Academic literature on the topic 'Regular migrants'
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Journal articles on the topic "Regular migrants"
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Nilsson, Anna L. K., Thomas Alerstam, and Jan-Åke Nilsson. "Do Partial and Regular Migrants Differ in Their Responses to Weather?" Auk 123, no. 2 (April 1, 2006): 537–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/123.2.537.
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AbstractPartial migration is often considered a transitory stage between migration and residency, and whether partial migrants take weather conditions into account during migration is largely unknown. To assess whether partial migrants differ from regular migrants in their responses to weather, we compared the migratory intensity of a partial migrant, the Blue Tit (Cyanistes caeruleus), with more regular migrants in relation to weather at a migratory passage site in southern Sweden (Falsterbo) during the years 1993–2002. The regular migrants in the study were Linnet (Carduelis cannabina), Common Chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs), Brambling (F. montifringilla), and European Robin (Erithacus rubecula). The Blue Tit differed from the regular migrants mainly in showing a striking negative correlation between migratory activity and cloud cover. Also, weather had the highest explanatory power for migratory intensity in the Blue Tit. This suggests that the Blue Tit is more sensitive to weather conditions on migration than the regular migrants and that it preferably awaits days with wholly or partly clear skies before migrating past Falsterbo. As a consequence, Blue Tits usually restrict their migratory flights to the safest occasions, with relatively calm weather, good visibility, and all orientation cues (solar as well as magnetic) available.¿Difieren los Migrantes Parciales y Regulares en sus Respuestas al Clima?
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Bhattacharjee, Mala Ray. "Mobility and morbidity of regular and seasonal migrants in India." International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 17, no. 2 (March 1, 2021): 155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmhsc-04-2020-0038.
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Purpose Internal migration has grown intensively in India in the present decades, far greater than international migration, though the latter has received far more attention in literature and public policy. Among internal migrants, seasonal movement is another growing phenomenon in India which has received the least attention till now. The purpose of the study is to show the intensities of short-term morbidity and major morbidity among the rural and urban internal migrants and how such disease burdens have affected the health of regular/permanent and temporary/seasonal migrants. Design/methodology/approach This present paper has been developed on the basis of data of India Human Development Survey-II (IHDS-II), 2011–2012, has been availed to find out the intensities of short-term morbidity and major morbidity among the rural and urban migrants as well as the health condition of the seasonal migrants. For the analysis of regular or permanent migrants, a total of 3,288 migrants (of which 1,136 rural migrants and 2,152 urban migrants) were surveyed in IHDS-II, 2011–2012, regarding the persistence of different types of short-term morbidity among the migrant class. Two-sample (rural migrants and urban migrants) “t” test for mean difference with unequal variances with null hypothesis – H0: diff = 0, and alternate hypothesis – Ha: diff < 0; Ha: diff > 0 where diff = mean (rural) – mean (urban) has been executed. For the seasonal migrants a sample of 41,424 migrants of which 2,691 seasonal migrant workers and 38,733 non-seasonal migrant workers were surveyed in IHDS-II, 2011–2012, to find out their health condition. OLS regression on the number of medical treatments undertaken in a month on the nature of migrant workers has been conducted. Socio-economic factors (like adult literacy) and basic amenities required for a healthy living (like indoor piped drinking water, separate kitchen in the household, household having a flush toilet, household having electricity and intake of meals everyday) are taken as control variables in the regression analysis. Findings The results of morbidity analysis in this paper show that the morbidity patterns among the migrants vary with the geographical differences. The short-term morbidity and that of the major morbidity show different proneness to ill health for rural and urban migrants. However, seasonal migrants are more susceptible to ill health than the regular migrants and are also potential for generating health risks. Also lack of provision of basic services creates negative health impact on seasonal migrants. Research limitations/implications The paper is based on secondary data and hence lacks numerous relevant health issues of migrants in rural and urban sectors which could have been possible through primary data survey. Practical implications Migration and migrants are a relevant issue both internationally and nationally. Economic development of a country like India depends to a greater extent on the contributions of migrant labourers as majority of the labourers in India belong to informal sector of which most of the workers are from migrant class. Social implications Migrants contribution to economic development depend on their productive capacity and hence health of these section of people is a relevant issue. This study is based on the morbidity pattern of migrants both regular and seasonal migrants and their susceptibility in various geographical locations and provision of basic amenities. Originality/value This work is original research study by the author.
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Bylander, Maryann. "Is Regular Migration Safer Migration? Insights from Thailand." Journal on Migration and Human Security 7, no. 1 (January 14, 2019): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2331502418821855.
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In the context of sharply increasing levels of international migration, development actors across Southeast Asia have begun to focus their attention on programming intended to make migration safer for aspiring and current migrant workers. These projects, however, typically begin with the assumption that more regular, orderly migration is also safer for migrants, an idea built into the language of the Sustainable Development Goals and the Global Compact on Migration. This article questions this assumption. It takes as its starting point the observation that migrant workers who move through legal channels do not systematically experience better outcomes among a range of indicators. Based on data collected from Cambodian, Burmese, Laotian, and Vietnamese labor migrants recently returned from Thailand, this work highlights the limits of regular migration to provide meaningfully “safer” experiences. Although migrants moving through regular channels report better pay and working conditions than those who moved through irregular channels, they also systematically report working conditions that do not meet legal standards, and routinely experience contract substitution. In other areas, regular migrants generally fare similarly to or worse than irregular migrants. They are more likely to experience deception and to have written or verbal agreements broken in migration processes. On arrival in Thailand, they routinely have their documents held, and they are more likely than irregular migrants to experience harassment and abuse both in the migration process and at their worksites. They are also more likely to return involuntarily and to struggle with financial insecurity and indebtedness after returning. These findings challenge mainstream development discourses seeking to promote safer migration experiences through expanding migration infrastructure. At the same time, they highlight the need for policymakers, development actors, and migration practitioners to reconsider the conflation of “safe” with “regular and orderly” migration throughout their programming.
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Ambrosini, Maurizio. "Undocumented Migrants and Invisible Welfare: Survival Practices in the Domestic Environment." MIGRATION LETTERS 8, no. 1 (January 28, 2014): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v8i1.152.
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In Italy, as in other countries, a significant number of migrants are employed as domestic workers, baby-sitters or carers of elderly people in Italian families (Parreñas 2001). Many of them begin as irregular migrants, but they manage to accede to a regular status: Italy is the EU country that has granted the highest number of regularizations, through six amnesties in 22 years, and other forms of hidden regularization. As employers, the families are the main actors in the regularization process. In many other situations, they are involved in hiring unregistered migrants and in managing the migrants’ underground work, especially that of women, as they welcome and accommodate them in their homes. This paper aims to explore the hidden world of the survival practices and social integration of undocumented migrants employed in Italian families, showing how most of them can obtain a regular status, after a period of hard work and a difficult life, turning it into a transient stage in the migrant’s career.
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Vilks, Andrejs. "Nelegālā migrācija drošības nodrošināšanas kontekstā." SOCRATES. Rīgas Stradiņa universitātes Juridiskās fakultātes elektroniskais juridisko zinātnisko rakstu žurnāls / SOCRATES. Rīga Stradiņš University Faculty of Law Electronic Scientific Journal of Law 1, no. 4 (2016): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.25143/socr.04.2016.1.36-45.
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Sociāli politiskā un ekonomiskā situācija migrantu izcelsmes valstīs ir izteikti nelabvēlīga, un tas ietekmē nekontrolējamu bēgļu un migrantu pieplūdumu Eiropas Savienības valstīs. ES ārējās robežas nav pietiekami nostiprinātas un drošas. Bēgļu un migrantu izvietošanas punkti lielākoties nav nodrošināti ar nepieciešamajiem resursiem sociālās palīdzības sniegšanā. Migrantu vēlmes kļūt materiāli nodrošinātiem, pilnīgi neatkarīgiem jaunajās, drošajās trešajās valstīs netiek piepildītas. Tas determinē sociālās spriedzes eskalāciju, konfliktu veidošanos starp patvēruma meklētājiem un trešo (Eiropas) valstu iedzīvotājiem. Konflikti pāraug sabiedriskās kārtības pārkāpumos un krimināla rakstura aktivitātēs. Samazinās nacionālā un starptautiskā drošība, kas ir saistīta ar strauju migrantu pieplūdumu Eiropā. Unfavourable socio-economic situation of migrants in countries of origin causes a considerable and regular flow of migrants to the EU. Only some migrants try to become financially self-sufficient and socially integrated. Most of them try to get social protection and fully preserve national and religious identity. It may result in the growth of social tensions, conflicts between migrants and residents of countries where they receive shelter. Uncontrolled migration leads to a breach of public order and criminal activity at the national level. It is also represents a threat to international security. Presently, there are certain contradictions between the objective need for new workforce and the ability of socio-economic system to absorb a large number of migrants in Europe. Therefore, there is a need for a regular prognostication of migration risks and the development of methods, which will enable the migration management. Legal and institutional support for migration policies in Europe does not provide a prompt and effective migration management. Which emphasises the necessity of their improvement, especially taking into account the fact that Europe needs migrants to cope with the shortage of manpower and correct the demographic situation in general.
