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Nilsson, Anna L. K., Thomas Alerstam, and Jan-Åke Nilsson. "Do Partial and Regular Migrants Differ in Their Responses to Weather?" Auk 123, no. 2 (April 1, 2006): 537–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/123.2.537.
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AbstractPartial migration is often considered a transitory stage between migration and residency, and whether partial migrants take weather conditions into account during migration is largely unknown. To assess whether partial migrants differ from regular migrants in their responses to weather, we compared the migratory intensity of a partial migrant, the Blue Tit (Cyanistes caeruleus), with more regular migrants in relation to weather at a migratory passage site in southern Sweden (Falsterbo) during the years 1993–2002. The regular migrants in the study were Linnet (Carduelis cannabina), Common Chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs), Brambling (F. montifringilla), and European Robin (Erithacus rubecula). The Blue Tit differed from the regular migrants mainly in showing a striking negative correlation between migratory activity and cloud cover. Also, weather had the highest explanatory power for migratory intensity in the Blue Tit. This suggests that the Blue Tit is more sensitive to weather conditions on migration than the regular migrants and that it preferably awaits days with wholly or partly clear skies before migrating past Falsterbo. As a consequence, Blue Tits usually restrict their migratory flights to the safest occasions, with relatively calm weather, good visibility, and all orientation cues (solar as well as magnetic) available.¿Difieren los Migrantes Parciales y Regulares en sus Respuestas al Clima?
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Bhattacharjee, Mala Ray. "Mobility and morbidity of regular and seasonal migrants in India." International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 17, no. 2 (March 1, 2021): 155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmhsc-04-2020-0038.
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Purpose Internal migration has grown intensively in India in the present decades, far greater than international migration, though the latter has received far more attention in literature and public policy. Among internal migrants, seasonal movement is another growing phenomenon in India which has received the least attention till now. The purpose of the study is to show the intensities of short-term morbidity and major morbidity among the rural and urban internal migrants and how such disease burdens have affected the health of regular/permanent and temporary/seasonal migrants. Design/methodology/approach This present paper has been developed on the basis of data of India Human Development Survey-II (IHDS-II), 2011–2012, has been availed to find out the intensities of short-term morbidity and major morbidity among the rural and urban migrants as well as the health condition of the seasonal migrants. For the analysis of regular or permanent migrants, a total of 3,288 migrants (of which 1,136 rural migrants and 2,152 urban migrants) were surveyed in IHDS-II, 2011–2012, regarding the persistence of different types of short-term morbidity among the migrant class. Two-sample (rural migrants and urban migrants) “t” test for mean difference with unequal variances with null hypothesis – H0: diff = 0, and alternate hypothesis – Ha: diff < 0; Ha: diff > 0 where diff = mean (rural) – mean (urban) has been executed. For the seasonal migrants a sample of 41,424 migrants of which 2,691 seasonal migrant workers and 38,733 non-seasonal migrant workers were surveyed in IHDS-II, 2011–2012, to find out their health condition. OLS regression on the number of medical treatments undertaken in a month on the nature of migrant workers has been conducted. Socio-economic factors (like adult literacy) and basic amenities required for a healthy living (like indoor piped drinking water, separate kitchen in the household, household having a flush toilet, household having electricity and intake of meals everyday) are taken as control variables in the regression analysis. Findings The results of morbidity analysis in this paper show that the morbidity patterns among the migrants vary with the geographical differences. The short-term morbidity and that of the major morbidity show different proneness to ill health for rural and urban migrants. However, seasonal migrants are more susceptible to ill health than the regular migrants and are also potential for generating health risks. Also lack of provision of basic services creates negative health impact on seasonal migrants. Research limitations/implications The paper is based on secondary data and hence lacks numerous relevant health issues of migrants in rural and urban sectors which could have been possible through primary data survey. Practical implications Migration and migrants are a relevant issue both internationally and nationally. Economic development of a country like India depends to a greater extent on the contributions of migrant labourers as majority of the labourers in India belong to informal sector of which most of the workers are from migrant class. Social implications Migrants contribution to economic development depend on their productive capacity and hence health of these section of people is a relevant issue. This study is based on the morbidity pattern of migrants both regular and seasonal migrants and their susceptibility in various geographical locations and provision of basic amenities. Originality/value This work is original research study by the author.
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Bylander, Maryann. "Is Regular Migration Safer Migration? Insights from Thailand." Journal on Migration and Human Security 7, no. 1 (January 14, 2019): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2331502418821855.
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In the context of sharply increasing levels of international migration, development actors across Southeast Asia have begun to focus their attention on programming intended to make migration safer for aspiring and current migrant workers. These projects, however, typically begin with the assumption that more regular, orderly migration is also safer for migrants, an idea built into the language of the Sustainable Development Goals and the Global Compact on Migration. This article questions this assumption. It takes as its starting point the observation that migrant workers who move through legal channels do not systematically experience better outcomes among a range of indicators. Based on data collected from Cambodian, Burmese, Laotian, and Vietnamese labor migrants recently returned from Thailand, this work highlights the limits of regular migration to provide meaningfully “safer” experiences. Although migrants moving through regular channels report better pay and working conditions than those who moved through irregular channels, they also systematically report working conditions that do not meet legal standards, and routinely experience contract substitution. In other areas, regular migrants generally fare similarly to or worse than irregular migrants. They are more likely to experience deception and to have written or verbal agreements broken in migration processes. On arrival in Thailand, they routinely have their documents held, and they are more likely than irregular migrants to experience harassment and abuse both in the migration process and at their worksites. They are also more likely to return involuntarily and to struggle with financial insecurity and indebtedness after returning. These findings challenge mainstream development discourses seeking to promote safer migration experiences through expanding migration infrastructure. At the same time, they highlight the need for policymakers, development actors, and migration practitioners to reconsider the conflation of “safe” with “regular and orderly” migration throughout their programming.
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Ambrosini, Maurizio. "Undocumented Migrants and Invisible Welfare: Survival Practices in the Domestic Environment." MIGRATION LETTERS 8, no. 1 (January 28, 2014): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v8i1.152.
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In Italy, as in other countries, a significant number of migrants are employed as domestic workers, baby-sitters or carers of elderly people in Italian families (Parreñas 2001). Many of them begin as irregular migrants, but they manage to accede to a regular status: Italy is the EU country that has granted the highest number of regularizations, through six amnesties in 22 years, and other forms of hidden regularization. As employers, the families are the main actors in the regularization process. In many other situations, they are involved in hiring unregistered migrants and in managing the migrants’ underground work, especially that of women, as they welcome and accommodate them in their homes. This paper aims to explore the hidden world of the survival practices and social integration of undocumented migrants employed in Italian families, showing how most of them can obtain a regular status, after a period of hard work and a difficult life, turning it into a transient stage in the migrant’s career.
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Vilks, Andrejs. "Nelegālā migrācija drošības nodrošināšanas kontekstā." SOCRATES. Rīgas Stradiņa universitātes Juridiskās fakultātes elektroniskais juridisko zinātnisko rakstu žurnāls / SOCRATES. Rīga Stradiņš University Faculty of Law Electronic Scientific Journal of Law 1, no. 4 (2016): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.25143/socr.04.2016.1.36-45.
