Academic literature on the topic 'Regulation, government'

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Journal articles on the topic "Regulation, government"

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Gao, Kai, and Lijun Ma. "Security Regulation and Enterprise Innovation in Communication Industry." Security and Communication Networks 2021 (December 26, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3307493.

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This paper conducted an evolutionary game model of the interaction between the governments and communication enterprises and analyzed the impact of the government’s communication security regulation on the innovation decision-making of communication enterprises. The results show that the behavior of the governments depends on the social benefits, rent-seeking benefits, and regulating costs in strict and de security regulations. The communication enterprises’ behavior depends on the benefits of innovation and the costs in R&D and rent-seeking. When government subsidies are relatively inadequate, the communication enterprises’ strategy under government security regulation swings from not-innovation finally to innovation. The policy implications of this study indicate that appropriate de security regulation by the government will help communication enterprises generate a good atmosphere for innovation, and the appropriate increase in subsidies will be more conducive to driving enterprise innovation.
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Morgenstern, Marlene L., and George Milite. "Government Regulation." Compensation & Benefits Review 25, no. 1 (February 1993): 75–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/088636879302500115.

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Elmar Hashimova, Elmira. "THE LEGAL REGULATION OF E-GOVERNMENT FORMATION." SCIENTIFIC WORK 65, no. 04 (April 23, 2021): 219–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/65/219-222.

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Analyzing the interaction between e-government and citizens in Azerbaijan, it is possible to observe large-scale socio-cultural changes in the lives of the population under the influence of the information society. Although the principles announced at the beginning of the e-government path were far from the real situation, later regulatory frameworks were established, multifunctional centers were established, various e-government regulations for development and implementation, integration of state information systems to develop and expand domestic and international cooperation. Involvement of the population in management processes and cooperation with the state with the help of information and communication technologies began to create a wide range of opportunities. The article examines the legal basis for the formation of e-government, reflects the status of e-government, e-signatures, e-services provided to citizens by the State Agency for Citizen Services and Social Innovations. Key words: e-signature, research concepts, decree, electronic document, state agency, state program, e-government portal
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POLLAK, ROBERT A. "Government Risk Regulation." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 545, no. 1 (May 1996): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716296545001003.

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Rohman, Abdul. "Analysis Effect of Accrual Discretion Against SILPA (SIKPA) Budget Calculations on Local Government." SRIWIJAYA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DYNAMIC ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS 2, no. 4 (December 31, 2018): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.29259/sijdeb.v2i4.293-316.

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The research we carry out is aimed at researching the implementation of measures taken by the local government (discretionary accruals) to the substantial amount of the budget obtained local governments in the current year. The government has issued regulations governing the Home Minister on the implementation of government's implementation of accrual based accounting system. Also, the government has issued Government Regulation No. 71 of 2010 concerning the Government Accounting Standard (PSAP) based on accrual. Governments in developing government accounting standards has also attempted to adopt international public sector accounting standards (IPSAS).Our study is a continuation of a research study before we take on research on the level of accrual in the financial statements of Local Government and research on the effect of discretionary accruals on revenue of local governments. This study uses some model approach
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Peci, Alketa, Márcio Leite D’Assunção, Michelle Moretzsohn Holperin, and Celso Florêncio de Souza. "Regulation inside government: The challenges of regulating a government-owned utility." Utilities Policy 49 (December 2017): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2017.09.007.

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Witono, Banu, Eko Ganis Sukoharsono, Nurkholis *, and Roekhudin *. "REGULATION HEGEMONY AND ACCOUNTABILITY OF THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT: A STUDY ON REGIONAL FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT IN INDONESIA." International Journal of Accounting and Business Society 29, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 57–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.ijabs.2021.29.1.4.

