Relevant bibliographies by topics / Regional rural banks

Academic literature on the topic 'Regional rural banks'

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Published: 18 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Regional rural banks"

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Alamelu, K., and A. Devamohan. "Regional Rural Banks." Indian Economic Journal 58, no. 1 (April 2010): 153–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019466220100110.

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Ahmed, Jaynal Ud-din. "Performance Evaluation of Regional Rural Banks: Evidence from Indian Rural Banks." Global Business Review 16, no. 5_suppl (September 22, 2015): 125S—139S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972150915601259.

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Tiwary, Bind Kumar. "Achievement Evaluation Of Regional Rural Banks In India." Indian Journal of Applied Research 1, no. 11 (October 1, 2011): 78–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/aug2012/27.

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Reddy, A. Sudarshana, and A. Padmavathi A. Padmavathi. "Growth and Performance of Regional Rural Banks in India." International Journal of Scientific Research 2, no. 11 (June 1, 2012): 119–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/nov2013/39.

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Madya, Irsyad Sirajuddin Bintar, Ghozali Maskie, and Nurul Badriyah. "Determinants of Regional Owned Rural Banks Efficiency Level in Indonesia." Journal of International Conference Proceedings 5, no. 2 (August 1, 2022): 249–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.32535/jicp.v5i2.1689.

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The efficiency level of regional owned rural banks is one of the determinants in measuring financial performance each year. In term of local government, the measurement of the level of efficiency can be used in determining strategic policies for the development of regional owned rural banks, especially in capital participation and collaboration with fintech lending. Measuring the level of efficiency with input and output variables with 160 regional owned rural banks in Indonesia in 2020 by purposive sampling with the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method, 66 regional owned rural banks are found in efficient conditions. Analysis using logistic regression is used to analyze the tendency of the factors that determine the efficiency level of regional owned rural banks in Indonesia. This study found that Equity to Total Asset Ratio (EAR) and Total Assets had a positive and significant effect, while Non-Performing Loans (NPL) and Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR) factor has no significant effect on the efficiency level of regional owned rural banks in Indonesia. Therefore, in improving the performance of regional owned rural banks in Indonesia, it is necessary to have the role of local governments in capital participation and discipline in the disbursement of funds selectively to debtors.
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Revankar, Ashok. "REGIONAL RURAL BANK’S FOUR AND A HALF DECADE JOURNEY." GAP iNTERDISCIPLINARITIES - A GLOBAL JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES 3, no. 3 (July 28, 2020): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.47968/gapin.33008.

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Regional Rural Banks have been conceived mainly for meeting the requirements of ruralites and to uplift them by providing necessary timely financial assistance. The regional Rural banks appeared in the Indian banking map with a number of objectives. In spite of their success and failure, these banks definitely tried to reach the rural mass. These banks which emerged as new species in the arena of Indian banking system have done a good work and have to travel a long way by facing many challenges. In the process of rural development certainly Regional Rural Banks are playing crucial role. Their existence is necessary, and they have to come out with strong, viable institutions in the days to come.
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Mr. P. Venkateswara Rao et al.,, Mr P. Venkateswara Rao et al ,. "Role of Regional Rural Banks in India." International Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering Research and Development 10, no. 3 (2020): 10949–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.24247/ijmperdjun20201048.

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Sangeeta Sharma et al.,, Sangeeta Sharma et al ,. "Regional Rural Banks, Microfinance and Women Empowerment." International Journal of Agricultural Science and Research 7, no. 4 (2017): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.24247/ijasraug201731.

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ur Rehman, Anis. "Innovation and Management by Regional Rural Banks in Achieving the Dream of Financial Inclusion in India: Challenges and Prospects." Marketing and Management of Innovations, no. 1 (2020): 222–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/mmi.2020.1-18.