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Foley, Laura, and Nicola Piper. "Is ‘regular’ migration a safer form of migration? The case of Asia." Migración y Refugio: Los retos y oportunidades en un mundo en movimiento 06, MARZO 2022 (March 23, 2022): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.36852/2695-4427_2022_06.07.
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This paper examines one key feature of intra-regional migration in Asia: irregularity, and it does so beyond the typical focus on irregular entry by highlighting ‘irregularity in regularity’, that is irregularity as the result of extremely rigidly designed legal pathways for migration. Our analysis, thus, focuses on the wider policy infrastructure that centres upon securitisation and managerialism, with the result of a high incidence of irregularity. We illustrate these dynamics in relation to labour migration, i.e. the hiring and working conditions of migrant workers. In doing so, this paper seeks to challenge the conventional discourse about irregular migration by showing how the line between regular and irregular migration is blurred and often the result of irregular practices by other actors and, thus, beyond the direct control of migrants. In particular, we analyse how the temporary labour migration schemes deployed in Asia and the decent work deficits facing migrant workers employed via these schemes, are the key source of irregularity. We end by suggesting that more attention should be paid to regulating abusive practices by employers and recruiters instead of criminalising migrants.
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Dick, Hilary Parsons. "Haciendo de Tripas el Corazón/Plucking Up Courage: Migration, Family Internal Conflict, and Gender in Veronica’s Story." MIGRATION LETTERS 3, no. 1 (April 16, 2006): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v3i1.32.
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This article considers how migrants conceptualize and negotiate the emotional conflicts that accompany decisions to migrate. Such conflicts are a regular feature of migrants’ experience, informing how they understand the act of and reasons for migrating. The article focuses on the life of one migrant: a woman I call “Veronica,” whom I met during research on migration between Uriangato, Guanajuato, Mexico and Chester County, Pennsylvania. I argue that the analysis of discourse offers a particularly illuminating window into how migrants conceptualize and negotiate emotional conflicts. I place this discussion in dialogue with the literature on family internal conflict and gender in migration.
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Granskaya, Yu V., and E. V. Lizhenkova. "Сoping with stress in migrant workers." Psychology and Law 5, no. 4 (2015): 106–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/psylaw.2015050410.
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Migration is an objective process in Russia as worldwide. It has always existed and played an important role in human history. The problem of migrant workers is acute in Russia, because it borders on 18 countries. The collapse of the USSR severely damaged the economy of many former socialist republics. Consequently, people who cannot find employment in their country are forced to migrate to Russia to earn money. Most migrant workers face social, economic and psychological problems. Often, lack of social skills adds more problems to their everyday life difficulties. These things cause stress reactions and slow down their adaptation process. On the other hand, one of the most difficult things for migrants is negative attitudes they encounter as newcomers. People around often associate migrants with illegal work, crime and terrorism. On a regular basis, media report about crimes committed by migrants.
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Flanagan, Danielle. "Caught in the Crossfire: Challenges to Migrant Protection in the Yemeni and Libyan Conflicts." Journal on Migration and Human Security 8, no. 4 (December 2020): 318–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2331502420978151.
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In spite of the prevailing security dynamics in Yemen and Libya, both states continue to serve as areas of transit along some of the world’s largest mixed migration routes, leaving migrants caught in the crossfire of the two conflicts. This article examines the legal framework governing the protection of migrants in armed conflict under international humanitarian and human rights law. It also identifies two adverse incentives produced by the conflict situations that impede the exercise of these legal protections: (1) profits derived from migrant smuggling and trafficking, and (2) the use of migrants to support armed groups. In the absence of stable conditions in Yemen and Libya, individuals have little reason to respect international legal protections and discontinue migrant abuse connected with the lucrative businesses of smuggling and trafficking. The intractable nature of the two conflicts has also led to the strategic use of migrants as armed support, and more specifically as combatants, weapons transports, and human shields. Given these realities, the article outlines several recommendations to address the issue of migrant abuse in conflict. It recommends that states, particularly those neighboring Yemen and Libya, strengthen regular migration pathways to help reduce the number of migrants transiting through active conflict zones. It further advises that the international community increase the cost of noncompliance to international humanitarian law through the use of accountability mechanisms and through strategic measures, including grants of reciprocal respect to armed groups that observe protections accorded to migrants in conflict situations.
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Terry, Zuzana. "Bar jako významné místo v migraci." Lidé města 24, no. 3 (December 13, 2022): 389–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/12128112.2408.
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This paper presents the results of a six-month-long field research conducted in the capital of the Czech Republic in 2013. It is based on the research of a bar visited by Anglophone migrants. It aims to reveal how becoming a bar regular helped migrants to adapt to the new country and maintain their lives there. The studied group of migrants placed important practices into the space of the bar, through which they formed their meaning and memory in a new place, their new home. They domesticated the place to the extent that they had their own seats, glasses, and any newcomer, whether Czech or migrant, was observed and evaluated. The bar played the role of an intimate space; it was home-like and it was socially and materially changed by the migrants. The bar was a place where the migrants’ social bonds were performed and materialised. It was a place in the time and space of real physical contact within a migratory network.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Regular migrants"
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Erdsiek, Fabian, Dorothee Waury, and Patrick Brzoska. "Oral health behaviour in migrant and non-migrant adults in Germany: the utilization of regular dental check-ups." Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-226518.
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Background
Migrants in many European countries including Germany tend to utilize preventive measures less frequently than the majority population. Little is known about the dental health of migrants as well as about their oral health behaviour, particularly in the adult population. The aim of this study was to examine differences in the uptake of annual dental check-ups in adult migrants and non-migrants in Germany.
Methods
We used data from the cross-sectional survey ‘German Health Update 2010’ conducted by the Robert Koch Institute (n = 22,050). Data from 21,741 German-speaking respondents with information on the use of dental check-ups was available, of which 3404 (15.7%) were migrants. Multiple logistic regression models were applied to adjust for demographic and socioeconomic confounders, including the place of residence as well as type of health insurance.
Results
Migrants were generally younger, had a lower socioeconomic status and showed a lower utilization of dental check-ups. The unadjusted odds ratio (OR) for utilization was 0.67 (95%-CI = 0.61–0.73). After adjusting for demographic and socioeconomic confounders the chance only increased slightly (adjusted OR = 0.71; 95%-CI = 0.65–0.77).
Conclusions
The analysis shows that migration status is associated with a reduced chance of attending dental check-ups, independently of demographic and socioeconomic factors. The influence of other factors, such as type of health insurance and place of residence had also no influence on the association. Migrants are exposed to different barriers in the health care system, comprising the patient, provider and system level. Further studies need to examine the relevant barriers for the uptake of preventive dental services in order to devise appropriate migrant- sensitive measures of dental prevention.
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ROSSI, ALICE. "Da minori a Ir/regolari. Pratiche della temporaneità tra giovani migranti Maghrebini (Torino, Italia; Khouribga, Marocco)." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/104078.
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This dissertation addresses the condition of ir/regular migrant and how this condition is generated within the field of contemporary Italian immigration policies. The research begins from the case of unaccompanied minors and an overview of EU level regulations to analyze the processes of constructing this specific temporary and reversible subjectivity, which is vulnerable to potentially sliding back into irregularity.
The sites in which I conducted research are frontier urban spaces that distinguish between citizens and non-citizens while at the same time representing sought-after spheres; they are zones that enable migrants to define the new boundary they need to reassert or invent a new identity or social role or to position themselves within a given system.