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Purpose — The purpose of this research is to uncover the reality of implementing regional financial management regulations and their impact on local government accountability. Design/methodology/approach — This research uses a critical qualitative research approach to the Gramsci hegemony perspective. This approach is useful for analyzing the shackles of regulation in the implementation of regional financial management. Findings — The results show that regulation has become a means for the state to dominate in the realm of political society and hegemony for civil society. This results in an orientation of local government accountability which tends to be vertical accountability rather than horizontal (public) accountability. Practical Implications — Changes in regional autonomy regulations have led to increasing dominance of the central government in the regions. This is reflected in the various regulations produced by the institutions in the central government which shackle the space and innovation of the local government in managing regional finances. Due to the shackles of the regulation, local governments prioritize serving the interests of the central government (vertical accountability) compared to services to the society (horizontal accountability). Originality/value — This study contributes to uncovering the facts that occur related to regional financial management so that it can provide input to the government in the implementation of regional government accountability. Keywords Regional Government Accountability, Regional Financial Management Regulations, Regulation Hegemony. Paper Type Research Paper.
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Wulandari, Andi Sri Rezky, and Andi Rahmah. "Formulation of Water Rights Policies as Basic Rights." Jurnal Al-Qadau: Peradilan dan Hukum Keluarga Islam 8, no. 1 (June 26, 2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24252/al-qadau.v8i1.21122.

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This study aims to analyze the formulation of water rights policies as basic rights. The research method is normative legal research research with legislation and conceptual approaches through the Library Research. The results of this study are in regulating the water resources sector in Indonesia, readiness is needed from all aspects in order to support the need for clean water as the most vital requirement. The legal settings are not only formalistic but also objective. The national policy formulation of water rights starts from ratifying The International Convention on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Ekosob) in 2005 through the Republic Indonesia Law Number 11 of 2005 concerning Ratification of International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. The birth of the Republic of Indonesia Law number 11 of 1974, followed by the Indonesian Law Number 7 of 2004 and the Republic of Indonesia Law Number 17 of 2019 had given birth to a shift in water meaning from each law. Likewise with the implementing regulations, namely Government Regulation Number 22 of 1982, Government Regulation Number 42 of 2008, Government Regulation Number 16 of 2005. At the level of the Ministerial, born ESDM Ministerial Regulation Number 31 of 2018, PUPR Ministerial Regulation Number 15 of 2018, PU Ministerial Regulation Number 2 of 2017. At the Regional Government Regulations level, such as Makassar City Government Regulations Number 6 of 2016. At The Village Government Regulation such as in South Sumatera, Born Karang Agung Village Government Regulation Number 7 of 2018.
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Pavlov, Kostiantyn. "COMPETITION IN REGIONAL HOUSING MARKETS AND ITS GOVERNMENT REGULATION." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NEW ECONOMICS, PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND LAW 2, no. 2 (September 1, 2018): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31264/2545-093x-2018-2(2)-159-168.

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Chugunov, Igor, Valentyna Makohon, Andrii Vatulov, and Yuliya Markuts. "General government revenue in the system of fiscal regulation." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 17, no. 1 (March 10, 2020): 134–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.17(1).2020.12.

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The dynamics of socio-economic processes requires the general government revenue to be adapted to changes in financial and economic conditions. The study aims to improve the scientific and methodological approach to general government revenue in the system of fiscal regulation. The impact of general government revenue on economic growth was estimated using a correlation-regression analysis and the multiplier effect concept. The authors found out that, in order to ensure the macroeconomic stability and accelerate the economic growth in conditions of transformational changes, it is reasonable to increase the share of direct taxes in the general government revenue structure, to implement the prudential and coherent fiscal policy with the strategic goals of the countries’ social and economic development. The authors substantiated that the increased share of direct taxes of the consolidated budget of Ukraine in GDP by one percent causes the real GDP to grow by 2.94 percent, whereas the increased share of the indirect taxes by one percent causes the real GDP to decrease by 0.45 percent; for 2014–2018, 28 percent of taxes are on average withdrawn per unit of GDP growth. The study results indicate that effective fiscal regulation is ensured only by the synergy of its fiscal, regulatory, and incentive functions, the reconciliation of fiscal sustainability and tax neutrality principles. AcknowledgmentThe article was prepared on the subject of the GDR: “The Financial and Budgetary Strategy for Economic Growth” (No. 0119U100577).
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Regulation, government"

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Owens, Emily Greene. "Government regulation of illicit behavior." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/7159.

