Academic literature on the topic 'Regular screening'
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Journal articles on the topic "Regular screening"
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Tanne, J. H. "Regular Chlamydia screening recommended." BMJ 317, no. 7156 (August 15, 1998): 432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.317.7156.432.
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Noh, Choong-Kyun, Eunyoung Lee, Gil Ho Lee, Sun Gyo Lim, Bumhee Park, Sung Jae Shin, Jae Youn Cheong, and Kee Myung Lee. "Association of Regular Endoscopic Screening with Interval Gastric Cancer Incidence in the National Cancer Screening Program." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 1 (December 31, 2021): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11010230.
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Although regular endoscopic screening may help in early detection of gastric cancer, interval cancer remains a problem in the screening program. This study evaluated the association between regular endoscopic screening and interval cancer detection in the Korean National Cancer Screening Program (KNCSP). We defined three groups (regularly, irregularly, and not screened) according to the screening interval, and the trends in the interval cancer rate (ICR) between the groups were tested using the Cochran–Armitage test. The influence of regular endoscopic screening on the risk of interval cancer was evaluated using multivariable logistic regression. Among the 11,642,410 participants who underwent endoscopy, the overall ICR was 0.36 per 1000 negative screenings. The ICR of the not screened group (0.41) was the highest among the three groups and the risk of interval cancer in this group was 1.68 times higher (p < 0.001) than that in the regularly screened group. Women in their 40s who had regular screening with no history of intestinal metaplasia and gastric polyps would have the lowest probability of having interval cancer (0.005%). Regular participation in endoscopic screening programs for reducing the risk of interval cancer may help to improve the quality of screening programs.
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Beckman, Thomas J. "Regular screening in type 2 diabetes." Postgraduate Medicine 115, no. 4 (April 2004): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3810/pgm.2004.04.1484.
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FINGERET, MURRAY, and TANVI PATEL. "Evaluation of Screening versus Regular Polarimetry." Optometry and Vision Science 83, no. 7 (July 2006): 426–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.opx.0000227192.82431.e9.
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Clark, Melissa A., William Rakowski, Beverly Ehrich, Deborah N. Pearlman, Michael Goldstein, Catherine E. Dube, Barbara K. Rimer, and Hugh Woolverton. "Stages of Adopting Regular Screening Mammography." Journal of Health Psychology 3, no. 4 (October 1998): 491–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135910539800300404.
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Kóródi, Gyula. "Health Screening Examinations in Cardiovascular Risk Estimation." Academic and Applied Research in Military and Public Management Science 12, no. 1 (June 30, 2013): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32565/aarms.2013.1.4.
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The most important elements in prevention of cardiovascular (and cerebrovascular) dis- eases are screening and managing the risk factors, such as high blood pressure, high total cholesterol or high blood glucose etc.. The best way to find out the personal specific risk profile is through screening tests during annual doctor visits. Regular cardiovascu- lar and cerebrovascular screenings are very important because they help detect the risk factors in their earliest and asymptomatic stages. This way, the patients can treat their risk factors with lifestyle changes and pharmacotherapies, if appropriate, before it ulti- mately leads to the development of cardiovascular disease. For many patients, screening results can serve as a wake-up call. When the regular test comes back and the patient sees and understands the abnormal parameters, it becomes extremely personal. The idea of making lifestyle changes is not just a recommendation in a pamphlet; it is something that can impact the patient’s whole life, habits and health. The best way for optimal health benefits is through regular cardiovascular screening tests beginning at age 20. Because of very high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, early and regular screen- ings could be a basic element of preventive health care.
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Rimer, Barbara K. "Adherence to Cancer Screening." Cancer Control 2, no. 6 (November 1995): 510–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107327489500200604.
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Routine breast cancer screening for women 50 years of age and older can reduce mortality from breast cancer by 30% to 35%. Regular Papanicolaou tests can decrease mortality from cervical cancer dramatically, and skin cancer screening could decrease deaths from melanoma. Adherence to recommended screening procedures for breast, cervical, and skin cancer screening increases the potential to lower the risk of death and disability from these diseases. The National Cancer Institute's goals include increasing the proportion of women who get regular mammograms to 80%, and similar goals have been issued for Pap tests. Yet, most women still are not being screened for breast or cervical cancer on a regular basis, and most people do not have regular skin checks for cancer.
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Grangé, Gilles, Denis Malvy, Florian Lançon, Anne-Francoise Gaudin, and Abdelkader El Hasnaoui. "Factors associated with regular cervical cancer screening." International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 102, no. 1 (April 18, 2008): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2008.01.027.
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Otero-Sabogal, Regina, Susan Stewart, Fabio Sabogal, Beth A. Brown, and Eliseo J. Pérez-Stable. "Access and Attitudinal Factors Related to Breast and Cervical Cancer Rescreening: Why are Latinas Still Underscreened?" Health Education & Behavior 30, no. 3 (June 2003): 337–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1090198103030003008.
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To identify access, attitudes, and health practices of Latina women undergoing regular mammography and Pap smear screening, 977 Latinas aged 40 to 74, residing in four California cities, answered a telephone interview. Forty-one percent of women had regular mammography, and 73% had regular Pap smear screening. Cancer screening maintenance was associated with having health insurance, a regular place of care, and fewer fatalistic attitudes about cancer. Regular mammography and Pap smear screening were also associated with ever being married, attending church, and having taken hormone replacement therapy. Being older than 50, residing in the United States a long time, and having had a hysterectomy predicted mammography maintenance. Pap smear screening maintenance was negatively associated with poverty, old age, and negative attitudes toward physicians. There are structural and attitudinal barriers to regular cancer screening among Latinas. Interventions that increase access to care and address women's attitudes about cancer are needed.
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Omenukor, K. "Cancer Awareness Campaign and Screening." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 142s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.73900.
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Background and context: Colorectal cancer is the 3rd leading cause of cancer-related mortalities, which can be prevented by early screening. However, inadequate knowledge regarding the importance of early screening contributes to low cancer screening rates in the population. Aims: A collaborative initiative between David Omenukor Foundation and Fight Colorectal Cancer Organization strives to cancer awareness and screening in the population. Strategy: The David Omenukor Foundation organized a 5-km WALK-A-THON in Mesquite, Texas, on March 10, 2018, as part of the activities to observe the March Colorectal Cancer Awareness Month. During the event, participants received free screening for colorectal, breast, and prostate cancers. Free cholesterol, diabetes, and blood pressure testing were also done because of the impact of these comorbidities on health outcomes. Education experts on cancer were available to teach aspects of healthy diets and exercise. Two cancer patients and a survivor also shared their experiences. Program/Policy process: The program seeks to increase cancer awareness among populations and promote the culture of early and regular screening. Outcomes: Free colorectal and breast cancer screenings were provided to 270 people. About 60 people received free prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test, whereas 135 people received fecal occult blood testing. Similarly, 75 women received mammogram testing. The total number of patients who received colorectal cancer screening increased from 50 on 11th March 2017 to 135 on March 11th, 2018. Impact: The foundation created awareness of all forms of cancer and emphasized the value of early screening as the most effective to avoid the cancer scourge. The participants benefitted from nutritional advice as one strategy for reducing the risk of colorectal cancer. The event indicated that the campaign on early screening for detection was beginning to catch up. Regular interactive events and screenings increase knowledge of cancer and reduce disparities in cancer screening in the community.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Regular screening"
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Farah, Yasser Abdulhamid Elskay, and L. O. Averyanova. "Technologies for prevention liver cancer in Egypt." Thesis, ХНУРЕ, 2019. http://openarchive.nure.ua/handle/document/8373.
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Deaths from liver cancer are common, especially in East Asia and Pacific, South Asia, and parts of Sub-Saharan Africa, largely as a result of infection decades ago. Controlling the risk factors would not only reduce the incidence of liver cancer; it would also reduce the incidence of cirrhosis and its other complications. This paper will discuss the clinical implications of imaging in screening, diagnosis, staging, and follow-up of patients in liver malignancies.
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Grimard, Vinciane. "MAPK9 : ein neuer Regulator des Triglyzerid-Stoffwechsels, entdeckt durch siRNA Screening$nElektronische Ressource /." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2007. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:14-1192179300181-36512.
