Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Regulatory competence'

This thesis examines the application of traditional jurisdictional doctrines to online activity. It analyses not only to what extent, and why, the Internet challenges existing principles allocating regulatory competence, but the factors which shape, and must shape, the regulatory responses to these challenges, in an attempt to create an analytical framework within which the search for viable solutions can begin. The overarching argument made in this thesis is that the keys to viable future Internet regulation are deeply embedded in past and present regulation and that we cannot simply look for the most efficient legal solutions, regardless of how they fit within existing laws. This would be inconsistent with the law's basic function to answer the need for certainty and predictability. Building upon this fundamental premise, it is further argued, and shown, that an understanding of the public law - private law dichotomy within the existing jurisdictional framework, as well as its deeply entrenched status, is essential for appreciating the severity of the jurisdictional problems caused by the Internet and actual and likely regulatory responses to them. It is argued that this explains why both sets of rules have consistently accommodated transnational online activity differently, giving rise to different problems - problems which ultimately touch upon fundamental legal notions, such as formal justice, the rule of law or obedience to law which cannot but set further outer parameters of the search for solutions to the jurisdictional problems triggered by the Internet.

The bacterial pathogen Vibrio cholerae is responsible for ongoing cholera outbreaks in Haiti and elsewhere. Association of V. cholerae with the human host is responsible for fatal disease, but the bacteria also reside as natural inhabitants of aquatic environments, commonly attaching as biofilms to chitinous surfaces of copepods and crabs. Prior studies in V. cholerae demonstrated that competence for genetic transformation, a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer (HGT), requires the TfoX regulator protein that is triggered by chitin, and the HapR transcription factor that is made in response to quorum sensing (QS) signals produced by V. cholerae and Vibrios. To define regulatory components connecting extracellular signals to natural competence, I first demonstrated that QS molecules produced by Vibrios within multi-species chitinous biofilms are required for DNA uptake by V. cholerae, confirming the critical role of QS signals in HGT. Second, I identified by transposon-mutagenesis a new positive regulator of competence, CytR (cytidine repressor), only studied prior in E. coli as a regulator of nucleoside scavenging. Specific mutations in V. cholerae CytR impaired expression of competence genes and halted DNA uptake; and the addition of exogenous cytidine had similar affects as predicted in E. coli. V. cholerae and other competent Vibrios encode TfoX, HapR, and CytR, although none of these regulators directly controls genes coding for the DNA uptake apparatus. Thus, these results have uncovered a regulatory network, likely used by many Vibrios, that contains additional factors linking several extracellular chemical molecules (cytidine, chitin, and QS signals) to DNA uptake. My study has begun to define a molecular mechanism by which both environment and genetics contribute to genome evolution for this important marine pathogen.

Bacillus subtilis, une bactérie Gram-positive présente dans le sol, peut lorsque les nutriments sont en concentrations limitantes, sporuler, former des biofilms ou devenir compétente. La compétence est, chez B. subtilis, caractérisée par un arrêt de la division cellulaire, une tolérance aux antibiotiques et l'expression de plus d'une centaine de gènes. L'expression de la compétence, aussi désignée sous le nom de " K-state ", est dépendante de la synthèse du facteur de transcription ComK et se fait de façon stochastique résultant en la formation de deux sous-populations bactériennes, non-compétentes et compétentes. L'émergence, à partir de cellules génétiquement identiques, de deux sous-populations distinctes est une stratégie de survie très répandue chez les procaryotes, connue sous le nom de " bet-hedging ". Bien que les mécanismes de régulation du développement de la compétence ont, chez B. subtilis, largement été étudiés au cours des dernières années, la raison pour laquelle les souches non-domestiques sont très peu transformables (1-2% de la population) comparé aux souches domestiques (~15%) reste méconnue. Nous démontrons ici que c'est essentiellement dû à une mutation de transition dans le promoteur du gène degQ. Cette mutation diminue la synthèse de DegQ, protéine impliquée dans la régulation de la formation de biofilms, de la synthèse d'exoprotéases et de la transformation génétique. DegQ est une protéine impliquée dans le transfert d'un groupe phosphoryl entre la kinase DegS et son substrat DegU. Une faible quantité de DegQ diminue la concentration en DegU~P ce qui a pour conséquence la désinhibition de l'opéron srfA entrainant une accumulation de ComK et l'expression de la compétence. C'est ainsi que, dans les souches domestiques de B. subtilis, un plus grand nombre de bactéries atteignent le niveau nécessaire en ComK pour activer une boucle d'auto-activation transcriptionnelle de comK. Nous démontrons aussi que l'activation transcriptionnelle de srfA est, dans les souches non-domestiques, transitoire alors que la population bactérienne entre en phase stationnaire de croissance. Ces données indiquent que le développement de la compétence est moins fréquent et plus transitoire dans les souches non-domestiques de B. subtilis. De plus, cette limitation du K-state dans les souches non-domestiques est plus importante que précédemment " pensé " probablement dû à la domestication de B. subtilis au cours de ces 50 dernières années. Ce travail reflète non seulement, l'importance de l'utilisation de souches non-domestiques dans la caractérisation des voies de régulation de la compétence chez B. subtilis, mais aussi la portée du choix de modèle biologique dans l'étude de phénomènes biologiques complexes
Bacillus subtilis, a Gram-positive soil bacterium, can enter into several developmental pathways such as sporulation, biofilm formation and competence development for DNA transformation when it becomes limited for essential nutrients. During competence, cells do not divide, are tolerant to antibiotics and competent cells express more than a 100 genes. The competent state has been named the K-state after its master regulator ComK. In B. subtilis, the entry into the K-state is stochastically determined by the activation of the transcription factor ComK and occurs, in the domesticated strains of B. subtilis, in approximately 15% of the population. The emergence from genetically identical cells of two distinct subpopulations (competent cells and non-competent cells) is known to be a classic survival strategy for bacteria, known as bet-hedging. Regulation of entry into the K-state has been intensively studied and is well understood; however, the reasons why undomesticated isolates of B. subtilis are poorly transformable compared to the domesticated strains remained unexplained. We show here that fewer cells enter the K-state, suggesting that some regulatory pathway limiting its expression has been lost in the domesticated backgrounds. We demonstrate that this is largely due to an inactivating point mutation in the degQ promoter region resulting in a decrease of the amount of DegQ. DegQ is known to stimulate phosphate transfer from the DegS autokinase to its cognate response regulator DegU. A low level of DegQ thus decreases the concentration of the phosphorylated form of DegU, leading to the de-repression of the srfA operon, which increases the amount of ComS leading to the stabilization of ComK. Thus, in domesticated strains of B. subtilis, more cells reach the concentration threshold of ComK needed to activate the positive auto-regulatory loop of ComK acting on its own promoter. We also show that the activation of srfA transcription in undomesticated strains is transient, as it is turned off when cells enter the stationary phase. Taken together, these data indicate that the K-state and transformability are less frequent and more transient in the undomesticated strains of B. subtilis. Consideration of the regulatory mechanisms and the fitness advantages and costs of the K-state must from now on take these features into consideration. These results underscore that our understanding of real-life biology requires the use of wild isolates

