Journal articles on the topic 'Regionalism – Spain – País Vasco'

Quentin Skinner was interviewed by Javier Fernández Sebastián (Universidad del País Vasco, Spain) at the Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales, Madrid, on March 29, 2006. This interview has appeared in Spanish translation in Historia y Política 16: 237-258 (2006).

Fusarium circinatum is an introduced fungal pathogen extended to the northern regions of Spain that causes Pine Pitch Canker (PPC) disease. In this work, we analyzed the pathogen’s genetic diversity to study changes over time and space since the first outbreak occurred in Spain. Using six polymorphic SSR markers, 15 MLGs were identified in 66 isolates, and only three haplotypes were found with frequencies higher than one. In general, genotypic diversity was low and decreased shortly over time in the northwestern regions while maintained at País Vasco, where only one haplotype (MLG32) was detected 10 years. This population also included isolates of a single mating type (MAT-2) and VCGs identified in only two groups, while isolates from NW regions were of both mating types and VCGs represented in 11 groups. The existence of haplotype MLG32 maintained on time and widely distributed suggests its good adaptation to the environment and the host. Results showed that the pathogen in País Vasco remains clearly differentiated from other northwestern populations. This fact was supported with no evidence of migration among regions. Results are explained by the asexual reproduction, but also selfing at least to a lesser extent that leads to identification of two new haplotypes.

This paper considers the recent and unique case of transitional justice in the Basque Country. Its uniqueness, from a comparative perspective, lies in its unilateral character. It is mostly because of the pressure of Basque Society, together with the tough stance of the criminal justice system of Spain, that ETA dissolved. The analysis of this process discusses some issues of transitional justice, in tension with formal or traditional justice, and the relevance of this new field in Europe, Spain and the Basque Country. The paper spells out the most significant initiatives in the field of transitional justice adopted in the Basque case, stressing the importance of civil society, and the range of issues arising in a post-conflict situation where different agents have significantly different agendas. The paper concludes by suggesting steps towards an inclusive agenda on memory and narratives of the conflict capable of delivering truth and reconciliation. El artículo aborda el reciente proceso de justicia transicional en el País Vasco como un caso único. Su singularidad, desde una perspectiva comparada, reside en su naturaleza unilateral. ETA se ha disuelto sobre todo por la presión de la sociedad civil vasca, junto con la dureza en la aplicación del sistema español de justicia penal. El análisis de este proceso estudia temas propios de la justicia transicional que entran en tensión con la justicia tradicional o formal. Se analiza especialmente la relevancia de este novedoso campo en Europa, en España y en el País Vasco, apuntando las iniciativas más importantes en el campo de la justicia transicional adoptadas en el caso vasco, haciendo hincapié en la contribución de la sociedad civil y reseñando la gama de cuestiones que surgen en un contexto post-conflicto donde distintos agentes tienen agendas significativamente divergentes. En la conclusión se sugieren ideas para trabajar en una agenda convergente e inclusive sobre memoria y relatos del conflicto capaces de aportar verdad y reconciliación.

This paper studies the regional consumption of household water in Spain in the period 2000–2018. The use of the methodology proposed by Phillips and Sul allows us to conclude that there is no single pattern of behavior across the Spanish regions. By contrast, we can determine the existence of three convergence clubs, confirming serious regional disparities in water consumption. Navarra, País Vasco, La Rioja, and Cataluña are included in the convergence club that shows the lowest levels of household water consumption, while the Islas Canarias, Comunidad Valenciana, Castilla y León and Cantabria belong to that with the highest consumption. The determinants of the forces that drive these convergence clubs are difficult to identify because the demographic, economic and structural variables of the network interact in different ways. Nevertheless, we can select a group of explanatory variables that help to explain the formation of the convergence clubs. These are regional household income, the birth rate in the regions, and the regional spending on environmental protection. Increments in the levels of these variables are helpful for reducing household water consumption.

El objetivo de este trabajo es describir el contenido de la obra A Luminous Guide for the British Cooperative Forces in Spain de Sotero de Goicoechea y, en especial, estudiar los repertorios incluidos en ella: un vocabulario bilingüe inglés-español ordenado temáticamente y uno trilingüe, inglés-español-euskera. La obra, publicada en 1836, constituye una breve guía de Bizkaia elaborada como ayuda para las fuerzas auxiliares británicas desplazadas al País Vasco durante la Primera Guerra Carlista (1836-1839). Así pues, tras repasar el contexto histórico en el que se inserta su creación y los datos biográficos del autor, nos centramos en analizar los dos vocabularios mencionados, relevantes a pesar de su brevedad, debido a la poco usual coaparición de estas tres lenguas.

Basque population history has been examined through classic genetic markers, mtDNA, Y chromosome haplogroups, craniometrics, and recently dental morphology. Dental morphological data show Basques have a classic European dental pattern but fall as an outlier among European populations. Expanding on that work, Basque tooth size was examined to further evaluate the affinities of the Basque population. Mesiodistal and buccolingual maximum crown measurements were taken from medieval and post medieval skeletons from the Catedral de Santa María in Vitoria, Spain, along with living samples of modern Basques, Spanish, and Spanish Basques from dental students at the Universidad del País Vasco. A dental metric examination affirms the outlier status of Basques, as they exhibit smaller crown areas than neighboring populations. In biodistance analyses Basque populations group with linguistically and geographically distant populations. Even with gene flow from Spain, France, and North Africa, Basque individuals still demonstrate a unique pattern coincident with their ancient origins.

El artículo estudia los discursos periodísticos sobre el encaje catalán y vasco que proyectaban los diarios ABC, El País, La Vanguardia, Avui, El Correo y Deia en un período que va desde noviembre de 1975 hasta octubre de 1979. A través del enfoque multidisciplinar que permite el análisis crítico del discurso (ACD), se ha constatado que los rotativos no hacían una explicación exhaustiva de la posibilidad de ejercer el derecho a la autodeterminación. En ocasiones, se ofrecía información sesgada y falacias que legitimaban y perpetuaban ideas y opiniones alineadas a ideologías de formaciones políticas con las que se sentían próximos.The nation in the press during the Spanish Transition: the position of Catalonia and the Basque CountryAbstractThis study explores the ways in which the political position of Catalonia and the Basque Country inside Spain was represented in the ABC, El País, La Vanguardia, Avui, El Correo and Deia newspapers between November 1975 and October 1979. We adopt a multidisciplinary approach of critical discourse analysis (CDA). We found that the press often fails to present the aspiration for self-determination of Catalonia and the Basque Country in a thorough, balanced way. On occasions we find that the information is incomplete or biased; the papers make gratuitous or fallacious statements to legitimise and perpetuate the positions of the political parties closest to them in terms of ideology.Keywords: CDA, nationalism, Spain, self-determination, political journalism

A performance assessment of two different indices (the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI)) for monitoring short-term and short–medium-term drought impacts on daily specific-cause mortality in Spain was conducted. To achieve a comprehensive, nationwide view, a meta-analysis was performed using a combination of provincial relative risks (RRs). Moreover, the subdivisions of Spain based on administrative, climatic, and demographic criteria to obtain the measures of combined risks were also taken into account. The results of the SPEI and SPI calculated at the same timescale were similar. Both showed that longer drought events produced greater RR values, for respiratory mortality. However, at the local administrative level, Galicia, Castilla-y-Leon, and Extremadura showed the greatest risk of daily mortality associated with drought episodes, with Andalucía, País Vasco, and other communities being notably impacted. Based on climatic regionalization, Northwest, Central, and Southern Spain were the regions most affected by different drought conditions for all analyzed causes of daily mortality, while the Mediterranean coastal region was less affected. Demographically, the regions with the highest proportion of people aged 65 years of age and over reflected the greatest risk of daily natural, circulatory, and respiratory mortality associated with drought episodes.