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Lipid homeostasis is an essential factor for proper function both at the level of a cell and of an organism. Dysregulation of this process is responsible for some of the major health concerns of our societies such as obesity and atherosclerosis. Considering the wide variety of lipids and the high dynamic of the system, it is clear that regulation is required to keep the appropriate balance between the different lipids. Although a few regulation pathways are already characterized, some others still wait to be discovered. In order to unravel new players involved in lipid regulation, a screening procedure was developed combining RNA interference in Hela cells and thin layer chromatography. Thereby, it is possible to monitor modifications of lipid composition resulting from siRNA knock-down. Furthermore, the potential of mass spectrometry as a lipid analysis tool in large-scale studies was evaluated. This method was then applied to an essential family of regulatory proteins, the kinases. Lipid composition of 600 kinases knock-downs was analyzed. Mostly, variations in triglyceride and cholesterol levels were observed, suggesting that these lipids are more subject to variation in the cells. Unfortunately, it appears that the screen suffered from a high-rate of off-targets effects, implying that most of the phenotypes observed can’t reliably be linked to the corresponding kinase knock-downs. However, several interesting conclusions can still be derived from this screen. First, it was observed that several siRNA induce a decrease in cholesterol, which is coupled to accumulation of a new lipid. Several lines of evidence suggest that this new lipid is in fact a methylated sterol precursor such as lanosterol or demethyllanosterol. Previously, HMG-CoA reductase was considered as the rate-limiting enzyme of cholesterol biosynthesis and the major regulated step of this process. These data show that another major regulation step occurs more downstream in the pathway at the level of methylated cholesterol precursors. Furthermore, MAPK9 was identified as a new regulator of triglyceride homeostasis at the cellular level. Upon MAPK9 knock-down, an increase in triglyceride content was observed both by thin layer chromatography and mass spectrometry. Accordingly, these cells present an increase in lipid droplets, the cellular organelles responsible for triglyceride storage. Sty1 was also identified as the functional homolog of MAPK9 in S. pombe for this process, as similar increase in triglyceride and lipid droplets is observed in a deletion strain for this gene. Although more detailed studies will be necessary to unravel the molecular mechanism of this process, these data suggest the evolutionary conserved implication of the MAP kinase pathway in the regulation of lipid storage both in humans and in yeasts.
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Hull, Jeremy. "Mutation analysis and screening in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.260734.
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Brafman, David Adam. "High-content array based screening technology for the identification of factors that regulate cell fate." Diss., ![La Jolla] : University of California, San Diego, 2009. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3360417.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2009.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed August 11, 2009). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 130-142).
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Chou, Chung Jen James. "Design and screening of potential peptide modulator through the studies of iron-dependent regulator functions /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8504.
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Khan, Sadaf. "A genetic screening identifies a component of the SWI/SNF complex, Arid1b as a senescence regulator." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/18927.
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Senescence is an important tumour suppressor mechanism, which prevents the proliferation of stressed or damaged cells. The use of RNA interference to identify genes with a role in senescence is an important tool in the discovery of novel cancer genes. In this work, a protocol was established for conducting bypass of senescence screenings, using shRNA libraries together with next-generation sequencing. Using this approach, the SWI/SNF subunit Arid1b was identified as a regulator of cellular lifespan in MEFs. SWI/SNF is a large multi-subunit complex that remodels chromatin. Mutations in SWI/SNF proteins are frequently associated with cancer, suggesting that SWI/SNF components are tumour suppressors. Here the role of ARID1B during senescence was investigated. Depletion of ARID1B extends the proliferative capacity of primary mouse and human fibroblasts. Furthermore, in cells expressing mutant RASG12V and PIK3CAH1047R, ARID1B is necessary for the maintenance of oncogene-induced senescence (OIS). Knockdown of ARID1B during OIS results in reduced expression of the CKIs p21Cip1 and p16INK4a. Many SWI/SNF proteins are post-transcriptionally induced during both replicative senescence and OIS, suggesting a broader role for the SWI/SNF complex in senescence. Ectopic expression of components of the SWI/SNF complex induced premature senescence associated with an increase in p21Cip1 and p16INK4a protein levels. SILAC analysis of global changes in protein levels identified enrichment of mitochondrial proteins and depletion of mitotic proteins upon ARID1B expression. Mitochondrial dysfunction and ROS production are important in ARID1B expressing cells as growth arrest was rescued using antioxidant N-acetyl-cysteine. Finally, analysis of cancer genome sequencing data has identified ARID1B as a mutational-driver gene in some cancers. In these tumours, ARID1B mutations are often associated with mutations in TP53 and PTEN. Altogether the present evidence suggests that regulation of senescence by different mechanisms contributes to explain the tumour suppressive properties of the SWI/SNF complex.
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Bodle, Christopher Ralph. "Identification of small molecule inhibitors of regulator of G protein signaling proteins for pretherapeutic development for treatment of multiple pathologies." Diss., University of Iowa, 2017. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/5420.
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Regulator of G-protein Signaling (RGS) proteins temporally regulate the G protein signaling cascades initiated by GPCR activation. Reports have established dysregulation of RGS expression in a variety of disease states including several cancers. Additionally, use of genetic ablation techniques has implicated RGS proteins in a variety of other disease states through the native action of the RGS i.e. not a consequence of dysregulation of RGS expression. Therefore identification and optimization of small molecule lead compounds that alter RGS protein function has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy.
In this thesis, we use high throughput screening to interrogate small molecule libraries targeting two RGS proteins, RGS6 and RGS17. RGS6 has been reported as an essential mediator of doxorubicin induced cardiotoxicity, alcohol induced cardio and hepatotoxicity, anxiety, depression, and alcohol dependence. RGS17 has largely been implicated in a variety of cancer pathogenesis, with reported over expression in prostate, lung, breast, and hepatocellular carcinomas.
Chapter 2 of this work focuses on the screening efforts targeting RGS6. Three separate screening campaigns interrogating over 20K compounds led to the identification of 3 small molecules that inhibit the RGS6: Gαo protein protein interaction with appreciable selectivity over control assays. The development of a cell based protein interaction assay is discussed, and the compounds were investigated using this system. All compounds tested did not appreciably alter signal over control, meaning that the cellular activity of these compounds remains ambiguous.
Chapter 3 details the screening and follow up efforts targeting RGS17. The primary screening and/or follow up of four separate screening campaigns interrogating over 110K compounds is discussed. In total, 10 identified leads and a panel of analogs were subjected to significant follow up evaluation. All compounds were found to be cysteine dependent. The second generation RGS17 inhibitors (UI series) were determined to be both cytostatic and cytotoxic against lung and prostate cancer cell lines in culture, although whether this is due to RGS17 dependent mechanisms or due to general promiscuity of the compounds remains to be determined. Lead compounds from a library provided by the NCI were found to have cellular activity and were subjected to an investigation of structure activity relationships via commercially available compounds. The active form of three of these compounds was found to be a degradation product, which is likely due to decomposition of furan or methyl furan moieties that these compounds shared. One compound demonstrated robust SAR which allowed for the generation of schemes detailing putative inhibitory mechanisms. Finally, the role of RGS17 in the transition from epithelial to mesenchymal phenotypes is investigated. RGS17 was found to cause a sub population of PC3 cells to shift to mesenchymal phenotype, indicating that RGS17 may indeed play a role in this transition.
Chapter 4 focuses on efforts to investigate variable potencies of published RGS4 inhibitors against a panel of RGS proteins, with the goal of gleaning insight in to structural characteristics that influence the inhibitability of RGS proteins. Most compounds tested were found to be more potent inhibitors of RGS14 rather than RGS4 in biochemical assays. We developed the NanoBit protein complementation assay to assess the interaction of RGS proteins with either Gαi1 or Gαq in a cellular context, and used this system to investigate compound selectivity in a cellular context. The compounds tested showed selectivity for RGS2, RGS4, and RGS14 over the other RGS proteins tested. The structural differences between the RGS proteins is discussed.
Chapter 5 focuses on the future directions the lab may take with respect to the projects outlined in the previous chapters. This includes the screening of more targeted libraries or even virtual screening for RGS6, the development of in vivo assessment tools for RGS17, and an expanded structural examination of RGS proteins including NMR and crystal structure analysis. Additionally, the development of the NanoBit system to interrogate RGS protein interactions that are not RGS: Gα interactions is discussed.