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The transition of the liberal state to welfare state, globalization and the crisis of funding from the government spending on the multiple roles demanded an overhaul of the means of intervention in the economic domain and structure organizational of the Public Administration by enhancing the performance of regulatory functions. Therefore appear in Brazilian law independent regulatory agencies with legal administrative particular that gives autonomy increased, with fixed terms and stability of its leaders, police and competencies, normative and administrative judges. In this scenario, given the autonomy granted by the laws of the creation of regulatory agencies, the legislative competence becomes the most contentious issue, as not infrequently is innovation in the legal system. The main foundations of innovative extension producible by regulatory agencies, which diverges doctrine, are the constitutional attribution of own competence of the Public Administration and the discretionary power. Thus, it is necessary to delimit the constitutional and legal foundations of special legislative powers of these autarchies in our legal system, seeking ways to limit and control the production rules of those entities, for the purpose of position them before the powers constitutionally constituted. We note that with the constitutionalisation of administrative law regulatory agencies found limits to its performance in the normative constitutional principles, especially through the principles of efficiency, morality and proportionality, which has enabled a more effective control of their normative acts
A passagem do estado liberal para o estado social, a globaliza??o e a crise de financiamento do Estado, diante das m?ltiplas fun??es, exigiram uma reformula??o dos meios de interven??o sobre o dom?nio econ?mico e da estrutura organizat?ria da Administra??o P?blica atrav?s do aprimoramento do exerc?cio das fun??es regulat?rias. Assim, no Direito brasileiro surgiram as ag?ncias reguladoras independentes, com regime jur?dico administrativo especial, que lhes confere autonomia refor?ada: mandatos fixos e estabilidade para seus dirigentes, compet?ncia fiscalizat?ria, normativa e administrativo-julgadora. Nesse panorama, diante da autonomia, que conferida pelas leis de cria??o das ag?ncias reguladoras, a compet?ncia normativa passa a ser o tema mais pol?mico, visto que, n?o raramente, inova-se no ordenamento jur?dico atrav?s dela. Os principais fundamentos da extens?o inovadora produz?vel pelas ag?ncias reguladoras, dos quais diverge a doutrina, s?o: da atribui??o constitucional de compet?ncia pr?pria da Administra??o P?blica e o do poder discricion?rio. Destarte, faz-se necess?rio delimitar as bases constitucionais e legais da compet?ncia normativa dessas autarquias especiais no nosso sistema legal a fim de se procurar formas de limitar e de controlar a produ??o normativa de tais entes com o intuito de posiciona-los diante dos poderes constitucionalmente constitu?dos. Constatamos que a constitucionaliza??o do direito administrativo imp?e limites ? atua??o normativa das ag?ncias reguladora por meio dos princ?pios constitucionais, especialmente, do princ?pio da efici?ncia, da moralidade e da proporcionalidade; o que resulta num controle mais efetivo de seus atos normativos
2020-01-01

