Journal articles on the topic 'Regionalism-European Union countries-Case studies'
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1
Hamzaoui, Djaouida. "European Neighborhood Policy." Contemporary Arab Affairs 13, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 105–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/caa.2020.13.1.105.
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In 2004, the European Union proposed a project entitled the European Neighborhood Policy as a new strategic option. The project had been adopted by the European Council one year earlier in a proposal to the concerned states. The European Neighborhood Policy proposes the development of the scope of cooperation between the European Union and the southwestern Mediterranean countries through several political, economic, social, and cultural fields. Yet, the sphere of security is set at the top of its priorities. It is based on the principles of human rights, democracy, and the rule of law, as well as on establishing security and stability between the countries on the two shores of the Mediterranean neighboring Europe. This would be based on a common framework and a larger volume of mutual cooperation that is embodied in a genuine partnership that would confront common challenges. The study explores and provides an answer to the following question: To what extent can the European Neighborhood Policy be considered a representation of regionalism and the embodiment of a genuine European desire through which it would be able to build a “security group” in the Mediterranean basin?
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Ismayilzada, Tofig. "The European Union's Cooperation With Third Countries: Turkey And Libya." Jurnal Kajian Pemerintah: Journal of Government, Social and Politics 8, no. 2 (December 13, 2022): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/jkp.2022.vol8(2).11148.
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The European Union has recently been an attractive destination for asylum seekers and migrants. Despite the deadly migration routes, the migration crisis has proved that asylum seekers and migrants are willing to enter European Union territory. The flow of irregular migration to the European Union peaked in 2015. The intensity of migration movement over such a short period raised concerns about internal and external security. At the same time, due to the migration crisis, the European Union intensified its cooperation with third countries on the migration issue. This article first explores the concept of international cooperation on migration and assesses if the selected case studies have any common characteristics to the concept. Second, the paper studies the effectiveness of the European Union's cooperation with Turkey and Libya, which emerged due to the migration crisis. Additionally, the paper provides data to test the effectiveness of cooperation with third countries. The cooperation with Turkey and Libya was an essential tool for the European Union to control its Mediterranean borders. When the consensus was reached, the number of irregular arrivals significantly decreased.
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Tarpani, Elena, Cristina Piselli, Claudia Fabiani, Ilaria Pigliautile, Eelke J. Kingma, Benedetta Pioppi, and Anna Laura Pisello. "Energy Communities Implementation in the European Union: Case Studies from Pioneer and Laggard Countries." Sustainability 14, no. 19 (October 1, 2022): 12528. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141912528.
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Energy communities are a promising strategy for a global energy transition. European Union (EU) regulatory frameworks are already established and clearly explained, aiming to develop as many projects as possible in the different European countries. Accordingly, it is necessary to present two different types of countries: the laggards and the pioneers, two categories that highlight the discrepancies in policy, bureaucracy, culture, and usage of alternative sources and technologies, such as renewable energy, towards the implementation of energy communities. This work compares two representative case studies to qualitatively understand the differences between laggard and pioneer countries: Italy and the Netherlands, respectively. The regulatory framework and the solid points/shortcomings of each country are explained first. Thereafter, an accurate description of the two selected case study communities and their different peculiarities is provided. Finally, the main similarities and differences are stressed to discuss the lessons to be learned in laggard and pioneer countries. Five pillars for the development and uptake of energy communities are identified related to regulations, economic benefits, technical limitations, sustainability, and social awareness. These outcomes suggest the importance of policy management, and stress the limitations of governance in helping policymakers and experts to support the energy transition.
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Grecu, Robert-Adrian. "Synchronization of Business Cycles in European Union Countries." Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 16, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 217–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2022-0021.
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Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has affected economic activity worldwide. Despite the progress made by vaccination campaigns, important uncertainties still linger amid persistent global value chains disruptions and the ongoing energy crisis. A proper understanding of the behavior of the economy is therefore essential for future policy decisions. While there are plenty of studies regarding business cycles, using various methods from univariate filters to more complex methods, less papers focus on large scale comparisons. In this paper, we provide an overview of business cycles in European Union countries. We use the Hodrick-Prescott filter in order to measure the cyclical component of the gross domestic product and the Bry-Boschan-Quarterly algorithm for further analysis, namely the duration and the amplitude of the business cycles. Our results show that their size in European Union countries varies from 2.7 to 6 years and their amplitude is between 1.6 and 5.6 percentage points. We show that in developed economies, business cycles are more stable. Furthermore, strong correlations in terms of business cycles are found in the case of certain groups of countries, such as the Baltic ones or Belgium, Austria and France. In the case of Romania, its business cycle is more similar to the one of Bulgaria, Croatia and Slovenia. These results could provide useful information for policymakers in terms of future policy decisions conditional on both the current state of the economy and its structural characteristics. Under these circumstances, support measures should also take into consideration such properties of the economy.
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Kirov, Vassil, and Pernille Hohnen. "Trade unions strategies to address inclusion of vulnerable employees in “anchored” services in Europe." International Journal of Manpower 36, no. 6 (September 7, 2015): 848–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-01-2014-0031.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate how trade unions may address the questions of inclusion of vulnerable employees in low-wage “anchored” sectors in the European Union. Design/methodology/approach – The findings presented in the paper are mainly results of the analysis of stakeholder policies and strategies on the national level and on the European level, including both desk research and interviews with social partner representatives and other experts in the sectors as well as company case studies carried out in the examined countries in three selected sectors: cleaning, waste collection and catering. Findings – The main findings of the paper refer to the indirect way in which trade unions try to promote the inclusion of vulnerable groups in the examined sectors. On this basis are formulated policy recommendations. Research limitations/implications – The paper is based on case study research that does not cover all possible “anchored” services, vulnerable groups and types of countries, according to their employment and social models. Practical implications – This paper formulates practical recommendations to European trade unions in the services. Originality/value – The originality of the paper is related to comparative research focused on services sectors and the consequences of the spatial reorganisation of sectors for the trade union actions.
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Ryeznikov, V. V., and V. S. Kupina. "The Economic Policy of European Union (by Case of center and Periphery countries)." Statistics of Ukraine 82, no. 3 (September 4, 2018): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.31767/su.3(82)2018.03.06.
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Building of the new economic strategy for Ukraine, focused on Eurointegration, makes one consider for both positive and possible negative effects of the European Union’s development for Ukraine. The Ukrainian economy is forced to implement reforms of the internal and external economic component by relying on EU practices in integration reforms.
The importance of this topic is caused by the need to investigate the impact of the single economic course pursued by EU on setting priority areas of reforms of domestic economic policies in center and periphery countries of this integration association. The article’s objective is to reveal the content of the socio-economic policy in EU and its impact on the EU operation in terms of the relationship between the performance of center and periphery countries.
The studies presented in the articles show that the economic integration has complex character and calls for detailed analysis of internal and external processes in countries as components of the system at macroeconomic level of the integration association. Based on the analysis of the above mentioned regional distribution of EU, the following EU countries (most successful and most problematic) were selected as representative ones for the study: Germany and France as “center”, and Greece and Hungary as “periphery”. A socio-economic analysis of key indicators is made, and the role of each of the above countries in the EU development is revealed. A comparative analysis of the selected EU countries is made through trend analysis; their development outlook is given.
The achievement of the goals of the single EU strategy is analyzed by priority areas of economic policy reforms in the member countries, intended to stabilize their economies: i) recover the fiscal stability; ii) ensure the financial stability; iii) implement the reforms promoting growth and employment; and iv) modernize the public sector. The analysis confirms the prospect of strong economic positions for center countries, which is shown by the approximation ratio that was close to 1 in all the studied cases. Due to the problems of periphery countries, highlighted in the article, these countries may be incapable to meet the convergence criteria fixed in the EU strategy or pursue the single economic course, thus creating a threat of economic crisis for the whole EU.
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Blaszke, Małgorzata, and Maciej J. Nowak. "OBJECTIVES OF SPATIAL PLANNING IN SELECTED CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES. ANALYSIS OF SELECTED CASE STUDIES." Ukrainian Geographical Journal, no. 4 (January 2023): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ugz2022.04.057.