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Sorrentino, Antonio [Verfasser], and Philipp [Akademischer Betreuer] Beckhove. "A screening for novel immune modulators identifies SIK3 kinase as a regulator of tumor resistance to T cell attack / Antonio Sorrentino ; Betreuer: Philipp Beckhove." Heidelberg : Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1238361765/34.
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Mackie, Duncan Ian. "High-throughput identification and characterization of novel inhibitors of Regulator of G Protein Signaling 17 as pretherapeutic leads for the treatment of lung and prostate cancers." Diss., University of Iowa, 2014. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1986.
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G–Protein Coupled Receptors are one of the most important targets in drug development, making up over 60% of drug targets. Recent studies have implicated a role of Regulator of G–Protein Signaling (RGS) proteins in the development and progression of pathologies, including some cancers. RGS17, the most–recently identified family member of the RZ family of RGS proteins, has been implicated in the growth, proliferation, metastasis and migration of prostate tumors as well as small–cell and non–small cell lung cancers. In neoplastic tumor tissues RGS17 is up–regulated 13 fold over patient–matched normal tissues in prostate cancer. Studies have shown that RGS17 RNAi knockdown inhibits colony formation and decreases tumorigenesis in nude mice. Based on these findings, this thesis explores the research undertaken to develop small molecule inhibitors of the RGS17: Gαo protein: protein interaction.
In this thesis, we implemented AlphaScreen® technology to develop a high–throughput screening method for interrogating small molecule libraries for inhibitors of RGS17. Chapter 3 focuses on the initial results of the AlphaScreen® in 384–well format. The screen utilizes a measurement of the Gα: RGS17 protein: protein interaction (PPI) and with an excellent Z–score exceeding 0.73, a signal to noise ratio >70 and a screening time of 1,100 compounds per hour. Chapter 3 presents the development, validation and initial high–throughput screening for inhibitors of Gα: RGS17 interaction as well as preliminary characterization of the RL series of hits. In this pilot screen the NCI Diversity Set II was interrogated, yielding 35 initial hits of which 16 were confirmed after screening against controls. The 16 compounds exhibited IC50 <10 ΜM in dose–response experiments for inhibiting the Gα: RGS17 interaction. Four exhibited IC50 values <6 ΜM while inhibiting the Gα: RGS17 interaction >50% when compared to a biotinylated GST control (TrueHits). Compounds RL–1 and RL–2 were confirmed by flow cytometry protein interaction assay (FCPIA) while RL–3 and RL–4 were unable to disrupt this PPI in FCPIA. All four compounds were tested using the differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF) method, which is based on energetic coupling between ligand binding and protein unfolding and found compounds RL–1 to RL–4 all slightly increased protein stability upon ligand binding.
Chapter 4 focuses on the miniaturization and optimization of AlphaScreen® to a 1536–well format and screening of the MicroSource SPECTRUM and NDL3000 small molecule libraries. This increased throughput 11–fold and decreased our working volumes from 45 ΜL to 10 ΜL, which reduced reagent cost. After optimization, we retained in an excellent Z–factor ≥0.70 with S/N>5.77 and increased the screening rate to more than 12,000 compounds per hour. In this format, the initial screening of the SPECTRUM and NDL3000 libraries was completed and filtered the initial hits by counter screening and PAINs filtering as well as developing four powerful orthogonal assays for the characterization of potential lead molecules.
Chapter 6 focuses on the future directions, which include the screening the in–house 50,000 compound library in the University of Iowa HTS Core facility as well as the development of cell based assays to determine the activity of these leads in the cellular milieu. These screens are the first step to developing novel pharmacophores for further optimization of structure with the focus on RGS17 activity in enzymatic, whole cell, xenograft and whole animal models as well as providing new avenues for the development of anticancer therapies.
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Yun-Jhen and 吳昀臻. "Factors associated with regular periodical papanicolaus smear screening in Keelung City women." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/53974148836046823610.
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碩士中山醫學大學
公共衛生學系碩士班
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Objectives: The purpose of this study was to analysis the relationship between regular papanicolaus (pap) smear screening and the experience of the "Keelung Community-based Integrated Screening" (KCIS) in Keelung City women over 30 years. Methods: The data of this study were draw from 2000 to 2007 Keelung Community-based Integrated Screening (KCIS) and records of pap smear in the Bureau of Health Promotion. 90,382 records were included. The dependent variable was behavior of regular papanicolaus (pap) smear screening. The independents included social-demographic variables, family disease history, personal disease history, and health behaviors. The main statistic method was logistic regression, using SAS 9.1 version package. Results: Women who had experience of KCIS had higher rate of regular pap smear screening than who had not. In KCIS participants, women who were higher levels education and have a spouse, had family disease history, never smoking, and exercise behavior more likely to have regular pap smear screening. Conclusion: The study found that women who had experience of KCIS, highly educated, have a spouse, have a family disease history, have no individual history of chronic illness, never smoking and have exercise behavior were more likely to receive regular pap smear screening. Encourage women to participate KCIS may could effectively promote women to receive regularly pap smear screening in addition to health education and advocacy strategies.
Books on the topic "Regular screening"
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Hart, Kimberly J., and Heather A. Flynn. Screening, Assessment, and Diagnosis of Mood and Anxiety Disorders During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period. Edited by Amy Wenzel. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199778072.013.009.
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Mood and anxiety disorders are highly prevalent in perinatal samples, affecting as many as 20% of childbearing women (Gavin et al., 2005). In an effort to prevent adverse outcomes associated with perinatal mood and anxiety disorders, researchers and clinicians have advocated routine screening during the perinatal period (NRC, 2009). Although, there are several screening measures for depression, many of which have been used or validated in perinatal populations, few screening tools have been developed specifically for or validated in perinatal samples for bipolar disorder or anxiety disorders. Despite the ongoing need for brief, accurate, and easily administered screening measures, it seems clear that perinatal mood and anxiety screening is associated with substantial improvement in rate of detection (Georgiopoulous et al., 1999; Georgiopoulos, Bryan, Wollan, and Yawn, 2001; Gilbody, Sheldon, and House, 2008). However, in the absence of systematic protocols to ensure further assessment, treatment, and follow-up, screening is unlikely to have a positive impact on depression-associated morbidity (Gjerdingen, Katon, and Rich, 2008; Gilbody et al., 2008; Miller et al., 2012; NRC, 2009). Preliminary evidence suggests that screening for perinatal mood and anxiety disorders, when embedded within larger systems to ensure comprehensive assessment, connection to treatment, and regular monitoring, has the potential to improve outcomes for women and their families. The question of whether screening programs can ultimately decrease depression-associated morbidity and prevent adverse outcomes cannot be answered given the existing research base (Myers et al., 2013). Although much is left to be understood about perinatal screening for mood and anxiety disorders, the impact of this research lies in potential for reducing negative maternal outcomes as well as for prevention of the negative impact of perinatal depression on the health and well-being of babies born to depressed or anxious mothers.
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Levy, David. Management of microvascular and associated complications. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198766452.003.0007.
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While end-stage microvascular complications are now relatively uncommon, the burden of microvascular disease is still heavy. National diabetic retinopathy screening programmes have contributed to reducing advanced retinal disease, as has improved laser technology and vitreoretinal surgery. More recently intravitreal anti-VEGF agents (bevacizumab, ranibizumab, and aflibercept) have been effective in reducing visual loss from macular oedema. Diabetic nephropathy has a variable phenotype, and high rates of natural regression from microalbuminuria to normoalbuminuria mandate careful and regular review with regular urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR) measurements. Up to one-quarter of patients with renal impairment have never had microalbuminuria. Long-term glycaemic control is the most important treatment for early diabetic nephropathy; angiotensin blockade treatment (ACE-inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers) are less important. In established diabetic nephropathy, intensive multimodal treatment is needed. Neuropathic complications are usually plantar ulceration, Charcot neuroarthropathy, and autonomic, especially gastroparesis and erectile dysfunction.
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Edun, Babatunde, Michelle K. Haas, Christopher Brendemuhl, Jason V. Baker, and Anthony C. Speights. Health Maintenance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190493097.003.0012.
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The introduction of highly potent antiretroviral agents has transformed HIV from a disease with a once dismal prognosis to a manageable chronic medical condition. The primary care provider as well as the HIV care provider must focus on aspects of preventive medicine that improve the quality of life and life expectancy of the HIV-infected person. Accurate record-keeping is essential, and examples of HIV primary care flow sheets are presented in this chapter. In addition, tuberculosis screening indications and methods are reviewed. Regular preventative dental and gynecological care should be given. Reviewing the treatment of traditional cardiovascular risk factors with patients will be helpful in educating them and reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease.