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The Regional Rural Banks are government-owned, regionally based and rurally oriented financial institutions specialized in catering to the credit needs of the neglected and weaker sections of the society. In the recent past, RRBs have become a potent mediator for financial inclusion in rural areas. This paper summarizes the innovative methods used by the employees of these banks in deposit mobilizations, credit expansion and recovery of the loan. The primary purpose of the research is to find the problems faced by officials of these banks in marketing their services to the rural customer. The opinions of these bank officials regarding the above factors and the functioning of these banks and their impact on society have also been studied. For this purpose, a sample of 96 bank officials of Aryavart bank and Purvanchal Bank have been taken from the rural areas of Uttar Pradesh. Methodological tools of the research methods were Frequency and Chi-square test of independence which have been used to test the hypotheses developed in the study. The research empirically confirms and theoretically proves that the employees and staff of these two regional rural banks in the state are making their earnest effort to channelize the savings of rural people by mobilization of deposits by motivating them to deposit their surplus money in the regional rural banks. The bank officials are making efforts to extend credit facilities in rural areas to uplift the people economically. The bank officials are facing problems in deposit mobilization, and credit expansion in the rural areas of the state and they are managing these problems very efficiently. Some political interference was found in the functioning of these banks. In the opinion of these bank officials, the overall working of these regional rural banks is proper. The results of the research can be useful for policymakers in the government to understand the hurdles faced by regional rural banks in reaching to the poor and needy sections of the society. The insights from this paper can help the policymakers to craft innovative schemes which enable these banks to reach the most inaccessible customers in rural areas. Keywords Regional Rural Banks, deposit mobilizations, credit expansion, financial inclusion, loan recovery.
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Koner, Santosh. "Present scenario of regional rural banks in India." Journal of Commerce and Management Thought 8, no. 3 (2017): 639. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0976-478x.2017.00039.8.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Regional rural banks"

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Hadi, Abdul. "An Assessment of the performance of regional rural banks (RRBS) in West Bengal with special reference to Murshidabad Gramin Bank." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/219.

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Das, Ranjit Kumar. "Problems and prospect of regional rural banks : a case study of Uttar Banga Khetriya Gramin Bank." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/229.

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Chatterjee, Sekhar. "Regional rural bank and agricultural credit: a critical evaluation; with special reference to Uttarbanga Kshetriya Gramin Bank." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1299.

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Ansari, Mohd Salman. "Working of the regional rural banks in eastern uttar pradesh." Thesis, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2009/6131.

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Sanjeevaiah, B. C. "Rural Banking: A comparative study of the performance of rural based credit institutions-Co-operative credit societies, farmers services and regional rural banks." Thesis, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2009/5016.

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Kalra, Sajla. "Economic viability and equity issues in financial institutional reforms: A study of regional rural banks in Punjab." Thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2009/4105.

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Rao, Akuthota Sankar. "Service Quality Dimension Impact on Customer Satisfaction in Regional Rural Bank in Orissa." Thesis, 2015. http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/7035/1/Service_Rao_2015.pdf.

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Customer satisfaction occurs when customers’ expectations are met. This study examined the factors that are critical in improving customer satisfaction in branch Utkal regional rural bank in Rourkela, India. Convenient random sampling techniques was used to select 250 respondents from two branches of Utkal Grameen Bank Rourkela, Orissa and structured questionnaire was administered to collect data. Descriptive statistics and regression model were employed in the data analysis. The results showed that there was active youth involvement in the activities of Utkal Grameen bank, some customers were literate and some were illiterate and most of the patrons of the bank were males. In general, customers were satisfied with the services provided by the bank. The results of the multiple regression analysis indicated that customer satisfaction depends on attention to customer complaints by the staff of the bank, accessibility of the bank to customers, tidiness and cleanliness of banking environment, speed of service delivery and knowledge base of the staff of the bank. These factors were found to have positive effects on customer satisfaction
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Books on the topic "Regional rural banks"

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Kumar, Sunil. Regional rural banks and rural development. New Delhi: Deep & Deep Publications, 1990.

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Uddin, Naqi. Regional rural banks, and development. New Delhi: Mittal Publications, 2003.