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The aim of this article is to determine how spatial planning tasks are addressed at the central level in the spatial planning systems of selected Central and Eastern European countries. The article is of a review nature. Based on the literature review, the central-level approaches to spatial planning in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Lithuania, and Romania are characterized. Countries that are members of the European Union and countries where there is in-depth scientific literature on the indicated issue were selected. At the same time, for each country, the approaches analyzed were selected in a slightly different way, adapted to the systemic framework. The focus was on a synthetic content analysis of spatial planning documents at the central level.
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(Bodescu) Cotoc, Corina-Narcisa, Maria Nițu, Mircea Constantin Șcheau, and Adeline-Cristina Cozma. "Efficiency of Money Laundering Countermeasures: Case Studies from European Union Member States." Risks 9, no. 6 (June 17, 2021): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/risks9060120.
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The aim of this study is to present the trends and effectiveness of money laundering countermeasures from the perspective of a number of suspicious transactions reported to the Financial Intelligence Units (FIUs), a number of analysis results submitted to law enforcement authorities, and the typologies of cases in European Union Member States. In order to determine the impact of the joint effort in the fight against money laundering, we used descriptive statistics to process the data and case studies from annual reports of the European FIUs for 2018 and 2019. The results of our study highlight the increase in the number of suspicious transactions notices, as well as in their quality level. There is an increasing tendency towards information exchange between European Union countries regarding the suspicion of money laundering, but there is no stable trend for referring cases to law enforcement and other responsible institutions. Based on the available data, it can be concluded that the EU anti money laundering measures are efficient, but further steps are needed to achieve higher international coordination and cooperation.
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Donath, Liliana, and Veronica Mihutescu Cerna. "Alternative Views on the Participation of Non-Euro Zone Countries at the Bank Union." Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai Oeconomica 62, no. 1 (April 25, 2017): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/subboec-2017-0001.
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Abstract The reformation of the bank systems’ regulation and supervision in The European Union was founded on a macroprudential approach to monitor systemic risks and the vulnerabilities in a more effective way. Considered as the backbone of the new macroprudential supervision architecture, the Bank Union raises intense debates among the catching up economies. The fact that there are few studies on the costs and benefits of joining the Bank Union for the Central and Eastern European countries, explains the different views of the decision makers concerning this issue. The study stresses the manner in which macroprudential policies were implemented in Romania, as a particular case among the CEE countries, and the extent of their contribution to mitigating vulnerabilities and maintaining financial stability. The paper summarises the main arguments in favour of joining the Bank Union by emphasising the Romanian monetary authorities’ stance compared to those of the neighbouring CEE countries.
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Stefanova, Boyka M. "An ethnonational perspective on territorial politics in the EU: east-west comparisons from a pilot study." Nationalities Papers 42, no. 3 (May 2014): 449–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2014.916661.
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This paper examines the relationship between European integration and ethnonational demands with the example of selected regions in the European Union (EU). It follows the theoretical premises of new regionalism and explores the ways in which ethnonational groups use the opportunities and resources of European governance to express their identities, material interests, and political demands. Methodologically, it conducts a plausibility probe of the potential effects of European integration on ethnonationalism by testing for regional differences in identities, interests, and political attitudes. The case studies are drawn from the UK (Wales and Scotland), Belgium (Flanders), Austria (Carinthia and Burgenland), Romania (Northwest and Center regions), and Bulgaria (South-Central and South-Eastern regions) as a representative selection of regional interests in the EU. The paper finds that European integration affects ethnonational groups by reinforcing identity construction in the direction of inclusiveness and diversity. Although regional actors are more supportive of the EU than the European publics in general, they also seek access to representation in the authority structures of the state. Based on these findings, the paper concludes that European integration facilitates a growing public acceptance of its resources, in parallel with persisting allegiances to the nation-state, the community, and ethnoregional distinctiveness.
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Kohlenberg, A., C. Ködmön, M. van den Boom, and M. J. van der Werf. "Tuberculosis surveillance in adolescents: what to learn from European Union/European Economic Area data?" International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 24, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 347–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.19.0547.
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OBJECTIVE: To describe tuberculosis (TB) characteristics in the adolescent 10–19 years age group that is often underrepresented in surveillance and studies despite the high global TB burden estimated for this group.SETTING AND DESIGN: We use the case-based data reported to the European Surveillance System (TESSy) from European Union (EU)/European Economic Area (EEA) countries between 2007 and 2016 to describe notification rates, TB characteristics and treatment outcomes among adolescent TB cases. We also compare TB characteristics in young adolescents (10–14 years) and older adolescents (15–19 years).RESULTS: For the period 2007 to 2016, 705 826 TB cases were reported to TESSy by 29 EU/EEA countries, 38 054 (5.4%) of which were adolescents. The overall EU/EEA notification rate among adolescents was 6.9 per 100 000 population, 3.5 among young adolescents and 10.1 among older adolescents. The two adolescent groups had differences regarding sex distribution, site of disease, sputum smear microscopy positivity, laboratory confirmation and treatment outcome.CONCLUSION: Younger and older adolescents should be analysed as separate groups when studying and reporting TB, particularly to inform better targeting of TB prevention and care interventions in the future, in order to improve outcomes.
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Tantau, Adrian, and Ana-Maria Iulia Şanta. "New Energy Policy Directions in the European Union Developing the Concept of Smart Cities." Smart Cities 4, no. 1 (February 9, 2021): 241–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/smartcities4010015.
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In the context of the European Union promoting clean energy, sustainability and better living conditions for its citizens, the development of smarts cities is an initiative supported at the European Union level, in line with the new energy policies of the European Union promoted by the package “Clean Energy for All Europeans”. The concept of smart cities gains increasing importance in the European Union, a fact that is reflected in the project “European Innovation Partnership on Smart Cities and Communities” of the European Commission. Smart cities are a practical example of how the new energy policies shape the lives of the European Union citizens, trying to improve it. As a consequence, new business models arise in big cities, involving the use of technology for better living conditions. These new, technology-based business models are important, as they improve the life quality of the inhabitants, they reduce the climate change impact, and they contribute as well to job creation in the IT-industry, promoting innovation. They have as well a social impact, as they bring experts from energy policies, business, economics, legal and IT together in order to project a new type of city—the smart city. The research hypothesis of the present article is that there is a high acceptance towards the concept of smart cities at the European Union level and that this concept could be implemented with the help of information technology and of artificial intelligence. This way, legal provisions, economic measures and IT-tools work together in order to create synergy effects for better life quality of the citizens of the European Union. The research hypothesis is analyzed by means of the questionnaire as a qualitative research method and is as well assessed by using case studies (e.g., Austria, Finland, Romania). The novelty of the case studies is that the development of smart cities is analyzed due to the new trend towards sustainability in two countries with different living conditions in the European Union.
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Górecka, Stanisława. "Mortality and Longevity in the Central and East Europe - Changes in Years 1990-2005." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 9, no. 9 (January 1, 2008): 79–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10089-008-0007-5.
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Mortality and Longevity in the Central and East Europe - Changes in Years 1990-2005 Political and socioeconomic transformation has significantly influenced demographic processes in Central and East Europe. This was mainly noticeable in behaviours and attitudes concerning forming and developing of families. With regard to the aforementioned behaviours, the populations of analysed countries have adopted to new conditions very quickly, and the demographic parameters have reached values that were almost identical as those in West Europe. The situation developed completely differently in the case of mortality and life expectancy. Differences between Central and East Europe, and West European countries, which were already visible at the beginning of 1990's, have been eliminated considerably slower. Even though, one can observe favourable transformations in life expectancy and the distribution of death causes in the Central and Eastern European countries. Those changes are especially apparent in countries which became members of the European Union in 2004.
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Ibanez, Jesus, Sonia Martel Martín, Salvatore Baldino, Cristina Prandi, and Alberto Mannu. "European Union Legislation Overview about Used Vegetable Oils Recycling: The Spanish and Italian Case Studies." Processes 8, no. 7 (July 8, 2020): 798. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8070798.