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Sociāli politiskā un ekonomiskā situācija migrantu izcelsmes valstīs ir izteikti nelabvēlīga, un tas ietekmē nekontrolējamu bēgļu un migrantu pieplūdumu Eiropas Savienības valstīs. ES ārējās robežas nav pietiekami nostiprinātas un drošas. Bēgļu un migrantu izvietošanas punkti lielākoties nav nodrošināti ar nepieciešamajiem resursiem sociālās palīdzības sniegšanā. Migrantu vēlmes kļūt materiāli nodrošinātiem, pilnīgi neatkarīgiem jaunajās, drošajās trešajās valstīs netiek piepildītas. Tas determinē sociālās spriedzes eskalāciju, konfliktu veidošanos starp patvēruma meklētājiem un trešo (Eiropas) valstu iedzīvotājiem. Konflikti pāraug sabiedriskās kārtības pārkāpumos un krimināla rakstura aktivitātēs. Samazinās nacionālā un starptautiskā drošība, kas ir saistīta ar strauju migrantu pieplūdumu Eiropā. Unfavourable socio-economic situation of migrants in countries of origin causes a considerable and regular flow of migrants to the EU. Only some migrants try to become financially self-sufficient and socially integrated. Most of them try to get social protection and fully preserve national and religious identity. It may result in the growth of social tensions, conflicts between migrants and residents of countries where they receive shelter. Uncontrolled migration leads to a breach of public order and criminal activity at the national level. It is also represents a threat to international security. Presently, there are certain contradictions between the objective need for new workforce and the ability of socio-economic system to absorb a large number of migrants in Europe. Therefore, there is a need for a regular prognostication of migration risks and the development of methods, which will enable the migration management. Legal and institutional support for migration policies in Europe does not provide a prompt and effective migration management. Which emphasises the necessity of their improvement, especially taking into account the fact that Europe needs migrants to cope with the shortage of manpower and correct the demographic situation in general.
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Foley, Laura, and Nicola Piper. "Is ‘regular’ migration a safer form of migration? The case of Asia." Migración y Refugio: Los retos y oportunidades en un mundo en movimiento 06, MARZO 2022 (March 23, 2022): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.36852/2695-4427_2022_06.07.
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This paper examines one key feature of intra-regional migration in Asia: irregularity, and it does so beyond the typical focus on irregular entry by highlighting ‘irregularity in regularity’, that is irregularity as the result of extremely rigidly designed legal pathways for migration. Our analysis, thus, focuses on the wider policy infrastructure that centres upon securitisation and managerialism, with the result of a high incidence of irregularity. We illustrate these dynamics in relation to labour migration, i.e. the hiring and working conditions of migrant workers. In doing so, this paper seeks to challenge the conventional discourse about irregular migration by showing how the line between regular and irregular migration is blurred and often the result of irregular practices by other actors and, thus, beyond the direct control of migrants. In particular, we analyse how the temporary labour migration schemes deployed in Asia and the decent work deficits facing migrant workers employed via these schemes, are the key source of irregularity. We end by suggesting that more attention should be paid to regulating abusive practices by employers and recruiters instead of criminalising migrants.
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Dick, Hilary Parsons. "Haciendo de Tripas el Corazón/Plucking Up Courage: Migration, Family Internal Conflict, and Gender in Veronica’s Story." MIGRATION LETTERS 3, no. 1 (April 16, 2006): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v3i1.32.
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This article considers how migrants conceptualize and negotiate the emotional conflicts that accompany decisions to migrate. Such conflicts are a regular feature of migrants’ experience, informing how they understand the act of and reasons for migrating. The article focuses on the life of one migrant: a woman I call “Veronica,” whom I met during research on migration between Uriangato, Guanajuato, Mexico and Chester County, Pennsylvania. I argue that the analysis of discourse offers a particularly illuminating window into how migrants conceptualize and negotiate emotional conflicts. I place this discussion in dialogue with the literature on family internal conflict and gender in migration.
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Granskaya, Yu V., and E. V. Lizhenkova. "Сoping with stress in migrant workers." Psychology and Law 5, no. 4 (2015): 106–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/psylaw.2015050410.
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Migration is an objective process in Russia as worldwide. It has always existed and played an important role in human history. The problem of migrant workers is acute in Russia, because it borders on 18 countries. The collapse of the USSR severely damaged the economy of many former socialist republics. Consequently, people who cannot find employment in their country are forced to migrate to Russia to earn money. Most migrant workers face social, economic and psychological problems. Often, lack of social skills adds more problems to their everyday life difficulties. These things cause stress reactions and slow down their adaptation process. On the other hand, one of the most difficult things for migrants is negative attitudes they encounter as newcomers. People around often associate migrants with illegal work, crime and terrorism. On a regular basis, media report about crimes committed by migrants.
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Flanagan, Danielle. "Caught in the Crossfire: Challenges to Migrant Protection in the Yemeni and Libyan Conflicts." Journal on Migration and Human Security 8, no. 4 (December 2020): 318–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2331502420978151.
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In spite of the prevailing security dynamics in Yemen and Libya, both states continue to serve as areas of transit along some of the world’s largest mixed migration routes, leaving migrants caught in the crossfire of the two conflicts. This article examines the legal framework governing the protection of migrants in armed conflict under international humanitarian and human rights law. It also identifies two adverse incentives produced by the conflict situations that impede the exercise of these legal protections: (1) profits derived from migrant smuggling and trafficking, and (2) the use of migrants to support armed groups. In the absence of stable conditions in Yemen and Libya, individuals have little reason to respect international legal protections and discontinue migrant abuse connected with the lucrative businesses of smuggling and trafficking. The intractable nature of the two conflicts has also led to the strategic use of migrants as armed support, and more specifically as combatants, weapons transports, and human shields. Given these realities, the article outlines several recommendations to address the issue of migrant abuse in conflict. It recommends that states, particularly those neighboring Yemen and Libya, strengthen regular migration pathways to help reduce the number of migrants transiting through active conflict zones. It further advises that the international community increase the cost of noncompliance to international humanitarian law through the use of accountability mechanisms and through strategic measures, including grants of reciprocal respect to armed groups that observe protections accorded to migrants in conflict situations.
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Terry, Zuzana. "Bar jako významné místo v migraci." Lidé města 24, no. 3 (December 13, 2022): 389–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/12128112.2408.
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This paper presents the results of a six-month-long field research conducted in the capital of the Czech Republic in 2013. It is based on the research of a bar visited by Anglophone migrants. It aims to reveal how becoming a bar regular helped migrants to adapt to the new country and maintain their lives there. The studied group of migrants placed important practices into the space of the bar, through which they formed their meaning and memory in a new place, their new home. They domesticated the place to the extent that they had their own seats, glasses, and any newcomer, whether Czech or migrant, was observed and evaluated. The bar played the role of an intimate space; it was home-like and it was socially and materially changed by the migrants. The bar was a place where the migrants’ social bonds were performed and materialised. It was a place in the time and space of real physical contact within a migratory network.
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Khilazheva, Guldar. "Modern family in the context of translocal migration (On the example of shift migrants families in Bashkortostan)." Woman in Russian Society, no. 1 (April 25, 2021): 68–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21064/winrs.2021.1.6.
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The article analyzes the results of a sociological study conducted in 2018 in the villages and small towns of Bashkortostan. 200 married couples were interviewed in two categories: shift migrants families and the control group (not involved in temporary employment). Temporary employment is considered to be a condition for the inclusion of the modern family in translocal migration processes. The study allowed us to draw the following conclusions. In the conditions of regular long-term absence of the spouse, stable translocal connections of the migrant with the family are formed in the families of shift migrants. Almost all shift migrants seek to compensate for their physical absence by regular communication with their spouse and children; by discussing topical issues of the family’s economic and social life. Gender attitudes and behavior of shift migrants and their spouses in the sphere of intra-family relations are characterized by a significant gap between ideas about the ideal, correct type of intra-family relations (which is mainly egalitarian), and real behavior in everyday life (which in its content is traditional and gender-marked). At the same time, in families of shift migrants, traditional gender stereotypes and norms of behavior are declared and produced to a much lesser extent than in the control group of families, both in the distribution of household responsibilities and in matters of leadership in the family. The consequences of temporary labor migration for families of shift migrants are not clear. Along with the obvious positive effects that are manifested in the economic life of the family, there are a number of difficulties in managing the economy, life in rural areas, raising children, and physical and socio-psychological well-being.