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1958-, Rath Jayadeb, Mishra Sudhansu Sekhar 1959-, and Sahoo Rajan Kumar 1961-, eds. Regional rural banks & agricultural development. New Delhi: Dominant Publishers and Distributors, 2008.

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Regional rural banks and economic development. Delhi: Daya Pub. House, 1990.

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Agrawal, Meenu. Regional rural banks (RRBs) in India. New Delhi: New Century Publications, 2009.

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Roy, B. P. Sinha. Regional rural banks in West Bengal. New Delhi, India: Mittal Publications, 1994.

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1963-, Agrawal Meenu, ed. Regional rural banks (RRBs) in India. New Delhi: New Century Publications, 2009.

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Dhaliwal, Navkiranjit Kaur. Growth and performance of regional rural banks. New Delhi: Discovery Pub. House, 2010.

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India) "Regional Rural Banks in India: Challenges and Prospects" (Seminar) (2016 Bānkurā. Regional rural Banks in India: Challenges and prospects. New Delhi: Delta Book World, 2017.

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K, Mudgal M., Sharma, K. C. (Kailash Chandra), 1950-, and Bankers Institute of Rural Development, eds. Interest rate deregulation and its impact on regional rural banks. Lucknow: Bankers Institute of Rural Development, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Regional rural banks"

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Misra, Biswa Swarup. "Regional Rural Banks: Restructuring Strategies." In Regional Growth Dynamics in India in the Post-Economic Reform Period, 169–98. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230206304_6.

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Leick, Birgit, Grit Leßmann, Alexander Ströhl, and Tim Pargent. "Competitive strategies of incumbent small regional banks in rural locations." In The Rural Enterprise Economy, 72–87. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003034001-7.

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Prasad Bhandari, Govind, and Analjyoti Basu. "An Evaluation of the Working of the Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) in India." In Perspectives in Marketing, Innovation and Strategy, 236–46. London: Routledge India, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003434467-25.

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Chauhan, D. S. "Lack of Evidence Based Management (EBM) of Non-Performing Assets (NPAs) in Regional Rural Banks (RRBs)*." In Handbook of Evidence Based Management Practices in Business, 20–28. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003415725-4.

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Budastra, Iketut. "7. Indonesia: A Regional Development Bank linked with villagebased non-bank financial institutions." In Expanding the Frontier in Rural Finance, 113–32. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780440798.007.

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Arora, Rakhi. "Marketing of Banking Services in India." In Strategic Marketing Management and Tactics in the Service Industry, 107–33. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2475-5.ch005.

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Banking sector plays an important role in Indian Financial Sector.It has a long history that has gone through various stages of development after Liberalization, Privatization, and Globalization (LPG) has taken place. The Indian banking sector is broadly classified into scheduled banks and non-scheduled banks. The scheduled banks are those included under the 2nd Schedule of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. The scheduled banks are further classified into: nationalised banks; State Bank of India and its associates; Regional Rural Banks (RRBs); foreign banks; and other Indian private sector banks, which are controlled and governed by Reserve Bank of India (Central Bank of India) and Ministry of Finance. In this era, the government has issued licenses to the new entrants to establish new banks to serve the Indian society. This chapter focuses on to show the various undergone phases of Indian banking system, growth of deposits and credits, technological development in Indian banking sector, services provided by the Indian banks, benefits and challenges faced by the Indian banks.
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"EVALUATION OF FINANCIAL INCLUSION SCHEMES IN RURAL REGIONAL BANKS." In Contemporary Issues In Management & Psychology. KAAV PUBLICATIONS, DELHI, INDIA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52458/9789391842185.2022.ch7.eb.asu.

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West, Loraine A., and Christine P.W.Wong. "Fiscal Decentralisation and Growing Regional Disparities in Rural China." In Growth Without Miracles, 331–46. Oxford University PressOxford, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199240609.003.0021.