The ethnographic data were collected in Turin (2010-2015), an urban setting characterized by a longstanding population of Moroccan immigrants from the mining city of Khouribga, where I conducted a component of my multi-sited ethnography (2007 and 2011). This specific chain migration emerged following 1970s crisis in phosphate production. Since Italian immigration law introduced the legal figure of unaccompanied minor in1998, so-called harrâga (those who burn), solo minors and young men, began to emigrate from Khouribga to take the place of their fathers, who had come to Italy previously. Over time, repeated legislative oscillations between inclusion and exclusion have produced ambiguous legal effects on the status of young migrants. These factors give rise to unstable life conditions and shifts in models of masculinity from one generation to the next.
By analyzing their life stories, the research finds that what is at stake in the migratory process goes beyond the possibility of settling down in one place; indeed, it is also about the opportunity to remain mobile at all costs. Mobility as an element of differentiation allows these young men to define themselves as “modern subjects.”
My examination of their processes of learning to be adults, constructing kinship ties and re-appropriating urban spaces reveals the creativity inherent in these practices of challenging everyday uncertainty. By playing with the dominant social order, their practices of temporariness uncover the limits of both norms and associated systems of thought.
In conclusion, this exploration of the intersection of migration processes and governmentality applied to the passage from unaccompanied minor to adult migrant sheds light on the specific liminal condition of ir/regularity: an uncertain status that these subjects, who are never completely constructed within the system, continually seek to manipulate. The lives of young ir/regular migrants illustrate the socially and politically constructed nature of age and kinship as well as inhabitation. At the same time, they also show how these very semantic borders give rise to autopoietic practices in response to changes in the policies governing contemporary migration.
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Buabeng-Baidoo, Johannes. "‘Human Rights do not stop at the border' : a critical examination on the fundamental rights of regular migrants in South Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/18607.
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In Africa, the fight against poverty has a great deal in common with the struggle for political and
economic security. For many migrant workers around the continent and elsewhere, the need for
socio-economic security serves as the underlining motive for migration to boundaries beyond
their own, in search of ‘greener pastures’ - a life of dignity, respect and socio-economic security.
The high level of infrastructure, economic and political stability remains an attractive incentive
for irregular migrants to migrate to South Africa. Thousands of migrant workers make annually
the journey to South Africa with the hope of finding a better life. However, their arrival in South
Africa marks the beginning of an even more tenacious struggle against unimaginable odds. For
many irregular migrants, the dream of a better life soon becomes a nightmare highlighted by
constant struggle against xenophobia, police brutality, exploitation by unscrupulous employers,
marginalisation and disregard for fundamental human rights by the state.Mini Dissertation (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2011.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/
nf2012
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Bazalar, Laos Roxana Silvia, and Justo Silvia Danitza Mansilla. "Procesos lectores de niños del V ciclo de educación básica regular, hijos de migrantes del ande y de padres originarios de la costa." Master's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2015. http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/123456789/6170.
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El objetivo principal de esta investigación se centra en comparar el nivel
de los procesos lectores de niños que habitan en la zona de Huaycán, donde gran
parte de la población es de origen provinciano. Para esta comparación se
consideró el lugar de procedencia de los padres y de las madres, ya sean migrantes
del ande o procedentes de la costa.
El enfoque de la investigación es mixto, de tipo descriptivo comparativo.
Participaron 153 niños de 5to y 6to grado, de los cuales 38 son hijos de madre de
origen andino y 37 de madres originarias de la costa; respecto del lugar de
procedencia de los padres, 42 son provenientes del ande y 28 de la costa. Se
aplicó a los niños de la muestra el Test PROLEC-R y se analizaron los puntajes
obtenidos según cinco sub-clasificaciones formadas de acuerdo con el lugar de
procedencia de los padres.
Los resultados confirmaron la hipótesis general al haber hallado
diferencias significativas en cuatro de las cinco sub-clasificaciones analizadas. En
el análisis a nivel del índice de precisión lectora, los hijos de migrantes andinos
obtuvieron mejores resultados. Por el contrario, los hijos de padres costeños
obtuvieron resultados más favorables en velocidad lectora.The main purpose of this research is to compare the level of the reading processes of children living in the area of Huaycán, where much of the population has come from provinces. For this comparison, we have considered the place of birth of the parents, whether they have migrated from the Andes or they were born in the Coast. This is a mixed method research, with descriptive and comparative design. 153 children from 5th y 6th grade were examined, of which 38 have mothers of Andean origin, and 37 have mothers born in the Coast; with regard to the fathers, 42 were born in the Andes and 28 are from the Coast. The children were evaluated with the Test PROLEC-R and the scores were analyzed in relation to five subclassifications made according to their parents’ place of origin. The results confirmed the main hypothesis, having found significative differences in four of the five subclassifications analyzed. When analyzing the reading accuracy, the children of Andean migrants outperformed. On the other hand, children of parents born in the Coast obtained better results in reading speed.
Tesis
Books on the topic "Regular migrants"
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Texas. State Board of Education. Proposal of the State Board of Education to identify and assist students requiring special services beyond the regular school program who do not qualify for special education services: A report to the 75th Texas Legislature. Austin, Tex: Texas Education Agency, 1996.
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Thomas, Richard, Sarah Thomas, David Andrew, and Alan McBride. Complete Guide to Finding the Birds of Australia. CSIRO Publishing, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643097865.
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First published in 1994, The Complete Guide to Finding the Birds of Australia was the first ever book of its type in Australia – a complete guide to locating every resident bird species in Australia, plus supplementary information on where to find rarities, migratory species and logistical information.
This fully revised second edition expands on the best-selling appeal of the first, describing the best-known sites for all of Australia’s endemic birds, plus vagrants and regular migrants such as seabirds and shorebirds. It covers all states and territories, and is the first guide to include all of Australia’s island and external territories. A comprehensive Bird Finder Guide details site information on all Australian bird species, and the authors provide valuable travel advice, including transport, climate and accommodation.
Profusely illustrated with colour photographs of interesting, unique or unusual Australian birds, this book is a must-have for all birdwatchers living in Australia or visiting from overseas.
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Feys, Torsten. The Battle for the Migrants. Liverpool University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9781927869000.001.0001.
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This book approaches the well-documented study of European mass migration to the United States of America from the viewpoint of mass migration as a business venture. The overall purpose is to demonstrate that maritime and migration histories are interlinked and dependent on a deeper understanding of the social, economic, and political factors at work in the nineteenth century Atlantic community. It centres on both the evolution of the port of Rotterdam as a migration gateway, and the crucial role of the Holland-America line as a regulator of the North American passenger trade. The first part of the book explores the simultaneous rise of transatlantic mass migration and long-distance steamshipping between 1830 to 1870. The second part, divided into five chapters, explores how mass migration became a big business between 1870 and 1914, and scrutinises how steamship companies organised and provided initiatives for transoceanic migration, plus the role of shipping agents and agent-networks, and how passenger services were constructed within transatlantic networks. Over the course of the text it becomes increasingly clear that by approaching mass migration as a trade issue, the role of steamship companies in the facilitation of transatlantic migration is rendered both intrinsic and pivotal. It consists of an introduction containing contextual information, two sections providing historical overviews, five chapters exploring different aspects of the shipping industry’s response to mass migration, conclusion, bibliography, and six appendices of passenger, destination, agent, and advertising statistics.
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Moreno-Lax, Violeta. Carrier Sanctions and ILOs: Anticipated Enforcement of Visa Requirements through ‘Imperfect Delegation’—Diverting Flows, Entrenching Unsafety. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198701002.003.0005.
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Member States started adopting carrier liability regulations from the mid-1980s, seemingly as a direct response to increasing numbers of asylum requests, with immigration liaison officer (ILO) schemes proliferating afterwards. Techniques of ‘remote control’ have now been communautarised, providing an additional layer of control. Both carriers and ILOs have privileged access to migrants bound to the EU already at the pre-entry phase. Making them responsible for the anticipated enforcement of visas has the potential to block lines of regular (and safe) access to those in need of international protection. This chapter is concerned with these developments. It analyses carrier sanctions and ILOs legislation, comparing the EU regime with its international counterparts. The review encompasses the pre- and post-Schengen periods as well as recent innovations concerning the automated treatment and transfer of advance passenger information (API) and the creation of ‘Frontex liaison officers’. The impact of carrier sanctions and ILO activities on refugee flows is scrutinized at the end, pointing at a structural incompatibility of advance border enforcement, through a model of ‘imperfect delegation’/’hidden coercion’, with basic guarantees against denial of entry.
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Song, Sarah. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190909222.003.0012.