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The employment of used vegetable oils (UVOs) as raw materials in key sectors as energy production or bio-lubricant synthesis represents one of the most relevant priorities in the European Union (EU) normative context. In many countries, the development of new production processes based on the circular economy model, as well as the definition of future energy and production targets, involve the utilization of wastes as raw material. In this context, the main currently applied EU regulations are presented and discussed. As in the EU, the general legislative process consists of the definition in each State Member of specific legislation, which transposes the EU indications. Two relevant countries are herein considered: Italy and Spain. Through the analysis of the conditions required in both countries for UVOs’ collection, disposal, storage, and recycling, a wide panorama of the current situation is provided.
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Anderson, Leah Seppanen. "European Union Gender Regulations in the East: The Czech and Polish Accession Process." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 20, no. 1 (February 2006): 101–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325405284314.
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This article explains, first, why there was a uniform emergence of equal opportunities legislation across East Central European states in the late 1990s and early 2000s and, second, why the speed of adoption varied across countries. The author deviates from a traditional comparative focus on domestic factors and instead treats her two case studies—Poland and the Czech Republic—as part of an international system in which external actors can exert a simultaneous but differential effect on domestic policies. The author argues that the European Union (EU) accession process prompted equal opportunities legislation in both countries but domestic actors mediated this influence in different ways. In Poland, legislation was delayed due to an organized opposition to EU gender equity laws and its close ties to parties of the Right in government, two factors absent from the Czech case where laws passed earlier. The author also suggests that the EU's financial and political resources may enable it to reshape these domestic actors in the future.
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Correia, Diogo, João Lourenço Marques, and Leonor Teixeira. "The State-of-the-Art of Smart Cities in the European Union." Smart Cities 5, no. 4 (December 8, 2022): 1776–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/smartcities5040089.
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Today, policymakers struggle to obtain information from specific smart city case studies. The literature lacks a unified view of current initiatives. This paper performs an empirical study with the aim of collecting evidence from the literature about existing smart city initiatives in the European Union (EU). The contribution of each paper and its geography are analyzed using content analysis to identify the number and type of initiatives in each country. A cluster analysis is performed to find relationships between countries and their development phase as well as the categories (areas) they are focused on. The results suggest that there are different levels of smart city development between the member states despite the initial year of their first result in the literature. Furthermore, 22 smart city categories clustered in four different groups were found. When compared to countries’ socio-economic characteristics, the results suggest the development of smart cities is significantly related to the public budget balance, gross domestic product and EU structural funds. In summary, this paper portrays the state-of-the-art of smart city initiatives in the member states of the European Union. Moreover, it represents a valuable contribution to decision makers to discuss ways to standardize smart city approaches in the European scope. Furthermore, the method used in this paper can inspire the development of collaborative dashboards for the exchange of best practices and data accessibility about case studies’ details.
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Cepeliauskaite, Gabriele, Benno Keppner, Zivile Simkute, Zaneta Stasiskiene, Leon Leuser, Ieva Kalnina, Nika Kotovica, Jānis Andiņš, and Marek Muiste. "Smart-Mobility Services for Climate Mitigation in Urban Areas: Case Studies of Baltic Countries and Germany." Sustainability 13, no. 8 (April 7, 2021): 4127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084127.
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The transport sector is one of the largest contributors of CO2 emissions and other greenhouse gases. In order to achieve the Paris goal of decreasing the global average temperature by 2 °C, urgent and transformative actions in urban mobility are required. As a sub-domain of the smart-city concept, smart-mobility-solutions integration at the municipal level is thought to have environmental, economic and social benefits, e.g., reducing air pollution in cities, providing new markets for alternative mobility and ensuring universal access to public transportation. Therefore, this article aims to analyze the relevance of smart mobility in creating a cleaner environment and provide strategic and practical examples of smart-mobility services in four European cities: Berlin (Germany), Kaunas (Lithuania), Riga (Latvia) and Tartu (Estonia). The paper presents a systematized literature review about the potential of smart-mobility services in reducing the negative environmental impact to urban environments in various cities. The authors highlight broad opportunities from the European Union and municipal documents for smart-mobility initiatives. The theoretical part is supplemented by socioeconomic and environmental descriptions, as well as experience, related to smart-mobility services in the four cities selected.
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Puşcaşu, Ela-Andrada. "The impact of financial systems on economic growth in European Union member countries." Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 16, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 722–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2022-0068.
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Abstract As the economy develops, self-financed capital investments are less frequent, being replaced by financing through banking intermediation and later through capital markets. The development of financial systems has a positive effect on the mobilization of resources, improving corporate governance and risk management, leading to economic growth. The preponderance of previous research papers shows a positive relationship between financial development and economic growth. Studies using cross-sectional methodologies discover almost unanimously a positive link between financial development and economic growth, while studies with methodologies based on time series, panel data or case studies reach different conclusions depending on the period considered, the countries’ initial level of development and the structure of the financial systems. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of financial systems on economic growth using panel regressions based on annual data regarding measures of financial development for the member countries of the European Union, for the period 1990-2020. The findings show that the development of the financial systems, through the activity of banks and capital markets, has a positive effect on the allocation of resources, the mobilization of savings and the efficient management of risks, leading in turn to economic growth if there is a correlation between the funds invested and the output of the real sector. The paper’s contribution to the field refers to the study of the long-term relations between the financial systems and the economic growth using data for all European Union countries, the findings helping to formulate public policies.
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Oskolkov, P. V. "ETHNICITY AND POLITICS: TERMINOLOGICAL DEBATES AND NODAL POINTS OF INTERSECTION." Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences 92, S2 (June 2022): S155—S160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1019331622080081.
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Abstract A critical interpretation of the existing academic texts devoted to various phenomena related to ethnic politics raises the following questions: what are the criteria for ethnicity? What are the nodal points of intersection of ethnicity and politics? Based on the constructivist interpretation of ethnicity as a changeable concept that cannot be reduced to cultural and linguistic originality, the definition of an ethnic group as a social group that has distinctive cultural features (in the broadest sense) and the idea of the hereditary transmission of group membership is proposed. Based on this definition, it is proposed not to limit the subject field of ethnopolitical science to the interaction of the state with ethnic groups, but to include populism (in the form of right-wing populism, understood as ethnopopulism) and nationalism (as a product of ethnic mobilization). Particular attention is paid to regionalism as a particular but very important case of nationalism. The conclusions are supported by examples from Western European political practice. Based on the extremely inclusive constructivist definition of ethnicity, it is possible and necessary to understand the subject field of ethnopolitical science as broadly as possible in order to strengthen its position in the circle of sociopolitical disciplines, in particular, in studying sociopolitical processes in the European Union.
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Fornari, Fabio Gonçalves Pais, and Thiago Allis. "The role of regionalism for tourism: an analysis of responses to Covid-19 in the European Union and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations." Turismo - Visão e Ação 24, no. 1 (March 8, 2022): 2–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.14210/rtva.v24n1.p2-24.
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This article analyses the role of regional integration schemes in the management of the COVID-19 crisis and the policies towards the tourism sector, focusing on the policies and strategies developed by the European Union (EU) and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) during the pandemic crisis. It presents the concepts of old and new regionalism from the International Relations field of studies and how regional integration correlates with policies and strategies for tourism, which have been put to the test by the need to bring the activity to a halt. This is an exploratory article, which relies on a qualitative methodology based on documental research, content analysis and access to secondary data. It presents the hypothesis that the tourism sectors from countries which are part of regional organisations benefit from these structures, once they provide mechanisms for developing coordinated
recovery plans and the management of tourism mobilities. As a conclusion, the article provides a possible scenario where tourism will take place in a “world of regions”, with long-haul transit between continents returning at a slower pace in comparison with a faster restart of the activity within “intraregional bubbles”, such as the EU and ASEAN.
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Meidert, Nadine, and Carolin Rapp. "Public Attitudes towards Refugees in Germany: What Drives Attitudes towards Refugees in Comparison with Immigrant Workers from European Union Countries?" Journal of Refugee Studies 32, Special_Issue_1 (December 1, 2019): i209—i218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fez046.
