Journal articles: 'Regolith-landform'

1

Caruso, Alicia S., Kenneth D. Clarke, Caroline J. Tiddy, Steven Delean, and Megan M. Lewis. "Objective Regolith-Landform Mapping in a Regolith Dominated Terrain to Inform Mineral Exploration." Geosciences 8, no. 9 (August 24, 2018): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8090318.

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An objective method for generating statistically sound objective regolith-landform maps using widely accessible digital topographic and geophysical data without requiring specific regional knowledge is demonstrated and has application as a first pass tool for mineral exploration in regolith dominated terrains. This method differs from traditional regolith-landform mapping methods in that it is not subject to interpretation and bias of the mapper. This study was undertaken in a location where mineral exploration has occurred for over 20 years and traditional regolith mapping had recently been completed using a standardized subjective methodology. An unsupervised classification was performed using a Digital Elevation Model, Topographic Position Index, and airborne gamma-ray radiometrics as data inputs resulting in 30 classes that were clustered to eight groups representing regolith types. The association between objective and traditional mapping classes was tested using the ‘Mapcurves’ algorithm to determine the ‘Goodness-of-Fit’, resulting in a mean score of 26.4% between methods. This Goodness-of-Fit indicates that this objective map may be used for initial mineral exploration in regolith dominated terrains.

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Sawadogo, Benjamin, Ousmane Bamba, and Dominique Chardon. "Landform-regolith mapping in the West African context." Ore Geology Reviews 126 (November 2020): 103782. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2020.103782.

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Woolrych, Thomas, and Steve Dr Batty. "A Semi Automated Technique to Regolith-Landform mapping in West Africa." ASEG Extended Abstracts 2007, no. 1 (December 1, 2007): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aseg2007ab167.

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Thorne, R. L., S. C. Spinks, and R. R. Anand. "Geomorphic provinces and regolith-landform evolution of the Capricorn Orogen, Western Australia." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 68, no. 5 (January 21, 2021): 641–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08120099.2021.1848923.

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Chardon, Dominique, Jean-Louis Grimaud, Anicet Beauvais, and Ousmane Bamba. "West African lateritic pediments: Landform-regolith evolution processes and mineral exploration pitfalls." Earth-Science Reviews 179 (April 2018): 124–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.02.009.

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Arhin, Emmanuel, Samuel Torkornoo, Musah Saeed Zango, and Raymond Webrah Kazapoe. "Gold in Plant: A Biogeochemical Approach in Detecting Gold Anomalies Undercover- A Case Study at Pelangio Gold Project at Mamfo Area of Brong Ahafo, Ghana." Ghana Mining Journal 18, no. 1 (June 28, 2018): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gm.v18i1.5.

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Many plants have the ability to take up gold from soils and accumulate them in their tissues. Their concentrations and distributions reflect the nearby gold deposits masked by complex regolith. The 50 vegetation samples collected at Pelangio Tepa concession recorded low and subtle gold (Au) concentrations of 0.2 to 10.4 ppb at Pokukrom target, 0.3 to 28.3 ppb at Nfante East target and 0.1 to 1.7 ppb at Subriso target. Each target area had different concentration populations enough to distinguish the anomalous areas from the background contrary to Au-geochemical expressions derived from the gold in soils. So many uncertainties were placed on the soil-Au-geochemistry because the defined anomalies were not strong and generally appear patchy, weak and subtle that led to the assumption of no associated bedrock mineralisation. The gold in plant samples confirmed the Pokukrom anomaly that has been drilled and known to relate to underlying mineralisation. Much better and robust anomaly was defined by the biogeochemical Au data in plants sampled and analysed for Au at Nfante East target and isolated high patchy anomalies were identified at Subriso area. The case study at Pelangio Mamfo project reveals and recommends the significant application of biogeochemistry in mineral exploration particularly in the field of gold prospecting at the regional exploration stage and endorses it as being practically feasible in regolith-dominated terrains where regolith-landform modifications may impact on the true geochemistry in anomaly delineation. Keywords: Biogeochemistry, Regolith-Dominated-Terrain, Plant, Gold, Pelangio

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Anand, Ravi R. "Regolith-landform processes and geochemical exploration for base metal deposits in regolith-dominated terrains of the Mt Isa region, northwest Queensland, Australia." Ore Geology Reviews 73 (March 2016): 451–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2015.08.014.