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Chapter 11 reiterates the intermediate ethical position between closed borders and open borders. Against restrictive nationalists who favor closing borders, it argues that states should not regulate immigration solely in the interests of their own members. Members of a political community have special obligations to one another, but they also have obligations to the rest of humanity, including prospective migrants. Against proponents of open borders, it maintains that political membership is morally significant, even if its distribution is morally arbitrary. Political membership grounds special rights and obligations, and a government may show some partiality toward the interests of its members. This means a government may deny admission to prospective migrants if their basic interests are protected in their home countries and doing so protects important interests of its constituents. What is required is not closed borders or open borders but controlled borders and open doors.
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Kefale, Asnake, and Fana Gebresenbet, eds. Youth on the Move. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197631942.001.0001.
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At a time when policies are increasingly against it, international migration has become the subject of great public and academic attention. This book departs from the dominant approach of studying international migration at macro level, and from the perspective of destination countries. The contributors here seek to do more than ‘scratch the surface’ of the migration process, by foregrounding the voices and views of Ethiopian youth–potential migrants and returnees–and of their sending communities. The volume focuses on the perspective and agency of these young people, both potential migrants and returnees, to better understand migration decision-making, experiences and outcomes. It brings together rarely documented cases of young men and women from several communities across Ethiopia, migrating to the Gulf and South Africa. Explaining the agency of local actors–prospective migrants, brokers and sending families–Youth on the Move illuminates the pervasive, persistent failure of state attempts to regulate migration. Moreover, it examines the financing of migration and the sharing of remittances, within a culturally situated moral economy. While accounts centered on economics and political violence are important, the contributors demonstrate compellingly that these factors alone cannot provide a full understanding of migration’s complexity, nor of its social realities.
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Cook, Harry, and Michael Newson. Yemeni Irregular Migrants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Implications of Large Scale Return. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190608873.003.0007.
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In 2013, the Saudi government embarked on a nationwide strategy to restructure its labor market and its policies towards the recruitment of foreign workers. These changes are in line with the implementation of Saudi Arabia’s Nitaqat system which aims to better regulate foreign labor in the country and to reduce the number of irregular workers in the Kingdom. As a result of these changes in policy and implementation, there have been large-scale deportations of irregular workers—along with their family members, in some cases—from KSA beginning in mid-2013 and continuing up to the time of writing. Yemeni workers in KSA have been particularly hard hit by these policy changes due to the largely informal nature of labor migration flows that have existed between KSA and Yemen for the past few decades. This chapter explores the possible implications of the recent labor policy changes in KSA for Yemeni and host communities in KSA, as well as for returning workers, their families, and communities of origin in Yemen. The chapter concludes with several recommendations on how to effectively address the challenges these disruptions will cause and how to build new avenues to support the transnational linkages between Yemeni migrant workers in KSA and their communities in Yemen.
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Weinblum, Sharon. The management of African asylum seekers and the imaginary of the border in Israel. Manchester University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526107459.003.0007.
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This chapter engages the Israeli border discourse against the backdrop of arriving asylum seekers from Africa. Focusing on parliamentary debates, the chapter looks at how exclusionary techniques employed to regulate migrations are legitimised through the association of migrants as a problem of national security, as an economic threat, and a threat to national identity. Contrary to the literature which examines borders as dislocated sites of control, the chapter instead directs attention to the regulation of migrations through very classical discursive frameworks: as tools of ordering, controlling and physical enactment of statecraft and sovereignty.
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Sotomayor-Peterson, Marcela, and Ana A. Lucero-Liu. Untold Transnational Family Life on the Sonora–Arizona Border. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190265076.003.0009.
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Research on transnational families mostly assumes long physical distances and long periods of separation. However, transnational families are diverse and reconfigure in a multitude of ways. The US–Mexican border in Arizona is historically a fluid one, where contact between families is a potential. This possibility of physical contact on a semi-regular basis makes the current sample unique from other transnational families. Using exploratory and descriptive analysis, this chapter provides a portrait of family life for migrant families along the Arizona–Sonora border with the goal of illustrating the diversity of family life for transnational families. Study findings suggest multiple family configurations, including transborder families (with members living within 60 miles of the border on either side) who have frequent physical contact and transnational families with long physical separations and little physical contact. Various aspects of family life (e.g., parenting) between transborder and transnational families are also compared.
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Gingeras, Ryan. Nation States, Minorities, and Refugees, 1914–1923. Edited by Nicholas Doumanis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199695669.013.9.
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The First World War quintessentially defined the future of ‘minorities’ on the Continent of Europe. Even before representatives met at Versailles, a number of determined national movements had engaged in bloody campaigns bent on independence or unification with their ethnic kin. Still larger numbers of ‘small peoples’ endeavoured to integrate themselves into the norms and cultures of their home states. Likewise, governments of the era were often compelled to make peace with the demographic, political, and economic realities that “national” minority populations. The arrival of refugees and migrants represented a test for provincial communities and administrations seeking to settle the meaning of integration and national belonging. The opportunity to deport, resettle, or even liquidate populations provided a tool for states seeking to resolve national questions in a capricious manner. Even with the creation of the League of Nations, minorities in Europe regularly suffered at the hands of majoritarian governments.
Book chapters on the topic "Regular migrants"
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Kosińska, Anna Magdalena. "Cultural Rights of Third-Country Nationals: Regular Migrants." In Cultural Rights of Third-Country Nationals in EU Law, 211–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30154-5_6.
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Düvell, Franck, and Carlotta Preiss. "Migration Infrastructures: How Do People Migrate?" In IMISCOE Research Series, 83–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92377-8_4.
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AbstractMigration research primarily studies who migrates and the processes after their arrival. Less attention is paid to the processes between departure and arrival and the infrastructures used during migratory journeys (see Crawley et al., 2018). This is further reinforced by the fact that most migration is wanted and regular, and that there is little social and political interest in the actual physical dimension of regular migration processes. Comparatively few studies are seeking to answer the question of howpeople migrate. The main exception is the research of unwanted and irregular migration with a focus on migrants and refugees traveling by boat and those actors facilitating unlawful practices, denoted as human smugglers or traffickers. In short, migration infrastructure is probably the least well defined, researched and published theme, whilst it is also heavily biased.
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Isidro, Lola, and Antoine Math. "Migrants’ Access to Social Protection in France." In IMISCOE Research Series, 165–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51241-5_11.
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Abstract After a long judicial fight between the 1970s and the late 1990s leading to the abolition of the condition of nationality that excluded foreigners from non-contributory benefits, and in a context of publicly debated restrictive immigration policies, other restrictive conditions were either reinforced or introduced in order to curb access to social protection for foreigners in France. A new condition of regularity for the access of foreigners to most social protection schemes was introduced and/or extended, especially since 1993. In a growing xenophobic context, restrictions were presented as a means to deter immigration and save the Welfare State placed under strong budgetary constraints. The classical condition of residence was also reactivated in a way to place more restrictions. New requirements, such as a condition of anteriority of presence and a condition of anteriority (seniority) of regular residence, were developed to exclude more non-EU migrants, despite their regular situation.
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Mencutek, Zeynep Sahin. "Voluntary and Forced Return Migration Under a Pandemic Crisis." In Migration and Pandemics, 185–206. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81210-2_10.
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AbstractThe Covid-19 pandemic has an impact on migrants’ return desires and actual returns across the globe. Border closures in the face of pandemic lead to the panic mobility of those returning home. The ensuing lockdowns and economic difficulties restricted migrant workers’ access to income and protection, pushing them to return. The pandemic brought evident risks for the regular migrants’ access to healthcare, financial security, and social protection, forcing them to consider the return option too. For irregular migrants, the pandemic further increased the risk of forced returns, including detention, deportation, and pushbacks. For all migrants, decisions are marked by a deep dilemma between staying and returning. Meanwhile, receiving, sending, and transit countries, as well as international organisations are involved in return processes by providing logistics, on the one hand, and stigmatising returnees as carriers of virus, on the other. This study is based on desk research and analysis of the scholarly literature, reports, and grey literature from international organizations, civil society reports, scientific blogs, and media reports. An emphasis on returns provides us broader insights to evaluate changing characteristics of migration and mobility in ‘pandemic times’, the governance of returns, its consequences, and the rhetoric about returnees.
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Danaj, Ermira. "International Student Returnees: Nowhere at Home." In IMISCOE Research Series, 151–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92092-0_7.
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AbstractIn this chapter, I explore the experiences of female migrants who migrated to undertake undergraduate or graduate studies rather than specifically for economic or work reasons. I analyse a group of female student migrants who returned to Tirana after their international migratory trajectories. Unlike the other group of international migrants introduced in Chap. 10.1007/978-3-030-92092-0_5 all the women in this group migrated with regular student visas and documents, and their destination countries are not limited to Greece and Italy but encompass a wider area.
