Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Règles impératives du droit public'
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Vodounon-Djegni, Comlan René. "L’exécution des sentences arbitrales contre les personnes publiques de l’OHADA." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022COAZ0008.
Full textThe thesis focuses on " The execution of arbitral awards against public persons of OHADA ". Its purpose is to demonstrate how to implement these sentences without coming up against the immunity from execution of the persons who benefit from them. Indeed, in the absence of an arbitration exception, the prohibition of forced execution and interim measures against these persons seems to extend to the forced execution of arbitral awards against public persons of the OHADA. However, like the latter, immunity from execution also has a contractual basis ; it is a rule of public order of protection which the beneficiary can waive. Therefore, its application would only be required if its beneficiary has not waived it. However, to be valid, the waiver of immunity from execution must be express, within the meaning of customary international law, of which the United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunity of States and their Property of December 2, 2004 forms part. applicable in OHADA law, for legal reasons. This condition of validity of the waiver poses the problem of the effectiveness of contracts subject to the mandatory rules of public law or arbitration agreements and regulations. So, should we consider rewriting the usual models of arbitration agreements and rules to include this condition ? This approach would guarantee the effectiveness of administrative arbitration awards, based on the binding force of contracts (pacta sunt servenda) and their performance in good faith. Also, this waiver could be reinforced by the mention of property assigned to the activity in question or to the execution of the award which will ensue unrelated to the activity which gave rise to it. In any event, immunity from execution does not preclude either the identification of the debtors of the pecuniary judgments of public persons, nor the exequatur of administrative arbitration awards, nor even the voluntary or spontaneous execution of the said sentences. T hus, despite its absolute or strict design, OHADA immunity from execution has limits with respect to administrative arbitral awards
Untermaier, Élise. "Les règles générales en droit public français." Lyon 3, 2009. https://scd-resnum.univ-lyon3.fr/in/theses/2009_in_untermaier_e.pdf.
Full textWhy is the expression 'general rules' used in legal discourse? General forms permit to distinguish between general rules and rules that are not general. General rules are the ones which target one or several legal entities, setting aside the individuals these entities refer to. Thus general forms merge with impersonal forms but are not limited to them: general forms have to be also considered in their material dimension, that is to say in relation no more to subjects but objects of the rule of law. There are two justifications for the distinction between general and particular rules. First of all general rules are considered a bulwark protecting citizens from the arbitrariness of those who govern them, the effect of this is particular laws being forbidden and particular rules being submitted to general rules. Secondly the public authorities have the exclusive right to produce general rules and such a right is delegated to devolved and decentralised public authorities with much difficulty, and with even more difficulty to private individuals. Eventually the dispute in general rules has an objective nature. General forms also permit to distinguish general rules and less general rules, special rules. The analysis of the value, then the scope of general rules compared to special rules leads to conclusions full of nuances. If the criterion of speciality entails prevailing rules over general rules, its field of enforcement is limited by the organic criterion, even a material criterion. Furthermore, the principles of the indivisibility of the French Republic and equality bear witness to the fact that French public law is attached to general rules insofar as they are a justification for some derogations. Moreover, general forms tend to reduce the scope of general rules. As a matter of fact, on the one hand a general rule implies the enactment of application rules. Nevertheless, the enforcement authorities have an irreducible margin of manoeuvre. On the other hand, general rules admits derogations and exceptions
Atay, Ender Ethem. "Les règles du droit turc relatives aux engagements internationaux." Aix-Marseille 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996AIX32008.