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Metelka, Václav, Lenka Baratoux, Mark W. Jessell, Andreas Barth, Josef Ježek, and Séta Naba. "Automated regolith landform mapping using airborne geophysics and remote sensing data, Burkina Faso, West Africa." Remote Sensing of Environment 204 (January 2018): 964–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.08.004.

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Grimaud, Jean-Louis, Dominique Chardon, Václav Metelka, Anicet Beauvais, and Ousmane Bamba. "Neogene cratonic erosion fluxes and landform evolution processes from regional regolith mapping (Burkina Faso, West Africa)." Geomorphology 241 (July 2015): 315–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.04.006.

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Mills, Hugh H. "Relative-age dating of transported regolith and application to study of landform evolution in the Appalachians." Geomorphology 67, no. 1-2 (April 2005): 63–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.08.015.

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Anand, Ravi R. "Importance of 3-D regolith-landform control in areas of transported cover: implications for geochemical exploration." Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis 16, no. 1 (July 1, 2015): 14–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/geochem2014-323.

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von der Heyden, C. J., and M. G. New. "The role of a dambo in the hydrology of a catchment and the river network downstream." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 7, no. 3 (June 30, 2003): 339–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-7-339-2003.

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Abstract. Dambos are shallow, seasonally inundated wetlands and are a widespread landform in Central and Southern Africa. Owing to their importance in local agriculture and as a water resource, the hydrology of dambos is of considerable interest: varied, and sometimes contradictory, hydrological characteristics have been described in the literature. The issues in contention focus on the role of the dambo in (i) the catchment evapotranspiration (ET) budget, (ii) flood flow retardation and attenuation, and (iii) sustaining dry season flow to the river down-stream. In addition, both rainfall and groundwater have been identified as the dominant source of water to the dambo and various hydrogeological models have been proposed to describe the hydrological functions of the landform. In this paper, hydrological and geochemical data collected over a full hydrological year are used to investigate and describe the hydrological functions of a dambo in north-western Zambia. The Penman estimate of wetland ET was less than the ET from the miombo-wooded interfluve and the wetland has been shown to have little effect on flood flow retardation or attenuation. Discharge of water stored within the wetland contributed little to the dry season flow from the dambo, which was sustained primarily by groundwater discharge. Flow in a perched aquifer within the catchment soils contributed a large portion of baseflow during the rains and early dry season. This source ceased by the mid dry season, implying that the sustained middle to late dry season streamflow from the wetland is through discharge of a deeper aquifer within the underlying regolith or bedrock. This hypothesis is tested through an analysis of groundwater and wetland geochemistry. Various physical parameters, PHREEQC model results and end member mixing analysis (EMMA) suggest strongly that the deep Upper Roan dolomite aquifer is the source of sustained discharge from the wetland. Keywords: dambo, hydrology, hydrogeology, stormflow, evapotranspiration, baseflow, sponge effect, Zambia

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Pandey, Siddharth, Jonathan Clarke, Preeti Nema, Rosalba Bonaccorsi, Sanjoy Som, Mukund Sharma, Binita Phartiyal, et al. "Ladakh: diverse, high-altitude extreme environments for off-earth analogue and astrobiology research." International Journal of Astrobiology 19, no. 1 (June 13, 2019): 78–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1473550419000119.