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Marchetti, Sabrina. "Migration." In IMISCOE Research Series, 33–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11466-3_3.
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AbstractState policies may strongly influence the employment of migrants for care and domestic work (Ruhs & Anderson, 2010). Both sending and receiving countries have adopted mechanisms to channel migrants (especially women) into this specific occupation. The care market-oriented scenario described in the previous pages creates a growing demand for a (female) migrant labour force employed to work for longer hours and at lower wages than local workers (Anderson & Shutes, 2014; Cangiano & Shutes, 2010). These migrant care workers are generally disadvantaged by policies privileging skilled over unskilled migration, as well as by legislation denying (long-term) residence permits to people employed in the care sector. Policies that make the regular employment of migrants very difficult contribute to the under-valuation of these jobs, which are generally assigned to the most vulnerable and stigmatized subjects in each national context (Lan, 2006). Women migrating to work in the domestic and private care sector face a complex landscape of migration and labour regulations that is extremely difficult to navigate. The situation is also problematic for households that cannot find appropriate or affordable care within declining welfare states and among fellow nationals reluctant to take these jobs, but are forbidden or discouraged from directly hiring a domestic worker who is a third-country national. As a consequence, irregular migration and informal work are expanding within the realm of private homes.
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Burlacu, Irina, Sorina Soare, and Daniela Vintila. "Migrants’ Access to Social Protection in Romania." In IMISCOE Research Series, 361–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51241-5_24.
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Abstract This chapter examines to what extent the Romanian welfare system covers resident citizens compared to foreigners residing in Romania and Romanians living abroad. In doing so, we analyse existing social policies aiming to ensure their coverage against a variety of risks at different life-cycle stages, including unemployment, poverty, sickness and old-age. The main conclusion is that the Romanian welfare state is open to all residents, regardless of their nationality, thus providing everyone equal grounds for accessing social benefits. The criterion of residence on the Romanian soil is, however, prevalent. This implies that relatively few social provisions are extended for non-resident Romanians, which represent an increasingly sizeable community given the intensity of migration outflows in recent years. Furthermore, the Romanian social protection system has had relatively little impact on reducing the risk of poverty and income inequality in the country, despite regular amendments during the last years.
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Kaprāns, Mārtiņš. "Latvian Migrants in Great Britain: ‘The Great Departure’, Transnational Identity and Long Distance Belonging." In IMISCOE Research Series, 119–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12092-4_6.
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Abstract This chapter explores the transnational aspects of identity and the long distance belonging of Latvian migrants in Great Britain. In particular, it focuses on the discourses and practices of long distance belonging to Latvia. The article is based on a comparative analysis of The Emigrant Communities of Latvia survey data as well as semi-structured interviews with Latvian migrants in Great Britain. The analytical sections are organised so as to discuss the three main analytical contexts of long distance belonging: ethno-cultural, political and social. In the ethno-cultural context, migrants who identify themselves as ethnic Latvians rediscover and strengthen their links to the Latvian cultural space, its traditions and its ways of collective self-understanding. Conversely, the absence of this cultural capital among Russian-speaking migrants from Latvia advances their faster assimilation into British society. The political context of long distance belonging reveals high levels of distrust of the Latvian government and the migrants’ overall disappointment with Latvia’s political elite, as well as political apathy. Nevertheless, Latvian migrants in the United Kingdom are discovering new motivation and fresh opportunities to influence the political reality in Latvia and that has increased participation in Latvian national elections. The social context of long distance belonging, in turn, enables new forms of allegiance towards Latvia. These are manifested in philanthropic initiatives, in participation in various interest groups and in regular interest in what is happening in Latvia. The social context does not put the migrants’ activities into ethno-cultural or political frameworks, but encourages moral responsibility towards the people of Latvia.
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Danisi, Carmelo, Moira Dustin, Nuno Ferreira, and Nina Held. "Why Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Asylum?" In IMISCOE Research Series, 3–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69441-8_1.
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AbstractForced migration – no matter how we wish to define it – has been high in the political agendas and debates across the world for several decades. Forced migrants become claimants of international protection, or ‘asylum claimants’, and then find themselves trapped in convoluted, constraining and highly politicised systems. Often accused of being ‘bogus’ asylum claimants, they are also regularly accused of abusing the hospitality of the host country, violating countries’ borders and territorial sovereignty, and simply seeking economic benefits (Ford 2009; UNHCR 2007). Conversely, asylum legal instruments have been repeatedly criticised for inadequately addressing the rights and needs of asylum claimants, therefore preventing those with legitimate claims from being granted protection. These debates have more recently been rehashed in the context of the negotiations behind the Global Compact for Safe Orderly and Regular Migration, a non-legally binding agreement negotiated under the aegis of the United Nations (UN) and endorsed by the UN General Assembly. In this atmosphere of permanent politicised and humanitarian ‘crisis’ (McAdam 2014), a group warranting specific attention is constituted by those asylum claimants presenting a claim based on their sexual orientation or gender identity (SOGI).
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Lynch, Gordon. "Flawed Progress: Criticisms of Residential Institutions for Child Migrants in Australia and Policy Responses, 1939–1945." In UK Child Migration to Australia, 1945-1970, 55–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69728-0_3.
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AbstractThe positive view of child migration held by UK Government officials in the inter-war period was not based on any regular system of inspections of the institutions in Australia to which children were sent. During the Second World War, UK Government officials became more of reported problems at several of these institutions, relating to standards of accommodation, management, care, training and after-care. This chapter traces the growing awareness of these problems and the UK Government’s response to them. Whilst policy-makers’ positive assumptions about child migration were challenged, and specific issues and institutions were known to require significant improvement, overall confidence in the value of child migration remained. Despite evidence of organisational failings in Australia, Australian welfare professionals were trusted to address these problems, and suggestions about the need for greater control from the United Kingdom were seen as a backward-looking attempt to limit the autonomy of Britain’s Dominions.
Conference papers on the topic "Regular migrants"
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Buzov, Ivanka. "EDUCATION, MIGRATION AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT - PERSPECTIVES OF AGENDA 2030." In NORDSCI International Conference. SAIMA Consult Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/nordsci2020/b1/v3/05.
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Global development programs from Agenda 21 (1992) to Agenda 2030 (2015) inevitably promote the importance of education for all, ie they call for equality in access to educational resources. Recognizing the reality of the emergence of a growing category of “mobile population” in the world and the challenges of regular and new migration, for the first time the current Agenda emphasizes the commitment to migration. In this context, it is challenging to monitor the links between migration issues and the highlighted objectives of the Agenda, with a particular focus on sustainable development goal 4 (SDG 4) relating to quality education. Its targets as well as the objectives of the Agenda relating to poverty reduction, the right to employment and decent work (SDG 8), access to justice for all (SDG 16), and the strengthening of the global partnership (SDG 17) primarily imply access to educational resources for all. By promoting the thesis of education as an “enabling right” which, in addition to supporting opportunities for personal development and integration, can also be a driving force for global sustainable development, education is seen as a generator of sustainable development and knowledge society. In the context of the situation of migrants it supports the protection and security of acquired knowledge, prevents the risk of exclusion, ie contributes to their empowerment for sustainable life in the community.
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Topman, Gil, Orna Sharabani-Yosef, and Amit Gefen. "A Method for Quantitative Analysis of the Kinematics of Fibroblast Migration in a Monolayer Wound Model." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53070.
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A wound healing assay is simple but effective method to study cell migration in vitro. Cell migration in vitro was found to mimic migration in vivo to some extent [1,2]. In wound healing assays, a “wound” is created by either scraping or mechanically crushing cells in a monolayer, thereby forming a denuded area. Cells migrate into the denuded area to complete coverage, and thereby “heal” the wound. Micrographs at regular time intervals are captured during such experiments for analysis of the process of migration.
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Chang, Wei-Jen, Nadeen Chahine, and Pen-Hsiu Grace Chao. "Effects of Composite Substrate Microstructure on Fibroblast Morphology and Migration." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53859.
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Many studies have focused on the effects of substrate rigidity on cell traction, migration, and differentiation [1–3]. Most cells are known to migrate toward the stiffer substrate, a phenomenon known as durotaxis. Recent reports have also demonstrated the ‘depth-sensing’ ability of cells on soft hydrogels where cell behaviors on thin gels are more similar to those on stiffer substrates [4–5]. Taking advantage of the high fidelity of microfabrication and soft lithography products, we created novel composite substrates composed of a top layer of collagen hydrogel and an underlying microstructure of silicon elastomer. We hypothesize that cells can sense the underlying microstructures and regulate cell translocation and morphology accordingly.