Full textThe object of this thesis is to show how the laws concerning international engagements have evolved in the turkish judicial system from the beginning of the ottoman empire to the present time. The introduction explains, in a general way, the relationship between international law and internal law as well as the problems arising, in particular, from the methods of the decisions on treaties. In order to elucidate the conditions whereby the constitutions of 1961 and 1982 were passed and to understand the point of view of the constituent powers of these two constitutions as well as the importance given to the laws relative to international engagements, the preliminary chapter is consecrated to the elaboration of the said constitutions and international law. The study of the autority to finalize agreements on international treaties in turkey, forming the first part of the thesis, is dealt with primarily in the light of the historical method and the present situation, on a par with 1961 and the 1982 constitutions. In the second half of the thesis, the relationship between international norms is brought to light together with the application, by turkish judges, of the provisions of international conventions, in addition to the unwritten regulations and principles of international
Magnouloux, Hervé. "L'économie politique constitutionnelle : la production des règles de la démocratie." Aix-Marseille 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993AIX32006.
Full textConstitutional economics studies exchange's rules. The basic principle is that of voluntary exchange. According to it, constitutional rules, the rules of exchange, appear spontaneusly, or are producted by voluntary agreement. The principle, in this case, is unanimity. Democracy is the best political system. It means that citizens have the same rights. Rules selection and his history show that western societies have grown with an exchanges development. They became open societies. They call themselves democracies. But, in fact, they do not respect principles of voluntary exchange. The majority has all the powers. The solution to restaure constitutional rules of democracy, is to recognize secession right to every political units. The local government seems the optimal political unit for a quasi-unanimity rule. Secession permits people and local government to follow the best rules, the rules they prefer. So, competition provides an optimal evolution to constitutional rules. Competition is the basis of federalism. Local governments may adhere to federations they prefer
Kerbrat, Yann. "L'applicabilité extraterritoriale des règles internes relatives à l'activité internationale des entreprises : étude de droit international public." Paris 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA020057.
Full textBenmbarek-Lesaffre, Kenza. "Les règles matérielles de droit international privé." Thesis, Paris 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA020065.
Full textThe material rules of private international law are classically defined as rules that provide substantive answers to a question of private international law. They are distinguished from the traditional conflict of laws rule which is neutral, abstract, bilateral and limited, in its initial form, to the designation of the applicable legal order. This definition shows its limits as the methods of private international law have evolved. Boundaries between the different methods became more unclear, leading to uncertainty as to the legal regime of the material rules. We have tried, through the study of material rules of private international law, to propose a definition that takes into account their specificity but also their variety while distinguishing them from neighboring methods and, in particular, police laws. This definition has led us to a classification of material rules and to the conclusion that their legal regime should depend of the particular subcategory they belong to
Houle, France. "Les règles administratives et le droit public, aux confins de la régulation juridique." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ52158.pdf.
Full textGosselin-Gorand, Armelle. "L' influence des principes communautaires de libre circulation sur les règles nationales de conflit de lois." Caen, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001CAEN0061.
Full textLaazizi, Mohamed. "Les règles de Hambourg et la responsabilité du transporteur de marchandises par mer : esquisse d'une évolution." Nantes, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NANT4004.
Full textWithout introducing profound changes in the marine transport law, the Hamburg rules establish a considerable development since the Brussels convention of 1924 relating to the same matter. We can appreciate this development at two levels : firstly relating to the material rules of carrier liability they simplify these rules while at the same time emphasizing the liability. The time limit on the liability is extended so is the domain covered, in fact they cover areas left untouched by the Brussels convention without calling into question the traditional framework of liability. These rules seek to limit the list of exonerating circumstances. Secondly, the Hamburg rules effectuate a progressive assimilation of marine transport rules with these rules in use in air transport and overland transport elaborated through international conventions. In addition to what has been forementioned, these rules have contributed with other international instruments to the formation of a new international marine order. The presence of third world or developing countries in their roles as carrier or shipper in the elaboration of these rules has been an non negligible factor in the democratisation of international marine transport
Moya, Djoleen. "L'autorité des règles de conflit de lois : réflexion sur l'incidence des considérations substantielles." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01D061.