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AbstractThis paper highlights unique sites in Ladakh, India, investigated during our 2016 multidisciplinary pathfinding expedition to the region. We summarize our scientific findings and the site's potential to support science exploration, testing of new technologies and science protocols within the framework of astrobiology research. Ladakh has several accessible, diverse, pristine and extreme environments at very high altitudes (3000–5700 m above sea level). These sites include glacial passes, sand dunes, hot springs and saline lake shorelines with periglacial features. We report geological observations and environmental characteristics (of astrobiological significance) along with the development of regolith-landform maps for cold high passes. The effects of the diurnal water cycle on salt deliquescence were studied using the ExoMars Mission instrument mockup: HabitAbility: Brines, Irradiance and Temperature (HABIT). It recorded the existence of an interaction between the diurnal water cycle in the atmosphere and salts in the soil (which can serve as habitable liquid water reservoirs). Life detection assays were also tested to establish the best protocols for biomass measurements in brines, periglacial ice-mud and permafrost melt water environments in the Tso-Kar region. This campaign helped confirm the relevance of clays and brines as interest targets of research on Mars for biomarker preservation and life detection.

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14

Chen, Xiang Yang. "Quaternary sedimentation, parna, landforms, and soil landscapes of the Wagga Wagga 1 : 100 000 map sheet, south-eastern Australia." Soil Research 35, no. 3 (1997): 643. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/s96071.

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The Wagga Wagga 1 : 100 000 map sheet is on the Western Slopes of southern New South Wales. The regional topography changes from hills in the east and south-east to gently sloping rises and alluvial plains in the west. Aeolian clays (parna) form a consistent clay regolith regardless of the underlying geology in the gently sloping areas. In some alluvial plains and on some lower hill slopes, the surficial sediments contain a significant portion of reworked parna. In hilly areas, parna is poorly preserved except on some remnant ancient land surfaces, such as dissected plateaux and piedmont plains. The soil pattern in the area is well controlled by landform processes and history. On relatively steep hill slopes, locally derived materials from weathering of bedrock are usually the dominant components of the soils, and geology is the dominant factor controlling soil distribution. In contrast, the Murrumbidgee high floodplain is covered by uniform silty clay with deep clayey soils (brown/grey Dermosols). Before the mid-Holocene, the alluvium mainly comprised sands and gravels, which were reworked by wind forming sand sheets and sand mounds (source-bordering dunes) on which deep sandy soils (Rudosols) now occur. The sediments and soils on the alluvial plains of local streams vary according to their distance from the source area and the flooding frequency. Areas considered to be mantled by parna, uniform red clayey soils (haplic red Kandosols/Chromosols) occur. Although the distribution pattern of the soils is controlled by the landform evolution, the relationships between soil morphological properties and topography are not readily quantified. On the alluvial and gently sloping landforms, soil properties usually show little change even though slope gradient and slope length vary. Some soils, e.g. the Rudosols on the sand sheets, rarely show any topographic features which may indicate their presence. In limited areas, e.g. on steeper hills formed on metasedimentary rock, the soil properties vary with changes in topographic parameters (slope gradient and slope length).

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Webb, T. H., B. D. Fahey, K. M. Giddens, S. Harris, C. C. Pruden, and J. S. Whitton. "Soil-landscape and soil-hydrological relationships in the Glendhu Experimental Catchments, East Otago Uplands, New Zealand." Soil Research 37, no. 4 (1999): 761. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr98102.

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Soil-landscape relationships were investigated in a first-order catchment and a fifth-order catchment of the Waipori River. The soils are formed mainly from loess and loess−colluvium derived fromschist, with limited inclusions of rock material from under lying schist bedrock. Five soil series are identified primarilyon the basis of differences in soil drainage. Occurrence of soil series within the landscape is related to a combination of aspect and slope angle while the depth of regolith is related to a combination of landform element and slope angle. Five soil profiles within a first-order catchment were analysed for chemical, mineralogical, and hydrological properties. Allsoils are acidic, strongly leached, and moderately weathered. Pedogenesis and geomorphology are discussed in relation to glacial history, climate, and vegetation. Evidence is presented to indicate that the change from forest to tussock grassland vegetation, 700−1000 years ago, has had a major impact on the development of a perch-gley profile morphology. Permeable conditions are largely confined to the upper 0·10−0·15 m depth and to underlying very stony horizons below 0·50 m depth. All profiles have one or more horizons with very slow permeability. Under high or prolonged rainfall conditions, water will perch above slowly permeable horizons and flow laterally within more permeable surface horizons. This conclusion is in agreement with previous water-flow measurements in the catchment.