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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2007.
Thesis research directed by: Economics. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Lau, Sun-wo, and 劉新和. "Government regulation of futures market." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1985. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31263264.

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Lau, Sun-wo. "Government regulation of futures market /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1985. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B12316854.

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Wong, Lai-ching Elyssa, and 黃麗菁. "Government re-regulation and de-Regulation of the Hong Kong bus industry." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1995. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31954510.

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Wong, Lai-ching Elyssa. "Government re-regulation and de-Regulation of the Hong Kong bus industry." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1995. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B15967347.

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Nahibina, Alesia. "Government regulation i wate management in Sweden/Belarus." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-32719.

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This study shows that the Government of Sweden has been trying to reduce landfilling through the Government regulation in WM. The Government has the aim to increase re-use,recycling, composting, energy recovery which leads to lower environmental impact, lower consumption of energy resources, and lower economic costs.On the basis of the EU Waste Management legislation they developed economic instruments for WM in Sweden. The Extended Producer Responsibility for Packaging was studied due to thefact that it forced the producers to create the recycling companies which help to keep working ahuge and rather complicated material recycling system in Sweden.In this work waste handling system for households and industry was overviewed as well as the costs for waste handling in Sweden.There was an effort to analyse the effectiveness of the Government regulation in WM inSweden.The purpose of this study is to analyse and discuss if it’s possible to implement Swedish WMGovernment regulation in Belarus. So, the current situation of waste flow and the economicinstruments for WM in Belarus were studied. In the process of work there were difficulties infinding data in Belarus.In this study there were discussed the actions need to be taken in Belarus to implement theSwedish experience in WM and difficulties on the way to reach the sustainable waste management.Keywords: government regulation, waste management, EU Waste Management legislation,producer responsibility, waste handling, recycling companies, economic instruments.
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Wang, Xin. "Operational Decisions under the Influence of Government Regulation." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2016. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/810.

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This dissertation focuses on examining firms' operational decisions under the influence of government regulation, including the regulation of anti-trust agencies and environmental protection agencies.
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Appleby, Clare A. "Local regulation of immigration." Diss., [La Jolla] : University of California, San Diego, 2009. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p1464878.

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Thesis (M.A.)--University of California, San Diego, 2009.
Title from first page of PDF file (viewed July 2, 2009). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Includes bibliographical references (p. 81-88).
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Thomi, Walter. "Nationalstaatliche Regulation und Dezentralisierung : Local Government Reform in Ghana." Universität Potsdam, 1999. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2006/1152/.

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Ghana’s local government system has been subject to various reform attempts which all involved some sort of decentralisation. This article tries to link decentralisation to changing national policy frames and the various governments’ need to maintain political control. Consequently, decentralisation becomes a dependent variable of the so called bureaucratic development state. After a brief discussion of the colonial and post-colonial local government system in Ghana, emphasis is placed on the crisis of the post colonial state and the emergence of a new local government system in 1988 - which was successfully transformed into the administrative system of Ghana’s 4th republic after 1992. Local participation has been substantially improved an sustained by the introduction of the District Assemblies Common Fund in 1993 which transfers 5% of the national tax income to the districts.
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Stanford, Lawrence John. "The Queensland raw sugar industry : government regulation and assistance /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1993. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ECM/09ecms785.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Regulation, government"

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Wilkinson, Bryce. Constraining government regulation. Wellington, N.Z: New Zealand Business Roundtable, 2001.

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Ireland. Dept. of the Taoiseach. Government statement on economic regulation. [Dublin]: Dept. of the Taoiseach, 2009.

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Political participation and government regulation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998.

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Petersen, H. Craig. Business and government. 3rd ed. New York: Harper & Row, 1989.