Full textChoice-of-law rules do not all have the same authority. The parties, and even the judge, may be allowed to override the designation made by the conflict rule. The parties are sometimes free to depart, by convention, from the designated law (suppletory choice-of-law rules), sometimes bound by the designation made (imperative choice-of-law rules). The judge is sometimes obliged, sometimes free to raise ex officio the internationality of the dispute, and to deduce from it the application of the choice-of-law rule. Considering together such varied questions may be surprising, but it is the approach adopted by French case law. The authority of choice-of-law rules is defined jointly, according to substantive considerations. As a matter of example, an affiliation proceeding is, in French substantive law, a matter of public policy regarding someone’s family status, and deemed to concern an unwaivable right. Therefore, the applicable choice-of-law rule will be imperative and applied ex officio by the judge. Conversely, if the claim falls within a largely suppletory subject matter or relates to waivable rights, the applicable choice-of-law rule will be suppletory, and the judge will not be required to apply it ex officio. Therefore, the authority of choice-of-law rules is defined, with respect to both the parties and the judge, according to substantive considerations.However, this regime is no longer that of European private international law. Firstly, the European regulations have only defined the authority of their choice-of-law rules with respect to the parties, leaving it up to each Member State to determine their authority over the judge. Secondly, the European definition of their authority over the parties disregards any substantive consideration, and retains a whole set of suppletory choice-of-law rules, regardless of the subject-matter. Is case law justified in defining the authority of choice-of-law rules solely on the basis of substantive considerations ? No, because choice-of-law rules designate the applicable law according to choice-of-law considerations. However, one cannot, like the European legislator, exclude any substantive consideration. The supposition of choice-of-law rules concerns substantive law issues. Choice-of-law rules are, thus, devised according to substantive considerations. Therefore, if these alone cannot define the authority of choice-of-law rules, they cannot be totally ignored either
Trigeaud, Béatrice. "Les règles techniques dérivées de l'Organisation de l'aviation civile internationale et de l'Organisation maritime internationale." Thesis, Paris 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA020048/document.
Full textIn order to regulate the international civil navigation (air and maritime), the States have chosen to act through two specialized United Nations agencies. Hence they confered the International Civil Aviaton Organization (ICAO) and the International Maritime Organization (IMO) the power to oversee the elaboration of technical rules relevant to this field. In general, the rules adopted by these organizations require various forms of States acceptance to be effective (i.e. express or implied, collective or individual forms). Their implementation depends on unilateral acts of States, that can sometimes act sometimes collectively. And the States are often amicably controlled by the ICAO or the IMO. Behind the apparent clarity, lay some gray areas. Beyond the situation of third and private individuals, and the relationship between international order and national legal systems, one can wonder about the nature of these normative institutions. These could be perceived as normative authorities acting on the basis of an established power. However, this interpretation would ignore the incessant game of States’ will. Whenever the will of the States stretches the power of the institution, the irreducible constituent and contractual freedom of the States appears. The degree of centralization of these systems would be blurred by the observation that their effectiveness depends on the willingness itself of their subjects, which is more or less held by technical necessities, and that would not be without practical consequences
Adel, Zaher Mina. "L'ordre public dans les relations privées internationales : l'exemple des contrats internationaux devant le juge étatique." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE3057.
Full textThe freedom of choice is a principle referring to the freedom of the parties concerning the choice of the law ruling the international contract. However, this principle is limited by public policy, which reduce the extent of this freedom. In order to improve the application of these rules with a minimum of predictability, it is important to study in detail the origin and nature of the rules of public policy. A comparative study with Egyptian private international law is needed to take advantage from all current mechanisms. The current conceptual debate highlights the role of international cooperation, in addition to purely State interests, which will tend to create a new transnational, or even supranational, public policy
Gabayet, Nicolas. "Les contrats publics à l'épreuve de l'aléa en droit anglais et français." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM1004.