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Corliuga, Bogdan. "Improvement of budgeting and operational control instruments." In 4th Economic International Conference "Competitiveness and Sustainable Development". Technical University of Moldova, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52326/csd2022.45.
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A tool for conducting such an analysis, making effective management decisions on its basis is budgeting, most important strategic component of planning and analytical work of all spheres of economic activity is the development of regular financial plans - budgets. Article describe definition of budgeting and propose budget function in connection with main management functions, this allows us to determine the place of budgeting as an tool of development of innovative activities aimed at achieving the strategic and operational goals of the organization through the consistent implementation of management functions. Article overlining two fundamental approaches to the concept of budgeting. The first is - budgeting is a financial planning tool used to solve operational problems in a limited period of time. The second approach proposes to consider budgeting as a technology for managing an economic entity. Two common approaches to budgeting are: Base Plus: Many organizations simply take the actual data from the previous year and make arbitrary adjustments. Zero Based budget: This type of budget is required when base plus type fails, different type of companies organizations migrate to a "zero base” type of budget. As a result proposed different approach to budgeting processes, which can be applied and differentiation of budgeting techniques in dependency of area of application.
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Young, Jennifer L., Kyle Kretchmer, and Adam J. Engler. "Temporally-Stiffening Hydrogel Regulates Cardiac Differentiation via Mechanosensitive Signaling." In ASME 2013 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2013-14674.
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Stiffness of the extracellular matrix (ECM) surrounding cells plays an integral role in affecting how a cell spreads, migrates, and differentiates, in the case of stem cells. For mature cardiomyocytes, stiffness regulates myofibril striation, beating rate, and fiber alignment, but does not induce de-differentiation [1,2]. Despite improved myocyte function on materials which mimic the ∼10 kPa heart stiffness, the heart does not begin as a contractile ∼10 kPa material, but instead undergoes ∼10-fold myocardial stiffening during development [3]. Thiolated hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogels have been used to mimic these stiffening dynamics by varying hydrogel functionality and component parameters. Recently, we have shown that pre-cardiac mesodermal cells plated on top of these stiffening HA hydrogels improves cardiomyocyte maturation compared to static, compliant polyacrylamide (PA) hydrogels [3]. While active mechanosensing causes maturation, the specific mechanisms responsible for responding to time-dependent stiffness remain unknown. Here we examined protein kinase signaling and mechanics in response to dynamic vs. static stiffness during the commitment process from embryonic stem cells (ESCs) through cardiomyocytes to better understand how developmentally-appropriate temporal changes in stiffness regulate cell commitment.
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Squires, Alexander, John Oshinski, and Zion Tsz Ho Tse. "Instrument Guidance System for MRI-Guided Percutaneous Spinal Interventions." In 2017 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2017-3400.
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In Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), neurons controlling voluntary muscles die, resulting in muscle weakness. Small animal studies have shown that neurons experience some regeneration when stem cells are injected into the ventral horn of the spinal cord [1]. These results led to large animal and human trials investigating the effects of injecting stem cells into the spinal cord. Direct injection is used for delivering cells as cells do not have to migrate to the therapy site and visual confirmation is possible [2]. This requires a multi-level laminectomy as well as dissection of the dura mater to expose the cell delivery site. In order to adopt this ALS treatment in regular clinical workflow, a minimally invasive alternative for spinal cord cell therapy is desirable. Image-guided needle targeting and positioning systems have been developed by numerous groups which use computed tomography or ultrasound for image guidance. However, MRI must be used for this ALS study because it is the only imaging system capable of visualizing the necessary anatomical locations for delivering cellular therapeutics to the spinal cord; the cell therapy target is the gray matter within the ventral horn of the spinal cord, and only MRI can detect the contrast between gray and white matter. Innomotion and NeuroArm have been used for MRI-guided interventions [3, 4] but they are complex, take a long time to set up, and take up a great deal of space in the MRI bore. An initial solution by our research group provided targeting solutions using an adjustable template on the spine, but was manually adjusted, targeted solely on a grid, and lacked a second rotation axis[5]. The presented device, SpinoBot, percutaneously directs therapeutics under MRI guidance into the spinal cord, allowing accurate and minimally invasive spinal therapies. This study examines the accuracy and workflow of MRI-guided cellular therapeutics injections using SpinoBot, a targeting and injection needle guidance system.
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Mustapha, Faizal, Fathilah Ismail, Mohd Khairul Hafiz Muda, Mohd Na’im Abdullah, Mohd Saffuan Yaakob, and Mohd Norfaiz Kadir. "A “NEW NORMAL” CONCEPTUAL APPROACH; AUGMENTED REALITY (AR) TOURISM IN TERENGGANU." In GLOBAL TOURISM CONFERENCE 2021. PENERBIT UMT, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46754/gtc.2021.11.007.
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Tourism is one of the sectors that has been badly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Consequently, governments around the globe have taken measures to ease the effect of the resulting economic downturn on households and businesses in a bid to prolong survivability of the public. In the longer run, this tourism industry will desperately need to adapt to a post-pandemic “new normal” to sustain the income of its tourism players and operators. The alternative to coping with the new normal is to migrate from the classical model to an advanced or high-technology approach. “High-Tech” devices or tools can play an important role towards the recovery of the tourism industry following the upheaval caused by the pandemic. The new standard operating procedures (SOPs) to mitigate the spread of the disease, health consciousness and better hygiene protocols, and as well as social distancing are likely to remain in place for the foreseeable future. Touchless services delivery and investments in digital technology could facilitate an industry-wide recovery. The use of modern technology is quickly becoming a necessity for many destinations in order to stay competitive and attractive in the new norm of the tourism industry. A new form of technology that may be suitable for the tourism industry to use to regain some of its former glory is that of virtual and or Augmented Reality (AR). The aim of this paper is to give industry players an insight into the basic design of a mobile AR Tourism application for the state of Terengganu in Malaysia. Several interesting places will be selected for AR Tourism research and practice. The AR Tourism app will be designed to serve a specific purpose for the user, while multi-language functionality, ease-of-use and the capability to personalise the app are among the main requirements that need to be considered in attracting tourists and encouraging regular use among travel enthusiasts.
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Masci, P. P., A. N. Whitaker, J. J. Morrison, and E. A. Bennett. "PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE PROCOAGULANT OF THE VENOM OF TROPIDECHIS CARINATUS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644322.
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Tropidechis carinatus is a venomous elapid snake distributed throughout Eastern Queensland. It has been considered as a tropical relative of Notechis scutatus and, similarly, the crude venom contains an indirect prothrombin activator, which will clot plasma provided that Factor V is present. Myotoxins and neurotoxins are also present. Envenomated patients regularly develop disseminated intravascular coagulation. The crude whole venom of T.carinatus was shown to have five major components by gel filtration, SDS PAGE and HPLC, and even more components by isoelectric focusing. The procoagulant eluted with a molecular weight of 55,000, being found in peak II on gel filtration on Sephadex-G150. The procoagulant was purified using a combination of Sephadex-G150 chromatography and ion-exchange on DEAE Sephadex-A50 and shown to migrate as a single band of molecular weight 55.000 by SDS PAGE. On reduction by β -mercaptoethanol this component was resolvec into u heavy chain of molecular weight 30.000 and a light chain of 25,000. The procoagulant was shown to bind to con A-Sepharose 4B and Blue Sepharose 4B. Coagulation studies using this purified procoagulant confirmed a factor Xa-like activity activating prothrombin in the presence of factor V. The purified fraction is unstable in buffer solutions at 4°C, probably because of trypsin - like autodigestion. Ouchterlony studies of the procoagulants of T.carinatus and N.scutatus show both lines of homogeneity and spurring, indicating similarities but also significant differences between the two proteins. The purified procoagulant was lethal to adult rats, an IV injection of 10 μg killing in 1 - 2 minutes. Death was prevented by prior heparinization, suggesting that the procoagulant is toxic in the absence of neurotoxin and other components.
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Bablitch, Douglas, Rupeet Malhotra, Rick Frappa, and Scott Warner. "Design and Installation of a Permeable Treatment Wall to Passively Remove Strontium-90 From Groundwater at a Former Commercial Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing Facility in New York." In ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2011-59292.