In the town of Oñati (Basque Country, Spain) we find the community project of Eltzia: a public initiative aimed at enriching local cultural life through the articulation of its creative people. Eltzia is enlightening for having a model of organisation that can be related to the Basque Country’s cooperative movement, but also for showing the benefits of popular participation in culture policymaking. This research explores Eltzia as an example of democratization of cultural policy through the involvement of citizens; an expression of cultural rights that engages with how law is interpreted. Eltzia emerged from a municipal initiative and its creation was influenced by the participation of the local groups and a private company providing mediation services in social processes of community development. The analysis will focus on the contributions that are drawn from Eltzia in relation to the fields of cultural policy and socio-legal studies. El proyecto comunitario de Eltzia se desarrolla en Oñati (País Vasco, España): se trata de una iniciativa pública que tiene por objetivo enriquecer la vida cultural local a partir de la articulación de las personas con intereses creativos. Eltzia es ilustrador de un modelo de organización que se puede relacionar con el movimiento de cooperativas del País Vasco, pero que también muestra los beneficios de la participación popular en los procesos de diseño de política pública. Esta investigación explora Eltzia como un ejemplo de la democratización de la política cultural a través de la participación ciudadana; una expresión de derechos culturales que atiende a los procesos de interpretación del derecho. Eltzia surge de una iniciativa municipal y su creación fue influenciada por la participación de grupos locales y una compañía privada dedicada a los servicios de mediación en procesos sociales de desarrollo comunitario. El análisis se enfocará en las contribuciones que se derivan de Eltzia en relación con los campos de la política cultural y los estudios socio-jurídicos.

LABURPENA: Lan honetan, 2013ko abenduan Espainian egindako tokiko erreforma azaltzen da. Erreforma hori sakona izan da, eta toki-araubideko funtsezko alderdietan eragin du; esaterako, eskumenetan eta toki-jardueren kontrolean. Azterketa toki-erregimenarekin lotutako eskubide historikoen ondoriozko salbuespenen azterketa du ardatz. Kontzertu ekonomikoa da salbuespen horien oinarria; hori dela-eta, are bereziagoak dira eta Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoak aukera du toki-araubideko eredu propioa sortzeko. Ondorio gisa, adierazten da Euskadiko udal-legea berehala onartu behar dela eredu hori lortzeko. RESUMEN: El estudio expone la reforma local efectuada en España en diciembre de 2013, que ha sido de gran calado, afectando a aspectos nucleares del régimen local como son las competencias y el control de las actuaciones locales. Y se centra en el análisis de las excepciones derivadas de los derechos históricos relativos al régimen local, articuladas también en torno al Concierto Económico, lo que acrecienta su singularidad y permite a la Comunidad Autónoma Vasca diseñar un modelo local propio. Se concluye que para ello es necesario que se proceda a la inmediata aprobación de la Ley municipal de Euskadi. ABSTRACT: The study sets forth the local reform carried out in Spain in December 2012, which was a major one, affecting some core aspects of the regime of local entities as competences and the monitoring of local actions. And it focuses on the analysis of the exceptions that derive from the historical laws regarding the local regime, articulated also around the Economic Concert, which makes its singularity bigger and it allows the Basque Autonomous Community to design its own model of local entities. It concludes that in order to do so it is necessary to inmediately pass an Act on municipalities for Euskadi.

En el trabajo se examinan los límites juridicos que condicionan la configuración del sistema lingüístico escolar del País Vasco. Unos límites provienen del exterior de este país. En concreto, proceden de los tratados internacionales válidamente celebrados por España y publicados oficialmente, de la Constitución española, y de la legislación española en materia de educación aplicable al País Vasco. Los demás límites proceden de la propia legislación vasca. Destacadamente, de la Ley Básica de Normalización del uso del Euskera y de la Ley de la Escuela Pública Vasca, que articulan el sistema lingüístico escolar vigente. Éste consiste en el sistema de separatismo lingüístico electivo, matizado por la existencia de tres modelos simultáneos (A, B y D). En cuanto a la reforma del sistema actual, su alcance podrá ser muy diferente, según se aborde mediante una disposición reglamentaria del Gobierno Vasco o a través de una reforma legislativa aprobada por el Parlamento Vasco. En el primer caso, la revisión del sistema debe limitarse a introducir innovaciones, más o menos relevantes, en los tres Modelos, sin poder desfigurarlos ni suprimirlos. En el segundo, el Parlamento puede modificar las leyes vigentes, que son las que imponen aquellos tres Modelos. Por tanto, las modificaciones pueden ser mucho más intensas, hasta el extremo de poder sustituir el sistema actual por uno radicalmente distinto. Ello es factible, porque los límites de procedencia externa permiten una gran flexibilidad a la hora de establecer el sistema lingüístico escolar. Euskadiko hizkuntza-sistemaren konfigurazioa baldintzatzen duten muga juridikoak aztertuko ditugu lan honetan. Muga horietako batzuk herrialdetik kanpokoak dira. Hain justu, Espainiak baliozkotasun osoz sinatu eta ofizialki argitaratu diren nazioarteko itunek eta Espainiako Konstituzioak nahiz Euskadin aplikagarri diren hezkuntza-gaietako lege espainiarrak jarriak dira batzuk. Gainerako mugak Euskadiko legeetatik bertatik datoz; batez ere, Euskararen Erabilera Normalizatzeko Oinarrizko Legetik eta Euskal Eskola Publikoaren Legetik, horiek baitira indarrean dagoen eskolako hizkuntza-sistema artikulatzen dutenak. Hain zuzen, Euskadiko hizkuntza-sistema hizkuntzen aukerako bereizketan oinarritzen da, hiru eredu eskainiz (A, B eta D). Gaur egungo sistemaren erreformari dagokionez, oso esparru ezberdinari eragingo dio Eusko Jaurlaritzak emandako xedapen arauemaile baten bidez gauzatu edo Eusko Legebiltzarrak onetsitako legeerreforma batez bideratu. Lehenengo kasuan, sistemaren errebisioak hiru ereduetan berritasunak, esanguratsuak edo apalak, sartzeko aukera emango luke soil-soilik, baina inondik ere ereduok desegituratu edo ezabatu gabe. Bigarrengo kasuan, Legebiltzarrak indarrean dauden legeak alda ditzake, hau da, ereduok ezarri zituzten legeak. Horrenbestez, aldaketak askoz sakonagoak izan daitezke, eta gaur egungo sistemaren ordez beste bat, erabat ezberdina, ezarri. Eta gerta liteke halakorik, kanpotik datozen muga horiek malgutasun handia ematen dutelako eskolako hizkuntza-sistema finkatzeko orduan. This work examines the legal limits that determine the configuration of the educational-linguistic system in the Basque Country. Limits that come outside this country. Specifically, they come from international treaties officialy signed and published by Spain, from the Spanish Constitution, and from the Spanish legislation in the field of education applied within the Basque Country. The rest of limits come from the Basque legislation itself. Notably, the Ley Básica de Normalización del Uso del Euskera and the Ley de la Escuela Pública Vasca which implement the current educational linguistic system. This lies in a system of elective linguistic separatism, modulated by the existence of three simultaneous models (A, B y D). As for the amendment of the current system, its scope may be very different depending on whether it is done by means of a regulation by the Basque Government or by means of legislative amendment by the Basque Parliament. In the first case, the review of the system should merely introduce more or less relevant innovations to the three models but not distorting or abolishing them. In the second case, the Parliament might amend the statutes in force, which set up those three models. Therefore, the amendments can be much more intense to the extent of replacing the current system for a new one. That is feasible because the limits of external origin allow a greater flexibility when it comes down the moment of setting up the educational linguistic system.