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Abstract The current global refugee crisis puts both refugees and Western societies to the test. The challenges refugees face within their host countries depend on not only situational circumstances, but also the attitudinal climate they confront. A negative public can have severe consequences for refugees’ integration. This article asks two basic questions that have received little attention in previous studies: How do attitudes towards refugees with different flight reasons differ when compared with attitudes towards immigrants from European Union countries? What factors influence those attitudes? These questions are answered for the exemplary case of Germany based on new data from the German General Social Survey, which was conducted during the height of the refugee crisis in mid-2016. Our results reveal that refugees are perceived less positively than European Union immigrants and the origin of this negative perception mainly lies in increased feelings of threat.
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Mazur-Wierzbicka, Ewa. "Towards Circular Economy—A Comparative Analysis of the Countries of the European Union." Resources 10, no. 5 (May 13, 2021): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources10050049.
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There are many studies which implement and assess existing measurement manners and document the progress of entities towards the circular economy (CE) at various levels, or present or propose new possibilities of measurement. The majority of them refer to the micro level. The aim of this paper is to conduct a multidimensional comparative analysis of the implementation of circular economy by EU countries. After an in-depth critical analysis of the literature, CE indicators which were proposed by the European Commission were adopted as a basis. Owing to the research population-Member States of the European Union (EU-28), focusing on the said indicators was declared reasonable in all aspects. The classification of EU countries according to the level of their advancement in the concept of CE was adopted as a main research task. In order to do so, a relevant index of development of circular economy was created (IDCE). This will allow us, inter alia, to trace changes in the spatial differentiation of advancement of the EU countries in implementing CE over the years, to identify CE implementation leaders as well as countries particularly delayed in this regard. The comparative analysis was conducted by means of statistical methods. On the basis of the analyses, it was concluded that among all EU countries, those of the old EU are the most advanced in terms of CE. The analysis confirmed significant rising trends for IDCE only in the case of Belgium and The Netherlands.
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Bogusz, Małgorzata, and Monika Wojcieszak-Zbierska. "MULTIPURPOSE RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN SELECTED EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES (EXAMPLES OF IMPLEMENTED PROJECTS)." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXII, no. 3 (September 7, 2020): 42–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.3809.
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The purpose of this paper is to present, by means of case studies, examples of activities in the field of multipurpose development businesses which, due to services offered, their location and recognition, can serve as good practices and provide inspiration for the development of such activities in rural areas of selected EU countries. A key aspect of multipurpose rural development is to shift from single-function development towards farm diversification in order to engage in and develop non-agricultural activities. The concept of multipurpose rural development, where agriculture is no longer the sole function of rural areas, has often become a panacea for maintaining the basic form of agriculture, especially in areas affected by severe fragmentation of agricultural land. The examples found in three countries (Poland, Spain and Romania) showed that agriculture can be combined with non-agricultural activities with environmentally-friendly, innovative and educational concepts. The analyzed cases also showed that entrepreneurship in rural areas is often carried out in accordance with the principles of sustainable development, and the multifunctional nature of these activities indicates that even small farms are able to survive. However, it is important that it is not only agricultural activity, but other activities connected with it, using natural and cultural resources of farms and villages, such as processing or education.
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Miftari, Florije. "The relationship between the public debt and economic growth: The case of upper-middle-income European countries." Corporate and Business Strategy Review 3, no. 1 (2022): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cbsrv3i1art9.
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Most results from numerous studies show that the public debt rate has a negative effect on economic growth (Misztal, 2021; Panizza & Presbitero, 2014; Afonso & Alves, 2015; Reinhart & Rogoff, 2010a). Therefore, the aim of this paper is to empirically analyze the relationship between the public debt and economic growth for 16 upper-middle-income European countries for the period from 2000 to 2020. Our sample consists of three subgroups: the countries of the Western Balkans, upper-middle-income countries states members of the European Union (EU), and other developing European countries. The study employs panel regression models such as ordinary least squares (OLS), fixed-effects, and random-effects models, in order to test the relationship of the public debt-to-gross domestic product (GDP). Almost all models indicate that the relationship between debt-to-GDP is weakly negatively correlated with economic growth, where a 1% increase in debt-to-GDP decreases economic growth by 0.034%, even the average debt-to-GDP of our sample is 35.02%. Moreover, the findings of this study contribute to the literature regarding the public debt ratio and economic growth in developing countries.
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Voica, Marian Cătălin, and Panait Mirela. "Investment Development Path in the European Union in the Context of Financial Crisis." International Journal of Sustainable Economies Management 3, no. 4 (October 2014): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsem.2014100104.
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Since the start of foreign direct investment (FDI) studies, scholars asked themselves what drives companies to invest abroad, what incentives are needed to start the flow of FDI to one destination country and how is the flow changing as that countries development is more and more advanced. The academic community launched the hypothesis that the level of development of one country influences the flow of FDI, also known as the investment development path theory. This article is a case study of EU member states as the EU is one of the most advanced forms of cooperation between countries in the world and the flow of FDI has a great impact on its development. The authors follow the evolution of FDI since the year 2000, including the effects of the financial crisis on the flows of FDI, and their post-crisis recovery, and the correlation of the net output investment per capita of FDI with the GDP per capita levels.
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Şchiopu, Ruxandra. "Business Digitization in the European Union." Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 14, no. 1 (July 1, 2020): 385–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2020-0037.
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AbstractDigitalization nowadays can stretch in all aspects of the functioning of a business. Therefore, given the available technologies, the speed at which businesses merge with the digital world dictates the comparative advantage a like company can harness over its competition. However, integrating digital means into businesses can come at a considerable cost. Moreover, this creates a dichotomy between digitalizing an already existing and thriving company functioning on traditional channels and the creation of new fully digitalized enterprises. This paper aims at revealing the relevancy of digitalization in the business world by evaluating the cost efficiency of going digital or starting digital across economic sectors for enterprises in the European Union from 2017 onwards.The argument of designing a business from scratch in an automated and smart digitalized style is much more comprehensive in a connected globalized world. The intricacies stretch far beyond the pure digital and business areal since most transactions happen internationally. The borderless approach creates a demand for all aspects of a business to work cohesively. Therefore, business operations such as accounting, legal actions, storage, delivery, and marketing must be corroborated with business operations as they are conducted in an increasingly digitalized manner. Through analyzing secondary data, statistics and case studies about the level of business digitalization across sectors in the European Union, this paper targets to reveal witch are the fast evolving sectors in terms of digitalization for businesses and the most effective way in which digitalization creates increased value for business. The countries of the European Union experience different levels of digital technology integration, it peaks in Denmark while, Romania, Bulgaria and Poland are situated at the other end of the spectrum. Manufacturing is the sector with the least amount of digital updates across the sample while communications, computer programing, travel agencies, and accommodation services surge in the digital arena. There is a direct correlation between the size of the company and its propensity to exploit opportunities in digital transformation. However there is a new aspect of the speed at which small mainly digital companies acquire acumen and therefore profit. This paper synthesis the fastest growing digitalized sectors in the European Union and highlights opportunities for old and new businesses.
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Fossati, Fabio. "Italy and European Union enlargement: A comparative analysis of left and right governments." Modern Italy 13, no. 2 (May 2008): 187–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13532940801962140.
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This article explores the attitudes of Italy's ruling and opposition parties towards the European Union (EU) enlargement process in Central and Eastern Europe. It shows that during both left (1996–2001) and right (2001–2006) governments there was a convergence between conservative and constructivist political platforms. In the first case, support for the Balkan countries (i.e., Slovenia, Romania, Bulgaria, Croatia) and Turkey was based on their economic (penetration of Italian firms) and political (stabilisation of a difficult area) potential. In the second case, support was justified for both economic (i.e., redistributive policy towards Romania, Bulgaria and Croatia) and cultural (i.e., pursuing a ‘plural’ Europe by including Turkey) reasons. Some liberal criticism based on Turkey's partial compliance with the political requirements for accession were raised by individual politicians of moderate right and left parties, and cultural biases against Islamic Turkey were stressed by the Lega Nord. Neither view, however, had a significant impact on the decision-making process.