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Petersen, Harold Craig. Business and government. 4th ed. New York, NY: HarperCollins College Publishers, 1993.

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Petersen, H. Craig. Business and government. 2nd ed. New York: Harper & Row, 1985.

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Kelly, John G. Human resource management and government regulation. Don Mills, Ont: CCH Canadian, 1987.

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Huber, Stephen K. Bank officer's handbook of government regulation. 2nd ed. Boston: Warren, Gorham & Lamont, 1989.

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Shogren, Jason F., ed. The Political Economy of Government Regulation. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0871-3.

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H, Baldwin John, ed. Corporate environmental policy and government regulation. Greenwich, Conn: JAI Press, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Regulation, government"

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Lientz, Bennet P. "Government Regulation." In Project Management, 401–11. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-28502-7_29.

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Schiavo-Campo, Salvatore. "Government Regulation." In Running the Government, 249–77. New York, NY: Routledge, [2018]: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315107745-8.

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Wiggins, Elizabeth C. "Government regulation: Federal regulation." In Encyclopedia of psychology, Vol. 4., 1–2. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/10519-001.

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Tomkins, Alan J., and Daniel W. Shuman. "Government regulation: State regulation." In Encyclopedia of psychology, Vol. 4., 2–4. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/10519-002.

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Lodge, Martin, and Kai Wegrich. "Regulation Inside Government." In Managing Regulation, 120–36. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-26552-4_7.

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Hughes, Owen E., and Deirdre O’Neill. "Regulation." In Business, Government and Globalization, 64–87. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-02043-7_4.

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Flew, Terry. "Regulation beyond government." In Youth, Technology, Governance, Experience, 46–64. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY : Routledge, 2018. |: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351112673-3.

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Silverman, Michael. "Regulation of Digital Government." In Digital Government, 63–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-38795-6_4.

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Goff, Brian. "Government Regulation and Economics." In Regulation and Macroeconomic Performance, 1–8. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1343-4_1.

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Li, Yining. "Government Regulation of Agriculture." In China Academic Library, 145–54. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39558-1_8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Regulation, government"

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Magomedova, D. M., and P. R. Magomedova. "US government regulation." In ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ НАУКИ И ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ. НИЦ «Л-Журнал», 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/lj-12-2018-53.

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FREIMANIS, Kristaps, and Maija ŠENFELDE. "METHODOLOGY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF REGULATION COSTS IN THE BANKING MARKET." In International Scientific Conference „Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Economics Engineering". Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cibmee.2021.600.

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Purpose – In the field of the economics’ regulation researchers so far have built the conceptual framework showing how the deadweight loss of market failures decrease and costs of the government intervention increase with the increased level of the government intervention. In order to quantify relationships between the level of intervention, intervention costs and the deadweight loss with econometric models it is important to understand how to quantify the regulation costs as a part of intervention costs. The objective of the research presented in this paper is to find the appropriate methodology for the quantification of the regulation costs in the banking market. Research methodology – literature review (regarding theories), mathematical methods for quantification and econometric methods for validation purposes. Findings – research shows that in the assessment of regulation costs three main stakeholders should be included – microprudential regulator, macroprudential regulator and financial regulation’s policy maker. Research presents their cost assessment methodology. Its validation shows that in general methodology works as expected, i.e., higher government intervention levels lead to higher regulation costs, however this general rule has exceptions, which in authors’ view indicates that other factors have an impact on the cost levels. Research limitations – research shows how to assess the costs of main stakeholders based on the publicly available information. More precise view could be obtained if in the cooperation with authorities more details on certain cost items are received. Practical implications – research results will be used to assess all government intervention costs (other positions include compliance costs and other indirect costs) and finalize the quantification of the framework. Quantified framework could be used for more precise policy making regarding the regulation of the banking market. Originality/Value – research shows how to quantify the regulation costs of the banking market as currently there are only conceptual ideas.
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Hu, Huilian. "Market,Government Regulation and Academic Corruption." In 2017 International Conference on Management, Education and Social Science (ICMESS 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icmess-17.2017.50.