Afin de faire face à différents types de stress et s'adapter à de nouveaux environnements, les bactéries ont développé de nombreux mécanismes génétiquement régulés. La compétence pour la transformation naturelle est un processus qui favorise le transfert horizontal de gènes. Si les espèces phylogénétiquement éloignées partagent des mécanismes conservés d'intégration et de remaniement de l'ADN, les circuits de régulation de la compétence ne sont toutefois pas universels mais adaptés au mode de vie de chaque espèce. Chez les bactéries Gram-positives, les cascades de régulation de Streptococcus pneumoniae et Bacillus subtilis sont les mieux documentées. Si de nombreux modèles mathématiques ont été établis pour étudier différents aspects de la régulation des compétences chez B. subtilis, un seul modèle à échelle de population a été développé pour S. pneumoniae, il y a plus de dix ans, sur la base d'hypothèses contestées par de nouvelles données expérimentales. Nous avons développé, chez S. pneumoniae, un modèle fondé sur la connaissance de la régulation de la compétence qui intègre les éléments biologiques essentiels connus à ce jour. La cohérence structurelle de la topologie du réseau est confirmée par le formalisme des réseaux de Petri. Le réseau est ensuite transformé en un ensemble d'équations différentielles ordinaires pour étudier son comportement dynamique. La cinétique des protéines a été estimée en utilisant des données de luminescence et l'estimation des paramètres a été contrainte à partir des connaissances disponibles. Après avoir testé des modèles alternatifs, nous avons proposé l'existence d'un produit de gène tardif supplémentaire pouvant inhiber l'action de ComW, l'activateur du facteur sx. Nous apportons également un nouvel éclairage sur cette cascade de régulation en prédisant la cinétique de composantes du système qui pourraient être impliquées dans des comportements spécifiques. Ce modèle consolide les connaissances expérimentales acquises sur la régulation de la compétence chez S. pneumoniae. De plus, il peut être appliqué aux autres espèces de streptocoques appartenant aux groupes mitis et anginosus puisqu'ils partagent le même circuit régulateur. À l'échelle populationnelle, la transition vers l'état de compétence se produit d'abord dans une sous-population de cellules et se propage ensuite dans toute la population par contact physique cellule à cellule. En permettant la simulation du comportement d'une cellule individuelle, le modèle pourra servir de module dans la conception d'un modèle d'une population bactérienne composée de cellules hétérogènes
Bacteria have evolved many types of genetically induced mechanisms to face different types of stresses and to adapt to new environments. Competence for natural transformation is one such process that promotes horizontal gene transfer. If phylogenetically distant species share conserved uptake and processing apparatus, competence regulatory circuits are not universal but adapted to every species' lifestyle. In Gram-positive bacteria, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Bacillus subtilis regulatory cascades are the best documented. If many mathematical models have been established to study different aspects of competence regulation in B. subtilis, only one population-scaled model has been developed for S. pneumoniae, a decade ago, based on hypotheses that are challenged by new experimental data. We develop, in S. pneumoniae, a knowledge-based model of the competence regulation at cell level that integrates the enriched biological knowledge acquired to date. The structural consistency of the network topology is confirmed using Petri net formalism. The network is further turned into a set of ordinary differential equations to study its dynamics behavior. Protein kinetics are estimated using time-series luminescence data and other parameter estimations are constrained according to available knowledge. We point out some gap in competence shut-off knowledge, and, after testing alternative models, we predict the requirement of a yet unknown late com gene product inhibiting the action of ComW, the ?x factor activator. We also bring new insights into this regulatory cascade by predicting the system components that might be involved in specific experimental behavior. Our model consolidates the experimental knowledge acquired on competence regulation in S. pneumoniae. Moreover, it can be applied to the other streptococci species belonging to the mitis and anginosus groups since they shared the same regulatory circuit. In the population, the competence shift happens first in a subpopulation of cells and spreads into the whole population through cell to cell contact. Allowing simulation of individual cell behavior, our model will provide a brick for the design of a population-scale model composed of heterogeneous cells

En este artículo, el autor realiza una exhaustiva descripción y análisis de un tema que, tanto a nivel nacional como internacional -y especialmente en nuestra región- cobra cada día más importancia y complejidad: la legislación sobre libre competencia y defensa de la competencia desleal. Dicha área es analizada por el autor de manera comparativa,teniendo en cuenta que los objetivos principales son el correcto desenvolvimiento de la denominada "economía de libre mercado", y la protección a los consumidores,para luego proponer diversas reformas con el fin de afrontar una serie de problemas que, en su opinión distan aún hoy de ser solucionados.

Thesis (Ph.D. in Immunology) -- University of Colorado Denver, 2007.
Typescript. Non-Latin script record Includes bibliographical references (181-196). Free to UCD affiliates. Online version available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations;

L’intervention économique financière locale est un phénomène relativement récent. Elle apparaît, notamment, à la suite des deux guerres mondiales mais également en raison des différentes crises économiques successives que connaît la France au cours du XXème siècle. L’Etat va progressivement déléguer aux collectivités territoriales un nombre croissant de compétences. L’objectif étant de pallier la carence de l’initiative privée, tout en soutenant celle-ci. Les compétences des collectivités territoriales, ainsi que les moyens humains et financiers, se développent par l’intermédiaire des transferts de compétences effectués de l’Etat vers les collectivités territoriales. Le contenu des budgets locaux s’accroît, quant à lui, de manière concomitante et permet, ainsi, d’agir sur le secteur économique local. De nombreux acteurs interviennent et il existe différents types d’interventions économiques possibles au niveau local. Par conséquent, un encadrement s’avère nécessaire tant au niveau législatif que réglementaire. La jurisprudence administrative et financière participe de la régulation des interventions économiques locales. Parallèlement, la législation administrative et financière encadre celle-ci. Cette thèse aura pour objectif de démontrer que l’interventionnisme économique local n’est pas seulement réalisé par l’intermédiaire d’instruments juridiques mais essentiellement par le truchement d’instruments financiers, dont le rôle sera déterminé. Ce travail de recherche consistera à identifier puis analyser ces instruments au niveau local. li s’agira également de s’interroger sur les modalités de mise en oeuvre, de contrôle et de sanction de ceux-ci et, surtout, de mesurer leur efficience sur la scène économique locale
This thesis is about local public financial interventionism, in a context where it is decried. It proposes to study the different characteristics that define local public financial interventionism. The financial competence held by the local authorities to intervene in favor of the private enterprises, granted by the legislator, allows the exercise of a local public financial and fiscal regulatory power while taking into account the rights and freedoms of private enterprises. Local public financial interventionism takes place through conventional legal techniques, such as unilateral administrative act and contract, which go beyond the dichotomy of public and private law, and financial techniques, such as local public expenditure and local tax revenue, and the loss of revenue derived from local taxes, thus offering a multiplicity of legal and financial instruments. The analysis of the effectiveness of local public financial interventionism makes it possible to define the various forms of local public financial intervention and to assess the mechanisms put in place to evaluate, control and sanction it