Full textThe question of the treatment of uncertain/unforeseen events affecting public contracts seems to oppose in an immeasurable way English and French laws. While, in French law, general rules provide, in the public interest, the treatment of uncertain/unforeseen events affecting public contracts without the consent of the contractors, no such provisions exist in English law, where the sanctity and intangibility of contract prevails. Thank to this antagonism, the proposed comparison enables to highlight the deep motivations of the treatment of uncertain/unforeseen events affecting public contracts, through the theoretical opposition between sanctity of contract and public interest. In this respect, the general rules allowing, in French law, the treatment of the uncertain/unforeseen events without the consent of the parties appear to be based on an economic and teleological approach of the contract and its biding force. Surprisingly, the latter approach can also be noticed, in some respects, in the English law of contracts. Moreover, the priviledged mean to treat uncertain/unforeseen events in England as well as in France is the agreement of the parties – whether ex ante or ex post. Nonetheless, the possibilities of variating the contract in the course of its performance have been drastically limited by the European Union law. By contrast, the intial terms which tends to erect an autonomous regime of treatment of uncertain/unforeseen events through the spreading of standard terms appear to be the major and indispensable mean of adaptation of public contracts in the course of their performance
Voizard, Karl-Henri. "L'Etat culturel et le droit : approche juridique des interventions culturelles de l'Etat en France." Thesis, Paris 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA020038.
Full textThis thesis assumes that legal analysis should enlighten the global meaning of cultural actions of the State. Beyond the wide variety of objects concerned, rules composing law oncultural activities of public authorities show common features. Their review shows that principles they follow draw the outlines of a figure: the one of the cultural State. The demonstration is organized in two phases. It is first shown what legal mechanisms are concerned when conventional means of cultural interventions of the State are focused tostrengthen national cohesion: the State produces institutions in order to link people withculture and unite around it. In the same time, it protects the property and agents necessaryto assure these institutions in the long term. It is then shown that the State reforms and cultural law changes did not really bend the initial logic: the legal forms of action are certainly more nuanced, but they change the State culture more than they challenge it
Terreaux, Claude. "Sortir du positivisme juridique aujourd'hui : la solution de Jean Domat." Thesis, Paris 4, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA040091.
Full textThis doctoral thesis aims to demonstrate that the conception of the law developed by Jean Domat (1625-1696) constitutes an alternative to legal positivism, which is the dominant approach today. Legal positivism impedes any philosophical interrogation; it was unable to oppose totalitarian excesses, and it contributes to the multiplication of texts, which disrupts social cohesion. A theory of the law today should be pervasive and easy to conceptualize. This theory needs to be action-oriented. It needs to inspire all spheres of the Law, be it private law or public law, and should be designed to place all rules imposed by the government under the complete control of the members and leaders of society. This thought should be shareable by everyone, regardless of creed, religion and opinion, hence avoiding communautarian criticism. Moreover, this theory needs to be the result of an examination of the Law itself rather than being deducted from an imposed doctrine. It needs to be able to stand in the way of political abuses and be logical in its developments to be accepted. Jean Domat discovered that the Law is inspired by two principles: “we shall not do to others what we would not like others do to us; we shall do to others what we would like others do to us”. Both principles are in line with the above-mentioned criteria. Jean Domat reconstructs and presents both private law and public law, and shows that they are organized according to these two principles. He presents the whole of private law and demonstrates that the details of the legal relationships between private individuals are all be governed by these two principles. He also shows that they can and should inspire the political action of the Prince. The Prince does not have any particular status: he is subjected to these requirements, as everybody else. Finally, Jean Domat postulates that a subject does not have to obey a law that is not in conformity with these principles. In this doctoral thesis, I show that his thought, that has been forgotten, is highly original for his time. It is also of high relevance in contemporary debate, as it can help us give some new meaning to the law. sunti as doles dolorisintur a consedi de voluptatur molorporum audae voluptio perferovid quiaerferum aut digendus consedi
Hardjito, Hapsari. "La préservation des forêts en droit international." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01D055.