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Chapman, D. "Government, railway regulation and train control." In IET Professional Development Course on Railway Signalling and Control Systems (RSCS 2010). IET, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic.2010.0084.

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Chapman, D. "Government, railway regulation and train control." In IET Professional Development Course on Railway Signalling and Control Systems (RSCS 2008). IEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:20080358.

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Liu, Hui. "Study on Market Regulation from the Government Regulation Innovation Perspective." In 4th International Symposium on Social Science (ISSS 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/isss-18.2018.92.

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Gorodnova, N., S. Chernov, E. Shablova, N. Rossetti, and A. Berezin. "Energy-service sector: problems of government regulation." In ENERGY QUEST 2016. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/eq160051.

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Platonova, Natalia. "LEGAL REGULATION OF NON-GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS FUNDING." In 5th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES and ARTS SGEM2018. STEF92 Technology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocialf2018/1.6/s02.032.

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Stern, Jill A. "Government regulation of private remote-sensing systems." In Aerospace Sensing, edited by Brian J. Horais. SPIE, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.138047.

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Ngraha, Irsyad. "Teaching Techniques Pursue Government Regulation in Education." In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Business, Law And Pedagogy, ICBLP 2019, 13-15 February 2019, Sidoarjo, Indonesia. EAI, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.13-2-2019.2286092.

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Reports on the topic "Regulation, government"

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Libecap, Gary. The Great Depression and the Regulating State: Federal Government Regulation of Agriculture: 1884-1970. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w5986.

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Stansel, Dean, José Torra, Fred McMahon, and Ángel Carrión-Tavárez. Economic Freedom of North America 2022 Dataset-All Government. Fraser Institute, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53095/88975007.

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Dataset of the all-government index of the Economic Freedom of North America for comparison of jurisdictions (federal governments) in different countries. The Economic Freedom of North America measures the extent to which the policies of individual provinces and states are supportive of economic freedom—the ability of individuals to act in the economic sphere free of undue restrictions. The all-government index employs 10 variables for the 92 provincial/state governments in Canada, the United States, and Mexico in three areas: (1) Government Spending, (2) Taxes, and (3) Regulation. Also, we incorporate three additional areas at the federal level from Economic Freedom of the World Annual Report: (4) Legal Systems and Property Rights, (5) Sound Money, and (6) Freedom to Trade Internationally. In addition, we expand area 1 to include government investment, area 2 to include top marginal income and payroll tax rates, and area 3 to include credit market regulation and business regulations. These additions help capture restrictions on economic freedom that are difficult to measure at the provincial/state and municipal/local level.
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DiNardo, John, and Thomas Lemieux. Alcohol, Marijuana, and American Youth: The Unintended Effects of Government Regulation. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, November 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w4212.

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Stansel, Dean, José Torra, Fred McMahon, and Ángel Carrión-Tavárez. Economic Freedom of North America 2022. Fraser Institute, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53095/88975004.

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Economic Freedom of North America measures the extent to which the policies of individual provinces and states are supportive of economic freedom—the ability of individuals to act in the economic sphere free of undue restrictions. It includes a subnational index for comparison of individual jurisdictions (provincial/state and municipal/local governments) within the same country, and an all-government index for comparison of jurisdictions (federal governments) in different countries. For the subnational index, Economic Freedom of North America employs 10 variables for the 92 provincial/state governments in Canada, the United States, and Mexico in three areas: (1) Government Spending, (2) Taxes, and (3) Regulation. In the case of the all-government index, we incorporate three additional areas at the federal level from Economic Freedom of the World Annual Report: (4) Legal Systems and Property Rights, (5) Sound Money, and (6) Freedom to Trade Internationally. In addition, we expand area 1 to include government investment, area 2 to include top marginal income and payroll tax rates, and area 3 to include credit market regulation and business regulations. These additions help capture restrictions on economic freedom that are difficult to measure at the provincial/state and municipal/local level.
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Stansel, Dean, José Torra, Fred McMahon, and Ángel Carrión-Tavárez. Economic Freedom of North America 2022 Full Dataset. Fraser Institute, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53095/88975008.