LABURPENA: Espainiak Zuzentarauen transposizioa nola egiten duen aztertu nahi izan da, formari ez ezik, batik bat betetze-mailari begira. Hain zuzen ere, zerga-arloko eskumena duten organoen Zuzentaraua moldatzeko prozesuan parte hartzeko maila ikusi nahi da, gehienbat Lurralde Historikoen kasuan. RESUMEN: Es objeto del presente trabajo comprobar la forma en que se realiza la transposicion de las Directivas por parte de Espana, como Estado Miembro, no solo desde un punto de vista formal, sino sobre todo el grado de cumplimiento sustancial. Concretamente se trata de ver el grado de participacion en el proceso de adaptacion de la Directiva de los organos que tienen la competencia en cuestion y en materia tributaria, destacando el caso particular de los Territorios Historicos. ABSTRACT: The scope of this work is to chek how Directives are transposed in Spain as a member state not only from a formal point of view but above all as from the point of view of the degree of material compliance. Specifically, it deals with the degree of participation in the process of adaptation of Directives of the bodies that do have competence in the tax field, highlighting the particular case of Historical Territories.

Neste estudo presentamos unha síntese da evolución do desenvolvementoeconómico rexional de España durante 25 anos no período 1986-2013. Malia que oincremento tanto do emprego non agrario como da renda real por habitante foi positivoen todas as Comunidades Autónomas, hai que constatar que moitas rexións poderían terexperimentado un incremento maior de renda real por habitante se as políticaseconómicas, tanto a nivel rexional, como nacional e europeo, apoiaran en maior medida odesenvolvemento industrial. Isto débese a que a evidencia empírica amosa a importanciadas leis de Kaldor, con respecto aos efectos positivos que a industria ten sobre os sectoresde servizos e outros sectores produtivos, incrementando a produtividade xeral e a rendaper cápita. No conxunto de España o incremento da renda real producida por habitantesuperou os 4000 euros a prezos constantes do ano 2000. Destacan, con incrementossuperiores á media nacional, as seguintes Comunidades Autónomas: Aragón, Castela eLeón, Cataluña, Galicia, Madrid, Navarra e País Vasco. Preséntase tamén unhacomparación do conxunto de España con outros países da OCDE e destácase a necesidadede recuperar e impulsar o desenvolvemento industrial en moitas rexións españolas.In this study we present a synthesis of the evolution of the regional economicdevelopment of Spain for 25 years in the period 1986-2013. Although the increase in nonagriculturalemployment and real per capita income has been positive in all AutonomousCommunities, it should be noted that many regions may have experienced a higherincrease in per capita real income if economic policies, both at the regional as national andEuropean levels, would have been more supportive of industrial development. This isbecause the empirical evidence shows the importance of Kaldor's laws with regards to thepositive effects that industry has on the service sectors and other productive sectors,increasing overall productivity and per capita income. In the whole of Spain, the increasein real income produced per inhabitant, for the period 1995-2010, exceeded 4000 Eurosat constant prices in the year 2000. The following Autonomous Communities stand out ashaving had increases higher than the national average: Aragon, Castile and Leon,Catalonia, Galicia, Madrid, Navarre and the Basque Country. This study also presents acomparison of economic development between Spain and other OECD countries, for thisperiod, and highlights the need to recover and boost industrial development in manyregions of Spain.

Networking is an effective school improvement method that can raise collective efficacy, student outcomes, and provide more collaborative scenarios. The forms collaboration and networking take in the Spanish education system are reviewed in this article, as well as how policy and practice are providing a framework for the development of networks. Spain is presented as an example of country that is exploring the possibilities offered by networks in education. There is an updated corpus of studies that support collaborative networking in Spanish education system. The article summaries evidence of networking in seven autonomous communities (Galicia, País Vasco, Cataluña, Madrid, Valencia, Murcia and Andalucía) where there are alliances formed to implement collaboration actions among the participants, as part of research supported by projects, regulations, programs and initiatives of diverse natures. These proposals are changing the paradigm from isolation to collaboration, an alternative way of seeing education that is growing not just in policy, but also in theory and practice, so enabling illustrative examples and advances in this field of knowledge, and allowing the reader to get closer to the polyhedral dimension that networking is adopting in this particular country. There is no doubt that the arrival of collaboration networks in Spain has sparked intense debates about its “lights and shadows”. Among the lights are the increase of school-community link; the growth of the extended education approach; the effective use of resources as well as the exchange of knowledge and experiences; and greater inclusion. On the other hand, some shadows are related to the different networks’ structures; isolation, not only by teachers as individuals, but also between schools and institutions or agents, and the pressure to increase standards in a collaborative versus competitive environment.

El Contact Improvisation es una danza posmoderna de origen estadounidense (1972) con una lenta evolución en España: se inicia en los años 80 en un núcleo catalán y balear y se encuentra aún en periodo de crecimiento. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la expansión geográfica de esta danza en los años 90 así como su evolución en el periodo seleccionado. Se trata de un estudio cualitativo donde se combina el análisis de contenido con las comunicaciones personales mediante correspondencia y entrevistas. Los resultados indican que el Contact Improvisation se extiende desde finales de los 80 hacia regiones como Madrid, Andalucía y País Vasco. Se constata como durante su desarrollo se amplía su concepción desde la investigación coreográfica hacia una experiencia aplicable a otros ámbitos artísticos así como educativos y/o terapéuticos. Se da el paso de una danza escénica a una danza social multidireccional.Abstract. Contact Improvisation is a postmodern dance form originating in the USA (1972) which slowly spread and evolved in Spain: it started in the eighties in Catalonia and the Balearic Islands and continues to be in a growth phase. The aim of this paper is to analyse the geographic expansion of this dance in the 90’s and track its evolution during this period. This is a qualitative study combining the analysis of content with personal interviews and mails. The results indicate that from the late 80’s Contact Improvisation extends to regions like Madrid, Andalusia and the Basque Country. During its development it changes from being a choreographic investigation to an experiential one applicable to other areas such as education and/or therapy. It takes a step away from being a stage dance and moves toward a social multidirectional dance.

ResumenEste artículo toma el modelo de cinturón verde en Vitoria-Gasteiz (País Vasco, España) como un caso de estudio referente en planificación socio-ecológica. Más conocido como Anillo Verde, se analiza aquí con el objeto de contribuir a la revisión crítica de esta figura de planificación e informar su reinvención actual. El artículo presenta una síntesis de los trabajos de análisis y caracterización realizados a partir de la documentación vectorial y cartográfica generada en los primeros veinticinco años de este caso de estudio (1993-2018). Las distintas lecturas que se superponen en su evolución e implementación en el borde urbano, proporcionan los siguientes resultados: (i) muestran aspectos clave tanto en términos de proceso y estrategia, como de diseño y gestión; (ii) plantean la necesidad de una nueva mirada al proceso de planificación como un ensamblaje socio-ecológico complejo que trasciende la rigidez del planeamiento urbano convencional, y (iii) evidencian la necesidad de nuevos planteamientos, mecanismos y figuras que permitan avanzar hacia una integración sistémica entre ciudad y naturaleza.AbstractThis paper uses the green belt model in Vitoria-Gasteiz (Basque Country, Spain) as reference case study in socio-ecological planning. The analyses of this better known as “Anillo Verde”, aims to contribute to the critical review of this planning policy and to inform its reinvention. This paper presents a synthesis of the characterization and analysis based on the vector and cartographic documentation generated over the first twenty-five years of this case study (1993-2018). The various methods that overlap in its evolution and implementation on the urban boundary, deliver the following results: (i) They show key lessons in terms of process and strategy, and in terms of design and management; (ii) they uncover the need for a new approach towards the planning process, as a complex social-ecological assemblage that transcends the rigidity of conventional urban planning, and (iii) they demonstrate the need for new mechanisms and policies that allow progress towards a systemic integration between city and nature.