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A permeable treatment wall (PTW) was designed and installed at the West Valley Development Project (WVDP), a former commercial nuclear fuel reprocessing facility in New York, to passively remove and contain the expansion of strontium-90 (Sr-90) in the site groundwater. AMEC engineers and geologists have collaborated with researchers at the State University of New York at Buffalo (UB) and West Valley Environmental Services LLC to design and install an approximately 260 meter (860-foot) long by 0.9 meter (3-foot) thick zone of granular zeolite (a natural aggregate composed of approximately 85 percent of the mineral clinoptilolite) that will remove Sr-90 in situ from groundwater through ion-exchange reactions. The PTW was designed to meet the functional objectives for up to 20 years; performance monitoring will be conducted regularly and will be used to assess the lifetime efficacy of the PTW. The zeolite-filled PTW was the selected remedial alternative due to its hydraulically passive operations and lower life-cycle cost over other more traditional active treatment alternatives such as pump and treat. The design relied heavily on detailed site characterization of site soils and groundwater conditions and bench and pilot scale evaluations of various zeolite materials. The design specified the use of a one-pass trencher to simultaneously remove unconsolidated aquifer material composed of glaciofluvial-derived silt, sand, and gravel from ground surface to depths up to approximately 9 meters (30 feet) and replace the excavated zone with zeolite along the entire alignment while keying the PTW at least 0.9 meter (3 feet) into the underlying low-permeability glacial till. Several technology demonstrations were conducted to assess implementability using the one-pass trencher prior to completing the final design. During full-scale implementation, excavated sediment was conveyed directly into a prefabricated containment structure pending final disposition. The passive design provides a cost effective and sustainable alternative for treatment of Sr-90 and potentially other exchangeable radioactive ions in groundwater where these constituents migrate in unconsolidated materials.
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Kaķis, Roberts, Dagnija Blumberga, and Ģirts Vīgants. "Guidlines for Inventors “From Idea to Product”." In 11th International Conference “Environmental Engineering”. VGTU Technika, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2020.695.
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The article deals with the problem facing Latvian inventors in how to develop the idea to a real product. There are often cases where innovative ideas “migrate” from original inventors to other inventors, when they turn to them to seek support for developing and supporting the idea. The main components of the guidelines are the establishment of a patent application and, in general, a description of the entire patent acquisition process and the creation of a life cycle analysis using the SimaPro software. The article is intended primarily for the development of environmentally friendly inventions, which is why the life cycle analysis is one of the main components of the article, to make it possible to conclude whether the production and use of the new product will not result in a higher “ecological footprint” than previously used technologies, paying particular attention to the inventor stage in order to accurately develop a life-cycle analysis. The article does not only explore the necessary theoretical knowledge of the realisation of the idea to the product, but also looks at the pilot case, a practical example of an innovative “dust co-firing burner” compared to the conventional natural gas burner. The life-cycle analysis compares the following steps: manufacture of plants, transportation of plants and special emphasis on the combustion phase of fuels, three scenarios are examined: a natural gas burner burning natural gas, a dust burner in which natural gas is co-incinerated and fine wood particles − dust and a dust burner burning. biomethane and wood dust. The use of such an installation would not only reduce emissions from the replacement of natural gas by wood dust, but also allow energy companies to work more effectively, as it would be possible to regulate the proportion of different fuels depending on demand, because the fuels have different heat of combustion. The article establishes a methodology to analyse the quality and implementation of inventions in response to the following key questions: − how to identify original ideas and how to protect authors from the migration of ideas; − how to collect and analyse the risks associated with migration of ideas; − how to use life cycle analysis for the assessment of the “ecological footprint” of the invention.
Reports on the topic "Regular migrants"
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Perdomo Rico, Juan Camilo. Making migrants visible: a review of information on migrants in censuses and households surveys in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004492.
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Structural changes in migration flows in recent years have brought important demographic changes to the Latin America and Caribbean region. These changes have generated the need to increase the efforts of National Statistical Offices (NSOs) of each country to periodically collect and publish a set of socioeconomic indicators of the wellbeing of their inhabitants, especially migrants. This note identifies the existing coverage of data on migrants in the censuses and regular household surveys that are carried out in the region. To this end, it provides a review of the data that has been collected at the IDB and published on the web sites of the NSOs of each country. Based on this data, the report identifies whether it is possible to identify migrants in the data, how representative the sample is, and for which years (beginning in 2010). The note includes a summary by country of the data available, indicating observed discrepancies in the measures of the migrant population among different sources of data for the country.
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Bahar, Dany, Ana María Ibáñez, and Sandra Rozo. Give Me Your Tired and Your Poor: Impact of a Large-Scale Amnesty Program for Undocumented Refugees. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002893.
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Between 2014 and 2020 over 1.8 million refugees fled from Venezuela to Colombia as a result of a humanitarian crisis, many of them without a regular migratory status. We study the short- to medium-term labor market impacts in Colombia of the Permiso Temporal de Permanencia program, the largest migratory amnesty program offered to undocumented migrants in a developing country in modern history. The program granted regular migratory status and work permits to nearly half a million undocumented Venezuelan migrants in Colombia in August 2018. To identify the effects of the program, we match confidential administrative data on the location of undocumented migrants with department-monthly data from household surveys and compare labor outcomes in departments that were granted different average time windows to register for the amnesty online, before and after the program roll-out. We are only able to distinguish negative albeit negligible effects of the program on the formal employment of Colombian workers. These effects are predominantly concentrated in highly educated and in female workers.
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Collyer, Michael, Tahir Zaman, and Dolf te Lintelo. Displacement and Social Assistance. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/basic.2022.029.
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Displacement forms part of virtually any major crisis. It introduces a level of complexity when providing social assistance that leads to a specific, usually context-dependent set of challenges. It is widely recognised that the vast majority of displaced people will travel as short a distance as possible to reach safety, whether as Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs), refugees or irregular migrants in neighbouring countries. Displaced people are disproportionately hosted in low- and middle-income countries, and the length of their displacement is increasing. This highlights the urgent priority of displacement; indeed, it has received sustained attention from the highest levels of global decision-making, particularly since 2016, including two Global Compacts in 2018 (Global Compact for Migration, Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration). Although some have argued that such global summits offer a replacement for meaningful action, these events at least highlight clear political will to shift the emphasis from humanitarian responses to a much longer-term development focus. Interest in social assistance and displacement has also grown since 2018 and resulting policy must respond to this concern for more sustainable responses. High-level commitments are slowly filtering through to policy, while recent research has provided clear frameworks for analysing developing policy approaches. Gaps remain in the analysis of policy implementation and in the assessment of how to access social assistance beyond official state channels.
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Sheridan, Anne. Annual report on migration and asylum 2016: Ireland. ESRI, November 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.26504/sustat65.
Full textAbstract:
The Annual Report on Migration and Asylum 2016 provides an overview of trends, policy developments and significant debates in the area of asylum and migration during 2016 in Ireland. Some important developments in 2016 included: The International Protection Act 2015 was commenced throughout 2016. The single application procedure under the Act came into operation from 31 December 2016. The International Protection Office (IPO) replaced the Office of the Refugee Applications Commissioner (ORAC) from 31 December 2016. The first instance appeals body, the International Protection Appeals Tribunal (IPAT), replacing the Refugee Appeals Tribunal (RAT), was established on 31 December 2016. An online appointments system for all registrations at the Registration Office in Dublin was introduced. An electronic Employment Permits Online System (EPOS) was introduced. The Irish Short Stay Visa Waiver Programme was extended for a further five years to October 2021. The Second National Action Plan to Prevent and Combat Human Trafficking was published. 2016 was the first full year of implementation of the Irish Refugee Protection Programme (IRPP). A total of 240 persons were relocated to Ireland from Greece under the relocation strand of the programme and 356 persons were resettled to Ireland. Following an Oireachtas motion, the Government agreed to allocate up to 200 places to unaccompanied minors who had been living in the former migrant camp in Calais and who expressed a wish to come to Ireland. This figure is included in the overall total under the IRPP. Ireland and Jordan were appointed as co-facilitators in February 2016 to conduct preparatory negotiations for the UN high level Summit for Refugees and Migrants. The New York Declaration, of September 2016, sets out plans to start negotiations for a global compact for safe, orderly and regular migration and a global compact for refugees to be adopted in 2018. Key figures for 2016: There were approximately 115,000 non-EEA nationals with permission to remain in Ireland in 2016 compared to 114,000 at the end of 2015. Net inward migration for non-EU nationals is estimated to be 15,700. The number of newly arriving immigrants increased year-on-year to 84,600 at April 2017 from 82,300 at end April 2016. Non-EU nationals represented 34.8 per cent of this total at end April 2017. A total of 104,572 visas, both long stay and short stay, were issued in 2016. Approximately 4,127 persons were refused entry to Ireland at the external borders. Of these, 396 were subsequently admitted to pursue a protection application. 428 persons were returned from Ireland as part of forced return measures, with 187 availing of voluntary return, of which 143 were assisted by the International Organization for Migration Assisted Voluntary Return Programme. There were 532 permissions of leave to remain granted under section 3 of the Immigration Act 1999 during 2016. A total of 2,244 applications for refugee status were received in 2016, a drop of 32 per cent from 2015 (3,276). 641 subsidiary protection cases were processed and 431 new applications for subsidiary protection were submitted. 358 applications for family reunification in respect of recognised refugees were received. A total of 95 alleged trafficking victims were identified, compared with 78 in 2015.