Full textThe global forest are nowadays covers approximately 4 billion hectares i.e. equivalent to 30 per cent of the world's land area. Global deforestation has continued at an alarming rate since the end of the last century, espacially in tropical zones. The global challenges of forests loss are enormous on all levels : economic, social, biological and ecological. The legal status of forests as the natural property of States and the undeniable application of the principles of permanent sovereignty over natural resources explain the non-consensus among States to ensure universal protection of forests by treaty. However, there are heterogeneous and more or less soft international rules, broken down in several international instruments addressing various environmental issues that benefit forest conservation. The preservation of forests is increasingly conceived from a sustainable development perspective. With regard to the place of forests in the rules of international trade, it remains fragile and torn between two objectives that seem to be contradictory : economic development and protection of the environment. A global governance for forest protection is thus being developed through new paradigms, including the development of forest certification norms emanating from environmental NGOs. This study is part of a re-examination of the legal status of forests, taking into account their vital role for the planet, particularly between the balance of the global climate, and calls for the recognition of forests as vital resources
Lahouazi, Mehdi. "Le développement des modes alternatifs de réglement des différends dans les contrats administratifs." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE3056.
Full textThe development of alternative dispute resolution in administrative contracts is a necessity. Indeed, the congestion of the administrative courts, combined with the need for a more consensual and calm settlement of disputes, pleads in favour of the emergence of an alternative justice. Nevertheless, the public order governing the activities of public bodies, and protected by imperative norms, requires that the development of alternative methods be regulated. As such, the study of positive law shows that this phenomenon is not unknown in the settlement of disputes concerning administrative contracts. For instance, the parties to a dispute can already freely resort to amicable methods (mediation, conciliation or settlement agreement), and some exceptions to the principle prohibiting public bodies from resorting to arbitration are provided for. However, the voids and shortcomings of the current system of alternative dispute resolution in administrative contracts (lack of proper status of the mediator, paucity of framework for inter partes conciliation, complexity of the concept of reciprocal concessions or, difficulty for the administrative judge to assert its competence in international arbitration...) make its understanding and implementation more complex and more prone to increasing public order violations. It is therefore necessary to propose a sustainable regime of alternative methods to ensure, on the one hand, the protection of peremptory norms of public law and, on the other hand, the freedom of the parties in the choice and conduct of an alternative justice. For that purpose, the future regime will have to authorize arbitration in administrative contracts and endow it with procedural guarantees taking into account its specific nature but also certain characteristics inherent in public entities and administrative law. Furthermore, the mediation and conciliation procedures will have to be improved in order to provide the parties with a flexible framework conducive to the conclusion of balanced and secure settlement agreements. Finally, this regime must definitively establish the role of the administrative judge. To this end, that judge may be called upon to assist the parties in the implementation of alternative methods (creation of an administrative support judge in arbitration, combination of interim reliefs with amicable procedures...). The administrative judge must also be responsible for checking the compliance of the alternative solution to the public order. This attribution of jurisdiction, which is resonates all the more in international arbitration, is fundamental for the protection of the public interest. It is only under these conditions that the development of alternative dispute resolution mechanisms can take its place in administrative contracts
Seka, Aba Clément. "Contribution à l'étude juridique des concessions portuaires." Thesis, Brest, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BRES0094.