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Abstract Increasing regional and sectoral inequality and its possible consequences for social and economic instability are of growing concern in China. This is reflected in the ninth Five Year Plan adopted in September 1995, which has included among its key targets the amelioration of regional income disparities during the plan period (1996-- 2000). A priori, the process of transition to a market economy is expected to produce large income shifts and increase income disparities as the realignment of prices and resource allocation by market forces bring changes to the distribution of income across sectors, regions, and households, and as the mechanisms by which planned economies effect equalisation (such as restrictions on private property rights, wage setting, and trade restriction) are dismantled. In fact, however, one of the pleasant surprises of the Chinese reform experience was the diminution of income differentials during the1979-84 period (World Bank 1985; Adelman and Sunding 1987; Denny 1991; Sicular 1991; Tsui 1991).
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Gnaniah, Jayapragas, Peter Songan, Alvin W. Yeo, Hushairi Zen, and Khairuddin Ab Hamid. "The Need for Community Informatics in Malaysia." In Encyclopedia of Developing Regional Communities with Information and Communication Technology, 512–17. IGI Global, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59140-575-7.ch091.

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The Malaysian government, through many initiatives, has seriously looked into reducing and if possible eliminating, the digital divide that exists between the developed urban and the technologically impoverished rural communities. The e-Bario Project, a successful research showcase of Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, is one of the leading examples in Malaysia of such an attempt to bridge the digital gap and to achieve sustainable human development through the introduction of information and communication technologies (ICT). According to Harris, Bala, Songan, Khoo and Trang (2001), the World Bank had introduced a systematic approach to the application of ICT to meet the needs and bridge the digital divide of the rural community.
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Imran, Muhammad, Shamsheer Ul Haq, and Orhan Ozcatalbas. "Role of Microcredit in Sustainable Rural Development." In Sustainable Rural Development [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.102588.

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Around 1.7 billion adults have no access to transaction accounts in the world. The majority of those are poor and women in rural areas of two developing regions of the world (South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa). Rural areas of these regions are home to the poor and poverty, hunger, unemployment/underemployment is widespread phenomenon. Access to financial services is crucial for economic development. However, poor and smallholder have been neglected by traditional banks for a long time. Microcredit a development model to provide loans to the poor who have no, or little collateral emerged in Bangladesh and has been adopted in many countries of the world. In this chapter, microcredit as a solution to much of the problems of the rural areas has been discussed. Over time there has been a shift in objectives of rural development. Rural development nowadays is about an overall improvement of the human quality of life in terms of economic, social, political, and environmental, issues. Access to microcredit has a positive impact on three dimensions of sustainable rural development; social, economic, and environmental. Microcredit helps in the alleviation of poverty, employment, entrepreneurship, higher productivity from agriculture, women empowerment, gender equality, reduced rural outmigration, better health and education, green entrepreneurship, and adoption of modern technology/inputs in agriculture.
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Conference papers on the topic "Regional rural banks"

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RAKOWSKA, Joanna, and Jarosław GOŁĘBIEWSKI. "EU REGIONAL POLICY SUPPORT FOR BIOENERGY SECTOR IN POLAND IN 2007-2013 (2015)." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.196.