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Govan, John, and Andrew Jones. Microbiology of CF lung disease. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198702948.003.0003.
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This chapter presents the microbiology of CF and describes the classical bacterial pathogens including Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenza, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and organisms of the Burkholderia cepacia complex. The dominant of these is P. aeruginosa. Infections with other opportunistic pathogens including non-tuberculous mycobacteria, Stenotrophomonas maltophila, and Achromobacter (Alcaligenes) xylosoxidans are also encountered. This chapter details measures to prevent the onset of chronic infection with these organisms include regular screening of respiratory tract samples for bacterial pathogens and the use of aggressive antibiotic therapy to eradicate initial infection before the pathogen can adapt to the environment of the CF lung. Patient-to-patient spread of transmissible strains of bacterial pathogens has led to the implementation of strict infection control measures at CF centres, including patient segregation. In addition to bacterial pathogens, the contribution of fungal infection in CF lung disease is increasingly recognized.
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Tsika, Noah. Screening the Police. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197577721.001.0001.
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American police departments have presided over the business of motion pictures since the end of the nineteenth century. Their influence is evident not only on the screen but also in the ways movies are made, promoted, and viewed in the United States. Screening the Police explores the history of film’s entwinement with law enforcement, showing the role that state power has played in the creation and expansion of a popular medium. For the New Jersey State Police in the 1930s, film offered a method of visualizing criminality and of circulating urgent information about escaped convicts. For the New York Police Department, the medium was a means of making the agency world famous as early as 1896. Beat cops became movie stars. Police chiefs made their own documentaries. And from Maine to California, state and local law enforcement agencies regularly fingerprinted filmgoers for decades, amassing enormous records as they infiltrated theaters both big and small. Understanding the scope of police power in the United States requires attention to an aspect of film history that has long been ignored. Screening the Police reveals the extent to which American cinema has overlapped with the politics and practices of law enforcement. Today, commercial filmmaking is heavily reliant on public policing—and vice versa. How such a working relationship was forged and sustained across the long twentieth century is the subject of this book.
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Waldek, Stephen. Fabry disease. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0338_update_001.
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Fabry disease is a rare X-linked lysosomal storage disorder in which deficiency of alpha-galactosidase A leads to accumulation of substrate, mostly globotriaosylceramide (Gb3), which causes a progressive, multiorgan disease affecting predominantly the kidneys, skin, heart, and nervous system. Painful peripheral (‘acral’) neuropathy is characteristic. Proteinuria and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) are strongly associated with risk of progression, but this may be reduced by treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors as well as by enzyme replacement therapy (ERT). ERT was approved in 2001; it improves pain and other neuropathic symptoms, and well-being, and has been proven to clear deposits of Gb3 from tissues, at variable speeds. There is limited randomized controlled trial data but protective effects have been proven for renal outcomes, death, and better outcomes in some other organ systems. Renal function may be protected if ERT is commenced before there is heavy proteinuria or substantial loss of GFR. It is recommended to start ERT as soon as the diagnosis is made in those with very low or absent enzyme. For those with intermediate levels it is recommended to commence treatment only when signs or symptoms appear. Proteinuria and eGFR give most information from a renal point of view, but renal biopsy is also useful for confirming the renal diagnosis and staging the disease as well as monitoring progress in selected cases. Management should include regular screening for complications including myocardial and neurological assessments. It is likely that registries will show progressive rises in median survival with this condition.
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Beattie, R. Mark, Anil Dhawan, and John W.L. Puntis. Cystic fibrosis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569862.003.0021.
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Gastrointestinal manifestations 156Management of gastrointestinal symptoms in children with CF 158Nutrition in CF 158Nutritional management 159Vitamins 160The incidence of cystic fibrosis (CF) is around 1 in 2500. Cases are diagnosed as a consequence of population screening or high-risk screening, or following presentation with clinical symptoms typical of the disorder. The basic defect is in the CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) protein which codes for a cyclic adenosine monophosphate-regulated chloride transporter in epithelial cells of exocrine organs. This is involved in salt and water balance across epithelial surfaces. The gene is on chromosome 7. There are multiple known mutations, the most common being ...
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Grant, Warren, and Martin Scott-Brown. Prevention of cancer. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0350.
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In the UK, the four commonest cancers—lung cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, and prostate cancer—result in around 62 000 deaths every year. Although deaths from cancer have fallen in the UK over the last 20 years, the UK still suffers from higher cancer death rates than many other countries in Western Europe. In 1999, the UK government produced a White Paper called Saving Lives: Our Healthier Nation that outlined a national target to reduce the death rate from cancer by at least 20% in people under 75 by 2010. The subsequent NHS Cancer Plan of 2000 designed a framework by which to achieve this target through effective prevention, screening, and treatment programmes as well as restructuring and developing new diagnostic and treatment facilities. But do we know enough about the biology of the development of cancer for government health policies alone to force dramatic changes in survival? The science behind the causes of cancer tells us that its origin lies in acquired or inherited genetic abnormalities. Inherited gene mutation syndromes and exposure to environmental mutagens cause cancer, largely through abnormalities in DNA repair mechanisms, leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation. Although screening those thought to be at highest risk, and regulating exposure to environmental carcinogens such as tobacco or ionizing radiation, have reduced, and will continue to reduce, cancer deaths, there are many other environmental factors that have been shown to increase the population risk of cancer. These will be outlined in this chapter. However, the available evidence is largely from retrospective and cross-sectional population-based studies and therefore limits the ability to apply this knowledge to the risk of the individual patient who may been seen in clinic. Although we may be able to put him or her into a high-, intermediate-, or low-risk category, the question ‘will I get cancer, doc?’ is one that we cannot answer with certainty. The NHS Cancer Plan of 2000, designed to reduce cancer deaths in this country and to bring UK treatment results in line with those other countries in Europe, focuses on preventing malignancy as part of its comprehensive cancer management strategy. It highlights that the rich are less likely to develop cancer, and will survive longer if they are diagnosed than those who live in poverty. This may reflect available treatment options, but is more likely to be related to the lifestyle of those with regular work, as they may be more health aware. The Cancer Plan, however, suggests that relieving poverty may be more labour intensive and less rewarding than encouraging positive risk-reducing behaviour in all members of the population. Eating well can reduce the risk of developing many cancers, particularly of the stomach and bowel. The Cancer Plan outlines the ‘Five-a-Day’ programme which was rolled out in 2002 and encouraged people to eat at least five portions of fruit and vegetables per day. Obese people are also at higher risk of cancers, in particular endometrial cancer. A good diet and regular exercise not only reduce obesity but are also independent risk-reducing factors. Alcohol misuse is thought to be a major risk factor in around 3% of all cancers, with the highest risk for cancers of the mouth and throat. As part of the Cancer Plan, the Department of Health promotes physical activity and general health programmes, as well as alcohol and smoking programmes, particularly in deprived areas. Focusing on these healthy lifestyle points can potentially reduce an individual lifetime risk of all cancers. However, our knowledge of the biology of four cancers in particular has led to the development of specific life-saving interventions. Outlined in this chapter are details regarding ongoing prevention strategies for carcinomas of the lung, the breast, the bowel, and the cervix.
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Jadoul, Michel, Laura Labriola, and Eric Goffin. Viral infections in patients on dialysis. Edited by Jonathan Himmelfarb. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0271.
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From the early days of hemodialysis, viral hepatitis has been recognized as common in dialyzed patients.The prevalence and incidence of HBV infection have decreased markedly over the last decades in HD units. Still, the infectivity of HBV is very high. Vaccinating HD patients, preferably prior to starting dialysis, together with the strict application of hygienic precautions and adequate screening of blood donors remains required, together with the segregation of infective (HBV+) patients in a separate dialysis ward. The level of aminotransferases is markedly lower in HD patients than in the general population: any level above the normal range should thus trigger the suspicion of acute hepatitis (viral or not). The treatment of HBV infection in HD patients is rarely required, unless they are scheduled for a kidney transplant.Screening for HCV infection usually relies on a modern ELISA test. The prevalence and incidence of HCV infection in HD patients has also decreased substantially but remains higher than in the general population. The risk of post-transfusional HCV is currently extremely low, at least in western countries. The actual application of basic hygienic precautions is crucial if nosocomial transmission of HCV is to be prevented. These include optimal hand hygiene practices (hydroalcoholic solution use before contact with patient and after gloves withdrawal), the systematic wearing of gloves, to be changed between patients/stations, an adequate separation of the clean and contaminated items and circuits within the HD unit, and regular cleaning/disinfection of potentially contaminated surfaces. The necessity and usefulness to isolate HCV positive patients in a separate dialysis ward has not been demonstrated and is not recommended by current KDIGO guidelines. The field of the treatment of HCV infection is changing rapidly with many orally active drugs, some of which can be used even in dialysis patients.