En el presente artículo mostramos los resultados obtenidos en una investigación de carácter cuantitativo llevada a cabo con docentes de música de secundaria (alumnado de 12-16 años de edad) de la Comunidad Autónoma del País Vasco (España). El principal objetivo de este estudio es conocer el posicionamiento del profesorado ante la música contemporánea y su utilización en el aula. Se analiza su conocimiento y valoración de las estéticas musicales de los siglos XX y XXI, su uso en la práctica docente y su opinión sobre sus posibilidades didácticas. Se relacionan estas características con otras propias del profesorado y la docencia en esta etapa educativa. El desconocimiento de los docentes de los nuevos lenguajes, su formación musical y su actitud influyen en el uso de la música contemporánea. Los docentes que tienen un mejor posicionamiento ante la música contemporánea la utilizan más en el aula. AbstractIn this article we present the results of the quantitative research we carried out amongst teachers of Secondary Education (pupils age range 12-16) in The Basque Autonomous Community, Spain. The main objective of the study was to find out how the teaching staff feels about contemporary music and its use in the classroom. The investigation analyzes the teacher’s knowledge and evaluation of the musical aesthetics of the 20th and 21st centuries. It also looks at the practical use of contemporary music in the classroom, the didactic potential it offers teachers, as well as an analysis of the relationship between these characteristics and other intrinsic characteristics of teaching music at this level. A general lack of knowledge amongst teachers is evident. Another observation is that the teachers’ musical education has had a positive influence on the use of contemporary music, as does having an open and enthusiastic attitude towards the new languages. The teachers who have a more favourable view of contemporary music use it more frequently in the classroom.Recibido: 15 de noviembre de 2012Aceptado: 11 de marzo de 2013

This paper presents the results of a research study exploring consumer behaviour and uses of photography among first-year students of the Degrees in Journalism, Audiovisual Communication, and Advertising and Public Relations in four Spanish universities (University of Malaga, University of Santiago de Compostela, University of the Basque Country and Universitat Jaume I in Castellón). As it is well known, the emergence of digital technologies has caused far-reaching transformations in the field of photography. These changes have affected production, distribution and circulation processes. However, digital technology has particularly changed the concept of photography itself as a means of expression and communication, above all among young people. Changes in how photography is perceived nowadays, brought about by the onset of digitalization, in turn raises a series of questions that merit reflection. To this end, a survey was designed and administered to a total of 467 communication sciences students in Spain. The results of this research reveal, on the one hand, how these communication students relate to the use of photography today; on the other hand, and more importantly, the results throw some light on how to approach the teaching of digital photography in a higher education context.Se presenta una investigación sobre los hábitos de consumo y usos de la fotografía entre estudiantes de primer curso de las licenciaturas en periodismo, comunicación audiovisual y publicidad y relaciones públicas, en cuatro universidades españolas (Universidad de Málaga, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Universidad del País Vasco y Universitat Jaume I de Castellón). Como es sabido, la aparición de las tecnologías digitales en el campo de la fotografía ha provocado profundas transformaciones en el panorama fotográfico. Estos cambios han afectado a los procesos de producción, a los modos de distribución y circulación de las imágenes. Pero, sobre todo, ha tenido notables consecuencias en la forma misma de conceptualizar la fotografía como forma de expresión y comunicación, y en los usos de la fotografía, en especial entre los más jóvenes. La digitalización ha contribuido a transformar, asimismo, la propia percepción del medio fotográfico, que merece una reflexión en estos momentos. A tal fin, se ha diseñado una encuesta que ha sido realizada a un total de 467 estudiantes de ciencias de la comunicación de nuestro país. En definitiva, el análisis de las respuestas que ofrece la presente investigación nos ha permitido, por un lado, tomar conciencia sobre cómo se relacionan estos estudiantes de comunicación con el medio fotográfico en la actualidad. Pero, sobre todo, se trata de una investigación que nos ofrece algunas pistas sobre cómo abordar, en plena era digital, la enseñanza de la fotografía en el contexto educativo universitario.

LABURPENA: 2003an prozesu politiko bat hasi zen Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoan, antolaketarako eta estatu espainiarrarekiko harreman politikoen esparru berri bat lortze aldera, «erabakitzeko eskubidea» gauzatuz. Lehenbizi, Autonomia Estatutuaren erreforma modura aurkeztu zen proposamena, eta, jarraian, herri-kontsulta ez lotesle bat deitzeko eta arautzeko lege baten bidez; herri-kontsulta hori egin nahi zen herritarrek parte hartzeko tresna gisa, printzipio demokratikoan oinarrituta eta estatuko legeditik eta haren baimenetik kanpo. Proposamen horrek horrelako kontsulten onargarritasunari buruzko eztabaida sartu zuen Espainiako agenda politikoan, konstituzionaltasunari zein aukera politikoari zegokienean. Bere aldetik, 2006ko Autonomia Estatutuan jasotako aurreikuspena garatuz, Kataluniako Parlamentuak 4/2010 Legea onartu zuen, erreferendum bidez herri-kontsultak egitekoa. Euskal proposamena eta Kataluniakoa desberdinak diren arren, mota guztietako erreferendum autonomikoetara zabaldu dira, bereizketarik gabe, Konstituzio Auzitegiak (KA) eta Espainiako konstituzio-eta kontsulta-doktrinak «Ibarretxe Planari» azaldutako eragozpen eta akats guztiak, batez ere KAren 103/2008 Epaian jasotakoak eta KAren 31/2010 Epaian finkatutakoak, parte-hartze zuzeneko tresnak mesfidantzaz ikusten baitira, eta horiek «erabakitzeko eskubidea» gauzatzeko erabiltzearen kontrako jarrera politikoa dagoelako. RESUMEN: En 2003 se inició un proceso político en el País Vasco, con el objetivo de lograr un nuevo marco de organización y de relaciones políticas con el Estado español, a través del ejercicio del «derecho a decidir» en forma, primero, de propuesta de «reforma» del Estatuto de Autonomía, seguida después de una Ley de convocatoria y regulación de una consulta popular no vinculante, donde se contemplaba la realización de ésta como un instrumento de participación ciudadana fundamentado en el principio democrático, al margen de la legislación y autorización estatal. Esta propuesta introdujo en la agenda política española el debate sobre la admisibilidad de este tipo de consultas, tanto en términos de constitucionalidad como de oportunidad política. Por su parte, en desarrollo de la previsión contenida en el Estatuto de Autonomía de 2006, el Parlamento de Cataluña aprobó la Ley 4/2010, de consultas populares por vía de referéndum. Aunque los planteamientos vasco y catalán son distintos, la mayoría de objeciones y tachas planteadas por el Tribunal Constitucional (TC) y la doctrina constitucionalista y consultiva española al «Plan Ibarretxe», recogidas sobre todo en la STC 103/2008 y reforzadas en la STC 31/2010, se han hecho extensivas de forma indiscriminada a cualquier tipo de referéndum autonómico, en base a la desconfianza con que se contemplan los instrumentos de participación directa y por la prevención política que supone su utilización como vía para ejercer el «derecho a decidir». ABSTRACT: In 2003 it started a political process in the Basque Country with the aim of reaching a new organizational framework and political relations with Spain, through the exercise of the «right to decide» in shape, first, the proposed «reform» of the Statute of Autonomy, immediately after a Bill and regulation of a non-binding referendum, which aims to develop an instrument that based citizen participation in the democratic principle, regardless of state law and approval. The proposal introduced in the Spanish political agenda debate on the admissibility of such consultations, both in terms of constitutional and political opportunity. On the other hand, developing the Statute of Autonomy 2006 provision, the Parliament of Catalonia approved the Law 4/2010, popular consultations via referendum. The Basque and Catalan cases are different, however the majority of objections raised by the Constitutional Court studs and constitutional doctrine and the Spanish advisory «Ibarretxe Plan», collected mainly in STC 103/2008 and strengthened in STC 31/2010, have been extended indiscriminately to any regional referendum in based on the distrust that includes instruments direct and political prevention for its use as a way to exercise the «right to decide».