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16

Moore, C. L., B. R. Jenkins, A. L. Cowood, A. Nicholson, R. Muller, A. Wooldridge, W. Cook, et al. "Hydrogeological Landscapes framework: a biophysical approach to landscape characterisation and salinity hazard assessment." Soil Research 56, no. 1 (2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr16183.

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In Australia, salinity has the potential to affect up to 17million hectares of agricultural and pastoral land. For many degraded sites, biophysical hazards are often poorly understood and consequently poorly managed. Attempts to remediate areas affected by salinity have met with varying degrees of success. The New South Wales (NSW) Office of Environment and Heritage, NSW Department of Primary Industries, University of Canberra and Geoscience Australia have collaborated to develop a biophysical expert-based approach for the assessment and management of salinity within landscapes. The Hydrogeological Landscape (HGL) framework provides a structure for understanding how salinity manifests in the landscape, how differences in salinity are expressed across the landscape and how salinity may best be managed. The HGL framework merges the flow dynamics of the groundwater flow system with the landscape elements of the soil landscape or regolith landform approaches. This is the first approach to specifically address all three manifestations of salinity: land salinity, in-stream salt load and in-stream salt concentration. The HGL framework methodology recognises the interplay between surface and subsurface flow systems, as well as the capacity for water to interact with salt stores in the landscape, and identifies biophysical landscape characteristics (e.g. amount and type of vegetation cover, typical land use practice) that affect these interactions. The HGL framework is an expert system that integrates the spatial variability of landscape characteristics and salinity processes to produce a salinity hazard assessment for any given area.

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17

Cowood, A. L., J. Young, T. I. Dowling, C. L. Moore, R. Muller, J. MacKenzie, M. Littleboy, and A. T. Nicholson. "Assessing wetland climate change vulnerability for wetland management decision support using the hydrogeological landscape framework: application in the Australian Capital Territory." Marine and Freshwater Research 70, no. 2 (2019): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf17302.

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The hydrogeological landscape (HGL) framework provides a landscape characterisation method that identifies areas of similar physical, hydrogeological, hydrological, chemical and biological properties, referred to as HGL units. The underlying principle of the HGL framework is that water distribution and movement is controlled by climate, landform, geology, regolith, soil and vegetation properties. By understanding the patterns of variability in the setting and controls of atmospheric, surface and groundwater systems for a given landscape, the developed HGL units, and associated landscape element-based management areas, can be used for hazard assessment and natural resource management centred on water availability, quality, sustainability and associated ecological systems. Existing wetland frameworks also demonstrate that it is the hydrogeomorphological or hydrogeological characteristics of the landscape that will determine the variability in water inputs and outputs for a wetland water balance, a principle shared with the HGL framework. It is therefore logical that HGL units and management areas can be used as planning units for wetland hazard assessment and management. This paper presents an assessment of climate change vulnerability for 1296 wetlands across the Australian Capital Territory using indicators representing current anthropogenic pressure, future ecological change and future hydrological change. The use of management areas for the hazard assessment allows understanding of the patterns of variability in the chosen indicators and hazard assessment outcomes specifically for the areas to be managed. This approach allows consideration of the landscape setting when identifying suitable locations to undertake on-ground management actions to address the hazards identified.

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18

Balme, M. R., C. J. Gallagher, and E. Hauber. "Morphological evidence for geologically young thaw of ice on Mars: A review of recent studies using high-resolution imaging data." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 37, no. 3 (February 13, 2013): 289–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133313477123.