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Snell, Jamey, and Thomas J. Mancuso. Cystic Fibrosis. Edited by Kirk Lalwani, Ira Todd Cohen, Ellen Y. Choi, and Vidya T. Raman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190685157.003.0023.
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Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited, autosomal recessive, multisystem disease. Dysfunction of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator protein (CFTR) in epithelial cells is the primary defect in CF. Defects in CFTR are the cause for lung disease, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and failure, male infertility, and liver disease. CF can present with a variety of respiratory and gastrointestinal signs, including meconium ileus in the newborn period, hypernatremic dehydration, pulmonary insufficiency, nasal polyps, and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. As affected children grow, dysfunction in CFTR leads to chronic and progressive lung disease, characterized by suppurative infection and the development of bronchiectasis. CFTR dysfunction also affects exocrine function, leading to pancreatic insufficiency, malabsorption, and growth failure. In the past, history and physical exam with sweat chloride testing were the cornerstones of diagnosis. Diagnosis is now made with the newborn screening test for immunoreactive trypsinogen.
Book chapters on the topic "Regular screening"
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Heineke, Joerg. "Screening for Novel Calcium-Binding Proteins that Regulate Cardiac Hypertrophy: CIB1 as an Example." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 279–301. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-230-8_17.
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Erickson, Matthew G., Andrew T. Ulijasz, and Bernard Weisblum. "Screening for Compounds That Affect the Interaction Between Bacterial Two-Component Signal Transduction Response Regulator Protein and Cognate Promoter DNA." In Methods In Molecular Medicine™, 215–22. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-246-5_17.
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Jing, Chune. "Screening of Regulator Responses to Yersinia pestis Infection with a Concatenated Tandem Array of Transcription Factor Response Element (catTFRE) Pulldown." In Springer Protocols Handbooks, 221–30. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7947-4_25.
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Dunbar, Sherry A., and James W. Jacobson. "Rapid Screening for 31 Mutations and Polymorphisms in the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Gene by Luminex® xMAP™ Suspension Array." In Microarrays in Clinical Diagnostics, 147–71. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-923-0:147.
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Murphy, Caitlin C., and Sally W. Vernon. "Colorectal Cancer Screening." In Psycho-Oncology, edited by Wendy W. T. Lam, 53–60. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190097653.003.0008.
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Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening is endorsed as an effective preventive health service because it reduces morbidity and mortality from CRC. Regular screening with stool blood tests or sigmoidoscopy facilitates earlier detection of CRC and lowers mortality; screening colonoscopy may also decrease CRC incidence through early detection and removal of precancerous polyps. Most professional organizations recommend that screening begin at age 50 years for those at average risk, and in the United States, about 60% of age-eligible adults are up-to-date with screening. Importantly, prevalence of CRC screening differs by race/ethnicity, educational attainment, and insurance status, with marked disparities in screening among racial/ethnicity minorities and the uninsured. Recent CRC screening interventions have focused on mailed outreach, patient navigation, and offering a choice of screening test, and many studies have been conducted in large, integrated healthcare systems or federally qualified health centers. In these settings, mailed outreach and patient navigation, particularly in the context of multicomponent interventions, increased CRC screening (e.g., absolute increase of 28% across trials of mailed outreach). Moving forward, CRC screening interventions must include more than one-time screening and involve a series of coordinated steps, from initial screening to diagnostic evaluation to treatment of any detected lesions. Patient navigation and mailed outreach have been the most extensively tested interventions for increasing screening. Patient navigation appears to have a similar impact on follow-up of abnormal test results. Broad implementation of either of these strategies may bring the current screening prevalence of 60% closer to the national goal of 80%.
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Dahm, Philipp. "10-Year Outcomes After Monitoring, Surgery, or Radiotherapy." In 50 Studies Every Urologist Should Know, 43–48. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190655341.003.0008.
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This chapter provides a summary of the landmark Prostate Testing for Cancer and Treatment (ProtecT) trial, a three-armed randomized controlled trial of men with clinically localized prostate cancer mostly diagnosed through prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening comparing radical prostatectomy to radiation therapy or active monitoring. Active monitoring consisted mostly of regular PSA testing. After 10 years of follow-up, very few deaths from prostate cancer occurred, underscoring the very low risk of death from prostate cancer in patients diagnosed by PSA screening irrespective of treatment approach.
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Kavanagh, David J., Jennifer Connolly, Angela White, Amy Kelly, and Jan Parr. "Low intensity CBT by mail." In Oxford Guide to Low Intensity CBT Interventions, 303–10. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780199590117.003.0031.
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Chapter 31 discusses a relatively low-technology approach to access using standard postal services—CBT by mail, or M-CBT. Bibliotherapies including M-CBT teach key concepts and self-management techniques, together with screening tools and forms to structure home practice. M-CBT differs from other bibliotherapies by segmenting interventions and mailing them at regular intervals.
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Nakamura, Tomiyo, and Hiroshi Imamura. "Early Diagnosis of Malnutrition." In Malnutrition [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.104655.
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Low body mass index (BMI) and unintentional weight loss are the criteria used in many nutritional screening tools (NSTs) to identify the nutritional status of patients and the elderly. However, in hospitals, nursing homes, and communities, weight is often unmeasured. Therefore, we researched the current situation of inadequate nutritional screening due to a lack of weight measurements and what should be done to improve this situation. We conducted a narrative review of peer-reviewed research on nutritional screening, NSTs, missing NST parameters, regular weight measurements, awareness of malnutrition among physicians and others, and nutrition support based on PubMed and J-stage. The NSTs included mostly weight or weight-based parameters (BMI and weight loss). Our findings suggest that, since patients and the elderly do not weigh themselves regularly, they are unaware of their weight loss and do not receive proper nutritional care. The results also show that physicians do not often recognize nutritional problems that require nutritional intervention and do not order nutritional intervention by dietitians. Moreover, patients and community residents at risk of malnutrition do not recognize anorexia and weight loss as nutritional problems. Multidisciplinary and collaborative nutritional interventions are needed to reduce the risk of malnutrition in patients and the elderly.
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Smith, Rebecca. "Programme administration and fail-safe." In Diabetic Retinopathy: Screening to Treatment (Oxford Diabetes Library), 123–30. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834458.003.0013.
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Effective administration and fail-safe is essential to any screening programme. It helps ensure that the programme functions successfully to a high quality, but most importantly, it helps identify the patient cohort and ensure patient safety at all points in the pathway. A clear structure needs to be in place identifying roles and responsibilities, with procedures, policies, and regular audits in place. The programme needs the capacity to produce performance reports on an ad hoc basis to show how it is performing and to improve its service for its patients. Screening programmes in different countries will adapt their protocols and administration according to their primary- and health-care delivery model and provision. This chapter sets out that used in the UK model, which has the national health service provision with free health care at its core.
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Vieira Ribeiro, Luis Pedro, Pinheiro João, António Fernando C. L. Abrantes, Anabela de Magalhães Ribeiro, Bianca I. C. Vicente, Rui Pedro Pereira de Almeida, Tânia Gonçalves, Maria Augusta Ferreira, Maria Conceição Farinha, and Kevin Barros Azevedo. "Bone Density and Fall Risk Screening in Algarve." In Integrated Care and Fall Prevention in Active and Healthy Aging, 77–90. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4411-2.ch004.