Full textThe adaptation of sea ports to the new rules of international trade can only happen with the involvement of private port managing operators. This involvement requires the entrustment of ports industrial and commercial activities, through efficient legal devices/arrangements/frameworks. Among these, port concessions seem like legal instruments providing a good setting, in terms of performance and profitability for economic activities in sea ports. However, the legal qualification/classification/characterization of these port concessions can be an issue since a legal disorder is observed in administrative law. The thesis is thus aiming at sheding light on this matter. The introduction firstly exposes the notion of port concession and then adresses the objective of this study by outlining its problematic : can port concession contracts be classified into a pre-establisehd legal group and attached to a pre-existing legal category ? To address the question, the first section of this thesis highlights the diversity characterizing port concessions. This identification process outlines the essentiel and non-essential elements, enabling the legal qualification of port concessions. However, this theoretical qualificaiton can only be wise and coherent if it adapts to the constant evolution of the use of concessive framework by the economic agents in sea ports. The second section of the thesis thus tackles the issue, by considering the diversity in use of concessions in sea ports of France and Africa. The concessive devices of French sea ports have been compared to those of other European ports (Antwerp, Rotterdam, Hamburg) and African ports, in particular in Ivory Coast, Senegal, Cameroon, Algeria and Morocco. The comparative analysis illustrated through professional documents, shows that the legal qualification of port concessions, which is the center of this thesis, is a perilous enterprise. It can be done only on a case by cas basis, according to the various countries and taking into account the joint forces of doctrine, jurisdiction, as well as legal and regulatory texts
Cunha, Daniel Sica da. "O novo direito internacional privado e a proteção dos vulneráveis : corretivos do funcionamento da regra de conflito e a lei mais favorável ao vulnerável." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/127930.
Full textA presente tese tem por objeto a análise da proteção do vulnerável no direito internacional privado brasileiro. Seu objetivo consiste, por um lado, em identificar se as regras de conflito atualmente existentes na Lei de Introdução às Normas do Direito Brasileiro (1942) são suficientes ou não para uma proteção efetiva do vulnerável nas relações privadas internacionais, e por outro lado, em se constatando uma precariedade na proteção do vulnerável, estabelecer uma proposta de reconstrução axiológica das regras do direito internacional privado brasileiro para restabelecer a igualdade e o diálogo com a Constituição Federal (1988). Para tanto, a pesquisa está disposta em três capítulos. No primeiro capítulo, é apresentada a crise do direito internacional privado brasileiro a partir do paradigma da regra conflitual tradicional e da justiça formal, apontando-se a inadequação da Lei de Introdução às Normas do Direito Brasileiro para a solução dos problemas contemporâneos de direito internacional privado. No segundo capítulo, apresenta-se a proposta de um recomeço, a partir das intersecções do direito internacional privado com o direito privado e com o direito público, especialmente no que diz respeito à eficácia plena dos direitos fundamentais e dos direitos humanos nas relações privadas, em busca de uma justiça material. No terceiro capítulo, é proposta a reconstrução teleológica do direito internacional privado, a ser orientada pelos valores constitucionais. Sendo o direito internacional privado essencialmente um direito dos diferentes, sobressai o princípio da igualdade e a proteção dos vulneráveis como concretização dos valores constitucionais. Ao final, são propostas duas soluções para a superação da crise: primeiro, há a proposição de alteração legislativa, para que se estabeleça a regra de conflito com a conexão da lei mais favorável ao vulnerável; segundo, enquanto não é realizada a alteração legislativa, propõe-se interpretação sistemático-teleológica do artigo 17, da Lei de Introdução às Normas do Direito Brasileiro (1942), para que funcione como cláusula aberta para a concretização dos direitos fundamentais e dos direitos humanos nas relações privadas internacionais, possibilitando a aplicação da lei mais favorável ao vulnerável como forma de efetivação positiva da ordem pública constitucional.
