, half of standard protein (SP) level, n 7) or SP (n 7) diets throughout gestation and lactation periods. PPAR-γ and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-β (C/EBP-β) protein expression was evaluated. The expression of miRNA predicted to directly target PPAR-γ and C/EBP-β in the subcutaneous fat of offspring at weaning age was determined, and the functions of these potential miRNA were verified. The results showed that piglet body weight and back fat thickness were significantly decreased in the LP group compared with the SP group (P< 0·05). The protein level of PPAR-γ was significantly decreased and C/EBP-β protein expression was also decreased, though not significantly (P= 0·056), in the subcutaneous fat of the LP group. Furthermore, miRNA expression analysis showed that miR-130b, targeting the PPAR-γ 3′-untranslated region (UTR), and miR-374b, targeting the C/EBP-β 3′-UTR, were significantly increased in the LP group compared with the SP group; other candidate regulatory miRNA were expressed similarly in both groups. Dual luciferase activity assay results indicated that miR-130b directly recognised and bound to the 3′-UTR of PPAR-γ and thereby suppressed PPAR-γ gene expression. Similar results were found for miR-374b and the 3′-UTR of C/EBP-β. The present study showed that miR-130b and miR-374b are involved in the effect of maternal dietary protein on offspring lipid metabolism in pigs. These results shed new light on our understanding of the maternal effect on offspring lipid deposition.
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Mehmood, Rabia, Nadeem Sheikh, Muhammad Babar Khawar, Muddasir Hassan Abbasi, Asima Tayyeb, Isbah Ashfaq, Maryam Mukhtar, and Naz Fatima. "High-Fat Diet Induced Hedgehog Signaling Modifications during Chronic Kidney Damage." BioMed Research International 2020 (November 27, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8073926.
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Excessive consumption of dietary fats leads to the deposition of unnecessary metabolites and multiple organ damage. Lipids, important key regulators of Hedgehog signaling, are involved in triggering fibrotic chronic kidney disease. The present study encompasses the assessment of renal morphofunctional modifications and alteration of lipid metabolism influencing the changes in gene expression of hedgehog signaling pathway genes. Fifteen male Rattus norvegicus of 200 ± 25 grams weight were equally divided into three groups: control (standard rat chow), D-1 (unsaturated high-fat diet) and D-2 (saturated high-fat diet). Animals were provided with respective diets and were followed for 16 weeks. Both HFD-fed groups did not show overall body weight gain as compared to the control. While significant downregulation of hedgehog pathway genes was found in fatty diet groups. In comparison with the control group, Shh, Gli1, Gli2, and Gli3 were downregulated after the consumption of both unsaturated and saturated fatty diets. Ihh and Smo exhibit a similar downregulation in the D-1 group, but an upregulation was detected in the D-2 group. D-2 group also had an increased serum urea concentration as compared to the control ( P = 0.0023 ). Furthermore, renal histopathology revealed tubular necrosis, glomerular edema, glomerular shrinkage, and hypocellularity. Collagen deposition in both HFD groups marks the extent of fibrosis summary figure. Extravagant intake of dietary fats impaired normal kidney functioning and morphofunctionally anomalous kidney triggers on Hh signaling in adult rats. These anomalies can be linked to an escalated risk of chronic kidney disease in adults strongly recommending the reduced uptake of fatty diets to prevent impaired metabolism and renal lipotoxicity.
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Bodewes, Frank A. J. A., Marjan Wouthuyzen-Bakker, Marcel J. Bijvelds, Rick Havinga, Hugo R. de Jonge, and Henkjan J. Verkade. "Ursodeoxycholate modulates bile flow and bile salt pool independently from the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (Cftr) in mice." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 302, no. 9 (May 1, 2012): G1035—G1042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00258.2011.