Resumen: Este artículo analiza la presencia de la población extranjera en las zonas rurales vascas con el objetivo de conocer su perfil sociodemográfico y laboral, y valorar la sostenibilidad de su proyecto migratorio, que resulta oscilante según el ciclo económico. Para ello, el estudio examina los principales rasgos de este colectivo e incorpora algunas comparativas con el colectivo de extranjeros residente en las zonas urbanas vascas con el propósito de conocer si existen rasgos diferenciales. Con esta misma finalidad se contrasta la situación laboral de la población rural extranjera, y el rural total. La aproximación metodológica que se utiliza recurre a la explotación estadística confeccionada ad-hoc para este trabajo. Los resultados muestran que la población extrajera presenta un gran potencial para el frenar el despoblamiento y rejuvenecer las zonas rurales en declive. Se trata de un colectivo joven, equilibrado según el género, y con una elevada presencia de la generación soporte. Sin embargo, el análisis también refleja un mercado de trabajo segmentado según el origen de la población que es, además, desigual en cuanto a las condiciones laborales y las actividades que ocupan los trabajadores extranjeros. Una situación que puede desequilibrar la sostenibilidad de su estancia a largo plazo Palabras clave: Población extranjera, medio rural, migración laboral, País Vasco. Abstract: This paper analyses the presence of international migrant population in the Basque rural areas for the last two decades with the aim of understand their sociodemographic and labour profile, and estimate the sustainability of their migration project which might fluctuate depending on the economic cycle. For that, the research studies the main characteristics of this group and adds some comparisons with the international migrants living in Basque urban areas with the purpose of knowing if there are distinguishing features. Having in mind the same purpose, the labour situation of rural international migrant population is compared with the rural overall ones. The methodological approach focuses on a statistical analysis that has been elaborated ad hoc for this research. The results show that international migrant population presents a huge potential for reversing depopulation and revitalizing the most declining rural areas. They became a group with a significant presence of support generation, being young and gender balanced. However, the analysis also reflects a segmented labour market depending on the origin of population which is, besides, unequal in labour conditions and regarding the working activities foreign population occupy. A situation that might unbalances the sustainability of a longer term stay. Key words: International migration, rural areas, labour migration, Basque Country

RESUMENEl objetivo del estudio es analizar experiencias consolidadas de Planes de Acción Tutorial (PAT) con el fin generar referencias para la construcción y mejora de modelos de intervención sobre tutoría universitaria.La investigación parte del análisis de 16 planes tutoriales de 14 universidades y se profundiza en un estudio de casos múltiples de seis universidades españolas, específicamente de las Comunidades Autónomas de Cataluña, Valencia, Aragón y País Vasco, donde se desarrollaron entrevistas convergentes en profundidad. Los datos fueron procesados mediante la herramienta informática Max QDA, que permitió generar 418 unidades de significado, divididas en 8 categorías de análisis que se asocian al desarrollo y gestión de los PAT.Los resultados indican que la cultura universitaria, el rol de las autoridades y los modelos de orientación educativa y de estructura organizativa que adoptan las instituciones analizadas para dar soporte al proceso de acción tutorial, ayudan o interfieren en el desarrollo e impacto de los PAT, lo que evidencia la necesidad de repensar la forma como se gestiona la tutoría universitaria en la enseñanza superior. También evidencia la existencia de sistemas de funcionamiento piramidales y colaborativos, y una combinación de los modelos clínico, de programas y de servicios que aparecen con más fuerza en función del tipo de articulación que se considera en el PAT.ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to analyze successful Tutorial Action Plans (TAP) from different institutions, and to generate a reference framework for the creation of a management model for university tutoring.The research was based on case studies from six universities in northeastern Spain, specifically from the Autonomous Communities of Catalonia, Valencia, Aragon and Basque Country, where in-depth interviews were conducted. A qualitative approach was used and the obtained data was processed using the text analysis software Max QDA. This analysis yielded 418 units of meaning, divided into 8 different categories of analyses that were associated with development and management of TAPs.The results from the generated reference framework showed that, the development and impact of TAPs in the analyzed institutions is either positively or negatively affected by: their culture, the role of their authorities, the educational counseling models and the organizational structure that they adopt to support the process of tutorial action. These findings suggest the need of a re-evaluation of the management methods used on university tutoring. The evidence also indicates the existence of pyramidal and collaborative functioning systems, and a combination of clinical models, programs and services that appear more strongly depending on the type of articulation considered in the TAP.

En el artículo se analiza la opinión ciudadana sobre la imagen de las mujeres deportistas en relación con la de los hombres deportistas en el Territorio Histórico de Gipuzkoa (País Vasco, España). En los últimos años, se constata un avance significativo en la paridad de la práctica deportiva, con resultados positivos en términos de rendimiento deportivo de las mujeres deportistas. Sin embargo, los medios de comunicación siguen ofreciendo a menudo una imagen estereotipada de las mujeres deportistas reproducida luego en la opinión pública. El artículo muestra los resultados de una encuesta realizada a la población guipuzcoana sobre la visibilidad/invisibilidad de las mujeres deportistas y los estereotipos asociados a su imagen. Los resultados indican que todavía, y a pesar de diferentes esfuerzos, las mujeres deportistas son poco visibles para la población. Tanto la notoriedad espontánea como la asistida de las mujeres deportistas es muy inferior a la de los hombres deportistas. La poca visibilidad se añade a otro problema, la perdurabilidad de los estereotipos. Se confirma la tendencia a incidir en cuestiones ligadas al aspecto físico, así como la atribución de diferentes valores según el sexo del deportista. A pesar de todo, se ha identificado una predisposición favorable hacia el consumo de deporte femenino o practicado por mujeres. En definitiva, se observan algunos pasos en la dirección hacia la paridad, pero el reto sigue aún vigente. The article analyzes the public opinion on the image of sportswomen in relation to that of sportsmen in the Historical Territory of Gipuzkoa (Basque Country, Spain). In recent years, there has been a significant advance in the parity of sports practice, with positive results in terms of sports performance of female athletes. However, the media often continue to offer a stereotypical image of female athletes later reproduced in public opinion. The article shows the results of a survey carried out among the Gipuzkoan population on the visibility / invisibility of sportswomen and the stereotypes associated with their image. The results indicate that still, and despite different efforts, female athletes are not very visible to the population. Both the spontaneous and assisted notoriety of female athletes is much lower than that of male athletes. Low visibility adds to another problem, the persistence of stereotypes. The tendency to influence issues related to physical appearance is confirmed, as well as the attribution of different values according to the athlete's sex. Despite everything, a favorable predisposition towards the consumption of sports by women or practiced by women has been identified. In short, there are some steps towards parity, but the challenge remains. O artigo analisa a opinião pública sobre a imagem das esportistas mulehres em relação à dos esportistas homens no Território Histórico de Gipuzkoa (País Basco, Espanha). Nos últimos anos, houve um avanço significativo na paridade da prática esportiva, com resultados positivos no desempenho esportivo das atletas do sexo feminino. No entanto, a mídia muitas vezes continua a oferecer uma imagem estereotipada de atletas femininas posteriormente reproduzida na opinião pública. O artigo apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa realizada junto à população gipuzkoana sobre a visibilidade / invisibilidade das esportistas e os estereótipos associados à sua imagem. Os resultados indicam que ainda, e apesar dos esforços diferenciados, as atletas femininas não são muito visíveis para a população. Tanto a notoriedade espontânea quanto a assistida de atletas do sexo feminino é muito menor do que a dos atletas do sexo masculino. A baixa visibilidade aumenta outro problema, a persistência de estereótipos. Confirma-se a tendência de influenciar questões relacionadas à aparência física, bem como a atribuição de valores diferenciados de acordo com o sexo do atleta. Apesar de tudo, identificou-se uma predisposição favorável ao consumo de esportes por mulheres ou praticados por mulheres. Em suma, existem alguns passos em direção à paridade, mas o desafio ainda está em vigor.