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Liquid water is generally only meta-stable on Mars today; it quickly freezes, evaporates or boils in the cold, dry, thin atmosphere (surface pressure is about 200 times lower than on Earth). Nevertheless, there is morphological evidence that surface water was extensive in more ancient times, including the Noachian Epoch (∼4.1 Ga to ∼3.7 Ga bp), when large lakes existed and river-like channel networks were incised, and early in the Hesperian Epoch (∼3.7 Ga to ∼2.9 Ga bp), when megafloods carved enormous channels and smaller fluvial networks developed in association with crater-lakes. However, by the Amazonian Epoch (∼3.0 Ga to present), most surface morphogenesis associated with liquid water had ceased, with long periods of water sequestration as ice in the near-surface and polar regions. However, inferences from observations using imaging data with sub-metre pixel sizes indicate that periglacial landscapes, involving morphogenesis associated with ground-ice and/or surface-ice thaw and liquid flows, has been active within the last few million years. In this paper, three such landform assemblages are described: a high-latitude assemblage comprising features interpreted to be sorted clastic stripes, circles and polygons, non-sorted polygonally patterned ground, fluvial gullies, and solifluction lobes; a mid-latitude assemblage comprising gullies, patterned ground, debris-covered glaciers and hillslope stripes; and an equatorial assemblage of linked basins, patterned ground, possible pingos, and channel-and-scarp features interpreted to be retrogressive thaw-slumps. Hypotheses to explain these observations are explored, including recent climate change, and hydrated minerals in the regolith ‘thawing’ to form liquid brines at very low temperatures. The use of terrestrial analogue field sites is also discussed.

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Laukamp, Carsten, Maarten Haest, and Thomas Cudahy. "The Rocklea Dome 3D Mineral Mapping Test Data Set." Earth System Science Data 13, no. 3 (March 30, 2021): 1371–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1371-2021.

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Abstract. The integration of surface and subsurface geoscience data is critical for efficient and effective mineral exploration and mining. Publicly accessible data sets to evaluate the various geoscience analytical tools and their effectiveness for characterisation of mineral assemblages and lithologies or discrimination of ore from waste are however scarce. The open-access Rocklea Dome 3D Mineral Mapping Test Data Set (Laukamp, 2020; https://doi.org/10.25919/5ed83bf55be6a) provides an opportunity for evaluating proximal and remote sensing data, validated and calibrated by independent geochemical and mineralogical analyses, for exploration of channel iron deposits (CIDs) through cover. We present hyperspectral airborne, surface, and drill core reflectance spectra collected in the visible–near-infrared and shortwave infrared wavelength ranges (VNIR–SWIR; 350 to 2500 nm), as well as whole-rock geochemistry obtained by means of X-ray fluorescence analysis and loss-on-ignition measurements of drill core samples. The integration of surface with subsurface hyperspectral data collected in the frame of previously published Rocklea Dome 3D Mineral Mapping case studies demonstrated that about 30 % of exploration drill holes were sunk into barren ground and could have been of better use, located elsewhere, if airborne hyperspectral imagery had been consulted for drill hole planning. The remote mapping of transported Tertiary detritals (i.e. potential hosts of channel iron ore resources) versus weathered in situ Archaean bedrock (i.e. barren ground) has significant implications for other areas where “cover” (i.e. regolith and/or sediments covering bedrock hosting mineral deposits) hinders mineral exploration. Hyperspectral remote sensing represents a cost-effective method for regolith landform mapping required for planning drilling programmes. In the Rocklea Dome area, vegetation unmixing methods applied to airborne hyperspectral data, integrated with subsurface data, resulted in seamless mapping of ore zones from the weathered surface to the base of the CID – a concept that can be applied to other mineral exploration and mineral deposit studies. Furthermore, the associated, independent calibration data allowed the quantification of iron oxide phases and associated mineralogy from hyperspectral data. Using the Rocklea Dome data set, novel geostatistical clustering methods were applied to the drill core data sets for ore body domaining that introduced scientific rigour to a traditionally subjective procedure, resulting in reproducible objective domains that are critical for the mining process. Beyond the previously published case studies, the Rocklea Dome 3D Mineral Mapping Test Data Set has the potential to develop new methods for advanced resource characterisation and develop new applications that aid exploration for mineral deposits through cover. The white mica and chlorite abundance maps derived from airborne hyperspectral, presented here for the first time, highlight the additional applications of remote sensing for geological mapping and could help to evaluate newly launched hyper- and multispectral spaceborne systems for geoscience and mineral exploration.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Regolith-landform'

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