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The EU faces increasing climate, social and economic challenges resulting among others from the negative effects of using fossil fuels. Bioeconomy with its flagship bioenergy sub-sector is meant the key remedy for this situation. That is why the growth of bioenergy production has been promoted and supported in EU financial perspective of 2007-2013 by allocating regional policy funds to strengthen bioenergy sub-sector under operational programs in eligible member states. As Poland has increasing needs to develop bioenergy sector and has been the biggest beneficiary of EU regional policy funds the aim of the paper was to investigate on the main effects of investments in bioenergy sub-sector under operational programmes 2007-2013. The study was based on SIMIK data from the Ministry of Regional Development as of December 31, 2015 and Local Data Bank of the Central Statistical Office of Poland. Qualitative and quantitative analysis show that beneficiaries carried out 80 bioenergy projects of 1442,8 mln PLN total value, including 30,4% EU co-funding under Operational Programme Infrastructure and Environment and 14 Regional Operational Programmes. These bioenergy investments resulted mainly in construction and modernization of biomass power plants, of which nearly 50% where agricultural ones as well as in constructing new and expanding already existing biomass-based heating systems in public institutions. Findings show big regional differentiation of the bioenergy investments: from none in mazovieckie (the biggest NUTS 2 in Poland) and opolskie to cumulation of nearly 33% of bioenergy projects under OPs 2007-2013 in warmińsko-mazurskie. EU co-funding for individual projects ranged from 15% to 85%, however for nearly half of them it was higher than 45%, conditioning realization of the projects fully. Concluding, EU funding was a significant source of financial support for bioenergy sub-sector in Poland, resulting in developing it especially in warmińsko-mazurskie voivodship.
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WOJEWÓDZKA-WIEWIÓRSKA, Agnieszka. "STRUCTURAL DIMENSION OF SOCIAL CAPITAL IN POLAND. URBAN VERSUS RURAL AREAS." In Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.126.

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The article refers the issues of structural capital in Poland, measured by the number of the organization and an indicator of the number of organizations per 10 thousand inhabitants. Deliberations for this component of social capital were conducted at the regional level (NUTS 2). Spatial disparities and the differences between urban and rural areas in 2005–2014 were determined. Data source was a Local Data Bank prepared by Central Statistical Office of Poland. It was a clear regional differences in terms of the activity of foundations and social organizations. In all voivodeships saw an increase in the number of foundations and associations per 10 thousand inhabitants in the analyzed period, both in urban and in rural areas. In rural areas the increase was much greater than in the towns. In comparison with rural areas, a higher level of the structural social capital was observed in towns.
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PAWLEWICZ, Katarzyna, Adam PAWLEWICZ, and Iwona CIEŚLAK. "THE INFLUENCE OF NATURA 2000 SITES ON THE INVESTMENT ATTRACTIVENESS OF POLISH REGIONS." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.032.

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This article evaluates the influence of the Natura 2000 network (N2K) of protected areas on the investment attractiveness of Polish regions. Natura 2000 sites were analyzed with the use of the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), a linear ordering method with a common pattern and anti-pattern of development, and correlation analysis (Pearson’s correlation coefficient). The basic unit of analysis was the county (Polish: powiat, the second-level unit of local government and administration in Poland). Poland is divided into 16 regions (known as voivodeships) with a total of 380 counties. The results of the analysis were used to determine synthetic values describing the level and potential of investment attractiveness in Polish counties, and the strength of correlations between the evaluated phenomena. Indicators of investment attractiveness of Polish counties were selected based on published data and analyzed in view of several criteria: labor resources, technical infrastructure, social infrastructure, market support and administrative support. The correlations between the investment attractiveness of Polish counties and the presence of N2K sites in those counties were analyzed statistically. Data for analysis were acquired from the Local Data Bank of the Central Statistical Office. The analysis revealed that the presence of N2K sites in the examined territorial units does not significantly influence their investment attractiveness.
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Verulidze, Vazha. "Influence of inflationary tax on the regional economy of Georgia and the national bank's monetary policy." In 20th International Scientific Conference "Economic Science for Rural Development 2019". Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2019.138.

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Meng, Xiangyi, and Taofang Yu. "Infrastructure Imbalance, Financial Investment and AIIB’s Role: Non-state Actor in Regional Governance." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/vxyh8452.

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The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), a new multilateral development bank, is an emerging force to solve the problem of infrastructure imbalance in developing countries in Asia. Only a few existing researches focuses on infrastructure investment and spatial governance. Based on the economic geographical framework of density, distance and division, this paper attempts to analyze three traditional governance modes in the context of infrastructure imbalance in developing countries in Asia: low-density sprawl, long distance and limited accessibility to central markets, and spatial division. Infrastructure has obvious positive externalities and will widen the differential rent gaps through land value increment, which will bring higher economic density and agglomeration economies. After analyzing the AIIB’s 38 approved investment projects, this paper takes Colombo urban regeneration project in Sri Lanka, Gujarat rural roads project in India and Mandalika tourism infrastructure project in Indonesia as examples, to explore the AIIB’s non-state role in spatial governance.
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KOBIAŁKA, Anna, and Renata KUBIK. "EFFICIENCY OF THE INVESTMENT ACTIVITY OF POLISH COMMUNES IN RURAL AREAS." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.207.