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Abdul Aziz, Saidatul Nadia, and Salawati Mat Basir. "Protection of Migrant Workers under the ICMW: Incompatibility with Malaysian Laws and Position in ASEAN." Hasanuddin Law Review 7, no. 3 (November 24, 2021): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/halrev.v7i3.3066.
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The International Convention on The Protection of The Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families (ICMW) is the only Human Rights Convention that distinguishes between normal and irregular migrants in great detail. An analysis of the situation in Malaysia, based on feedback from relevant stakeholders, shows that there are insurmountable obstacles to ratification in relation to the ambiguous policy status for migrant workers, which is based on ad hoc policies. Malaysian legislation appears to be straightforward in its approach to labour migration policies, as it defines and categorises migrants into two distinct ‘categories': registered migrant (regular migrant) and undocumented migrant (irregular migrant), regardless of ability level. This article demonstrates that, despite the barriers and incompatibilities with national laws, the Convention, which is primarily a human rights instrument aimed at protecting the fundamental rights of all migrants, could assist Malaysia in ensuring a holistic and sustainable migration management that takes into account the needs of a whole approach and support from all parties involved, including but not limited to the Malaysian government. Part I of the article will go through the history of the convention's adoption, followed by Part II on the state of Malaysia's migration laws and policies, Part III on the compatibility and incompatibility of Malaysian laws with the ICMW and the position in ASEAN, and Part IV on recommendations.
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Hidayati, Inayah. "The Process of Migration and Communication Technology Roles among Labor Migrants in Batam - Indonesia." Society 7, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.33019/society.v7i2.99.
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This research explains the roles of communication technology on the migration process of labor migrants in Batam, Indonesia. Differences between places are strong reasons for people to migrate. The advances in communication technology have freed up opportunities for people to migrate. Technology has made it more accessible for migrants to raise links to their next destination through the internet. Interactions within communication technology make migration easier by decreasing the expenses and risks of moving. The explanations in this study are to understand the communication technology for the migrating process and calculate the social networks of migrants. This research applied mixed methods to explore the migration process with data collected included quantitative data from a survey with 500 respondents and supported by qualitative data from in-depth interviews. The results: 1) Communication technology helps migrants in the migration process, especially for searching for information about the destination area. 2) The migrant who uses communication technology has a strong social network and less risk of migration. The role of communication technology in the migration's processes is as a tool to maintain social ties of migrants, migrant uses their social media to make contact and gain information about their destination. This study related to SDGs' target number 10.7 which facilitates orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility of people, including through the implementation of planned and well-managed migration policies, communications technology facilitate safe and well-managed migration.
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Melaine, Mel Mélèdje, and Aloko N’guessan Jérôme. "Profil Socio-Économique Et Démographique Des Populations Issues De La Migration Sur Le Littoral Ôdjoukrou. (Sud De La Côte d’Ivoire)." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, no. 5 (February 28, 2018): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n5p359.
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The rural country of ôdjoukrou, or lôdjoukrou, is part of the Ivorian coastline. It is a space with enormous economic potential. Agricultural space, the boom in the plantation economy, will mobilize a large foreign workforce. This paper focuses on analyzing the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of populations resulting from migration. To meet the objective of this study, the methodological approach used is based on a literature search. We also used a field survey motivated by a questionnaire administered to 1000 migrants. An interview was also conducted with the chieftaincies of the various localities. The study reveals that the majority of migrants are West African immigrants with 79.8%. The majority of migrants, estimated at 38%, work in agriculture. In addition, the study allows us to relate the type of activity carried out in relation to the migrant's geographical origin. Most unhealthy incomes are considered satisfactory, to the point of encouraging regular monthly transfers to other family members of the starting spaces.
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McAdam, Jane. "Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration." International Legal Materials 58, no. 1 (February 2019): 160–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ilm.2019.6.
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On September 19, 2016, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a set of commitments to enhance the protection of refugees and migrants, known as the New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants. In the Declaration, all 193 member states of the United Nations reaffirmed the importance of the international protection regime and committed to strengthening and enhancing mechanisms to protect people on the move. They also agreed to work toward the adoption of a global compact on refugees and a global compact for safe, orderly and regular migration. These two compacts were drafted through separate processes over eighteen months in 2017–18 and formally adopted by the General Assembly in December 2018. One hundred and fifty-two states voted in favor of the adoption of the Migration Compact, while twelve countries abstained from the vote (Algeria, Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, Chile, Italy, Latvia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Romania, Singapore, and Switzerland), and five countries voted against (Czech Republic, Hungary, Israel, Poland, and the United States).
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Mandinic, Zoran, Aleksandra Prokic, Mirjana Ivanovic, Svetlana Jovanovic, Olivera Jovicic, and Milos Beloica. "Habits, attitudes and behavior of refugees and migrants in Serbia in relation to oral health." Vojnosanitetski pregled, no. 00 (2021): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp210127046m.
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Background/Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate: self-reported oral health, oral health related habits, nutrition and use of dental services among refugees and migrants in Serbia. Methods: Total of 226 migrants participated in the study. Participants were situated in the migrant centers Obrenovac and Krnjaca, in Belgrade, Serbia. All participants were given a questionnaire in order to examine oral health habits, attitudes and behavior among refugees and migrants. The questionnaire consists of 29 questions. SPSS 24 statistical software was used to analyze answers from the questionnaire. Results: Out of 226 examinees, 40 were female and 186 were male. Majority were adults (87.6%) and 12.4% were children. The results show that refugees and migrants who spend 200-300? per month consume the most alcohol (33.3%) and tobacco (61.1%). Only 10.8% of men answered they have been to the dentist in Serbia, whereas 35% women had the same answer (p=0.000). The research also showed that most women (67.5%) brush their teeth 2-3 times a day and noticeably less men (37.1%) had the same habit. Fluoride supplements are used by 78.7% of examinees. Among most common reasons for the last visit to the dentist were pain (36.9%) and regular checkups (22.5%). Conclusion: Preservation of oral health of refugees and migrants in Serbia depends on various factors. Improving and preserving good general and oral health of refugees and migrants should be a public healthcare priority.
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Murodova, Durdonaxon Oybek qizi. "The Current State Of International Legal Cooperation In The Field Of Labour Migration." American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology 03, no. 08 (August 25, 2021): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajpslc/volume03issue08-06.
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This subject analyses the framework of international law that regulates the flow of people across international borders as regular or irregular migrants. It also equips students to understand the human rights of migrants who live or work in countries outside the state of their nationality.
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Ohagwu, Onyekachi, Zamri bin Hj Hassan, and Dolly Paul Carlo. "Reducing Unemployment, Poverty and Promoting Empowerment through Skills Acquisition (TVET): A Case Study of Returnee Migrants." Asian Journal of Humanity, Art and Literature 8, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/ajhal.v8i1.548.