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Keo, Bunthea, Amira Abdelhamid, and Eric Kasper. The Impact of Covid-19 Response Policies on Vulnerable Migrant Workers and Victims of Trafficking in Cambodia. Institute of Development Studies, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/cc.2022.002.
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To date, the Government of Cambodia has issued at least 2,216 policies in response to Covid-19. These have largely been directed at limiting the spread of the Covid-19 within Cambodia, with clear attempts to mitigate the burden on economically- and socially-vulnerable groups. This study explored the ways in which the policy response to Covid-19 has been experienced by vulnerable migrant workers and people vulnerable to trafficking in persons. We interviewed seven social workers and independent experts, four migrant workers, and nine survivors of trafficking in order to gather evidence about gaps in the policies’ abilities to protect people and to identify mechanisms by which they impacted vulnerability. We find that, while the policies have attempted to provide protection to vulnerable groups, the majority of our respondents were not able to access it effectively. Workers in informal sectors have been particularly impacted by work stoppages since they have less bargaining power with employers and are much less able to access government unemployment support. Migrant workers trapped abroad faced hardships and discrimination, with many making risky journeys back to Cambodia or losing their regular migrant status. Border closure policies meant that many people were not able to safely return to Cambodia or travel for their livelihoods. This resulted in an increased reliance on brokers to cross borders illegally and to attempt to find work, which in turn increased risks of exploitation and trafficking at the very time when officials and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) were least able to monitor and identify violations.
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Hajarizadeh, Behzad, Jennifer MacLachlan, Benjamin Cowie, and Gregory J. Dore. Population-level interventions to improve the health outcomes of people living with hepatitis B: an Evidence Check brokered by the Sax Institute for the NSW Ministry of Health, 2022. The Sax Institute, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/pxwj3682.
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Background An estimated 292 million people are living with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection globally, including 223,000 people in Australia. HBV diagnosis and linkage of people living with HBV to clinical care is suboptimal in Australia, with 27% of people living with HBV undiagnosed and 77% not receiving regular HBV clinical care. This systematic review aimed to characterize population-level interventions implemented to enhance all components of HBV care cascade and analyse the effectiveness of interventions. Review questions Question 1: What population-level interventions, programs or policy approaches have been shown to be effective in reducing the incidence of hepatitis B; and that may not yet be fully rolled out or evaluated in Australia demonstrate early effectiveness, or promise, in reducing the incidence of hepatitis B? Question 2: What population-level interventions and/or programs are effective at reducing disease burden for people in the community with hepatitis B? Methods Four bibliographic databases and 21 grey literature sources were searched. Studies were eligible for inclusion if the study population included people with or at risk of chronic HBV, and the study conducted a population-level interventions to decrease HBV incidence or disease burden or to enhance any components of HBV care cascade (i.e., diagnosis, linkage to care, treatment initiation, adherence to clinical care), or HBV vaccination coverage. Studies published in the past 10 years (since January 2012), with or without comparison groups were eligible for inclusion. Studies conducting an HBV screening intervention were eligible if they reported proportion of people participating in screening, proportion of newly diagnosed HBV (participant was unaware of their HBV status), proportion of people received HBV vaccination following screening, or proportion of participants diagnosed with chronic HBV infection who were linked to HBV clinical care. Studies were excluded if study population was less than 20 participants, intervention included a pharmaceutical intervention or a hospital-based intervention, or study was implemented in limited clinical services. The records were initially screened by title and abstract. The full texts of potentially eligible records were reviewed, and eligible studies were selected for inclusion. For each study included in analysis, the study outcome and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) were calculated. For studies including a comparison group, odds ratio (OR) and corresponding 95%CIs were calculated. Random effect meta-analysis models were used to calculate the pooled study outcome estimates. Stratified analyses were conducted by study setting, study population, and intervention-specific characteristics. Key findings A total of 61 studies were included in the analysis. A large majority of studies (study n=48, 79%) included single-arm studies with no concurrent control, with seven (12%) randomised controlled trials, and six (10%) non-randomised controlled studies. A total of 109 interventions were evaluated in 61 included studies. On-site or outreach HBV screening and linkage to HBV clinical care coordination were the most frequent interventions, conducted in 27 and 26 studies, respectively. Question 1 We found no studies reporting HBV incidence as the study outcome. One study conducted in remote area demonstrated that an intervention including education of pregnant women and training village health volunteers enhanced coverage of HBV birth dose vaccination (93% post-intervention, vs. 81% pre-intervention), but no data of HBV incidence among infants were reported. Question 2 Study outcomes most relevant to the HBV burden for people in the community with HBV included, HBV diagnosis, linkage to HBV care, and HBV vaccination coverage. Among randomised controlled trials aimed at enhancing HBV screening, a meta-analysis was conducted including three studies which implemented an intervention including community face-to-face education focused on HBV and/or liver cancer among migrants from high HBV prevalence areas. This analysis demonstrated a significantly higher HBV testing uptake in intervention groups with the likelihood of HBV testing 3.6 times higher among those participating in education programs compared to the control groups (OR: 3.62, 95% CI 2.72, 4.88). In another analysis, including 25 studies evaluating an intervention to enhance HBV screening, a pooled estimate of 66% of participants received HBV testing following the study intervention (95%CI: 58-75%), with high heterogeneity across studies (range: 17-98%; I-square: 99.9%). A stratified analysis by HBV screening strategy demonstrated that in the studies providing participants with on-site HBV testing, the proportion receiving HBV testing (80%, 95%CI: 72-87%) was significantly higher compared to the studies referring participants to an external site for HBV testing (54%, 95%CI: 37-71%). In the studies implementing an intervention to enhance linkage of people diagnosed with HBV infection to clinical care, the interventions included different components and varied across studies. The most common component was post-test counselling followed by assistance with scheduling clinical appointments, conducted in 52% and 38% of the studies, respectively. In meta-analysis, a pooled estimate of 73% of people with HBV infection were linked to HBV clinical care (95%CI: 64-81%), with high heterogeneity across studies (range: 28-100%; I-square: 99.2%). A stratified analysis by study population demonstrated that in the studies among general population in high prevalence countries, 94% of people (95%CI: 88-100%) who received the study intervention were linked to care, significantly higher than 72% (95%CI: 61-83%) in studies among migrants from high prevalence area living in a country with low prevalence. In 19 studies, HBV vaccination uptake was assessed after an intervention, among which one study assessed birth dose vaccination among infants, one study assessed vaccination in elementary school children and 17 studies assessed vaccination in adults. Among studies assessing adult vaccination, a pooled estimate of 38% (95%CI: 21-56%) of people initiated vaccination, with high heterogeneity across studies (range: 0.5-93%; I square: 99.9%). A stratified analysis by HBV vaccination strategy demonstrated that in the studies providing on-site vaccination, the uptake was 78% (95%CI: 62-94%), significantly higher compared to 27% (95%CI: 13-42%) in studies referring participants to an external site for vaccination. Conclusion This systematic review identified a wide variety of interventions, mostly multi-component interventions, to enhance HBV screening, linkage to HBV clinical care, and HBV vaccination coverage. High heterogeneity was observed in effectiveness of interventions in all three domains of screening, linkage to care, and vaccination. Strategies identified to boost the effectiveness of interventions included providing on-site HBV testing and vaccination (versus referral for testing and vaccination) and including community education focussed on HBV or liver cancer in an HBV screening program. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of more novel interventions (e.g., point of care testing) and interventions specifically including Indigenous populations, people who inject drugs, men who have sex with men, and people incarcerated.