Resumen:En este trabajo se reflexiona con amplia perspectiva histórica sobre la cuestiónde la organización territorial del Estado en España hasta desembocar en la situación actual y ofrecer, a la luz de esa evolución, algunas claves para la reforma constitucional en sentido federal que se entiende necesaria en nuestros días. Partiendo de la evidencia de que la respuesta ofrecida por el constitucionalismo histórico español ante la forma territorial del Estado ha sido, como tónica general, la de configurar a España como un Estado unitario, centralizado, simbolizado por la Monarquía, se analizan sumariamente los dosgrandes intentos de distinto signo que existieron antes de la Constitución de 1978 para salir del unitarismo y poner en pie modelos de descentralizaciónpolítica. La primera experiencia, de cuño federal, gestada durante la Primera República (1873-1874) se consumió en unos meses sin que pudiera discutirse siquiera el Proyecto de Constitución Federal de 1873, elaborado en el marco de una situación política y social extremadamente convulsa que desembocó en la anarquía del cantonalismo. La segunda, que durante el quinquenio de la Segunda República (1931-1936) ensayó la compatibilidad de un llamado «Estado integral» con la autonomía de las regiones, fue llevada muy parcialmente a la práctica y acabó con la sublevación militar encabezada por el general Franco y la guerra civil (1936-1939).Tras el franquismo y la Transición democrática, la Constitución de 1978 no constitucionalizó un modelo preciso y acabado de descentralización políticasino que prefiguró un Estado «descentralizable», abierto a distintas posibilidades, dando curso a un «proceso autonómico» a partir del reconocimiento del derecho a la autonomía de las nacionalidades y regiones en su Título Preliminar y el establecimiento de complejas reglas en el Título VIII. La apertura de este proceso fue evolucionando hacia el llamado «Estado autonómico» mediante la práctica política y la doctrina del Tribunal Constitucional, desarrollándose paulatinamente con las técnicas del federalismo y en su campo de atracción hasta configurar un Estado federal en los hechos, aunque con notorias carencias e incoherencias de estructura y funcionamiento. El estado autonómico entró en crisis a partir, sobre todo, de los embates del nacionalismo político en el País Vasco a comienzos de la década de 2000 y especialmente en Cataluña desde mitad de la década pasada hasta la actualidad, momento álgido del desafío secesionista. A lo largo del trabajo se intenta mostrar primero que si bien en 1873, 1931 y 1978 hubo un rotundo rechazo del centralismo y una aspiración indubitada al establecimiento de la autonomía regional bajo distintas formas, no pudo fraguarse en ninguno de estos momentos, por diferentes razones, una neta voluntad constituyente en esta materia que estuviera en condiciones de sostener eficazmente un modelo definido. Se considera que por esta y otras causas la cuestión territorial sigue estando recurrentemente abierta en canal, a la espera de una constitucionalización adecuada que permita vertebrar con la estabilidad necesaria el Estado español. Tras un diagnóstico general del modelo autonómico en su evolución en la órbita del federalismo, se abordan, de acuerdo con este planteamiento, los elementos centrales que se consideran necesarios para una reforma constitucional en clave federal que racionalice un Estado que ya es federal en los hechos y que permita integrar todos los territorios con sus singularidades, dedicando una especial atención a la cuestión catalana en el marco del actual desafío independentista.Abstract:In this work we reflect from a broad historical perspective on the question of the territorial organization of the State in Spain leading to the current situation and offer, in light of this evolution, some keys to the constitutional reform in a federal sense that is deemed necessary in our days. Starting from the evidence that the answer offered by the Spanish historical constitutionalism to the territorial shape of the State has been, in general, to configure Spain as a unitary, centralized state, symbolized by the Monarchy, we analyzed the two large and different attempts that existed prior to the 1978 Constitution to emerge from unitarianism and to establish models of political decentralization. The first experience, with a federal character, developed during the First Republic (1873-1874) was consumed in a few months without even being able to discuss the Draft of the Federal Constitution of 1873, elaborated in the context of an extremely convulsive political and social situation that ended in the anarchy of cantonalism. The second, which during the five-year period of the Second Republic (1931-1936) tested the compatibility of a so-called «integral state» with the autonomy of the regions, was taken very partially into practice and ended with the military uprising led by general Franco and the Civil War (1936-1939).After Franco’s regime and the democratic Transition, the Constitution of 1978 did not constitutionalize a precise model of political decentralization but prefigured a «decentralized» State, open to different possibilities, giving way to an «autonomic process» from the recognition of the right to the autonomy of nationalities and regions in their Preliminary Title and the establishment of complex rules in Title VIII. The opening of this process evolved towards the so-called «Autonomous State» through political practice and the doctrine of the Constitutional Court, developing gradually with the techniques of federalism and in its field of attraction until setting up a the facto federal State, although with notorious deficiencies and inconsistencies in structure and functioning. The autonomous state came into crisis starting, above all, from the clashes of political nationalism in the Basque Country in the early 2000s and especially in Catalonia from the middle of the last decade to the present, the height of the secessionist challenge.In the course of this work we try to show that, although in 1873, 1931 and 1978 there was a resounding rejection of centralism and a clear aspiration to establish regional autonomy under different forms, it could not be forged in any of these moments, for different reasons , a net constituent will in this matter that would be able to effectively support a defined model. It is considered that for this and other causes the territorial question is still recurrently open in a channel, pending the appropriate constitutionalization that allows to vertebrate with the necessary stability the Spanish State. Following a general diagnosis of the autonomous model in its evolution in the orbit of federalism, the central elements are considered according to this approach, which are are regarded as necessary for a constitutional reform in a federal key that rationalizes a State that is already federal in the facts and that allows to integrate all the territories with their singularities, devoting a special attention to the Catalan questionwithin the framework of the present independence challenge. Summary:1. Introduction. 2. The Republican Federal Constitution Project of 1873. 3. The Constitution of 1931 and the Second Republic. 4. The opening of the autonomous process with the Constitution of 1978. 5. The evolution of the Autonomous State. 6. Towards a constitutional reform? Some keys in federal sense. 7. Special reference to the Catalan question. BIBLIOGRAPHICNOTE

Resumen: El artículo analiza el uso que hizo la dictadura franquista del F. C Barcelona y del Athletic de Bilbao como instituciones deportivas a través de las cuales nacionalizar a catalanes y vascos en preceptos españolistas. A partir de 1939, el F. C. Barcelona y el Athletic de Bilbao fueron reconvertidos en instrumentos de propaganda de un nacionalismo franquista regionalizado en el que catalanes y vascos fueron presentados como colectivos esenciales de la Nueva España. El estudio revisar algunos postulados de la historiografía sobre las identidades nacionales y el fútbol durante el franquismo. En primer lugar, se pone en tela de juicio la idea de que el nacionalismo franquista pretendiera aniquilar todo vestigio de identidades regionales durante los primeros años de la dictadura. En segundo término, el artículo cuestiona la idea de que el mensaje nacionalista franquista fue disminuyendo en intensidad en las últimas décadas de la dictadura, a la vez que aumentaban los nacionalismos catalanes y vascos en los campos del F.C. Barcelona y del Athletic Bilbao respectivamente.Palabras clave: Fútbol, Franquismo, Nacionalismo, Deporte, Identidades regionales.Abstract: This article analyses the Franco dictatorship's uses of F. C. Barcelona and Athletic Bilbao to nationalize Catalans and Basques on Spanish principles. Following the Spanish Civil War, both F. C. Barcelona and Athletic Bilbao were turned into propaganda devices of a regionalized Francoist nationalism where Catalans and Basques were presented as key groups of the 'New Spain'. The article challenges the idea that the Franco regime sought to annihilate all vestiges of regional identities in the first years of the dictatorship. The paper also questions the notion that Francoist nationalism somehow weakened in the last years of the dictatorship, as the display of Catalan and Basque nationalism grew in the stadiums of F. C. Barcelona and Athletic Bilbao.Keywords: Football, Francoism, Nationalism, Sport, Regional identities.