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Santomauro, Giulia. "The multilevel governance challenges of NextGenerationEU: the Spanish and Italian decentralised systems viewed through the lens of federalisation." Revista Catalana de Dret Públic, no. 68 (June 19, 2024): 157–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.58992/rcdp.i68.2024.4242.
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The post-COVID-19 panorama presents serious economic and social challenges, prompting the European Union (EU) to allocate extensive funds to its Member States. The central financing instrument created for this purpose, NextGenerationEU (NGEU), requires the Member States to implement ambitious reforms to bring about green and digital transitions within their National Recovery and Resilience Plans (NRRPs). Despite innovative elements in NGEU’s decision-making process, legal basis and fiscal integration policy, the role of sub-state authorities in the context of multilevel governance (MLG) demonstrates a centralised tendency. In order to understand this issue, the management of NRRPs in the Spanish system of autonomous communities and Italian regionalism will be taken as emblematic case studies. Specifically, the constitutional significance of the MLG model in the context of the NGEU recovery package will be evaluated in light of the principles of solidarity, subsidiarity, proportionality and partnership. This paper ultimately aims to offer broader insights into NGEU’s role in the ongoing EU federalisation process and its shortcomings with respect to national decentralised systems.
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Meyer, Brett. "Learning to Love the Government." World Politics 68, no. 3 (May 18, 2016): 538–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043887116000058.
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One counterintuitive variation in wage-setting regulation is that countries with the highest labor standards and strongest labor movements are among the least likely to set a statutory minimum wage. This, the author argues, is due largely to trade union opposition. Trade unions oppose the minimum wage when they face minimal low-wage competition, which is affected by the political institutions regulating industrial action, collective agreements, and employment, as well as by the skill and wage levels of their members. When political institutions effectively regulate low-wage competition, unions oppose the minimum wage. When political institutions are less favorable toward unions, there may be a cleavage between high- and low-wage unions in their minimum wage preferences. The argument is illustrated with case studies of the UK, Germany, and Sweden. The author demonstrates how the regulation of low-wage competition affects unions’ minimum wage preferences by exploiting the following labor market institutional shocks: the Conservatives’ labor law reforms in the UK, the Hartz labor market reforms in Germany, and the European Court of Justice's Laval ruling in Sweden. The importance of union preferences for minimum wage adoption is also shown by how trade union confederation preferences influenced the position of the Labour Party in the UK and the Social Democratic Party in Germany.
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Vives, Luna. "The European Union–West African sea border: Anti-immigration strategies and territoriality." European Urban and Regional Studies 24, no. 2 (March 1, 2016): 209–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969776416631790.
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The fight against unwanted sea migration in Southern Europe has triggered the territorial redefinition of European Union (EU) borders and transformed the relationship between sending and receiving countries in the region. This paper focuses on the strategies that the EU and Spain adopted to seal the maritime border around the Canary Islands between 2005 and 2010. According to the primary and secondary data used here, the closure of the Atlantic route that happened in this period was the result of the combination of defensive and preventative measures along and beyond this section of the EU border. Initiatives aimed at promoting economic development, creating jobs at origin, and temporary migration programs paved the way for cooperation among governments, thus making possible the deployment of military resources along the border, the return/deportation of unwanted EU-bound migrants, and the externalization of migration control responsibilities. Cooperation and the mixture of proactive and reactive initiatives seen in this case study are likely to become the hallmark of a new kind of global anti-immigration border that extends beyond the territory of the state.
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Wolniak, Radosław, and Bożena Skotnicka-Zasadzień. "Development of Photovoltaic Energy in EU Countries as an Alternative to Fossil Fuels." Energies 15, no. 2 (January 17, 2022): 662. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15020662.
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The aim of the article is to present the development of photovoltaic energy in the EU countries as one of the alternatives to fossil fuels. The article was prepared on the basis of secondary information and statistical data on the photovoltaic energy market in EU countries, and three hypotheses were formulated: H1—There is a statistically significant correlation between a country’s long-term orientation and its use of photovoltaic energy in European Union countries; H2—There is a statistically significant correlation between GDP per capita and photovoltaic energy use in European Union countries; and H3—There is a relationship between climate and photovoltaic energy use in European Union countries. Correlation coefficients and the Guilford classification were used to analyse the data. Data analysis has shown that photovoltaic energy is the second fastest-growing energy source in the EU, after wind energy. In 2020, 134 TWh of solar energy was produced in the EU countries. Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that there is a statistically significant correlation between the production of photovoltaic energy per person and the level of GDP per capita in the EU countries (Hypothesis 2). Germany and the Netherlands produce the most solar energy. The studies did not confirm Hypothesis 3; however, it can be seen that countries such as Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands have the highest PV energy efficiency compared to average temperature values. A data analysis showed statistically significant correlations between the country’s long-term orientation in the use of photovoltaic energy (Hypothesis 1). In the case of Germany and Belgium, the long-term orientation indicator is very high above 80, while Portugal, Poland and Finland have the lowest indicator, from 30 to 40.
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Flores-Chamba, López-Sánchez, Ponce, Guerrero-Riofrío, and Álvarez-García. "Economic and Spatial Determinants of Energy Consumption in the European Union." Energies 12, no. 21 (October 28, 2019): 4118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12214118.
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In recent decades, various policies have been implemented to reduce energy consumption, as well as a considerable increase in research that analyzes the determinants of energy consumption, both with a standard feature, mitigating environmental degradation. However, few studies investigate the economic and spatial determinants of energy consumption in the European Union (EU). Therefore, to cover the knowledge gap, based on the review of the existing literature, this document is designed to analyze the determinants and energy policy in energy consumption in the EU. For this reason, the objective of this research is to analyze the effect of human capital, the price of oil, and Kyoto Protocol policy on energy consumption. In addition, the effect of contiguity and spatial concentration on energy consumption is studied for 34 European countries, of which 26 belong to the EU, for the period 2000–2016. For this, data collected from the World Bank (2017) and the World Energy Statistical Review (2017) were used. The work methodology is based on the application of econometric techniques for panel data, and spatial econometrics, based on the application of a Spatial Durbin Model (SDM), through which the existence of “spillovers” was determined in the implementation of the energy policy. The results of the estimates show a negative effect of the price of oil and human capital concerning energy consumption, and the variable "Policy" reflects a reduction in the energy consumption of the EU countries in the period analyzed. Additionally, the space panel confirms that the behavior of a country's energy consumption depends on its past values and the level of consumption presented by its neighbors, corroborating the importance of territorial contiguity in the success of environmental policy in the case of the European Union.
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Benalya, Mouldi. "The New Coronavirus and World Geopolitical Transformations." Contemporary Arab Affairs 14, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 18–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/caa.2021.14.1.18.
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This article studies the major transformations resulting from the global Covid-19 pandemic and how to examine it from the point of view of social philosophy through two sub-themes. The first relates to understanding the state of collective panic in Spain, France, and Italy. It is logical that fear of the pandemic should not turn into a state of collective panic in societies living under technologically advanced political systems, except in cases where these societies lack the basic elements on which social ties are based. Therefore, how do we understand the fragility of these social ties in European countries where mass panic is threatening daily life? The second sub-theme is related to the gestures and features of creating a new geopolitical map that has benefitted from the geopolitical retreat of the West to consolidate other political and regional alliances, mainly the Chinese initiative to tender aid to Italy at a time when other European countries turned their backs on and closed their borders with that European Union member state. How do we understand the contribution of the pandemic in forming new geopolitical alliances that could reset the balance of power in the world? We will observe the political behavior of countries that are supposed to be the first to have shown solidarity with Italy, Spain, and France, which are members of the European Union. We analyze the factors related to the erosion of the basis on which classical European society is based, where collective panic represents one of the manifestations of this disintegration. This panic, which was expressed in the rush to buy foodstuffs and the outbreak of a “toilet paper” buying fever that spread throughout Europe and the United States, saw shelves suddenly empty without a direct reason for this fact. Also, the study determines the relationship that binds these factors to the political disintegration expressed in the lack of solidarity from parts of the European Union with the three countries most affected by the pandemic. The second part of the study discusses how China will benefit from these political developments in the West with the prevalence of collective panic due to the pandemic, especially in the case of Italy, and how China is consolidating solidarity relations with these countries, drawing a map of new international political relations as part of its Silk Road project. Also, there is a discussion of the French philosopher Michel Foucault’s study on plague as a theoretical framework.