En el presente artículo, la autora analiza la aplicación al sector telecomunicaciones de los conceptos tradicionales de las infraestructuras en red. Asimismo, cuestiona cómo se presenta la competencia en el nuevo sector de las telecomunicaciones, esto es, si se trata de una competencia en servicios sobre una red única o, más bien, de una competencia entre redes. Finalmente, la autora presenta una reflexión sobre el tipo de regulación que debería implementarse si se quiere incentivar la inversión en infraestructura de telecomunicaciones que nos lleve a ser una verdadera sociedad de la información.

Expensive and excessive regulations may affect the number of firms by discouraging them to access and remain into the market. Despite of such a fact, worldwide there are few legal mechanisms within competition law able to control regulatory activity. This document describes briefly the Peruvian mechanism of regulatory oversight through the Indecopi´s Elimination of Bureaucratic Barriers Commission, which has reached in less than 3 years the voluntary elimination of more than 1000 regulatory and  administrative burdens affecting, inter alia, the market of the deployment of infrastructure on public utilities. This has been the result of a strategy that not relies on sanctioning administrative procedures but in a coordinative-oriented approach with the regulatees aiming to reach the effective accomplishment of the law. In turn, the development of such a strategy make possible to show a new style of enforcement in Peru, which has been studied and undertaken in other countries around the world, namely “Responsive Regulation”.
Una regulación costosa y excesiva puede afectar negativamente la cantidad de ofertantes en el mercado, al desincentivar su acceso y/o permanencia en él. No obstante ello, en el mundo existen pocos mecanismos de defensa de la competencia que controlen este tipo de actividad. El presente artículo describe brevemente el mecanismo de control regulatorio empleado en el Perú a través de la Comisión de Eliminación de Barreras Burocráticas del Indecopi, la cual ha logrado en menos de 3 años la eliminación voluntaria de más de 1000 regulaciones y trabas administrativas que afectaban, entre otros, el mercado de infraestructura en servicios públicos, a través de una estrategia que prescinde del uso exclusivo de procedimientos sancionadores y privilegia la coordinación con los agentes regulados para lograr el cumplimiento efectivo de la ley. El desarrollo de esta estrategia, a su vez, permite demostrar la posibilidad de aplicar un nuevo estilo de «enforcement» en el Perú, que ha sido estudiado y adoptado en otros países del mundo, como es la «Regulación Responsiva».

The Mexican energy reform in December 2013 has represented a radical change in the structure of the sector, which has grown from a public monopoly to a competitive market. This article aims to analyze the attributions and the legal and administrative nature which has be granted to the Energy Regulatory Commission (CRE) after the normative change that will play a key role in the correct implementation thereof. The nodal problem is to confirm if the CRE has being given the correct legal instruments to develop its function autonomously and transparently.
La reforma energética mexicana de diciembre de 2013 ha representado un cambio radical en la estructuración del sector, el cual ha pasado de ser un monopolio público a un mercado de libre competencia. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar las atribuciones y la naturaleza jurídico administrativa que se ha concedido a la Comisión Reguladora de Energía (CRE) tras el cambio normativo, dado que este, en calidad de organismo regulador del sector, tendrá un rol fundamental en la correcta implementación de la misma. El problema nodal de la cuestión reside en corroborar si se ha dotado a la CRE de los correctos instrumentos jurídicospara desenvolver su función de forma autónoma y transparente.

With the entry into force of the Constitution of Peru of 1993, the economic model of social market economy, which was accompanied by an institutional reform, creating four (4) regulators of utilities and one (1) competition agency, was established. The economic model of social market economy, guarantees free competition in the market as a general rule, establishing a regulatory framework for public services that before the reform, were managed directly by the State. Thus, in this paper we will learn how to set up the Peruvian institutional framework and what are the main similarities and differences between competition and regulation, for which we will detail the functions of the competition agency and regulatory bodies as well as interaction between the two.
Con la entrada en vigencia de la Constitución Política del Perú de 1993, se estableció el modelo económico de economía social de mercado. Como parte del mismo, se realizaron una serie de reformas institucionales del Estado, creándose cuatro organismos reguladores de los servicios públicos y una agencia de competencia. El modelo económico de economía social de mercado garantiza la libre competencia en el mercado como regla general, estableciendo un marco regulatorio para los servicios públicos que, antes de la reforma, eran gestionados directamente por el Estado. Así, en el presente trabajo podremos conocer cómo se ha establecido el marco institucional peruano y cuáles son las principales similitudes y diferencias de la competencia y la regulación, para lo que detallaremos las funciones de la agencia de competencia y la de los organismos reguladores, así como la interacción que existe entre ambos.