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Cystic fibrosis liver disease (CFLD) is treated with ursodeoxycholate (UDCA). Our aim was to evaluate, in cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator knockout ( Cftr −/−) mice and wild-type controls, whether the supposed therapeutic action of UDCA is mediated via choleretic activity or effects on bile salt metabolism. Cftr −/− mice and controls, under general anesthesia, were intravenously infused with tauroursodeoxycholate (TUDCA) in increasing dosage or were fed either standard or UDCA-enriched chow (0.5% wt/wt) for 3 wk. Bile flow and bile composition were characterized. In chow-fed mice, we analyzed bile salt synthesis and pool size of cholate (CA). In both Cftr −/− and controls intravenous TUDCA stimulated bile flow by ∼250% and dietary UDCA by ∼500%, compared with untreated animals ( P < 0.05). In non-UDCA-treated Cftr −/− mice, the proportion of CA in bile was higher compared with that in controls (61 ± 4 vs. 46 ± 4%; P < 0.05), accompanied by an increased CA synthesis [16 ± 1 vs. 10 ± 2 μmol·h−1·100 g body wt (BW)−1; P < 0.05] and CA pool size (28 ± 3 vs. 19 ± 1 μmol/100 g BW; P < 0.05). In both Cftr −/− and controls, UDCA treatment drastically reduced the proportion of CA in bile below 5% and diminished CA synthesis (2.3 ± 0.3 vs. 2.2 ± 0.4 μmol·day−1·100 g BW−1; nonsignificant) and CA pool size (3.6 ± 0.6 vs. 1.5 ± 0.3 μmol/100 g BW; P < 0.05). Acute TUDCA infusion and chronic UDCA treatment both stimulate bile flow in cystic fibrosis conditions independently from Cftr function. Chronic UDCA treatment reduces the hydrophobicity of the bile salt pool in Cftr −/− mice. These results support a potential beneficial effect of UDCA on bile flow and bile salt metabolism in cystic fibrosis conditions.
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Zimmermann, Friederike, Johann Roessler, David Schmidt, Andrzej Jasina, Paul Schumann, Martina Gast, Wolfgang Poller, et al. "Impact of the Gut Microbiota on Atorvastatin Mediated Effects on Blood Lipids." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 5 (May 25, 2020): 1596. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9051596.
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Background and Aims: The mechanisms of interindividual variation of lipid regulation by statins, such as the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) lowering effects, are not fully understood yet. Here, we used a gut microbiota depleted mouse model to investigate the relation between the gut microbiota and the regulatory property of atorvastatin on blood lipids. Methods: Mice (C57BL/6) with intact gut microbiota or antibiotic induced abiotic mice (ABS) were put on standard chow diet (SCD) or high fat diet (HFD) for six weeks. Atorvastatin (10 mg/kg body weight/day) or a control vehicle were applied per gavage for the last four weeks of dietary treatment. Blood lipids including total cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein and sphingolipids were measured to probe microbiota-dependent effects of atorvastatin. The expression of genes involved in hepatic and intestinal cholesterol metabolism was analyzed with qRT-PCR. The alteration of the microbiota profile was examined using 16S rRNA qPCR in mice with intact gut microbiota. Results: HFD feeding significantly increased total blood cholesterol and LDL levels, as compared to SCD in both mice with intact and depleted gut microbiota. The cholesterol lowering effect of atorvastatin was significantly attenuated in mice with depleted gut microbiota. Moreover, we observed a global shift in the abundance of several sphingolipids upon atorvastatin treatment which was absent in gut microbiota depleted mice. The regulatory effect of atorvastatin on the expression of distinct hepatic and intestinal cholesterol-regulating genes, including Ldlr, Srebp2 and Npc1l1 was altered upon depletion of gut microbiota. In response to HFD feeding, the relative abundance of the bacterial phyla Bacteroidetes decreased, while the abundance of Firmicutes increased. The altered ratio between Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes was partly reversed in HFD fed mice treated with atorvastatin. Conclusions: Our findings support a regulatory impact of atorvastatin on the gut microbial profile and, in turn, demonstrate a crucial role of the gut microbiome for atorvastatin-related effects on blood lipids. These results provide novel insights into potential microbiota-dependent mechanisms of lipid regulation by statins, which may account for variable response to statin treatment.
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Moses, Jeban Chandir, Sasan Adibi, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Nilmini Wickramasinghe, and Lemai Nguyen. "Application of Smartphone Technologies in Disease Monitoring: A Systematic Review." Healthcare 9, no. 7 (July 14, 2021): 889. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9070889.
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Technologies play an essential role in monitoring, managing, and self-management of chronic diseases. Since chronic patients rely on life-long healthcare systems and the current COVID-19 pandemic has placed limits on hospital care, there is a need to explore disease monitoring and management technologies and examine their acceptance by chronic patients. We systematically examined the use of smartphone applications (apps) in chronic disease monitoring and management in databases, namely, Medline, Web of Science, Embase, and Proquest, published from 2010 to 2020. Results showed that app-based weight management programs had a significant effect on healthy eating and physical activity (p = 0.002), eating behaviours (p < 0.001) and dietary intake pattern (p < 0.001), decreased mean body weight (p = 0.008), mean Body Mass Index (BMI) (p = 0.002) and mean waist circumference (p < 0.001). App intervention assisted in decreasing the stress levels (paired t-test = 3.18; p < 0.05). Among cancer patients, we observed a high acceptance of technology (76%) and a moderately positive correlation between non-invasive electronic monitoring data and questionnaire (r = 0.6, p < 0.0001). We found a significant relationship between app use and standard clinical evaluation and high acceptance of the use of apps to monitor the disease. Our findings provide insights into critical issues, including technology acceptance along with regulatory guidelines to be considered when designing, developing, and deploying smartphone solutions targeted for chronic patients.