The soil organic carbon content was analyzed in more than 7 000 soil samples under different land uses, climates and lithologies from northern Spain (Galicia, Asturias, Cantábria y País Vasco). GIS maps (1:50 000) were made of the % SOC and SOC stocks. The % SOC varies according to land use (higher in forest and scrub soils and lower in agricultural soils) and climate, and there is a highly significant correlation between SOC content and mean annual precipitation. There are significant differences between the soils of Galicia/Western Asturias (GA_w) and those of the rest of the study area (Central and Eastern Asturias, Cantabria and País Vasco) (A_ceCV), although these are neighbouring regions. In forest and/or scrub soils with a <em>udic</em> soil moisture regime, in GA_w, the SOC is usually &gt; 7% and the average stocks 260 t ha^-1 (0-30 cm), and &gt;340 t ha^-1 (0-50 cm) in soils with thick organic matter rich horizons (&gt; 40 cm); these values greatly exceed the average contents observed in forest soils from temperate zones. Under similar conditions of vegetation and climate in soils of A_ceCV the SOC average is 3% and the mean stocks 90-100 t ha^-1 (0-30 cm). The <em>andic</em> character of acid forest soils in GA_w and the formation of C-Al,Fe complexes are pointed out as the SOC stabilization mechanism, in contrast to the neutral and calcareous soils that predominate in A_ceCV, where the main species of OC are easily biodegradable.

Slight demographic dynamism is a phenomenon present in many European Union countries, and in particular, in Spain. Demographic projections by the National Institute of Statistics show an uninterrupted decline of the Spanish population, where the most affected regions would be some NUTS2 located in the north area. This paper explores the case of the Basque Country. After calculating a Demography Vulnerability Index and a Globalisation Vulnerability Index we try to identify the municipalities according to its level of vulnerability to demographic and economic changes. The study reveals a link between the demographic and economic behavior of the Basque municipalities: those that show the greatest resistance in demographic terms are those that present the greatest strength in economic terms.

This paper compares current evidence for Mesolithic adaptations along the north Spanish coast from Galicia in the west to the Basque Country in the east. Significant questions and issues pertinent to Mesolithic research are reviewed, followed by a brief discussion of advances in method and theory over the past 25 years. Cantabria, País Vasco, and Galicia are compared with each other and en bloc with evidence from the middle Ebro over the 12-6 ka BP interval considered to bracket the transition between foraging and domestication economies. Marked differences in the time-space grid, geology, and the resolution of the data hinder these comparisons. A radiocarbon database totaling 610 dates is compiled, cleaned, filtered and analyzed for each region individually using summed calibrated date probability distribution (SPD) curves as a proxy for population density fluctuations over time. Regional curves are then compared with each other and with a global model.

La costumbre de poner nombres de raíz eusquérica se ha activado hace escasas décadas en el País Vasco, y hoy en día la mayoría de niños y jóvenes tienen nombres vascos. Por causas que se desconocen, en el resto del Estado se aprecia el mismo fenómeno, aunque en menor escala. Este artículo quiere describir las características de esa “moda”, tanto analizando cuantitativamente la presencia de nombres de origen vasco, como observando mediante entrevistas cualitativas las razones y consecuencias de esa elección.Euskal izenak jartzeko ohitura duela hamarkada eskas berpiztu zen EuskalHerrian eta gaur egun gehiengoak dira euskal izena duten haur eta gazteak. Oraindik aztertu ez diren arrazoiengatik, Espainiar Estatuko gainontzeko lurraldeetan euskal izenak jartzeko ohitura sortu da. Ikerketa honek ohitura horren ezaugarriak ezagutu nahi ditu, bai euskal izenen kopurua aztertuz modu kuantitatiboan, baita euskal izena jartzearen arrazoiak eta ondorioak antzemanez elkarrizketa kualitatibo batzuen bitartez.The habit of naming local children with Basque-origin names has been reactivated a few decades ago and nowadays a vast majority of them have Basque names. Due to unstudied reasons, in the rest of Spain parents have started to follow the same path, albeit to a lesser extent. This article aims to analyze that trend by determining quantitatively the amount of Basque-named citizens and qualitatively looking into reasons and consequences behind that choice.

This paper presents the results obtained from a sample of adolescents from the Basque Country (Spain) regarding the relationship between their personal values and the values perceived in their favourite television programmes. The theoretical framework used for conceptualizing and assessing such values was the Schwartz model; and the instrument used for the study was an own scale developed by the authors (Val-TV 0.1), which was statistically validated using a multidimensional analysis. In accordance with our hypotheses, which are based on previous studies, we can affirm that, in general, the subjects tend to perceive the same values in television programmes that they themselves show.En este trabajo se exponen los resultados hallados en una muestra de adolescentes del País Vasco (España) al estudiar la relación existente entre sus valores personales y los valores percibidos en sus programas preferidos de televisión. El marco teórico para la comprensión y evaluación de los valores es el modelo de Schwartz y el instrumento utilizado una escala de elaboración propia (Val-TV 0.1) validada estadísticamente mediante el análisis multidimensional. De acuerdo a las hipótesis planteadas, basadas en estudios anteriores, se concluye que, en términos generales, los sujetos tienden a percibir en sus programas preferidos aquellos valores que ellos mismos manifiestan.

Abstract Background Although there are currently alternative treatments to the long-term use of oral corticosteroids (OCS) in severe asthma, recent studies show excessive use depending on geography and differences in medical practice. The objective of the study was to describe the differences in OCS use for severe asthma across the Spanish geography. Methods This is a real-world study using existing databases (year 2019): longitudinal patient database (EMR), based on electronic medical records, and database of pharmacological consumption (Sell-in) in basic healthcare areas. With EMR, the percentage of OCS prescriptions corresponding to patients with severe asthma (ICD-9 “asthma” and prescription of biological treatment and/or high dose of inhaled corticosteroids/long-acting inhaled β2 agonists) was calculated. This percentage was transferred to the OCS consumption of each basic healthcare area as reported in the Sell-in database and a national heat map was created. The estimation of OCS use in patients with severe asthma per 100,000 inhabitants for each region was calculated by grouping basic healthcare areas and the mean OCS use per patient for different regions in Spain was also estimated. Results Patients with severe asthma in Spain were mostly female (69.6%), with a mean age (SD) of 57.6 years (18.01). Median time (Pc25–Pc75) since asthma diagnosis was 83.1 months (34.65–131.56). Of all patients with OCS prescriptions in 2019 identified in EMR, 4.4% corresponded to patients with severe asthma. Regions with the highest OCS use were Asturias, Andalucía, and Galicia, whereas those with the lowest use were Navarra, Baleares, Madrid and País Vasco. The mean OCS use per patient with severe asthma in 2019 throughout Spain was 1099.85 mg per patient, ranging from 782.99 mg in Navarra to 1432.64 in Asturias. Conclusions There are geographical differences between Spanish regions with respect to the use of OCS in patients with severe asthma. The national mean consumption of OCS per patient with severe asthma and year is above the limits that indicate good asthma control.