Since the 1990s, several countries in Latin America liberalized and privatized the public utilities business. As a consequence, there was a transit from the Entrepreneur State to the Regulatory State, the latter being traditionally understood as a model of regulation for competition, with a mayor concern only on economic objectives. Notwithstanding, the socioeconomic reality of Latin American countries, in particular Colombia, presented the fact that competition cannot be the only priority, and that regulation of the public utilities business must also achieve social objectives. Public purposes, understood as economic and social objectives, are the cornerstone of State intervention.
Desde los años noventa, ciertos países de América Latina liberalizaron y privatizaron el sector de los servicios públicos. Como consecuencia, se pasó del Estado empresario al Estado regulador, el cual era tradicionalmente entendido como un modelo de regulación para la competencia, centrado principalmente en objetivos económicos. Sin embargo, la realidad socioeconómica de los países de América Latina, en particular Colombia, demuestra que la competencia no es la única prioridad, sino que la regulación en los servicios públicos también debe atender a la consecución de objetivos sociales. Los objetivos públicos son el pilar de la intervención del Estado, entendido esto como objetivos económicos y sociales.

L'objecte d'aquesta tesi doctoral és el sistema de distribució de les competències d'execució entre l'Estat i les comunitats autònomes. El capítol primer es dedica a l'estudi dels antecedents i, concretament, al sistema implantat durant la II República espanyola. En el capítol segon es realitza una anàlisi crítica del sistema vigent a l'Estat autonòmic, enmarcat en un estudi previ dels models de referència. L'evolució del sistema és l'objecte del capítol tercer, on s'estudien els criteris que han afavorit els desenvolupaments en clau unitària i els mecanismes disponibles per caminar cap a una deriva més autonomista. El capítol quart tracta de rebatre la tesi doctrinal i jurisprudencial majoritària, d'acord amb la qual les competències autonòmiques d'execució no abasten la potestat reglamentària substantiva, mentre que el capítol cinquè es planteja quina pot ser la incidència d'Internet i de les tecnologies de la informació i la comunicació sobre el repartiment del poder d'administrar.
El objeto de la tesis doctoral es la distribución de las competencias de ejecución entre el Estado y las Comunidades Autónomas. El capítulo primero se dedica al estudio de los antecedentes y, concretamente, al sistema implantado durante la II República española. En el capítulo segundo se realiza un análisis crítico del sistema vigente en el Estado autonómico, enmarcado en un estudio previo de los modelos de referencia. La evolución del sistema constituye el objeto del capítulo tercero, donde se estudian los criterios que han favorecido los desarrollos en clave unitaria y los mecanismos disponibles para caminar hacia una deriva más autonomista. El capítulo cuarto trata de rebatir la tesis mayoritaria, según la cuál las competencias ejecutivas no incluyen a la potestad reglamentaria substantiva, mientras que el capítulo quinto se plantea cual puede ser la incidencia de Internet y de las tecnologías de la información sobre el reparto del poder de administrar.
"The distribution of executive competencies in the autonomic state"