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Deng, Wenjun, Emiri Mandeville, Yasukazu Terasaki, Wenlu Li, Julie Holder, Aaron TT Chuang, Mingming Ning, Ken Arai, Eng H. Lo, and Changhong Xing. "Transcriptomic characterization of microglia activation in a rat model of ischemic stroke." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 40, no. 1_suppl (June 17, 2020): S34—S48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0271678x20932870.
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Microglia are key regulators of inflammatory response after stroke and brain injury. To better understand activation of microglia as well as their phenotypic diversity after ischemic stroke, we profiled the transcriptome of microglia after 75 min transient focal cerebral ischemia in 3-month- and 12-month-old male spontaneously hypertensive rats. Microglia were isolated from the brains by FACS sorting on days 3 and 14 after cerebral ischemia. GeneChip Rat 1.0ST microarray was used to profile the whole transcriptome of sorted microglia. We identified an evolving and complex pattern of activation from 3 to 14 days after stroke onset. M2-like patterns were extensively and persistently upregulated over time. M1-like patterns were only mildly upregulated, mostly at day 14. Younger 3-month-old brains showed a larger microglial response in both pro- and anti-inflammatory pathways, compared to older 12-month-old brains. Importantly, our data revealed that after stroke, most microglia are activated towards a wide spectrum of novel polarization states beyond the standard M1/M2 dichotomy, especially in pathways related to TLR2 and dietary fatty acid signaling. Finally, classes of transcription factors that might potentially regulate microglial activation were identified. These findings should provide a comprehensive database for dissecting microglial mechanisms and pursuing neuroinflammation targets for acute ischemic stroke.
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Liao, Shengfa F., Zhongyue Yang, M. Shamimul Hasan, Rebecca Humphrey, Jean Feugang, Derris Burnett, and John K. Htoo. "200 Reduced growth performance of pigs fed methionine deficient diet may be associated with their reduced muscle cell differentiation." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_3 (November 2, 2020): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa054.125.
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Abstract Methionine (Met) is the second or third limiting AA in typical swine diets and plays important roles in promoting the growth, especially, the muscle growth of pigs. This research studied the effects of dietary Met restriction on growth performance and myogenic gene expression in growing pigs. Eight genes in two families, including myogenic regulatory factor family comprising myogenic differentiation 1 (MyoD1), myogenic factor 5 (Myf5), myogenin (MyoG) and myogenic factor 6 (Myf6), and myocyte enhancer factor 2 (Mef2) family comprising Mef2A, Mef2B, Mef2C and Mef2D, were selected for analysis. Individually penned barrows (crossbred, 23.6±2.4 kg) were randomly assigned to two dietary treatments. A basal diet (Diet 1; Met-deficient) was formulated to contain 0.22% standardized ileal digestible (SID) Met and 0.52% SID Met+Cys but to meet the NRC (2012) recommendations for other nutrients. Crystalline DL-Met was added to the basal diet to generate Diet 2 adequate in Met (0.37% SID Met, 0.67% SID Met+Cys). During the four-week ad libitum feeding trial, ADG, ADFI and G:F were measured. Immediately before and after the trial, muscle samples were collected from the longissimus dorsi using a standard biopsy protocol. Total RNA was extracted from the muscle samples (TRIzol Reagent; Invitrogen) and subjected to cDNA reverse-transcription (QuantiTect Reverse Transcription Kit; Qiagen). Transcribed cDNA were used for qPCR analysis (Rotor-Gene Q System; Qiagen). Comparative ΔΔCT method was used for quantitation. Data were analyzed with Student’s T-test. Pigs fed Diet 1 (vs. Diet 2) had a lower ADG and G:F (P< 0.01). Before the feeding trial, all the tested genes had comparable mRNA levels between the two treatments (P >0.17). After the trial, Diet 1 pigs showed tendency for lower levels of Myf6 and Mef2D mRNA (P< 0.09). These results suggest that the reduced ADG and G:F is associated with the possibly-reduced muscle cell differentiation in pigs fed Met-deficient diet.