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This paper explains recent statistics and phenomena related to returnee migrants in Edo state, Nigeria. The significance of this paper is that it creates awareness on causes and motives behind irregular migration leading to repatriation (returned migrants). Based on data gathered from most research participants (returnee migrant) – the quest to improve one’s socioeconomic living conditions are the motives behind most Nigerians’ migration journey (regular or irregular) to western countries (i.e., Europe, Canada, USA, etc.). The socioeconomic imbalance in Nigeria is mainly caused by the high rate of unemployment and poverty; thus, the majority of Nigerians are of the opinion that migrating to western countries, is a potential pathway to an improved socioeconomic living condition. This paper further suggests – skill acquisition (TVET) as an approach to reduce unemployment and poverty; thus, economically improving the socioeconomic living conditions of the majority of Nigerians.
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Abdul Hamid, Haezreena Begum Binti. "The Impact of Covid-19 On Migrants and Trafficked Persons in Malaysia." Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH) 7, no. 4 (April 10, 2022): e001427. http://dx.doi.org/10.47405/mjssh.v7i4.1427.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly disrupted people’s lives, economic status, and daily routine. The extensive scale of the virus has caused fear, confusion and panic throughout the globe spurring states to devise stringent procedures to manage the crisis. In Malaysia, A Movement Control Order (MCO) was implemented on 18 March 2020 as a preventive measure to control the spread of the virus. To enforce such restrictions, the government relies heavily on law enforcers, and the criminal justice system to ensure public safety and security. In light of such restrictive measures, those who are severely impacted by such repressive rules are the marginalized communities. This includes trafficked persons, migrants, refugees, and asylum seekers as law enforcers seek to use the pandemic to further control their movements and restrict their rights wherever possible. In this instance, xenophobia, anti-immigrant prejudice, intolerance, social exclusion, and discrimination exacerbates the vulnerability of migrants particularly undocumented migrants and trafficked victims. According to human rights activists, these groups are exposed to regular insults, verbal abuse, threat, public shaming and blame by citizens, employers, politicians, and enforcement agencies. Therefore, this article highlights two main points. They are: xenophobia between the dominant populations and the migrant community in Malaysia; state’s policing of migrants and the conditions of the detention centres and shelters in Malaysia. The article concludes by arguing that the policing and ‘protection’ of migrants during the pandemic have resulted in irreparable harm, mistrust, and stress among the migrants which undermines the positive development outcomes of migration.
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Vieira Brigido, Eveline, and Fabíola Wust Zibetti. "PROTECTION OF FORCED MIGRANTS WITH IRREGULAR STATUS DURING THE PANDEMIC GENERATED BY COVID-19: AN ANALISYS OF THE INTER-AMERICAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS ON MIGRANTS’ RIGHTS." Novos Estudos Jurídicos 25, no. 3 (December 31, 2020): 757–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.14210/nej.v25n3.p757-773.
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This article analyzes the protection of forced migrants with irregular status, in times of a pandemic, based upon an analogy with cases of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights on migrants’ rights. First,this article analyzes the relationship between the migration crisis and the health crisis. Next, it studies the vulnerability and legal protection of forced migrants, according to international and regional legal documentsand the decisions of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. These documents and decisions are then interpreted, seeking to understand the protection of migrants in times of pandemic. This article concludes thatforced migrants with irregular status have the same rights as nationals and migrants with regular status during the pandemic period, but that the difficulty lies in the realization of such rights.
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Valenta, Marko, and Jo Jakobsen. "Conceptualising Syrian War Migrations: Displacements, Migrants’ Rights and the Major Reception Regimes." International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 28, no. 1 (November 26, 2021): 143–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718115-02704006.
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This article focuses on the migration of people from Syria after the outbreak of the civil war. The ambition of the article is to develop and nuance the typology of migrations of Syrians and relate the categories of international migrants to their rights, as provided by various reception regimes. The proposed typologies may help us better to understand the complexity of the migrations and the inconsistencies in reception and humanitarian standards. We argue that migration trends, reception regimes and the positioning of the Syrian refugees and migrants are highly interconnected and dynamic factors, resulting in different regular and irregular flows and migrant statuses. Furthermore, it is maintained that the management of the Syrian humanitarian and refugee crisis has revealed – and probably more so than any other, comparable event – the variety of inconsistencies in migration and protection policies and the widespread lack of will for more equitable burden-sharing.
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Hagenfeld, Daniel, Heiko Zimmermann, Katja Korb, Nihad El-Sayed, Julia Fricke, Karin Halina Greiser, Jan Kühnisch, et al. "Periodontal Health and Use of Oral Health Services: A Comparison of Germans and Two Migrant Groups." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 16 (August 20, 2019): 3000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16163000.
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A cross-sectional study was performed with 251 individuals, consisting of 127 Germans, 68 migrants from Turkey, and 56 resettlers (migrants from the former Soviet Union with German ancestors) to compare periodontal health status, with a special focus on associations with lifestyle and anthropometric factors, and use of dental health services. Maximal pocket depth was used as a clinical surrogate marker for periodontitis. Other variables were obtained by questionnaires administered by a Turkish or Russian interpreter. The age- and sex-adjusted prevalence of periodontitis was significantly higher in Turks (odds ratio (OR) 2.84, 95% CI = 1.53–5.26) and slightly higher in resettlers (OR = 1.33, 95% CI = 0.71–2.49). These differences are partly explained by a differential distribution of known risk factors for periodontitis. A full model showed a higher prevalence of maximal pocket depth above 5 mm in Turks (OR = 1.97, 95% CI = 0.99–3.92). Use of oral health services was significantly lower in the two migrant groups. Individuals who reported regular visits to a dentist had significantly less periodontitis, independent of migrant status. A reasonable conclusion is that, since oral health causes major chronic diseases and has a major effect on total health system expenditures, public health efforts both generally and specifically focused on migrant groups are warranted.
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Nilsson, Anna L. K., Thomas Alerstam, and Jan-Åke Nilsson. "DO PARTIAL AND REGULAR MIGRANTS DIFFER IN THEIR RESPONSES TO WEATHER?" Auk 123, no. 2 (2006): 537. http://dx.doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2006)123[537:dparmd]2.0.co;2.
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Chekovik, Timurlenk, and Jugoslav Achkoski. "Border Control and Using Analysis Tools due to the Humanitarian Aspect of the Immigrant Crisis." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 85 (January 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.85.1.
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The control of migrants in Europe has become increasingly challenging, marked by a number of illegal border-crossing. It revealed a crisis without equivalent since World War II. The European borders are now one of the most affected by migrants from Asia and Africa. Border police is the most responsible for the first interview with the asylum seeker. In terms of basic contribution to the asylum procedure, good cooperation between the border police and the services of asylum is of primary importance. There is a need of risk assessment. While the risk assessment is made there can be a violation of the humanitarian aspect of conducting regular border check. By determining the race and color of migrants, screening made on the border crossing can put legality of the border police actions in question. The Humanitarian efforts with border management, cooperation between the government services and use of appropriate methodology are an important segment handling migrant crisis. One of the known methodologies is Analysis of Competitive Hypotheses used to better assess the choice of a suitable place for migrants and their acceptance or readmission. Тhe procedure for vulnerable categories of citizens can jeopardize the legality and the manner of dealing with illegal migrants and this arises from the legal and physical protection of persons seeking asylum. The `politics of pity' changes into psychological cases to be governed by risk technologies within a `politics of risk', the humanitarian and security interventions are shown to be in no way mutually exclusive.
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Endryushko, Anna. "Transnational practices of migrants from post-Soviet states in Russia." Obshchestvennye nauki i sovremennost, no. 5 (2021): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086904990014798-9.