This thesis aims at the analysis of the protection of the vulnerable in the Brazilian private international law. Its aim is, first, to identify if the conflictual rules currently existing in the Introductory Act to Brazilian Law Rules (1942) are or are not sufficient for an effective protection of the vulnerable in international private relations, and on the other hand, if finding the protection of the vulnerable precarious, to establish a proposal of axiological reconstruction of the rules of Brazilian private international law to restore equality and dialogue with the Federal Constitution (1988). Therefore, the research is arranged in three chapters. In the first chapter, the crisis of the Brazilian private international law is presented from the paradigm of traditional conflictual rule and formal justice, pointing out the inadequacy of the Introductory Act to Brazilian Law Rules (1942) to the solution of contemporary problems of private international law. The second chapter presents the proposal of a new beginning, through the intersections of private international law with private law and public law, especially with regard to the full effectiveness of fundamental rights and human rights in private affairs, in search of a material justice. In the third chapter it is proposed a teleological reconstruction of private international law, to be guided by constitutional values. Private international law being essentially a right of the different, it stands the principle of equality and the protection of the vulnerable as achievements of constitutional values. Lastly, two solutions are proposed to overcome the crisis: first, there is the proposal of a legislative change, in order to establish the conflictual rule with the connection to the most favorable law to the vulnerable; second, while the legislative amendment is not performed, it is proposed a systematic-teleological interpretation of Article 17 of the Introductory Act to Brazilian Law Rules (1942), to function as an open clause to the achievement of fundamental rights and human rights in international private relations, enabling the application of the most favorable law to the vulnerable as a form of positive performance of the constitutional public order.
Archinard-Greil, Bérengère. "Lois de police et conflits de juridictions. (Essai sur la coordination des systèmes à l'aide de la notion d'ordre juridique prépondérant)." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE3036/document.
Full textIn times of mandatory provisions becoming more and more prevalent, based on conflict of law, the concept of mandatory enforcement appears to be somehow diluted regarding the liberal solutions found in conflicts of jurisdictions. In positive law, mandatory rules do not prevent the enforcement of a forum clause, no more than they are considered during the enforcement stage of decisions. While the application of these rules before foreign courts and arbitrators is very uncertain and does not raise obstacles to the recognition of foreign judgments or arbitral judgment which overlook them, choice of forum clauses has become an instrument of forum shopping in order to avoid mandatory regulations. This solution paradoxically induces a search for a solution to restore there international imperativity. This result has appeared as a consequence of the principle of separation of conflicts of law and conflicts of jurisdictions. That observation leads to ask questions about the possibility of an exemption to this general principle. Indeed, this encourages to consider the possibility to admit a correlation between forum and jus in order to establish imperative and exclusive competence, based on the applicability of such mandatory rules. This forum legis would require to maintain the litigation in its courts and could ensure their application in international relations. However, unilateralism that governs rules of judicial competence should involve the establishment of a mechanism of different legal systems coordination. Depending on the type of mandatory rules concerned, it could be based on an adapted form of forum non conveniens, on international judicial Co-operation processes, or be inspired by the method of reference to the competent legal order envisaged by P. Picone. The deployment of these solutions could be based on using preponderant state notion, that would be the one with the most widely public policy involved. It would lead to the recognition of the strong vocation of it to assert its views for the resolution of a dispute and would justify both the priority jurisdiction of its courts and circumspection of the other jurisdictional authorities to exercise their competence. Such a solution, tightly defined and justified in view of the importance of the interests involved, would provide a satisfactory solution to both harmoniously articulate the pursuit of liberal politics required in conflicts of jurisdictions with respect of public policy, and reconcile the protection of imperativities with the coordination of legal systems
Drine, Abdelhakim. "Le choix de compétences dans le contrat de travail international." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO22013.
Full textIn international contracts of employment, the parties’ will is significantly enhanced by the choice of competences through the insertion of clauses referring to the competent law or competent judge (private or public). But the eligibility for this voluntary exemption to applicable natural competences requires formal and substantial conditions. Indeed, the disequilibrium that inherently characterizes the employment relationship calls for a strict scrutiny. Assuring the choice made by the weaker thus necessitates protective mechanisms. The intervention of mandatory rules of the place where the employee habitually carries out his work allows the achievement of the aforementioned objective. This is done so by the application of two alternative criteria, in either the law that is the most favourable law to his interests or the law that is most closely connected to the particular situation