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Busu, Mihail. "Adopting Circular Economy at the European Union Level and Its Impact on Economic Growth." Social Sciences 8, no. 5 (May 24, 2019): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci8050159.
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Based on the findings of the economic studies on the implications of industrialization in the case of growing economies, this study aims to present the economic factors that are at the basis of the development of circular economy at the European Union level. Starting with the model of economic growth based on the recycling rate of municipal waste, human capital, productivity of the resources, and green energy use, three statistical hypotheses were validated through a panel data model with the use of EViews 10 statistical software. The analysis was conducted for 27 European Union countries during the time frame 2008–2017. The paper highlights that the circular economy model is determined by resource productivity, labor employed in environmental protection, recycling rate of municipal waste, and renewable energy use.
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Hurduzeu, Gheorghe, Iulia Lupu, Radu Lupu, and Radu Ion Filip. "The Interplay between Digitalization and Competitiveness: Evidence from European Countries." Societies 12, no. 6 (November 7, 2022): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soc12060157.
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In modern societies, digitalization plays a tremendously important role for people and businesses. Apart from an economic representation, competitiveness characterizes a society from political, cultural, or human points of view. In this article, we aim to highlight the role of digital development from a competitiveness perspective, as there are few studies related to this relationship. The empirical investigation is based on panel data analysis for European Union countries for 2017–2022, considering the digital economy and society index (DESI) and the index developed by International Institute for Management Development (IMD), respectively IMD world competitiveness index. The results obtained are reported both for general indices and for the components of DESI, presented separately for the groups of Central and Eastern European countries and Western European countries. They indicate different influences for the two groups of countries, with only a few common aspects. The most obvious is the case of skilled labor. This aspect demonstrates the link between the various dimensions of digitalization and changes in human capital development strategies, as they appear in the specialized literature.
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Smędzik-Ambroży, Katarzyna, and Agnieszka Sapa. "THE ROLE OF SMALL FARMS IN CREATING SOCIAL CAPITAL IN RURAL AREAS – CASE STUDIES FROM LITHUANIA, POLAND AND ROMANIA." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXIV, no. 1 (January 25, 2022): 255–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.7104.
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Social capital is one of the most important factors influencing the development level. In the case of rural areas, it is important to determine its level in farms, because they are key factors influencing the development of these areas. The literature review shows that there are not many studies devoted to this subject from the perspective of smallholders in new member states of the European Union. Therefore, the objective of this article is to determine the social capital of small farmers in three selected countries of the European Union, i.e., Poland, Romania and Lithuania. Our study fills a research gap and provides a basis for further research. To achieve the aim of the study, the method of direct interviews with the owners of small farms in Poland, Lithuania, and Romania (20 farms from each country) was used. The interviews were conducted in 2020. The research shows that the participation of small farmers from Poland, Romania and Lithuania in social activities is low and at a comparable level in each of these countries. The main reason for the low participation of farmers in social activities is the workload. However, the social aspect of the impact of small farms cannot only be narrowed down to direct involvement in social life. It manifests itself primarily in the social functions performed by these farms, that is, cultivating customs, building social ties, reducing depopulation and increasing the vitality of the countryside.
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Baumgartner, Stefan, Nikolaos Pandis, and Theodore Eliades. "Exploring the publications in three major orthodontic journals: A comparative analysis of two 5-year periods." Angle Orthodontist 84, no. 3 (October 3, 2013): 397–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/071113-507.1.
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ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the types of articles and authorship characteristics of three orthodontic journals—American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics (AJODO), The Angle Orthodontist (AO), and European Journal of Orthodontics (EJO)—published between 2008 and 2012 and to assess the differences in content within this period and an earlier period of 1998 to 2002. Materials and Methods: Each journal's content was accessed through the web edition. From each article, the following parameters were recorded: article type, number of authors, number of affiliations, source of article (referring to the first author's affiliation), and geographic origin. Descriptive statistics were performed and selected parameters were analyzed with the Pearson chi-square or Fisher exact test for independence at the .05 level of significance. Results: Review of differences between the two periods showed that the number of publications was almost double. The percentages of multi-authored articles increased. Fewer studies derived from the United States/Canada and European Union countries. Increases for articles from non–European Union countries, Asia, and other countries were found. Characteristics of the second period showed that the EJO and AO published more research articles, whereas the AJODO regularly published case reports and other articles. Approximately 75% of all studies derived from orthodontic departments. Conclusions: The publications from 1998–2002 and 2008–2012 were significantly different both in terms of numbers and characteristics. Within 2008–2012 there were notable differences between the three journals concerning the type and origin of the publications.
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KUZMINA, Violetta M., and Arina V. SVETIKOVA. "THE REACTION OF THE WORLD COMMUNITY AND THE ECONOMIES OF GREAT BRITAIN AND THE EU TO BREXIT." Historical and social-educational ideas 11, no. 2 (May 16, 2019): 147–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17748/2075-9908-2019-11-2-147-157.
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Introduction. Today Brexit is one of the most pressing issues of world politics, due to the acquisition of global proportions. Of course, this process is a phenomenon at the regional level, but the very fact of the voting and the efforts being made to exit the UK economy from the EU created many questions around themselves, thereby giving rise to the idea in the minds of the population of other countries that the EU cannot cope with the main functions there is the possibility of holding a referendum and a decision to leave the union. The UK and the European Union have never been partners for each other from a historical perspective. Multiple prerequisites, which originated in the last century almost immediately after the signing of the decision on the accession of the Kingdom to the EU, tended to develop and grow. Disputes among members of parliament have always existed, but were not as pronounced as today. In this sense, the country's policy was divided into 2 camps: those who spoke and advocate for the measures of “tough” Brexit, and those who believed and believe that the exit process should be smooth and measured in order not to spoil relations with the EU point of no return.Methods. As the materials of the study were taken data presented in monographic studies and journalistic articles of domestic, but mostly foreign experts in the field of international law, the General modern history, the history of the UK, macroeconomics. The article is written on the basis of sociological research conducted by Western European agencies and Brexit research centers using the analytical type of research and its forms: sociological and expert surveys. The analysis of statistical economic information regarding the real GDP of the EU countries is presented using a comparative historical research method.Results and conclusions. Economic consequences for the European Union from Brexit will become noticeable after some time has passed since the date of the official UK secession from the European Union. Also a minus will be the reduction of anti-crisis programs that the European Union is trying to implement. Attention is deserved by the attitude of other European countries to the membership in the European Union. In this case, more and more we are talking about opposition movements, parties that develop the theme of Euroscepticism. This is especially true in drawing a parallel with the critical eurodirection, which has been traced in EU policy lately.
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Rokicki, Tomasz, Aleksandra Perkowska, Bogdan Klepacki, Hubert Szczepaniuk, Edyta Karolina Szczepaniuk, Stanisław Bereziński, and Paulina Ziółkowska. "The Importance of Higher Education in the EU Countries in Achieving the Objectives of the Circular Economy in the Energy Sector." Energies 13, no. 17 (August 26, 2020): 4407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13174407.
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The main purpose of the article was to identify and present the current situation and changes in higher education in the field of electricity and energy studies in the European Union countries. The specific objectives include determining the degree of concentration of education in the fields of electricity and energy in the EU countries, showing the directions of their changes, types of dominant education in this field, establishing the correlation between education in the fields of electricity and energy and the parameters assessing the achievement of circular economy assumptions in the energy sector. All Member States of the European Union were deliberately selected for research. The research period covered the years 2013–2018. The source of the materials is a literature review on the subject and Eurostat data. For the analysis and presentation of materials, methods such as descriptive, tabular, graphical, dynamics indicators with a constant basis, Gini concentration coefficient, concentration analysis using the Lorenz curve, coefficient of variation, Pearson’s linear correlation coefficient were used. A high concentration of education in the fields of electricity and energy was found in several EU countries, the largest in countries with the highest energy consumption, i.e., in France and Poland. Changes in the level of concentration practically did not take place, only in the case of master’s studies, there was an increase in concentration. However, the EU countries did not differ significantly in terms of the structure of the number of students studying electricity and energy.