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For the first time, using quantitative survey data, the author analyze prevalence of the main transnational practices of migrants from the post-Soviet states in the Moscow region. The empirical basis of the study consists of the sociological surveys of migrants conducted in 2017 and 2020 by the Center for Ethnopolitical and Regional Studies for the Higher School of Economics and the team of the Center for the Study of Interethnic Relations of the IS FCTAS RAS . The author concludes that close relationships exist between migrants and their countries of origin, as well as the widespread prevalence of transnational practices. The basis of ties consists of frequent trips to the country of origin, the presence of a large number of relatives in the country of origin, regular communication with them, as well as regular cash transfers from migrants to their homeland, which form the basis of the household economy in these countries. The relationship of some transnational practices (including remittances) with the long-term migration strategies of the respondents suggests that the reorientation of migration from short-term to long-term will also reduce the scale of transnationalism.
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Moulaert, Frank. "Vreemde werknemers, werkgelegenheid en sociale zekerheid." Res Publica 28, no. 1 (March 31, 1986): 95–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/rp.v28i1.19193.
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This article gives a survey of the position of migrant workers in the Belgian labor market and social security system. Total employment of migrants has increased from 114,000 in 1954 to 224,900 in 1970.In contrast to overall employment in the Belgian economy, it went on climbing till 1978, up to a 245,900 level. Beyond this year, forecasts point at a slight decrease. Since WWII, the gravity point of the sectoral division of migrant workers has shifted from minig and industry, to industry and tertiary activities. The share of industry in the employment of migrants bas remained relatively stable, in contrast to the tertiary sector, that witnessed a considerable expansion. However, the latter has not contributed substantially to the quality level of the average guest worker's job.On the whole, there is a strong correspondence between the unstable position of migrants in the labor market and their demographic characteristics on one side, their participation in the social security system on the other side. Their young family structure is reflected in a high share in family allowances and a limited appeal to pension funds. Statistical analysis at the aggregate level does not point at discriminatory practices vis-à-vis migrants and their families in social security ; but at thedisaggregate level and through the inspection of laws, regulations and international conventions, it appears that non-EEC nationals, with an unstable professional career, do not have the same rights as Belgians or EEC-citizens having a confortable position in the labor market and the social security system. In order to guarantee the rights of the farmer, the author suggests to establish a citizenship entitling to full social security rights after five years of regular residence in Belgium.
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Bylander, Maryann. "Migration Disruption: Crisis and Continuity in the Cambodian Mass Returns1." International Migration Review 52, no. 4 (August 13, 2018): 1130–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/imre.12342.
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In 2014, Thailand experienced the mass exodus of 220,000 Cambodian migrant workers, an event precipitated by a military coup and rumors of an impending migrant crackdown. This movement was reportedly the largest in South‐East Asia since the 1970s. Yet while the mass returns were outwardly articulated as a “crisis” moment, migrants largely understood the exodus as a more extreme version of the everyday. The most significant features of the exodus—financial loss, indebtedness, involuntary immobility, and fear of violence and deportation—have been and continue to be regular features of the Cambodian–Thai migration system. In light of these findings, I suggest that taking migration disruptions seriously requires (1) decentering the language and logic of “crisis” and (2) considering what migration disruptions reveal about ordinary times.
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Maidanik, I. P. "Migrants in big cities of Ukraine: composition and socio-economic involvement." Ukrainian society 74, no. 3 (October 16, 2020): 91–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/socium2020.03.091.
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The purpose of the article is to identify the main migration groups of big cities of Ukraine, to define the features of their involvement in cities labour markets and infrastructure services at the local level. The work is aimed at resolving the scientific contradiction between the high concentration of migrants in specific cities and researches, which are carried out mostly at the state level. The change of research focus from the national to the local level determines the relevance and novelty of the publication. The article structures the subject field of migration research at the level of certain settlements (localities). Depending on the degree of arrived population, integration into the organization of the city system, the article distinguishes two main types of persons: migrant visitors and migrant residents. The first group includes people who live outside big cities but make regular trips there to study or work (so-called pendulum and shift migrants). The significant impact of this group is on the transport infrastructure of Ukraine’s big cities, which is currently in need of renovation and modernization. Migrant residents, arriving in big cities, settle there for a long time or for good, thus creating more robust and diverse connections with the locality of arrival. This group’s presence mostly affects housing, communal, household and educational infrastructure of big cities. The category of migrant residents in big cities has quite a heterogeneous composition: this includes foreigners and Ukrainians who came from other regions (among which there is a large group of internally displaced persons). Socio-economic involvement of international immigrants largely depends on the legal status holding.
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Litovchenko, A. M., and O. S. Chudinovskikh. "On the impact of acquiring citizenship on some socio-economic characteristics of migrants and their position in the labor market." Journal of the New Economic Association 53, no. 1 (2022): 143–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31737/2221-2264-2022-53-1-7.
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The article discusses the possible impact of migrants’ citizenship of the host country on their socio-economic characteristics. The topic of the economics of citizenship (in various aspects) is extremely relevant and found wide coverage in foreign literature. In domestic practice, it remains poorly developed due to the lack of data suitable for such studies. Comparative analysis of the characteristics of migrants, usually migrant-workers, and the local population can be often found in the publications of the Russian scientists, but rarely investigated is the question of how the economic characteristics of migrants who have already become Russian citizens differ from those of foreigners. In 2019, for the first time in the modular survey conducted by Rosstat on the basis of the Labor Force Survey (LFS), information was collected on the migration status of respondents: their country of birth and duration of residence in Russia. Combination of these variables with citizenship made it possible to distinguish three groups of respondents: migrants who already have Russian citizenship, foreigners, and non-migrants. The work with microdata at the level of descriptive statistics showed, as expected, that foreigners differ significantly from other groups of respondents. On average, they are younger, less educated, have a higher labor force participation rate, and are more likely to work in labor-intensive sectors of the economy that do not require high qualifications. The minimal differences between non-migrants and migrants with Russian citizenship may be related to a large proportion of migrants who moved to Russia long ago. The significant shortcomings of the survey questionnaire, combined with a very low representation of foreigners in the sample (which does not correspond to their share in the Russian population), limited the analytical potential of the information. Identification of methodological problems of the LFS concerning the collection of information on migration and the development of recommendations addressed to Rosstat became a special task of the study. The main conclusion of the article was that the potential of the LFS is not used for a comprehensive study of international migration, and the inclusion of the migration module in an unchanged form in the program of the regular LFS for 2021 and further can make the problem chronic.
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Zohry, Ayman. "Egyptian irregular migration to Europe." MIGRATION LETTERS 4, no. 1 (January 28, 2014): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v4i1.210.
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In this paper, I explore characteristics of Egyptian who migrate irregularly to Europe and reasons of irregular migration from the point of departure through a field survey in some Egyptian villages known of sending irregular – as well as regular - migrants to Europe (mainly Italy and France). The survey gathered information about the level of awareness of potential migrants about irregular migration and migrants smuggling from Egypt. The results indicate that the vast majority of youth who want to migrate to Europe as well as current migrants intend to return to Egypt after a temporary stay in the countries of destination. These findings suggest that the Egyptian migration to Europe is a re-production of the pattern of Egyptian migration to the Arab Gulf countries, where young males migrate to achieve specific financial goals and then they return.
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Baglioni, Simone, Francesca Calò, and Martina Lo Cascio. "Covid-19 and labour migration: Investigating vulnerability in Italy and in the UK." QUADERNI DI ECONOMIA DEL LAVORO, no. 111 (February 2021): 109–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/qua2020-111006.