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Osteoporosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality around the world and is a silent disease characterized by low bone strength that results in an increased risk of fracture. The benefits of being physically active in advanced ages to reduce the loss of bone mineral density (BMD) and improve functional capacities are well known. Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) is a peripheral bone densitometry technique that is rapidly gaining in popularity for the assessment of skeletal status, along with fall risk assessment. This chapter consists of a brief review of the literature on osteoporosis and describes ongoing activities on bone density and fall risk prevention in Algarve, Portugal as part of EIP AHA´s action group on fall prevention with the presentation of a preliminary study. This study aimed to demonstrate that the postmenopausal female seniors who adhere to the recommendations for the regular program of physical activity after osteoporosis screening one year later show a slower decrease in BMD.
Conference papers on the topic "Regular screening"
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Mesquita, J., J. A. Fiz, J. Sola-Soler, J. Morera, and R. Jane. "Normal non-regular snores as a tool for screening SAHS severity." In 2011 33rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2011.6090870.
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Jumabayeva, Altyngul, Tal Frank, Yotam Ben-Shoshan, Robert Ulichney, and Jan Allebach. "Content-color-dependent screening (CCDS) using regular or irregular clustered-dot halftones." In 2018 7th European Workshop on Visual Information Processing (EUVIP). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/euvip.2018.8611727.
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Sandvik, Rikke, Marika Nathalie Schmidt, Tacjana Pressler, Christian Møller Voldby, Frederik Buchvald, Per Gustafsson, Marianne Skov, and Kim Gjerum Nielsen. "Regular routine SF6 multiple breath washout in infants with cystic fibrosis born after implementation of neonatal screening." In ERS International Congress 2019 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2019.pa345.
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Vereshchagin, Vladislav, Ekaterina Pukhova, and Margarita Khokhlova. "Combination of AM and FM screening as security printed feature." In 10th International Symposium on Graphic Engineering and Design. University of Novi Sad, Faculty of technical sciences, Department of graphic engineering and design,, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24867/grid-2020-p45.
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Protection of goods and packaging from counterfeiting and copying, tracking their movement requires improvement of existing labeling and security methods and the development of new ones. Making changes to the image at the prepress stage is the cheapest and easiest way of protection compared to using special printing techniques, special substrates, and inks or additional tags such as RFID. In the article, we suggest a new method to create security printed features, identify them in prints, and confirm the authenticity of the image. The method uses a combination of regular (AM) and stochastic (FM) screening in one image. There are two ways of separating images for AM and FM screening. First is to choose several random intervals in shadows of image tonal distribution and in accordance with values in these intervals original image is separated into two. The second is to separate by structure, for example, use FM screening on edges or textures. We tried Canny edge detector and local binary patterns. By using random values as the parameters, it is possible to generate unique print runs or even individual prints using digital printing. And large variability in the areas of separation gives reason to consider that the suggested method is reliable. Fourier analysis in the suggested method allows not only to detect the presence of security printed features but also to confirm the authenticity of the image on a print. Authentication is implemented by obtaining a digital image of the print by scanning or photographing and comparing the spectral composition of the original image and the digital image of the print. An expert survey showed that after our method presence of a combination of AM and FM screening in images on prints is barely visible. As a result, this method can be used to protect packaging labels with images from copying.
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Bouzid, Abdel-Hakim, and Shubhra Kanti Das. "High Temperature Aged Leakage Relaxation Screening Tests on Confined Flexible Graphite Gaskets." In ASME 2021 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2021-61730.
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Abstract Flexible graphite-based gaskets are used extensively in high-temperature applications as a replacement of asbestos based gaskets. The effect of aging and temperature exposure of flexible graphite sheet gaskets was the subject of a previous work [1,2], however, the effect when flexible graphite is in a confined gasket configuration is not known. This study outlines the performance evaluation of the elevated temperature behavior of flexible graphite-based gaskets under a confined configuration and exposed over a long period employing HALR (High temperature Aged Leakage Relaxation) fixture. This ARLA-like fixture can retain the mechanical feature of the ATRS/HATR while allowing the cold leakage rate and weight loss measurement. Four different confined gasket configurations, namely corrugated metal, spiral wound, kammprofile and double jacketed, are evaluated within a temperature range of (427 to 649 °C) 800 to 1200 °F and exposure time of 2500 hours. Graphite weight loss, gasket thickness change, leakage and tightness parameter, creep and relaxation measurements were taken at regular intervals for each gasket style. To better understand the aging process, these critical mechanical and leakage properties are scrutinized; the degradation process related to mainly graphite oxidation is further discussed, and a conclusion is drawn.
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Montano, Saul Didmar Alquez, and José Marcos Vieira de Albuquerque Filho. "CD8 encephalitis in an HIVinfected patient undergoing regular antiretroviral therapy: a case report." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.650.
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CD8 + encephalitis, and a destructive complication of HIV, that produces severe brain damage, described in patients regularly using antiretroviral therapy. It arises by viral propagation in mononuclear phagocytes leads to persistent activation of CD8 + lymphocytes. It produces demyelinating lesions, brain infiltration by CD8 + lymphocytes, and vessel hyalinization. Magnetic resonance imaging is characterized by a large area of demyelination with a mass effect and enhancement of the ring in the image. In spite of being a potentially fatal picture, it has treatment. Case report: female patient, 43 years old, with decreased strength in MSD. HIV + for 14 years on regular use of ART (Atazanavir, Tenofovir + Lamivudine and Ritonavir), CD4 +> 400 and undetectable viral load for 3 years, Alcoholist (1-2 cans beer / day). It evolved rapidly with weakness of the right hemibody, tonic-clonic seizure, inattention, and decreased level of consciousness. Liquor- cells 21 (lymphomonocyte), analysis for viruses, bacteria, mycobacteria, and negative fungus. SARS-CoV-2 detection, Blood cultures: HTLV-I and II Antibodies screening, Serology for B and C viruses - negative. WBC: 11,600 lymphocytes 27.9%. Treated with pulse therapy with 1g for 5 days. He evolved with an improvement in the level of attention, managing to walk again without help, and remission of seizures. Discharged from hospital with oral prednisone Conclusions: CD8 + encephalitis is associated with HIV despite satisfactory control rates. With an exacerbated brain immune response, there is bilateral hypersignal in the FLAIR, punctiform or linear foci of perivascular enhancements are very suggestive. At the beginning it can manifest itself as acute or subacute neurological decline, the response to corticosteroids is dramatic.
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Chuang, Shui-Nan. "Probabilistic Analysis for the Mechanical Properties of Cross-Ply Fiber-Reinforced Composite Laminate." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-13060.
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A probabilistic micromechanics model had been developed for the unidirectional fiber-reinforced composite material design screening. In which, we used the predicted mechanical properties of IM-7 carbon fiber from the existing IM-7/5250-4 composite material system together with the observed 977-3 matrix mechanical properties to predict the probability density functions for the mechanical properties of IM-7/977-3 unidirectional composite. To include the material design in the structural design process, we had extended the probabilistic analysis to predict the probability density functions for the off-axis mechanical properties. The angle-ply and cross-ply laminates have been used extensively in aerospace structural designs. It is logical to extend the probabilistic analysis to predict the probability density functions for the mechanical properties of the laminated composite. We had provided the probabilistic analysis for a symmetric regular angle-ply laminate of IM-7/5250-4 composite laminate. In this report, we will focus on the probabilistic analysis of symmetric and anti-symmetric regular cross-ply laminates of IM-7/5250-4 fiber-reinforced composite with odd-number plies parallel to and even-number plies perpendicular to the laminate principal axes. These probabilistic micromechanics models provide a design-screening tool to help material producers to eliminate the unnecessary time-consuming and costly material fabrications and to reduce the numbers of testing to a minimum but enough to verify the model prediction. They also provide a structural analysis tool to help the structural designer to manage the structural and material uncertainties during the structural design process. And consequently, it provides a means to accelerate the insertion of materials into AF productions.
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Thomas, N., N. T. Tanner, R. Ward, A. Rojewski, M. Gebregziabher, B. Toll, and G. A. Silvestri. "Filtered, Unfiltered, Light, Ultralight, Regular or Mentholated: The Effect of Cigarette Type on Lung Cancer Incidence and Mortality in the National Lung Screening Trial." In American Thoracic Society 2019 International Conference, May 17-22, 2019 - Dallas, TX. American Thoracic Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2019.199.1_meetingabstracts.a5894.
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Miranda, Anskey A., Fred P. Turner, and Nigel Barltrop. "Alternative Methodologies for Subsea Flexible Strength Analysis." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-77162.