The aim of the doctoral thesis is the distribution of the executive competencies between the State and the descentralized authorities (Autonomic Comunities, Comunidades Autónomas). The first chapter is dedicated to the study of the antecedents and, concretely, the system introduced during the 2nd spanish Republic. In second chapter, a critical analysis of the system in force in the autonomic State is developed, preceded by a study of the reference models. The system's evolution constitutes the object of the third chapter, where the criteria favoring the present centralist conception and the available ways to a more autonomic system are examined. Chapter four tries to refute the leading conception understanding that executive competencies don't include substantive Administration's regulatory power, whereas the fifth is about the incidence of Internet and the information technologies in the distribution of the executive competencies.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico
The dissertation has by objective describe the administrative activity of regulation exercised by independent regulatory agencies, observing that this activity was already done before this structures creation, however, after a really deep administrative reform that had as objective built a Public Administration with more efficiency, it passed to be done with some own peculiarities of these new structures of regulation. The work gave especial attention to what concern the conflicts of normative competency that really often happen between ANP (Ag?ncia Nacional do Petr?leo, G?s Natural e Biocombust?veis) and the legislatives organs of the Republic Federative of Brazil, because energetic area has unbelievable mater to any country, and the fact of some juridical norm be against the law and be accepted is very dangerous, it affronts the constitutional principle of the legality e may put in risk the democratic Estate of law, them, regulatory dogmatic must be scientifically knows, and developed, thought and especially there are so many doctrinaires divergences about regulation constitutionality. As a theorist point, the investigation got the Logical nocontradiction principle, according Hans Kelsen and Lourival Vilanova thought, doing a philosophical reflection about the system of positive law, in which there are many antinomies, or conflicts of norms, what include the conflicts of the administrative acts expedited by ANP and the legislation of the brazilian regulatory Estate. For a better understanding and exemplify some perplexities treated by the doctrinaire angle, this work did a lucubration about a possibility of a normative conflict between a ANP resolution and the municipal legislation in a specific case, also, brought several jurisprudences for the brazilians courts of justice, that confirm the empiric existence of normative conflicts among ANP s administrative norms and federal legislation. Finally, concludes observing that the regulation is not a legislative competency delegation to regulatory agencies, is just a new exercise of the administrative function, it is a technical specialization of the public administration, that using this know-how can acting with more efficiency, however the normative power of regulatory agencies must respect the empire of law, so in this terms, the dissertation suggests the ponderation of the constitutionals principles of efficiency and legality how form to harmonizing the democratic legitimate inherent to legal norm supremacy, with the perspective of an efficient economic and institutional development
A disserta??o tem como objetivo descrever a atividade administrativa da regula??o exercida pelas ag?ncias reguladoras, observando que tal atividade j? era realizada antes da cria??o dessas entidades, por?m, ap?s uma profunda reforma administrativa que buscava dar mais efici?ncia ? Administra??o P?blica, passou a ocorrer com certas peculiaridades inerentes a essas novas entidades de regula??o. O trabalho d? aten??o especial aos conflitos de compet?ncia normativa que diversas vezes ocorre entre a ANP (Ag?ncia Nacional do Petr?leo, G?s Natural e Biocombust?veis) e os ?rg?os legislativos da Rep?blica Federativa do Brasil, uma vez que as quest?es sobre combust?veis possuem significativa import?ncia para qualquer pa?s, e o fato de alguma norma jur?dica ser contr?ria ? lei e ainda assim ser aceita ? deveras temer?rio, pois isso afronta o princ?pio constitucional da legalidade e pode colocar em risco o Estado democr?tico de Direito, destarte, a dogm?tica da regula??o precisa ser cientificamente conhecida e desenvolvida, especialmente pelo fato da exist?ncia de diverg?ncias doutrin?rias sobre a constitucionalidade de diversas especificidades da regula??o exercida pelas ag?ncias reguladoras. Como marco te?rico, a investiga??o adota o princ?pio l?gico da n?o-contradi??o conforme o pensamento de Hans Kelsen e Lourival Vilanova, fazendo uma reflex?o filos?fica sobre o Direito e o sistema de Direito positivo, no qual h? v?rias antinomias, ou conflitos de normas, o que inclui os conflitos entre os atos administrativos expedidos pela ANP e a legisla??o do Estado regulador brasileiro. Para uma melhor compreens?o do fen?meno da regula??o e exemplifica??o de algumas perplexidades que ensejam celeumas doutrin?rias, o trabalho traz a problematiza??o da possibilidade de conflito normativo entre uma resolu??o da ANP e a legisla??o municipal diante de um caso espec?fico, tamb?m traz uma minuciosa pesquisa jurisprudencial realizada nos Pret?rios nacionais, que confirmam empiricamente a exist?ncia de conflitos normativos entre normas administrativas editadas pela ANP e a legisla??o federal. Finalmente conclui observando que a regula??o realizada pelas ag?ncias reguladoras n?o significa a exist?ncia de delega??o legislativa, ou regulamentar, para essas entidades, na medida em que representa apenas uma forma de exerc?cio da fun??o administrativa, que j? havia no Direito brasileiro, mas atrav?s das ag?ncias passou a ser exercida com mais independ?ncia, o que permite uma atua??o mais t?cnica e, portanto, mais eficiente do Estado, entretanto, ao disciplinarem tecnicamente seus respectivos setores, as ag?ncias reguladoras precisam respeitar o imp?rio da lei , e nesses termos, a disserta??o sugere a pondera??o dos princ?pios constitucionais da legalidade e da efici?ncia para que o Estado Regulador brasileiro possa compatibilizar a legitimidade democr?tica inerente ? supremacia da norma legal com a perspectiva de um eficiente desenvolvimento econ?mico e institucional

La redéfinition des conditions d’exercice de la souveraineté aérienne des États membres, par un transfert progressif de compétences au profit de l’Union européenne, ne peut être analysée uniquement en termes de dépossession et de réduction de leur puissance individuelle. Les compétences aériennes confiées à l’Union permettent l’affirmation de l’ensemble européen sur la scène internationale. Ce processus, mouvant et encore inachevé, se traduit par une prise en compte accrue de la spécificité européenne en matière d’aviation civile. Malgré des réticences certaines émanant aussi bien des États membres que des États tiers, l’Union s’érige progressivement au rang d’acteur de poids, capable d’influencer le contenu normatif du droit aérien contemporain, de la même manière que le font les puissances aériennes traditionnelles et notamment les États-Unis. Ces nouvelles tendances, révélatrices de la souplesse et de la plasticité de la convention de Chicago, permettent de dresser des perspectives quant aux possibles évolutions futures de l’ordre international de l’aviation civile
The way in which the Member States have redefined the conditions regarding how they exercise their air sovereignty, by progressively transferring power to the European Union, cannot be viewed solely as them removing and reducing their individual powers. The powers conferred to the European Union in aviation matters are resulting in an affirmation of the international role of Europe as a whole. This on-going, and as yet incomplete process, may be seen in a greater recognition of the specific European aspect regarding Civil Aviation. In spite of the hesitance of Member States and non-member States, the European Union has progressively taken its place among the key players, able to influence developments in modern aviation law, in the same way as other established aviation authorities and especially the United States. These new trends reveal the flexibility and elasticity of the Chicago Convention and the potential future developments in International Civil Aviation