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This article provides preliminary analyses on how the Covid-19 pandemic is affecting the labour market positions of migrants, refugees and asylum seekers in Italy and in Great Britain. Our research interest stems from the findings of the EU funded SIRIUS project (Skills and integration of migrants, refugees and asylum applicants in European labour markets) as well as from literature which highlight that migrants' roles in the European labour markets are characterised by a high level of vulnerability. Such a vulnerable situation depends, on the one hand, from the juridical-legal status that migrants receive when entering the new country of settlement, a status which may limit their rights and their access to regular employment and to services conducive to decent employment such as vocational training or language learning. On the other hand, migrants' vulnerability depends also on they being over-represented in those jobs which have been qualified as ‘front-line', and therefore more exposed to risks of contagion during the Covid-19 pandemic, such as workers in the care, or parcel distribution sectors. Hence, this paper discusses the effect of the intertwinement of the pandemic with a status of double-vulnerability on migrants' life.
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Hakim, Abdul Ahad, and Abdul Ghafoor Hatifie. "Why Turkey? Afghans heartwarming migrating destination." Technium Social Sciences Journal 9 (June 27, 2020): 559–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v9i1.1031.
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In the latest year, Turkey is the destination country for illegal Afghan migrants, as Directorate general of migration management of Turkey report shows that Afghanistan has a high number of the illegal migrants in Turkey in 2019. (7) This study concentrated to determine the factors associated with the area of destination (pulling factors), social demography of immigrants, income comparison, satisfaction, and re-integration of Afghan illegal migrants in Turkey in the last five years. The data collected by a well-structured questionnaire and applied to 384 illegal Afghan immigrants in Turkey (Istanbul, & Ankara) during June, 2019. The finding shows that Security 9.14, rights (women rights 8.52, human rights 8.43) and desire of having more regular life are the main reasons that attracts migrants. Dis-satisfaction of being in Turkey and being dis-agree to re-integrate back to Afghanistan is the finding of this research.
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Hu, Gao, Constanti Stefanescu, Tom H. Oliver, David B. Roy, Tom Brereton, Chris Van Swaay, Don R. Reynolds, and Jason W. Chapman. "Environmental drivers of annual population fluctuations in a trans-Saharan insect migrant." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 26 (June 21, 2021): e2102762118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2102762118.
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Many latitudinal insect migrants including agricultural pests, disease vectors, and beneficial species show huge fluctuations in the year-to-year abundance of spring immigrants reaching temperate zones. It is widely believed that this variation is driven by climatic conditions in the winter-breeding regions, but evidence is lacking. We identified the environmental drivers of the annual population dynamics of a cosmopolitan migrant butterfly (the painted lady Vanessa cardui) using a combination of long-term monitoring and climate and atmospheric data within the western part of its Afro-Palearctic migratory range. Our population models show that a combination of high winter NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) in the Savanna/Sahel of sub-Saharan Africa, high spring NDVI in the Maghreb of North Africa, and frequent favorably directed tailwinds during migration periods are the three most important drivers of the size of the immigration to western Europe, while our atmospheric trajectory simulations demonstrate regular opportunities for wind-borne trans-Saharan movements. The effects of sub-Saharan vegetative productivity and wind conditions confirm that painted lady populations on either side of the Sahara are linked by regular mass migrations, making this the longest annual insect migration circuit so far known. Our results provide a quantification of the environmental drivers of large annual population fluctuations of an insect migrant and hold much promise for predicting invasions of migrant insect pests, disease vectors, and beneficial species.
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S, Manoj, Rajith Kumar, and M. Shubhangini. "Socio-Economic Conditions of Women in the Slum of Kumbalagodu Industrial Area of Bangalore Region." Journal of Social Science (JoSS) 1, no. 2 (October 21, 2022): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.57185/joss.v1i2.26.
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In Karnataka, Migration has played an important role in accelerating urban growth by attracting rural migrants to urban areas for economic reasons despite a lack of physical infrastructure in terms of housing, drinking water supply, drainage, sanitation, and other amenities. As a result, the migrant rural poor are forced to seek for unofficial alternatives, leading in the growth of slums and squatter communities. Slums are now a regular sight in practically all of India's major cities. As a result of the constant influx of rural migrants, the quality of life diminishes, and the gap between demand and availability of basic services and other infrastructure in the areas deepens. This present research article is to study and examine slum areas and their living conditions, and finding out the most critical and problematic zone of the slums. In relation to this article, the objectives is to assess the socio-economic conditions of women dwellers of slum in Kumbalagodu industrial area and to suggest appropriate measures to advance the standard of living conditions of women in slum of the Kumbalagodu industrial area of Bangalore region and it also suggests suitable measures for upliftment of women of slum of case study area.
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Gundhus, Helene OI, and Pia T. Jansen. "Pre-crime and Policing of Migrants: Anticipatory Action Meets Management of Concerns." Theoretical Criminology 24, no. 1 (September 18, 2019): 90–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362480619873347.
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In 2015 the Norwegian police initiated its first national intelligence project—Operation Migrant. One central aim was to predict crime challenges related to increased migration to improve future resource allocation. Based on qualitative interviews with those managing the operation, this article foregrounds the question of how attempts to reduce uncertainties and manage what is perceived as migration-related threats and risks, shape not only ideas of risk in policing of migration but also influence the importance of precautionary logic in regular policing. First, we analyse how knowledge production built on risk management and sharing of risk intelligence products are co-produced by intelligence staff and decision-makers. Thereafter, we discuss paradoxical outcomes of a calculated and precautionary logic applied to policing migrants. Concretely, the article focuses on how anticipatory knowledge practices seem to enlarge the space for probabilities, making it even more complex and contested to reduce and control uncertainty.
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Tran, Ngoc Thi Minh, Michael P. Cameron, and Jacques Poot. "What are migrants willing to pay for better home country institutions?" Letters in Spatial and Resource Sciences 12, no. 3 (December 2019): 257–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12076-019-00240-2.
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AbstractWe conduct a contingent valuation investigation of the preference of international migrants for better home country institutional quality. Our study uses contingent valuation questions in a survey of 1.6% of Vietnamese adult migrants living in New Zealand (NZ) in 2016 to establish the compensating differentials that make those migrants indifferent between residing in NZ and returning to Viet Nam (VN) in hypothetical scenarios. We find that the estimated willingness to pay for an incremental unit improvement in institutional quality in VN is, on average, about NZD 80 per week (approximately 33% of the average weekly wage in VN in PPP terms for the same period), and positively associated with the respondents’ age and the perceived importance of institutional quality in VN to their repatriation intentions. This study underscores the importance of institutional quality to migration decisions by showing that migrants are willing to trade-off part of their regular income for better home country institutional quality.
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Amuedo-Dorantes, Catalina, and Susan Pozo. "On the Use of Differing Money Transmission Methods by Mexican Immigrants." International Migration Review 39, no. 3 (September 2005): 554–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2005.tb00280.x.
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Interest in the factors shaping migrants' use of a given money transmittal method has recently intensified following researchers' agreement on the often inadequate infrastructure surrounding remittances transfers. This concern has also captured the attention of government officials, who appear more eager to promote more efficient and safe transfers of emigrant's earnings given the potential that remittances hold for increasing resources at the disposal of receiving nations. This study uses data from Mexican immigrants who have resided in the United States to examine the various factors that shape migrants' use of the various methods to remit earnings to Mexico. We find, not surprisingly, that accessibility factors play a key role in explaining migrants' use of the various money-transfer mechanisms. Migrants are less likely to use banks and more likely to use nonbank money-transmitting services when they lack immigration documents. Additionally, migrants' awareness of alternative remitting methods, either through educational attainment, skill level, or networks of friends and family in the city to which they migrated, makes them more likely to use banks relative to the more expensive nonbank money-transmitting mechanisms. In contrast, the use of informal money transfer mechanisms (cash in the mail and hand-carried transfers) is more likely among workers with “less regular” employment – such as self-employed and specific-task workers, more newly arrived migrants, and migrants remitting to rural and poorer areas.