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This paper presents a study of the analysis methodologies used to predict the most likely response of flexibles in a subsea environment, with the aim of determining an efficient and reliable prediction methodology. The most accurate method involves simulating multiple wave realisations of a real world sea state, i.e. irregular waves, and post-processing the results to determine the most probable maximum (MPM). Due to the computationally intensive nature of this approach, however, regular wave analysis is typically used to determine flexible response. This approach considers the maximum wave within a design storm at a desired period; the choice of periods may leave room for uncertainty in the conservatism of the approach. With proper screening, regular wave analysis can be a valid yet overly conservative approach resulting in over design and additional cost. However, if screened incorrectly, there is a possibility that the choice of periods could give results that are under conservative. In addition to regular wave analysis, the paper presents two alternative methodologies to determine the most likely response, with the focus on reducing the computational resources required. The first alternative is an ‘Irregular Wave Screen’ approach in which the wave train is screened at areas of interest for waves within a user defined threshold of the maximum wave height, in addition to other user defined parameters. Only waves within these parameters are simulated to determine responses. The second alternative is the ‘New Wave’ approach, which models the most probable wave elevation around the maximum wave crest. The calculated new wave is then placed at the desired location to determine responses. The responses of the Regular, Irregular Wave Screen and New Wave methodologies are compared with the Irregular MPM approach to determine their feasibility to predict the response of flexibles in a real world irregular sea state with lower computational requirements.
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Pandher, Dilpreet K. "To find the prevalence of female genital tract malignancies in a tertiary care hospital." In 16th Annual International Conference RGCON. Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Private Ltd., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1685376.
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Genital tract and breast are two most common sites of malignancy in females. Out of the genital tract malignancies, carcinoma cervix is so far found to be the commonest followed by ovary and endometrium. In developed countries, carcinoma cervix incidence is comparatively quite low due to good regular screening of females. One year review of patients was done, who underwent definitive/debulking surgery for a diagnosed malignant pathology of the genital tract, in obstetrics and gynaecology department of Govt medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh. Total 62 patients were operated, most common indication was carcinoma ovary, followed by endometrial cancer, cancer cervix and gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. 166 patients underwent biopsies for suspicious symptoms or the abnormal findings on examination and the patients with final malignancy report were either operated as described above and the inoperable cases were referred to oncotherapy department for further management.
Reports on the topic "Regular screening"
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O'Malley, Ann S. Primary Care and regular Breast Cancer Screening Among Under-Served Minority Women. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada396861.
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O'Malley, Ann S. Primary Care and Regular Breast Cancer Screening Among Under-Served Minority Women. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada360026.
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O'Malley, Ann S. Primary Care and Regular Breast Cancer Screening Among Under-Served Minority Women. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada376117.
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O'Malley, Ann. Primary Care and Regular Breast Cancer Screening Among Under-Served Minority Women. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada392775.
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Flaishman, Moshe, Herb Aldwinckle, Shulamit Manulis, and Mickael Malnoy. Efficient screening of antibacterial genes by juvenile phase free technology for developing resistance to fire blight in pear and apple trees. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7613881.bard.
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Objectives: The original objectives of this project were to: Produce juvenile-free pear and apple plants and examine their sensitivity to E. amylovora; Design novel vectors, for antibacterial proteins and promoters expression, combined with the antisense TFL1 gene, and transformation of Spadona pear in Israel and Galaxy apple in USA. The original objectives were revised from the development of novel vectors with antibacterial proteins combined with the TFL-1 due to the inefficiency of alternative markes initially evaluated in pear, phoshomannose-isomerase and 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate phosphatase and the lack of development of double selection system. The objectives of project were revised to focus primarily on the development additional juvenile free systems by the use of another pear variety and manipulation of the FT gene under the control of several promoters. Based on the results creation of fire blight resistance pear variety was developed by the use of the juvenile free transgenic plant. Background: Young tree seedlings are unable to initiate reproductive organs and require a long period of shoot maturation, known as juvenile phase. In pear, juvenile period can last 5-7 years and it causes a major delay in breeding programs. We isolated the TFL1 gene from Spadona pear (PcTFL1-1) and produced transgenic ‘Spadona’ trees silencing the PcTFL1 gene using a RNAi approach. Transgenic tissue culture ‘Spadona’ pear flowered in vitro. As expected, the expression of the endogenous PcTFL1 was suppressed in the transgenic line that showed precocious flowering. Transgenic plants were successfully rooted in the greenhouse and most of the plants flowered after only 4-8 months, whereas the non-transformed control plants have flowered only after 5-6 years of development. Major achievements: Prior to flower induction, transgenic TFL1-RNAi ‘Spadona’ plants developed a few branches and leaves. Flower production in the small trees suppressed the development of the vegetative branches, thus resulting in compact flowering trees. Flowering was initiated in terminal buds, as described for the Arabidopsis tfl1 mutant. Propagation of the transgenic TFL1-RNAi ‘Spadona’ was performed by bud grafting on 'Betulifolia' rootstock and resulted in compact flowering trees. The transgenic flowering grafted plants were grown in the greenhouse under a long photoperiod for one year, and flowered continuously. Pollination of the transgenic flowers with ‘Costia‘ pear pollen generated fruits of regular shape with fertile F1 seeds. The F1 transgenic seedling grown in the greenhouse formed shoots and produced terminal flowers only five months after germination. In addition, grafted F1 transgenic buds flower and fruit continuously, generating hybrid fruits with regular shape, color and taste. Several pear varieties were pollinated with the transgenic TFL1-RNAi ‘Spadona’ pollen including `Herald Harw` that was reported to have resistance to fire blight diseases. The F-1 hybrid seedlings currently grow in our greenhouse. We conclude that the juvenile-free transgenic ‘Spadona’ pear enables the development of a fast breeding method in pear that will enable us to generate a resistance pear to fire blight. Implications: The research supported by this grant has demonstrated the use of transgenic juvenile free technology in pear. The use of the juvenile free technology for enhancement of conventional breeding in fruit tree will serve to enhance fast breeding systems in pear and another fruit trees.
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Sela, Shlomo, and Michael McClelland. Desiccation Tolerance in Salmonella and its Implications. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7594389.bard.
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Salmonella enterica is a worldwide food-borne pathogen, which regularly causes large outbreaks of food poisoning. Recent outbreaks linked to consumption of contaminated foods with low water-activity, have raised interest in understanding the factors that control fitness of this pathogen to dry environment. Consequently, the general objective of this study was to extend our knowledge on desiccation tolerance and long-term persistence of Salmonella. We discovered that dehydrated STm entered into a viable-but-nonculturable state, and that addition of chloramphenicol reduced bacterial survival. This finding implied that adaptation to desiccation stress requires de-novo protein synthesis. We also discovered that dried STm cells develop cross-tolerance to multiple stresses that the pathogen might encounter in the agriculture/food environment, such as high or low temperatures, salt, and various disinfectants. These findings have important implications for food safety because they demonstrate the limitations of chemical and physical treatments currently utilized by the food industry to completely inactivate Salmonella. In order to identify genes involved in desiccation stress tolerance, we employed transcriptomic analysis of dehydrated and wet cells and direct screening of knock-out mutant and transposon libraries. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that dehydration induced expression of ninety genes and down-regulated seven. Ribosomal structural genes represented the most abundant functional group with a relatively higher transcription during dehydration. Other large classes of induced functional groups included genes involved in amino acid metabolism, energy production, ion transport, transcription, and stress response. Initial genetic analysis of a number of up-regulated genes was carried out). It was found that mutations in rpoS, yahO, aceA, nifU, rpoE, ddg,fnr and kdpE significantly compromised desiccation tolerance, supporting their role in desiccation stress response.