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NIEDZIAŁKOWSKI, KRZYSZTOF, JOUNI PAAVOLA, and BOGUMIŁA JĘDRZEJEWSKA. "Governance of biodiversity in Poland before and after the accession to the EU: the tale of two roads." Environmental Conservation 40, no. 2 (September 21, 2012): 108–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892912000288.
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SUMMARYAccession of the Central and Eastern European countries to the European Union involved considerable institutional changes in the field of environmental governance that undermined existing policy practices. Such changes in biodiversity governance are examined through two case studies from Poland concerning road development schemes in ecologically sensitive areas. Documentary material and semi-structured interviews are analysed and interpreted in light of the policy arrangement approach and historical institutionalism. After the EU accession there was a rapid shift from a government-monopolized arrangement towards a multi-level governance arrangement with regard to conflicts between infrastructure and natural areas. Previously, the government controlled practically all aspects of environmental policymaking, despite potential routes for greater involvement of non-state actors. Only the formal rules of Natura 2000 and environmental impact assessment, guarded by a coalition of powerful supranational bodies, non-governmental organizations and scientists, changed the pattern of governmental policy-making. New policy arrangements have increased capacity and legitimacy in the implementation of the European Union rules.
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Tsai, Ming-Chang, and Rueyling Tzeng. "Globalization and social distance: Multilevel analysis of attitudes toward immigrants in the European Union." PLOS ONE 17, no. 10 (October 3, 2022): e0274988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0274988.
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Attitudes toward immigrants can, to a large extent, be determined by certain macro contextual factors. This paper tests a number of proposed hypotheses to illustrate patterns of influence generated by economic and social globalization on perceived social distance relative to immigrants. The European Union (EU) constitutes an ideal study case as its Member States vary in exposure to globalization and attract immigrants from different countries of origin. We conduct a multilevel analysis combining individual level variables from Eurobarometer’s recent dataset collected in 2017 and country-level variables from KOF of Globalization Index and other major sources. The results show that individuals in countries with higher degrees of social globalization have lower levels of social distance toward immigrants, while relative level of economic globalization has scant influence. Contact factors are also evaluated for their potential effects. Both casual and close contacts, as specified, reduce social distance. This study contributes to migration studies by offering a clearer specification of how social, rather than economic, globalization interact with contact factors to decrease one’s perceived distance from immigrants in the EU.
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Roland Bourdeix. "Germplasm and Incentives for Boosting Coconut Production: Case Studies from the Pacific Region and Some Other Countries." CORD 34, no. 1 (October 1, 2018): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v34i1.22.
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The Coconut Industry Development for the Pacific Project (CIDP) is a joint initiative of the Pacific Community, the European Union and the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States. The aim of CIDP is to bolster the coconut sector in the region through improving the competitiveness of small producers and strengthening production and regional integration of related markets. In the framework of this project, CIRAD (French Agricultural Research for Development) was in charge of helping design improved seed production systems and conducting a risk analysis for coconut value chain in the Pacific region. During a meeting held in April 2018 in Fiji, thirty participants from sixteen countries and territories in the Pacific region participated to a brainstorming on incentives for boosting coconut production. In June 2018, CIRAD launched an online survey on the same topic by contacting more than a thousand of coconut stakeholders worldwide. This communication presents the first results of these two initiatives regarding incentives for boosting coconut production, in the Pacific region but also in comparison with countries from other regions.
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Borsetti, Giacomo. "Quantifying Foreign Policy Europeanization: A Comprehensive Approach." European Foreign Affairs Review 28, Issue 1 (February 1, 2023): 72–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2023005.
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This article seeks to address the question of how membership in the European Union (EU) affects the foreign policy positions of its Member States. Most of the existing research has focused on single case studies and relied on qualitative methods, encountering difficulties in providing a systematic and consistent general picture about the causal effect of membership. Instead, this study adopts a comprehensive and quantitative approach. Drawing from constructivist theory in International Relations, it clarifies a general theoretical framework for Foreign Policy Europeanization. It then employs national speeches at the United Nations General Debate to construct two measures of similarity with the EU’s positions and norms in international affairs. Applying these to a difference-in-differences approach, it finds substantial evidence that, after several years of membership, countries gradually converge towards the positions and norms of the Union. It is argued that these overall findings are consistent with a socialization effect, but not with material cost-benefit calculations. Europeanization, Foreign Policy, European Union, United Nations General Debate, Socialization, Constructivism, Difference-in-differences, Quantitative Text Analysis
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Krzymowski, Adam. "The Weimar Triangle: France, Germany, Poland in the Middle East. United Arab Emirates Perspective." Przegląd Strategiczny, no. 14 (December 29, 2021): 107–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/ps.2021.1.7.
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The article’s scientific goal is to investigate the Weimar Triangle countries’ relations with the United Arab Emirates. Therefore, the author asks the research question. Are the Weimar Triangle states’ role and significance increasing in the external dimension of the European Union? Based on the example of the United Arab Emirates, the research adopted a hypothesis. It is the statement that after Brexit, the Weimar Triangle countries have a chance to improve their importance in the EU external activities. Apart from case studies, to revise the hypothesis, the author performed a meticulous comparative analysis. Moreover, the research implemented International Practice Theory as an appropriate tool to investigate the presented issue. This empirical research and its findings resulted from over ten years of the author’s direct observation, analysis, and participation in many initiatives, both in the European Union and in the United Arab Emirates.
The Middle East for the Weimar Triangle countries is more significant than just from a trade potential perspective. The situation in this region is also affecting Europe, as well as global security architecture. For this reason, one should develop a coherent and comprehensive EU foreign and security policy towards the region, and the Weimar Triangle formula should be one of its pillars.
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Foulidi, Xanthippi, Evangelos C. Papakitsos, and Terpsichori Gioka. "Counseling Skills in Intercultural Education: The Case of foreign seas immigrants in Greece." International Journal of research in Educational Sciences 5, no. 2 (March 15, 2022): 451–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.29009/ijres.5.2.8.
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This paper presents some points of view about the counseling psychology skills that are required in intercultural education context. This issue arises from the rather massive migration that has been observed in the European Union countries, since 2007, involving three million persons until 2015. Especially Greece has received directly the largest number of refugees, among the European countries, due to its proximity to Middle East as the Southeastern “Gate” of European Union, amounting to 1.8 million individuals. In addition, 60,000 illegal immigrants and refugees have been trapped in Greece for the last two years. This phenomenon causes extra considerations on behalf of the European and, in particular, Greek counseling agencies and experts. The intercultural education infrastructures of Greece are very limited compared to the existing needs. Less than 0.2% of schools are intercultural ones, while approximately 10% of the country’s pupils are foreigners. In this context, many teachers often discriminate against pupils from other countries and very few schools, besides intercultural ones, dare to organize counseling and support meetings for immigrant parents, usually with the help of volunteer teachers. However, there is also a significant number of teachers who are calling for better and more in-depth information on both general and intercultural counseling, as well as a clear reference to the relevant skills required for this purpose. In intercultural counseling, the counselor and the consulted come from different cultural contexts and have different perceptions. However, counseling can help them to deal with social exclusion. The needs of minority populations and vulnerable social groups, in general, are particularly high in terms of professional development, as they need the appropriate knowledge to lead their members in the search for educational opportunities, opportunities for social participation, vocational rehabilitation, but also clarification of professional goals. The effectiveness of a counselor on intercultural counseling is based on cultural awareness and sensitivity to accept and respect the cultural differences. A counselor must find a way to overcome any inhibitory obstacle, such as language, but the most important thing that needs to be understood is that counseling cannot be practiced in a mono-cultural direction, as it was the case until recently, but has to turn to methods of multicultural thinking and action.