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Shewamene, Zewdneh, Cathy Zimmerman, Eyasu Hailu, Lemi Negeri, Annabel Erulkar, Elizabeth Anderson, Yuki Lo, Orla Jackson, and Joanna Busza. "Migrant Women’s Health and Safety: Why Do Ethiopian Women Choose Irregular Migration to the Middle East for Domestic Work?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 20 (October 12, 2022): 13085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013085.
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Background: Low-wage labour migration is an increasing determinant of global health, associated with risks of exploitation, abuse, and unsafe conditions. Despite efforts to prevent irregular migration and initiatives to warn individuals of the risks of trafficking, many migrants still opt for irregular channels, particularly women seeking jobs as domestic workers. Ethiopia is one of the largest source countries for female migrants entering the domestic labour market in the Middle East. This qualitative study explored migration decision making by Ethiopian women traveling to the Middle East for domestic labour, focusing on the use of irregular channels. Methods: We conducted semistructured interviews with policy stakeholders, migration recruiters, and returnee domestic workers. Results: We identified three main themes that help explain decision making by female migrants and their communities. First, women were not always clear whether they were using legally approved processes, particularly because of the range of individuals involved in arranging migration plans. Second, irregular migration was seen to be quicker and easier than regular migration procedures. Third, study participants believed the risks between irregular and regular migration were similar. Conclusion: Our study highlights challenges associated with antitrafficking initiatives that discourage irregular migration and suggests new perspectives to address the health risks linked to labour migration.
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Saunders, DA, and CP Derebeira. "Seasonal Occurrence of Members of the Suborder Charadrii (Waders or Shorebirds) on Rottnest Island, Western-Australia." Wildlife Research 13, no. 2 (1986): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9860225.
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Rottnest I., 1900 ha in area and 18 km off the Swan Coastal Plain, has 32 km of coast and 10% of its area consisting of a complex of hypersaline lakes and brackish swamps. The Charadrii (waders or shorebirds) using these habitats were censused between December 1981 and October 1984, and the results of these censuses were compared with data collected between 1953 and 1962. Twenty-two species of wader occurred on the island between 1981 and 1984; of these, four bred on the island, nine were regular migrants (eight being transequatorial) and nine (eight transequatorial) were rare. There were several changes in status between the earlier and later surveys: the eastern golden plover, large-billed dotterel and sharp-tailed sandpiper were all regular visitors in the 1950s but were rare or absent in the 1980s; the pied oystercatcher had become more common on the island; the red-necked avocet, formerly rare, had started breeding on the island; and the grey-tailed tattler and bar-tailed godwit had become regular migrants in small numbers. The effects of loss of suitable habitat on the adjacent mainland, and the importance of the island as a conservation area, are discussed.
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Asis, Maruja M. B., and Alan Feranil. "Not for Adults Only: Toward a Child Lens in Migration Policies in Asia." Journal on Migration and Human Security 8, no. 1 (March 2020): 68–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2331502420907375.
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Executive Summary Having experienced substantial international migration since the 1970s, countries in East, South, and Southeast Asia have developed laws, institutions, policies, and programs to govern various aspects of international migration. Children, however, who comprise a significant share of the world’s international migrants, have not received as much policy attention as adults. Children are part of the region’s international migration experience (e.g., children left behind in the countries of origin when their parents migrate for work, children as migrants, and children as members of multicultural families). This article provides an overview of the challenges faced by children as migration actors, and the policy responses and programs that select countries in the region have developed to address children’s experiences and concerns. The Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration and the Global Compact on Refugees, which many Asian countries have endorsed, set forth objectives, commitments, and actions, informed by the principle of promoting the best interests of the child and child protection, which specifically address the needs of children. These include actions to promote universal birth registration, enhance access to education and health and social services regardless of migrant and legal status, and otherwise create inclusive and socially cohesive societies. Most countries in Asia have yet to meet these standards. Endorsing the two compacts was a first step. The good practices that have been implemented in a number of countries provide a template for how to translate these objectives into action and how to ensure that the full protection and best interests of migrant children, the left-behind children of migrant workers, and those who are part of multicultural families remain a priority.
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Predojevic-Despic, Јelena, and Vesna Lukic. "Migrant entrepreneurship in the light of public policies." Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no. 167 (2018): 607–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn1867607p.
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Researching the link between migration and entrepreneurship has been in the focus of scientific and professional publications in the last two decades. The results indicate that migrant entrepreneurship allows for better economic and social integration in the new environment and contributes to the economic development of both the receiving country and the country of origin. In the majority of Western, economically developed countries, immigrants are more entrepreneurially oriented than the domestic population and significantly contribute to the creation of new jobs, although they face greater administrative, financial and social obstacles in doing business. In addition, the role of the institutional context is emphasized, as well as the possible positive effect of the state?s timely response in that area. Therefore, entrepreneurship is increasingly involved in migration and integration policies of immigrants, especially in traditional immigration countries. Taking into account the growing importance of economic integration of migrants in the light of turbulent contemporary migration movements, the aim of the paper is to point to good examples of migrant entrepreneurship public policy measures, given its increasing impact on the social and economic development and the ties between the countries of origin and destination. The paper deals with examples of immigration policies for entrepreneurs, as well as integration policies for migrant population (immigrants and returnees) in the field of entrepreneurship. It emphasises the importance of regular harmonisation of migration policies with other segments of public policies, which extends the possibility for different groups of migrants to contribute to the economies of the countries of origin. In this way, a more complete basis for integration of immigrants and returnees is being developed, but also for attracting the desirable structures of potential immigrants.
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Farris, Sara R. "Migrants' Regular Army of Labour: Gender Dimensions of the Impact of the Global Economic Crisis on Migrant Labor in Western Europe." Sociological Review 63, no. 1 (February 2015): 121–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-954x.12185.
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Fehr, Irina. "City ID Cards and their Potential for Irregular Migrants Affected by Domestic Violence." Global Europe – Basel Papers on Europe in a Global Perspective, no. 121 (December 13, 2021): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24437/globaleurope.i121.521.
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Although migrants without regular status are entitled to numerous rights, they are rarely able to assert them in practice. This paper analyzes the challenges that irregular migrants face when enforcing their rights in Switzerland, while focusing on situations of domestic violence and the right to victim support. Furthermore, the paper discusses a potential remedy to the limited access to the respective support services: the introduction of a city ID card. The paper focuses on the city of Bern and follows a multidisciplinary approach, combining the disciplines of law and sociology. The analysis draws on a literature review and five semi-structured expert interviews. The results show that many irregular migrants refrain from claiming the protections they are legally entitled to, and while the interviewees consider a city ID card as a valuable remedy, much of its potential seems to depend on whether third parties would officially recognize the card.
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Fokkema, Tineke. "Migranten van het eerste uur: een verloren generatie op leeftijd?1." Sociologie 15, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 209–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/soc2019.2.004.fokk.