ABSTRACT In South Africa the assessment of exposure to occupational hygiene stressors or environmental factors in workplaces covered by the Occupational Health & Safety Act, Act No. 85 of 1993 must be performed or at least verified by an Approved Inspection Authority for occupational hygiene. However, no formal system is in place to effectively audit and score operational work of Approved Inspection Authorities for occupational hygiene. Formal auditing is a requirement of internationally accepted and implemented management systems such as the International Standards Organisation (ISO) 9001: 2000, Quality Management System – Requirements, the British Standards Institution - Occupational Health and Safety Series (OHSAS) 18001: 1999, as well as the International Standard - ISO 14000: 2004: Environmental Management System. To develop an audit system for Approved Inspection Authorities for occupational hygiene, a descriptive research project that gathered relevant data through electronic questionnaires was conducted with the objective of identifying audit elements and a general scoring system as well as the development of an audit tool that can be applied by regulatory authorities, professional bodies and even competent persons to audit operational work of Approved Inspection Authorities for occupational hygiene. 5 This study had a sample population of 40 Approved Inspection Authorities for occupational hygiene, all based in the Gauteng Province, the province which had the largest number of Approved Inspection Authorities for occupational hygiene. A questionnaire was compiled from local and international audit elements and emailed to the study population for electronic completion. The cover letter and study questionnaire is appended as ANNEXURE A and ANNEXURE B respectively. The Ethics Committee – Clearance Certificate is appended as ANNEXURE C. The questionnaire listed the proposed audit elements and a number of questions relating to the registration of the Approved Inspection Authority for occupational hygiene. A scoring mechanism was also suggested. Questions asked in the questionnaire applied the equivalent-form approach whereby as far as reasonably practicable each question was rephrased so that it “appeared different”, but effectively asked the same question. The study had a response rate of 65%, or a total of twenty six returned questionnaires. The respondents were in agreement that the elements; Organisation & Administration, Human Resources, Accommodation & Environment, Equipment, Measurement & Testing as well as Occupational Hygiene Services & Documentation were applicable to an audit for Approved Inspection Authorities for occupational hygiene. Twenty two or 84.6% of the respondents strongly agreed that the said elements were adequate for an occupational hygiene audit. Four or 15.4% of the respondents disagreed, responding that the proposed elements were not adequate for an audit of Approved Inspection Authorities for occupational hygiene. 6 Four of the 26 respondents indicated that the elements; Suppliers & Accommodation should be excluded from the proposed occupational hygiene audit. Twenty two or 84.6% of the respondents strongly agreed that audits are effective in the identification of poor quality work and the subsequent need for corrective measures. Forty two percent of the respondents agreed to the use of the four point scale applied by most of the CONCAWE member companies (Brussels), which was suggested for the proposed audit of the Approved Inspection Authorities for occupational hygiene. Two of the respondents preferred the use of the terms “comply” and “not comply” instead of a numerical rating or scoring mechanism. Two respondents stated that they preferred the use of a five point scale (numbers 1 – 5) as a scoring mechanism. Six of the respondents stated that they would use a different scoring mechanism but did not explain, or elaborate on their statement. Five respondents did not complete the section on the suggested scoring mechanism. On the subject of adequate scores the study found that 18 of the respondents suggested a score of not less than 80% (out of a possible 100%). The majority of respondents indicated that a score of less than 60% warranted corrective action from the Department of Labour or the Southern African Institute for Occupational Hygiene. The majority of respondents preferred the legal appointment of the Department of Labour as the body permitted and approved to audit the operational activities of Approved Inspection Authorities for occupational hygiene. From the results of the study the researcher concluded that a need exists for a formal auditing and scoring system for operational work of Approved Inspection Authorities for occupational hygiene. A proposed audit tool was designed and is appended.

The thesis deals with the question about necessary conditions to achieve the objective of a high level of consumer protection in the context of the ongoing internal electricity market taking into account the grid-bound electricity supply, which is characterized by the natural monopoly of regulated networks as well as by competition for the homogeneous product electricity. It evaluates the relationship between effective competition and energy sector-specific consumer protection taking into account the energy-specific regulatory law and examines in detail the regulations of the Directive 2009/72/EC concerning consumer protection under the perspective of enabling the responsible and informed consumer to operate as a self-determined market participant and so shape the market actively towards its completion. After art. 114 TFEU as the existing central norm concerning the alignment of the internal energy market is distinguished from other possible competence rules like the new energy sector-specific competence title of art. 194 TFEU the requirements developed by the ECJ case law concerning art. 114 TFEU from the point of view of the energy sector-specific consumer protection are presented. The thesis clarifies both to what extent in Directive 2009/72/EC codified consumer rights are suitable to achieve...

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of the training given to Foundation Phase (FP) teachers in the implementation of Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement (CAPS), with the intention to develop an alternative professional development (PD) approach for this Phase. Literature indicates that the academic success of learners can be significantly affected by Foundation Phase teachers’ access and participation in quality PD activities. It also indicates that PD is much more than training. It includes on-going workshops, follow-up, study, reflections, observations and assessment which accommodates FP teachers as learners, recognises the long-term nature of learning, and utilises methods that are likely to lead teachers to improve their practice as professionals. In this study, mixed methods research approach was employed to collect empirical data. It includes questionnaires responded to by 84 FP teachers, three sets of interview questions, that is, one for 9 primary school principals, one for 3 subject advisors, and the last one for the Focus group made up of 10 FP teachers who were not included in questionnaires. Observation at training centre was also conducted. The study revealed that the responses from the five sets of data collection instruments seemed to agree on the following: - FP teachers were not involved in the design of their PD activities; - An appropriate time for FP teachers to engage in PD activities is during school holidays; - The length of the training was too short; - Training was not based on the teachers identified needs; and - It was not designed by teachers in cooperation with experts in the field. This study therefore recommends the use of mixed-models approach because the Cascade model that was used, is not addressing the needs of all FP teachers.
Educational Leadership and Management
D. Ed. (Education Management)