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Lers, Amnon, Majid R. Foolad, and Haya Friedman. genetic basis for postharvest chilling tolerance in tomato fruit. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7600014.bard.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Postharvest losses of fresh produce are estimated globally to be around 30%. Reducing these losses is considered a major solution to ensure global food security. Storage at low temperatures is an efficient practice to prolong postharvest performance of crops with minimal negative impact on produce quality or human health and the environment. However, many fresh produce commodities are susceptible to chilling temperatures, and the application of cold storage is limited as it would cause physiological chilling injury (CI) leading to reduced produce quality. Further, the primary CI becomes a preferred site for pathogens leading to decay and massive produce losses. Thus, chilling sensitive crops should be stored at higher minimal temperatures, which curtails their marketing life and in some cases necessitates the use of other storage strategies. Development of new knowledge about the biological basis for chilling tolerance in fruits and vegetables should allow development of both new varieties more tolerant to cold, and more efficient postharvest storage treatments and storage conditions. In order to improve the agricultural performance of modern crop varieties, including tomato, there is great potential in introgression of marker-defined genomic regions from wild species onto the background of elite breeding lines. To exploit this potential for improving tomato fruit chilling tolerance during postharvest storage, we have used in this research a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from a cross between the red-fruited tomato wild species SolanumpimpinellifoliumL. accession LA2093 and an advanced Solanum lycopersicumL. tomato breeding line NCEBR-1, developed in the laboratory of the US co-PI. The original specific objectives were: 1) Screening of RIL population resulting from the cross NCEBR1 X LA2093 for fruit chilling response during postharvest storage and estimation of its heritability; 2) Perform a transcriptopmic and bioinformatics analysis for the two parental lines following exposure to chilling storage. During the course of the project, we learned that we could measure greater differences in chilling responses among specific RILs compared to that observed between the two parental lines, and thus we decided not to perform transcriptomic analysis and instead invest our efforts more on characterization of the RILs. Performing the transcriptomic analysis for several RILs, which significantly differ in their chilling tolerance/sensitivity, at a later stage could result with more significant insights. The RIL population, (172 lines), was used in field experiment in which fruits were examined for chilling sensitivity by determining CI severity. Following the field experiments, including 4 harvest days and CI measurements, two extreme tails of the response distribution, each consisting of 11 RILs exhibiting either high sensitivity or tolerance to chilling stress, were identified and were further examined for chilling response in greenhouse experiments. Across the RILs, we found significant (P < 0.01) correlation between field and greenhouse grown plants in fruit CI. Two groups of 5 RILs, whose fruits exhibited reproducible chilling tolerant/sensitive phenotypes in both field and greenhouse experiments, were selected for further analyses. Numerous genetic, physiological, biochemical and molecular variations were investigated in response to postharvest chilling stress in the selected RILs. We confirmed the differential response of the parental lines of the RIL population to chilling stress, and examined the extent of variation in the RIL population in response to chilling treatment. We determined parameters which would be useful for further characterization of chilling response in the RIL population. These included chlorophyll fluorescence Fv/Fm, water loss, total non-enzymatic potential of antioxidant activity, ascorbate and proline content, and expression of LeCBF1 gene, known to be associated with cold acclimation. These parameters could be used in continuation studies for the identification and genetic mapping of loci contributing to chilling tolerance in this population, and identifying genetic markers associated with chilling tolerance in tomato. Once genetic markers associated with chilling tolerance are identified, the trait could be transferred to different genetic background via marker-assisted selection (MAS) and breeding. The collaborative research established in this program has resulted in new information and insights in this area of research and the collaboration will be continued to obtain further insights into the genetic, molecular biology and physiology of postharvest chilling tolerance in tomato fruit. The US Co-PI, developed the RIL population that was used for screening and measurement of the relevant chilling stress responses and conducted statistical analyses of the data. Because we were not able to grow the RIL population under field conditions in two successive generations, we could not estimate heritability of response to chilling temperatures. However, we plan to continue the research, grow the RIL progeny in the field again, and determine heritability of chilling tolerance in a near future. The IS and US investigators interacted regularly and plan to continue and expand on this study, since combing the expertise of the Co-PI in genetics and breeding with that of the PI in postharvest physiology and molecular biology will have great impact on this line of research, given the significant findings of this one-year feasibility project.
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Fridman, Eyal, Jianming Yu, and Rivka Elbaum. Combining diversity within Sorghum bicolor for genomic and fine mapping of intra-allelic interactions underlying heterosis. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597925.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Heterosis, the enigmatic phenomenon in which whole genome heterozygous hybrids demonstrate superior fitness compared to their homozygous parents, is the main cornerstone of modern crop plant breeding. One explanation for this non-additive inheritance of hybrids is interaction of alleles within the same locus. This proposal aims at screening, identifying and investigating heterosis trait loci (HTL) for different yield traits by implementing a novel integrated mapping approach in Sorghum bicolor as a model for other crop plants. Originally, the general goal of this research was to perform a genetic dissection of heterosis in a diallel built from a set of Sorghum bicolor inbred lines. This was conducted by implementing a novel computational algorithm which aims at associating between specific heterozygosity found among hybrids with heterotic variation for different agronomic traits. The initial goals of the research are: (i) Perform genotype by sequencing (GBS) of the founder lines (ii) To evaluate the heterotic variation found in the diallel by performing field trails and measurements in the field (iii) To perform QTL analysis for identifying heterotic trait loci (HTL) (iv) to validate candidate HTL by testing the quantitative mode of inheritance in F2 populations, and (v) To identify candidate HTL in NAM founder lines and fine map these loci by test-cross selected RIL derived from these founders. The genetic mapping was initially achieved with app. 100 SSR markers, and later the founder lines were genotyped by sequencing. In addition to the original proposed research we have added two additional populations that were utilized to further develop the HTL mapping approach; (1) A diallel of budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) that was tested for heterosis of doubling time, and (2) a recombinant inbred line population of Sorghum bicolor that allowed testing in the field and in more depth the contribution of heterosis to plant height, as well as to achieve novel simulation for predicting dominant and additive effects in tightly linked loci on pseudooverdominance. There are several conclusions relevant to crop plants in general and to sorghum breeding and biology in particular: (i) heterosis for reproductive (1), vegetative (2) and metabolic phenotypes is predominantly achieved via dominance complementation. (ii) most loci that seems to be inherited as overdominant are in fact achieving superior phenotype of the heterozygous due to linkage in repulsion, namely by pseudooverdominant mechanism. Our computer simulations show that such repulsion linkage could influence QTL detection and estimation of effect in segregating populations. (iii) A new height QTL (qHT7.1) was identified near the genomic region harboring the known auxin transporter Dw3 in sorghum, and its genetic dissection in RIL population demonstrated that it affects both the upper and lower parts of the plant, whereas Dw3 affects only the part below the flag leaf. (iv) HTL mapping for grain nitrogen content in sorghum grains has identified several candidate genes that regulate this trait, including several putative nitrate transporters and a transcription factor belonging to the no-apical meristem (NAC)-like large gene family. This activity was combined with another BARD-funded project in which several de-novo mutants in this gene were identified for functional analysis.
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Peru: Managers must monitor quality of care regularly. Population Council, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh2000.1009.
Full textAbstract:
In the late 1980s, Peru’s National Family Planning Program within the Ministry of Health (MOH) assigned method-specific targets to clusters of health facilities. In 1998, the MOH changed its policies to ensure that services responded to individual reproductive health needs and wishes. It eliminated method quotas, ended voluntary surgical contraception campaigns, and issued norms to ensure quality of care and informed choice. In 1999, the Population Council collaborated with the MOH to determine whether providers were complying with the new guidelines and, secondarily, to develop a monitoring system to assess compliance over time. As concluded in this brief, family planning providers at Peru’s government health facilities conform to national care guidelines in that more than 90 percent of them treat their clients respectfully and offer them a wide choice of contraceptive options. Nevertheless, it was determined that the majority of providers could further improve the quality of care by giving clients more information about correct use and possible side effects of their chosen method and by screening for contraindications.
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Integrating STI/HIV services into existing MCH/FP programs. Population Council, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh1998.1003.
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The presence of certain STIs increases the risk of the sexual transmission of HIV. Thus, controlling STIs can reduce the incidence of HIV. Almost all women in the East and Southern African regions attend MCH/FP clinics regularly, and recent surveys have shown that the prevalence levels of many STIs, including HIV, can be high for women seeking FP and antenatal services, even though they are frequently asymptomatic. MCH/FP services are provided by medically trained staff with many of the same skills needed for managing STIs. Consequently, several MCH/FP programs have started looking for ways to integrate STI management strategies, such as STI screening, treatment, and education, into their routine services. The Population Council’s Africa OR/TA Project undertook case studies of four such programs in Botswana; Nakuru, Kenya; Mombasa, Kenya; and Busoga, Uganda. The model includes case detection and treatment, HIV/AIDS management, detection and treatment of syphilis, and information and education materials. This summary explains that STI and HIV/AIDS management services can be integrated successfully into existing MCH/FP programs in East and Southern Africa.