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Abstract Scholarly attention for the position of older Moroccan and Turkish migrants has been rising in recent years. The focus lies on their relatively high vulnerability, as compared to non-migrant older Dutch their financial situation and living conditions are less comfortable and they have more physical and psychosocial health problems. Still, they have benefited from taking the step to migrate. Compared to age peers in the home country they are more prosperous and have access to better medical care, their (grand)children can look forward to a better future, and there is more space for personal freedom here. Moreover, the general picture of vulnerability does not do justice to the many older Moroccan and Turkish migrants who do have the right resources to grow old in a resilient manner. There is also increasing attention for the best type of care for those who need it the most. The dominant norm within the Moroccan and Turkish communities of children being their parents’ caregivers is increasingly clashing with the busy professional and family lives of the informal carers. One has to learn to accept that informal care is not always the only good or even the most suitable type of care. The current problem is that although there are culture-specific and multicultural (residential) care facilities, these are not enough to meet future care demands. Structurally fostering cultural sensitivity in regular care institutions is really needed too. A hallmark showing that migrant-friendly policies are being implemented can speed up this process.
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Tzoraki, Ourania. "A Descriptive Study of the Schooling and Higher Education Reforms in Response to the Refugees’ Influx into Greece." Social Sciences 8, no. 3 (February 26, 2019): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci8030072.
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Since 2015, a large number of migrants (refugees and asylum seekers) from the Middle East, Asia, and Africa have arrived in Greece and continued their onward journey to western European countries where they settled. As various European Union (EU) countries have later blocked the flow of migrants from Greece to their final destination, thousands of them have been trapped in Greece, confined in overcrowded, temporary camps (known as “hot spots”) and awaiting the processing of their asylum application. The current article examines the response of the Greek educational institutes (primary, secondary and tertiary levels) to the recent migrant influx, with ultimate goals to integrate, educate, and assist them. The number of refugees and asylum seekers living in Greece is estimated to be 58,000 (2018 data) with 22,500 children among them. Their schooling inclusion follows the plan 111, “Refugee Education Host Structures (REHSs)”, as initiated by the Greek Ministry of Education in 2017. Students’ leakage range is still high (10–40% at elementary school and 45–56% at high School). The disruption in their life results in the lack of regular attendance. Greek universities responded to the challenge of the refugee influx, especially the University of the Aegean (UAeg), which is located on the eastern Mediterranean migration route. The UAeg’s response plan focuses on four areas: (a) to provide education to refugees; (b) to conduct research on the refugee phenomenon and migration processes; (c) to increase local citizens’ awareness and improve social inclusion toward the migrants; and (d) to develop technologies to improve daily life in the refugee camps. These actions are significant toward the social inclusion and cohesion of refugees and the further improvement of their daily life.
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Daly, Faïçal. "Tunisian Migrants and Their Experience of Racism in Modena." Modern Italy 4, no. 2 (November 1999): 173–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13532949908454828.
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SummaryBased both on the author's personal testimony of living, working and studying in Italy for ten years, and on his more recent sociological fieldwork, this article explores various dimensions of racism in the north Italian city of Modena, paying special attention to the experiences of Tunisian immigrants. The methodology comprises interviews with Tunisian immigrants and their employers, observations in bars and other public places, analysis of racism in the workplace, monitoring of the local media and reference to the national political debate. The findings reveal that being on the receiving end of racism, hostility and violence are regular facets of the everyday lives of Tunisian immigrants in Modena, as well as being part of a wider local and national anti-immigrant discourse.
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Delgado, Joedson De Souza, and Aline Roberta Halik. "SOCIAL SECURITY RIGHTS AND GUARANTEES OF SOUTHERN COMMOM MARKET MIGRANT WORKERS." Revista Direito & Paz 1, no. 38 (July 30, 2018): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.32713/rdp.v1i38.949.
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This article revises literature regarding the portability of resources, which constitute social security savings of the migrant workers who live regular and permanently or temporarily in Southern Common Market region. Based on an intuitive approach, resulting from a reality critical theory, the study starts debating migratory process and human development, which demands mobilizing internal and external savings, in order to finance their insured benefits. For this reason, Social Security International Conventions and Treaties – to be ratified by two or more signatory countries – should to guarantee the portability of social security benefits through simplifying the transference of resources and protecting the rights of MERCOSUR’s migrants. Social security is not only important to build a more equal and fair society, but is also a social right protected by public authorities/law that enhance the economic, financial and social development of a country.
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Mata-Codesal, Diana. "Linking social and financial remittances in the realms of financial know-how and education in rural Ecuador." Migration Letters 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v10i1.108.
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This article explores the links between financial and social remittances in the context of Ecuadorian migration to the US and Spain. Ethnographic research on remittance patterns and impacts was carried out in two villages in Southern highland Ecuador. Each site has a different migration and remittance reception profile, in the broad contexts of Ecuadorian regular migration to Spain versus irregular migration to the US. In the specific cases in this research there are links between social and financial remittances in the realm of migrants’ and their relatives’ dealings with the Ecuadorian banking system. Experiences prior to migration and exposure while abroad heavily shape their financial behaviour. A second set of links was identified in the sphere of education. These links are highly gendered with non-migrant women getting ahead of their male peers in educational attainment.
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Guan, Ming. "Epidemiology of Hypertensive State among Chinese Migrants: Effects of Unaffordable Medical Care." International Journal of Hypertension 2018 (May 29, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5231048.
Full textAbstract:
Hypertension is a major risk factor for heart disease and stroke. Affordability of medical care affects hypertension prevention, treatment, and control, but limited information is available for Chinese migrants with hypertensive state. Using Longitudinal Survey on Rural Urban Migration in China 2009 data, 2468 Chinese migrants reported hypertensive status. On the basis of comparison between medical payment and job income, participants were categorized as unaffordable and affordable. Thus, unaffordable expenses and unaffordable services were defined based on a public available survey. The descriptive statistics showed that 24.96% were at risk of prehypertension and mild-moderate-severe hypertension among 2468 Chinese migrants from 15 cities. Small part of the sample was not affordable to pay medical expenses and services. There were significant differences of hypertensive states between gender, marital status, regular smoker, and economic unaffordability. Multiple logistic regressions indicated that economic unaffordability had associations with abnormal weight, poor health assessment, and unhealthy hypertensive status. The alarming results may necessitate targeted interventions, even among people with good health status.
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Denisenko, M. B., M. A. Smirnova, and A. V. Stepanova. "Sample Surveys and Population Censuses as Data Sources on the Second Generation of Migrants: Foreign Experience." Voprosy statistiki 29, no. 5 (November 3, 2022): 46–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.34023/2313-6383-2022-29-5-46-60.
Full textAbstract:
The increasing role of migration in the world makes the integration of migrants into host societies a crucial social process. In the long run, integration is closely related to the topic of the second generation of migrants and their relative well-being in society. In Russia, which attracts a large number of migrants, the integration of the second generation is also very important but the understanding of it is fragmented due to the small number of relevant studies. The task of obtaining relevant data on migrants' descendants and their participation in social and economic life requires taking into account the wealth of foreign experience in studying this topic.This paper provides an overview of approaches to the study of the second generation of migrants in the United States, Canada and Western European countries. The review is based on analytical and methodological publications of national statistical agencies and international organizations (UN, OECD, Eurostat), metadata from special sample surveys and a number of academic articles. The authors discusses the main data sources used to estimate the number of second-generation migrants and to provide information on their socio-economic characteristics, such as censuses and microcensuses, regular labour force surveys and ad hoc sample surveys. The article describes nuances in the definition and evolution of the concept of «second generation» in the national statistical systems. The results of studies on the social mobility of descendants of immigrants are summarised.In conclusion, we offer practical recommendations for modernizing the system of statistical recording of migration in Russia based on the long-term foreign experience of studying the second generation of migrants.