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Full dataset of the Economic Freedom of North America that measures the extent to which the policies of individual provinces and states are supportive of economic freedom—the ability of individuals to act in the economic sphere free of undue restrictions. It includes a subnational index for comparison of individual jurisdictions (provincial/state and municipal/local governments) within the same country, and an all-government index for comparison of jurisdictions (federal governments) in different countries. For the subnational index, Economic Freedom of North America employs 10 variables for the 92 provincial/state governments in Canada, the United States, and Mexico in three areas: (1) Government Spending, (2) Taxes, and (3) Regulation. In the case of the all-government index, we incorporate three additional areas at the federal level from Economic Freedom of the World Annual Report: (4) Legal Systems and Property Rights, (5) Sound Money, and (6) Freedom to Trade Internationally. In addition, we expand area 1 to include government investment, area 2 to include top marginal income and payroll tax rates, and area 3 to include credit market regulation and business regulations. These additions help capture restrictions on economic freedom that are difficult to measure at the provincial/state and municipal/local level.
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Stansel, Dean, José Torra, Fred McMahon, and Ángel Carrión-Tavárez. Economic Freedom of North America 2022-U.S. Edition. Fraser Institute, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53095/88975005.

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Economic Freedom of North America-U.S. Edition measures the extent to which the policies of individual provinces and states are supportive of economic freedom—the ability of individuals to act in the economic sphere free of undue restrictions. It includes a subnational index for comparison of individual jurisdictions (provincial/state and municipal/local governments) within the same country, and an all-government index for comparison of jurisdictions (federal governments) in different countries. For the subnational index, Economic Freedom of North America employs 10 variables for the 92 provincial/state governments in Canada, the United States, and Mexico in three areas: (1) Government Spending, (2) Taxes, and (3) Regulation. In the case of the all-government index, we incorporate three additional areas at the federal level from Economic Freedom of the World Annual Report: (4) Legal Systems and Property Rights, (5) Sound Money, and (6) Freedom to Trade Internationally. In addition, we expand area 1 to include government investment, area 2 to include top marginal income and payroll tax rates, and area 3 to include credit market regulation and business regulations. These additions help capture restrictions on economic freedom that are difficult to measure at the provincial/state and municipal/local level.
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7

Gruber, Jonathan, and Botond Koszegi. A Theory of Government Regulation of Addictive Bads: Optimal Tax Levels and Tax Incidence for Cigarette Excise Taxation. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w8777.

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8

Jigjidsuren, Altantuya, and Bayar Oyun. Supporting the Regulation of Medicines in Mongolia: Experiences, Lessons Learned, and Future Directions. Asian Development Bank, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps220181-2.

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This paper describes the pharmaceutical sector in Mongolia and its reforms, including the results achieved, the challenges that remain, lessons learned, and future directions for ADB support. Before the 1990s, Mongolia’s pharmaceutical sector was fully owned and strictly regulated by the state. In the early 1990s, the Government of Mongolia started initial socioeconomic reforms as part of a transition to a market economy. This led to the full privatization and liberalization of the pharmaceutical sector, which created challenges that needed further reforms. The government requested ADB to support these reforms.
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Grespin, Whitney. The Evolving Contingency Contracting Market: Private Sector Self regulation and United States Government Monitoring of Procurement of Stability Operations Services. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ad1004033.

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10

Carpenter II, Dick M. The Birthright of Economic Liberty. Edited by Ángel Carrión-Tavárez. Puerto Rico Institute for Economic Liberty, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53095/13582001.

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Economic liberty—the right to earn an honest living—is one of the most important rights of free people. Over time, this right has been restricted by unnecessary laws and regulations. Legislators should govern from a presumption of liberty. Applied practically, this means legislators should presume individuals have the right to practice their chosen occupations free from government regulation unless and until systematic evidence shows this right must be curtailed to protect the public.
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