Text in English with summaries in English, Afrikaans and Zulu
Bibliography: leaves 102-115
The study investigated the management of medical records in the Primary Health Care services (PHCs) of Diepsloot. The study investigated the regulatory framework, records infrastructure, records security, records management staff skills and the filing system. A qualitative design guided by the interpretive paradigm was used to guide the case study. Interviews, focus groups, and observations generated data from 50 participants. The study revealed that the regulatory instruments used to manage records lack implementation and compliance. There was a lack of security measures, a shortage of records management infrastructure and inconsistency in the filing system. There is a low level of skill in the records management staff. The study recommended the implementation of a regulatory policy that will guide and ensure effective governance of records in PHCs. Records should be secure from misuse by unscrupulous individuals. PHC records need to be managed by experienced professionals. The filing system should be easily accessible.
Die studie het ondersoek ingestel na die bestuur van mediese rekords in die Primêre Gesondheidsorgdienste (PHC's) van Diepsloot. Die studie het ondersoek ingestel na die regulatoriese raamwerk, rekord van infrastruktuur, rekord sekuriteit, vaardighede vir rekordbestuur en die liasseerstelsel. 'n Kwalitatiewe ontwerp gelei deur die interpretatiewe paradigma is gebruik om die gevallestudie te lei. Onderhoude, fokusgroepe en waarnemings het gegewens van 50 deelnemers gegenereer. Die regulatoriese instrumente wat gebruik word om rekords te bestuur, het geen implementering en nakoming nie. Die studie het aan die lig gebring dat daar 'n gebrek aan veiligheidsmaatreëls was, 'n tekort aan infrastruktuur vir rekordbestuur en teenstrydigheid in die liasseringstelsel. Die personeel in rekordbestuur het 'n lae vlak van vaardigheid. Die studie het die implementering van 'n regulatoriese beleid aanbeveel wat die doeltreffende bestuur van rekords in PHC's sal lei en verseker. Rekords moet beskerm word teen misbruik deur gewetenlose individue. PHC-rekords moet deur ervare professionele persone uitgevoer word. Die liasseerstelsel moet maklik toeganklik wees.
Lolu cwaningo luphenywe ngokuphathwa kwamarekhodi ezokwelashwa emnyangweni Wezokunakekelwa kwempilo okuyisisekelo (i-PHCs) eDiepsloot. Ucwaningo luphenywe ngohlaka lokulawula, ingqalasizinda yamarekhodi, ukuphepha kwamarekhodi, amakhono okuphathwa kwamarekhodi nohlelo lokufayila. Umklamo olungaqanjwa uqondiswa yi-paradigm yokutolika wasetshenziselwa ukuqondisa ucwaningo lwesigameko. Izingxoxo, amaqembu okugxila kanye nokubukwa kukhiqize idatha evela kubahlanganyeli abangu 50. Izinsizakusebenza zokulawula ezisetshenziselwa ukuphatha amarekhodi zingenakho ukusebenza nokuhambisana. Ucwaningo luveze ukuthi bekukhona ukuntuleka kwezindlela zokuphepha, ukushoda kwengqalasizinda yokuphathwa kwamarekhodi kanye nokungahambelani ohlelweni lokugcwalisa. Kunezinga eliphansi lekhono kubasebenzi bokuphathwa kwamarekhodi. Ucwaningo lincome ukusetshenziswa kwenqubomgomo yokulawula ezohola futhi iqinisekise ukuphathwa kwamarekhodi kuma-PHCs ngendlela efanele. Amarekhodi kufanele avikeleke ekusetshenzisweni kabi ngabantu abangathembekile. Amarekhodi we-PHC adinga ukuqhutshwa ngochwepheshe abanolwazi. Uhlelo lokufayila kufanele lutholakale kalula.
Information Science
M. Inf.

The importance of records management to the provision of healthcare services cannot be overemphasised. If medical records are not managed properly, this might result in the provision of poor healthcare services. This is because usually if medical records are not properly managed, the healthcare institutions attain inaccurate, untimely, incomplete and unauthentic records or the records fade completely. Records that are not managed properly are easily lost, modified, altered, misfiled and/or damaged, which results in a struggle to locate them and, eventually, much time is lost. Records of this kind may not support healthcare service providers properly in decision-making, problem-solving, monitoring and evaluation of service for continuous service improvement. This study utilised the five elements of trusted records management (records management governance practice, staff capacity and competencies, recordkeeping system and technology, and records archival processes) to investigate the development of a framework to embed medical records management into the healthcare service delivery practice for effective records management practice. The study predominantly utilised a quantitative approach with some support from a limited scope of qualitative data to augment numeric data. The data was collected using the four different techniques, namely questionnaire, interview, observation and system/documents analysis. The study revealed that the mode of medical record management was not effectively enabling the institution to manage medical records properly due to lack of integrated medical records management framework into the healthcare business process. The medical records management technology also lacked file tracking system, records backup, and audit trail which compromise records safety and security. The study recommended supply of the necessary resources, with a framework that the healthcare institutions may adopt to embed medical records management into the healthcare service delivery. ECM may also be implemented to incorporate electronic records management systems, information management, web content and other add-ons to support the records management framework in ensuring effective discharge of all records management functional requirements on the healthcare business process. A further study was recommended about the development of an online outpatient consultation system and medical records access to avoid patient long turnaround time for service.
Information Science
D. Litt. et. Phil. (Information Science)