ResumenLas subvenciones a la prensa de los distintos Gobiernos en España es una necesidad no exenta de polémica por el control que se ejerce sobre ella. Su génesis se remonta a los años 60 y 70 y perviven en toda Europa sustentadas mediante el fomento del pluralismo. El objetivo de esta investigación es realizar un análisis contrastivo entre la Ley de Ayudas del Estado a la Prensa de 1984, y la legislación autonómica de Andalucía, Cataluña, Galicia y El País Vasco. Los resultados confirman el fortalecimiento de las publicaciones en las lenguas propias de las Comunidades Autónomas bilingües; el otorgamiento de estas contribuciones monetarias en exclusiva por parte de los Gobiernos autonómicos; el auge del patrocinio mediante la publicidad institucional insertada en las publicaciones periódicas de las Comunidades Autónomas; así como la concesión de ayudas financieras a medios minoritarios y la creciente valoración de proyectos de investigación periodística.AbstractThe subsidies to the press of the various governments in Spain is a need not without controversy by the control exercised over it. Its genesis goes back to the 60 and 70 and live on in Europe supported by promoting pluralism. The objective of this research is to conduct a contrastive analysis between the State Aid Act on the Press 1984, and regional legislation in Andalusia, Catalonia, Galicia and the Basque Country. The results confirm the strengthening of the publications in the languages of the bilingual Autonomous Communities, the granting of these monetary contributions exclusively by regional governments, the rise of corporate sponsorship through advertising inserted in the journals of the Autonomous Communities as well as the financial aid to minority media and the growing appreciation of investigative journalism projects.Palabras clavePrensa; Subvenciones; Políticas de Comunicación; Comunidades Autónomas; España.KeywordsPress; Subsidies; Policy Communication; Autonomous Communities; Spain.

Resumen: En este trabajo se aborda cómo se entrelazan el marco de protección y el de control en la cotidianidad de las vidas de los menores migrantes marroquíes en origen, tránsito y destino. En concreto se estudia en profundidad las vidas diarias de estos jóvenes en un centro de menores de la red de protección de Bizkaia (País Vasco, España). A través del estudio etnográfico de sus realidades cotidianas las autoras reflexionan sobre los límites de dicho sistema, que se encuentra englobado en una lógica de control migratorio y, al mismo tiempo, se encuentra a su vez recorrido por distintas estrategias de control de los jóvenes. Los datos muestran cómo estas estrategias se traducen en una falta total de autonomía de los menores que, al abandonar los centros, deben encarar sus vidas casi sin apoyos. En las conclusiones se problematiza el sistema de protección en su conjunto entendiendo el fenómeno migratorio de estos jóvenes como estructural y global y se aportan líneas de intervención desde una perspectiva transnacional. Abstract: This researchreveals how the systems for their protection and control are intertwined in the everyday life of Moroccan migrant children from origin, through transit, to destination. We explore their daily lives in a juvenile facility under the protection of the Bizkaia (Basque Country, Spain) in detail. Through an ethnographic study of their everyday realities, we reflect on the limits of the system, which operates partially under a logic of immigration control, but is challenged by authorities to control the migrants.. This data demonstrates that these strategies result in a total lack of autonomy for the minors who, at the end of their stay in the centers, must face life without any support. We discuss the protection system itself and analyze the global and structural aspects of this migration phenomenon. We conclude by proposing a series of interventions, formulated from a transnational perspective.

Public television faces various challenges in the digital world. On the one hand, technological transformation is forcing it to deploy new content distribution strategies. On the other, it faces limited budgets that force a rationalization of priorities. Moreover, it faces a profound change in the dynamics of television audience consumption, which is observed with particular clarity among younger audiences. This communication presents an overview of public television in Spain, emphasizing its presence in social media and mobile applications, to analyze how Spanish university students relate to public media. It presents the results of a survey applied in six Spanish communication faculties (the University of Alicante, Autonomous University of Barcelona, ​​Complutense University of Madrid, University of Malaga, University of the Basque Country, and University of Santiago de Compostela). Trends are identified in the consumption and assessment of future communication professionals and the global challenges faced by public service media. Resumen La televisión pública se enfrenta a diferentes retos en el escenario digital. Por un lado, la transformación tecnológica le está obligando a desplegar nuevas estrategias de distribución de contenidos. Por otro, disponen de presupuestos limitados que le llevan a racionalizar sus prioridades. Además, afrontan un profundo cambio en las dinámicas de consumo de las audiencias televisivas que se manifiesta con especial claridad entre los públicos más jóvenes. Esta comunicación parte de una radiografía de la televisión pública en España, con énfasis en su presencia en las redes sociales y las aplicaciones móviles, para analizar cómo los universitarios españoles se relacionan con los medios públicos. Se presentan los resultados de una encuesta realizada en seis facultades de comunicación españolas (Universidad de Alicante, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Universidad de Málaga, Universidad del País Vasco y Universidad de Santiago de Compostela) que permiten identificar las tendencias de consumo y valoración de los futuros profesionales de la comunicación; así como identifica los retos generales a los que se enfrentan los medios de servicio público.

The emergence of new online media over the last decade has enabled the creation of innovative models focused on discovering mixed financing formulas, new information proposals, and the defense of democratic values, resulting in more plural and reader-oriented journalism. However, unlike in the past with newspapers, this new digital press currently plays little role in universities. To determine the causes of this low prominence of digital newspapers in university libraries, we study the presence of the ten most widely read digital native newspapers in Spain (El español, El confidencial, Ok diario, Economía digital, Eldiario.es, Huffington post, Periodista digital, Publico.es, Vozpópuli, and Libertad digital) according to the reference metrics of the Comscore digital audiences in the 260 educational centers included in the Web Ranking of Universities produced by the Cybermetrics Lab of the Institute of Public Goods and Policies (IPP) of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC). The results show that only seven universities (Autonomous University of Barcelona, University of Granada, University of Seville, University of the Basque Country, Carlos III University of Madrid, Camilo José Cela University, and Pontifical University of Salamanca) provide professors and students with access to current and retrospective content of all these media practically since their foundation. Finally, several reasons that condition the limited presence of digital press in the academic world are presented. Resumen La irrupción de nuevos medios de comunicación online durante la pasada década propició la aparición de modelos innovadores que se han centrado en descubrir fórmulas mixtas de financiación, una renovación de la oferta informativa y la defensa de los valores democráticos. Como consecuencia, ha surgido un periodismo más cercano al lector y con un mayor pluralismo informativo, pero con una reducida incursión en las universidades españolas, a diferencia de lo que ocurrió en su día con la prensa en papel. Con el fin de conocer las causas del escaso protagonismo de los diarios digitales en las bibliotecas universitarias, se estudia la presencia de los diez periódicos nativos digitales más leídos en España (El español, El confidencial, Ok diario, Economía digital, Eldiario.es, Huffington post, Periodista digital, Publico.es, Vozpópuli y Libertad digital) según el medidor de referencia de las audiencias digitales Comscore en los 260 centros educativos incluidos en el Ranking Web de Universidades que elabora el Laboratorio de Cibermetría del Instituto de Políticas y Bienes Públicos del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. Se comprueba que solo siete entidades (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Universidad de Granada, Universidad de Sevilla, Universidad del País Vasco, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Universidad Camilo José Cela y Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca) ofrecen a profesores y estudiantes el servicio de acceso a contenido actual y retrospectivo de esos medios desde prácticamente su fundación. Finalmente, se exponen los diversos motivos que condicionan la escasa presencia de la prensa digital en al ámbito académico.

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