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Šťastná, Milada, Jana Dufková, and Frantisek Toman. "How to improve landscape sustainability?" Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 1 (June 30, 2007): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2007.1.10.
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Almost every professional sector has embarked on the move toward sustainability. European landscapes are facing rapid changes in land use, where understanding and management of this process is essential. Sustainability has become a widely acknowledged dimension of huma actions, but still little stress is put on education in sustainability. This paper identifies focus of education, gives suggestions for improvements and presents a new tool for education and training in sustainable land use – “Route Planner”. As results, it provides all users with new interesting facts on sustainability in the European Union and additional materials related to sustainable land use and Sustainability Impact Assessments (SIA). Users got the access to updated information regarding approximately 3000 courses on offer in this topic area throughout the European Union as well as case studies to compare sustainability practices in these countries in comparison to other parts of the world. Furthermore the end result of the information chain also leads the user to a collection of links such as interesting websites and further reading in the topic area
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Todorovic-Lazic, Jelena. "Challenges of the enlargement policy in the light of European Union transformation: Is the rise of Euroscepticism in Serbia inevitable?" Medjunarodni problemi 71, no. 1 (2019): 80–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp1901080t.
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The EU Summit in Thessaloniki in 2003 is often referred to as a milestone in the relations between the Western Balkans and the European Union because the region was given strong promises of a prospective European perspective through the Stabilization and Association Process. However, the initial enthusiasm that followed has melted over the coming years because the expectations of most countries in the region have not been met (with the exception of Croatia that became an EU member in 2013). Even though we get assurances from the Brussels that they will not give up on enlargement, it is obvious that this issue is not on the list of priorities of the EU at the moment. Not only that its decisiveness to encompass with enlargement the Western Balkans is on shaky grounds due to the numerous challenges that the EU is facing at the moment, but such decline in interest leads to a decline in interest in the countries of the mentioned region that are currently in the accession process. This further leads to the rise in Euroscepticism for which the Western Balkans is a breeding ground. The reasons for Euroscepticism existed even before the enlargement has been brushed aside from the Union agenda (those were mostly reasons related to pre-accession strategy for candidate countries/potential candidates and were present even in the case of countries of Eastern and Central Europe, even though there were also reasons specific for each of these countries.). However, it seems they have become stronger with the new developments in the Union. Incertitude of membership affects the rise of negative attitudes towards the Union in the public opinion of these countries which becomes manifest if we look at numerous public opinion polls. The focus of this paper will be the interpretation of the results of the research that the Institute for Political Studies conducted on an annual basis from 2015 to 2018.
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Guerreiro, José. "Africa Integrated Maritime Policy, blue growth and a new ocean governance: case studies from the Atlantic and the Indian Ocean." Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science, no. 1/2022 (November 29, 2022): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/wiojms.si2022.1.2.
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Integrated maritime and blue economy policies are changing ocean governance by introducing new policy drivers, reshaping institutional frameworks, as well as demanding new management instruments (e.g., Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP)). This started in 2007 though the European Union Integrated Maritime Policy approach, and in 2009 the Africa Union initiated a similar process, leading both to the Africa integrated maritime strategy as well as a blue economy strategy. Several countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, began to look to blue economy as a booster to socioeconomic welfare and initiated the development of national strategies, together with the necessary adaptation of institutional and legal networks. Case studies address those processes at the transition from the Atlantic to the Indian Oceans, focusing on Angola, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania and Kenya in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region, as well as several African Small Islands Developing States (SIDS), particularly Cape Verde, S. Tomé and Príncipe, Seychelles, Madagascar and Mauritius. Findings show that all countries covered in the case studies are developing national ocean and/or blue economy strategies and adapting their governmental, institutional, and legal frameworks, although there is a deeper political impact in SIDS. Overall, these new policy drivers are leading to a new model of ocean governance by addressing integrated maritime policies and blue growth strategies, as well as introducing MSP as a new EEZ governance tool.
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LI, MIN, CHRISTOPHER A. BAKER, MICHELLE D. DANYLUK, PHILIPPE BELANGER, FRANK BOELAERT, PETER CRESSEY, MIHAELA GHEORGHE, BEN POLKINGHORNE, HAJIME TOYOFUKU, and ARIE H. HAVELAAR. "Identification of Biological Hazards in Produce Consumed in Industrialized Countries: A Review." Journal of Food Protection 81, no. 7 (June 22, 2018): 1171–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-465.
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ABSTRACT Microbial contamination of fresh produce (fresh fruits and vegetables) poses serious public health concerns worldwide. This study was conducted as a comprehensive analysis of biological hazards in the global fresh produce chain. Data about produce-related outbreaks and illness were collected from the annual reports and databases of foodborne outbreak surveillance systems in different regions and countries from 2010 to 2015. The global patterns of and regional differences in documented outbreaks and cases were analyzed, and produce commodities and pathogens of greatest concern were identified. Data on sporadic illnesses were also collected through a comprehensive literature review of case-control studies. We found 988 produce-related outbreaks (with known agents) and 45,723 cases in all regions and countries. The numbers of produce-related outbreaks per million person-years were approximately 0.76, 0.26, 0.25, 0.13, 0.12, and 0.05 in New Zealand, Australia, the United States, the European Union, Canada, and Japan, respectively. The top three food categories and pathogens contributing to produce-related outbreaks were vegetables and nonfruits (i.e., food other than fruits; 27.0%), unspecified vegetables (12.2%), and vegetable row crops (11.7%) and norovirus (42.4%), Salmonella enterica (19.9%), and Staphylococcus aureus (7.9%), respectively. Produce consumption was identified as a protective factor, a risk factor, and either a protective or risk factor for sporadic illnesses in 11, 5, and 5 studies, respectively, among 21 case-control studies. Risks associated with produce consumption in the United States and the European Union have been linked to various factors such as irrigation water, cross-contamination, storage time and temperature abuse, infected food handlers, and unprocessed contaminated ingredients. The results of the current study indicate the complexity of produce products consumed across the globe and the difficulty in tracing illnesses back to specific food ingredients.
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Karanovic, Goran. "Exploring the Intrinsic Factors Influencing Return on Assets: A Case Study of the Hotel Industry in Selected EU Countries." International Journal of Business and Economic Sciences Applied Research 16, no. 1 (October 2023): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.25103/ijbesar.161.05.
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Purpose: The main aim of this study was to determine the intrinsic factors (total equity, trade receivable turnover, working capital turnover, long term debt, current ratio, debt to total assets ratio, debt to equity ratio, net sales revenue trend, total operating revenue trend, shareholders' equity trend, cash to total assets, current liabilities to total liabilities) that influence the financial performance of the Hotel Industry in select Central and Eastern European Union countries. Return on Assets (ROA) was used in this study as measure of financial performance. Design/methodology/approach: The paper uses panel data fixed effects model to examine dependent variable ROA as measure of the financial performance of select Tourism and Leisure Industry companies from Central and Eastern EU member states. The intrinsic factors were applied as independent variables. The applied panel data fixed effects model in the study was utilised to determine the impact of the intrinsic factors on financial performance. The data were obtained from EMIS data base. Overall data encompassed 614 companies from select eight Central and Eastern EU member states for the period 2015-2022. Findings: The model performed in this study discovered that intrinsic factors including total equity, trade receivable turnover, current ratio, debt to total assets ratio, as well as cash to total assets had a significant impact on the ROA. Total equity, current ratio, cash to total assets have positive impact as opposed to the trade receivable turnover debt to total asset, while years 2020 and 2021 had negative impact on the ROA. Research limitations/implications: This study was limited just on the select eight central and eastern European Union countries; moreover, the database EMIS used for this study lacks certain variables that are frequently used in similar studies. Result confirmed the importance of intrinsic factors and their influence on the financial performance of the leisure industry. Originality/value: This study contributes to the existing body of theory on financial performance through research on the new practitioners’ perception of the intrinsic factors relative to financial performance. There are very few empirical studies which examine financial performance variables in the Central and Eastern European leisure industry. Consequently, this study aims to bridge the gap between the available literature and body of research.