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The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the efficiency of investment activity in the communes in Poland. The commune is a basic unit of local government in Poland, and rural and urban-rural communes constitute the vast majority of municipalities. Communes in their own name and on their own account carry out public tasks that cover all tasks of local interest, including technical and environmental infrastructure. Despite many researches on the efficiency of communes, there are no studies on selected activities as well as on rural areas only. The nonparametric method of technical efficiency Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) was used in the study. The inputs and the effects of investment activity of rural and urban-rural communes in 2007-2013 were compared. This period was related to the duration of EU support programs. The study was conducted on the basis of data from the Local Data Bank which is Poland's largest database of the economy, society and the environment. The ranking of investment activity for communes were made based of the calculated average for indicators of efficiency. The studies conducted show that the amount of expenditure incurred on the studied spheres of investment activity of the analyzed communes does not translate into their efficiency. This is connected with the possibility of obtaining additional funds from EU. Information on the use of EU funds for financing the municipal investments were not included in the study due to lack of data before 2010. Among the analyzed rural and urban-rural communes the most efficient ones were located in the Mazowieckie, Świętokrzyskie and Lubelskie voivodships, although they were not fully efficient throughout the considered period. Due to its closeness to the capital, the municipality of Mazowieckie voivodeship belongs to an area with a high degree of urbanization. Communes from the Świętokrzyskie and Lubelskie voivodships belong to regions characterized by a high share of rural areas. The dynamic development of infrastructure is extremely important in terms of divergence between regions of the country.
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Tsintsadze, Asie, Irina Vashakmadze, Irina Tavadze, and Lilit Meloyan-Phutkaradze. "Analysis of the Financial Market as a Driving Force of the Regional Economy in the Conditions of pre- and post – Pandemic." In 22nd International Scientific Conference. “Economic Science for Rural Development 2021”. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2021.55.025.

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The pandemic has negatively affected the financial sector, as well as the real sector of the economy, both losses and credit risks in the financial market have increased on the background of the economic activity slowed-down. In 2019, the credit activity was high, however after the spread of the virus the activity slowed down significantly. This is natural, as due to the suspension of production –organizing, the unemployment has increased. Volume of the direct foreign investments has decreased by 42 %. Government of Georgia has developed an anti-crisis plan, important part of which is about the mitigation of deteriorated living conditions caused by the unemployment, whereas the National Bank of Georgia has pursued monetary and fiscal policies for the purpose of mitigation of negative influence of COVID-19 on the country’s financial sector and for the stimulation of the country's economy. In general, saving the business is considered as a priority. The current situation in the banking, insurance and stock markets and their role in the fight for maintaining the economic stability are analysed in the present article. It is important to note that, the insurance sector is the part of the economic, which did not need financial assistance in a difficult situation, but due to the common socio-economic situation, diseases caused by the stressful conditions of the population, it was necessary to make significant changes in the list of the insurance services. This, to the extent had led to some unforeseen costs, which had affected the financial conditions of the companies. According to the evaluation of the credit rating company -Fitch, the trustworthy policy implemented by the National Bank of Georgia, had played an important role in the maintenance of the financial stability and Georgian sovereign rating remained unchanged, at BB level, however, what parameters and in what area was the rating maintained and how the positions of the main players in the financial market have been changed, are the main directions of the article's research.
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KARLOVSKA, Amanda, Inga GRĪNFELDE, Ina ALSIŅA, Gints PRIEDĪTIS, and Daina ROZE. "PLANT REFLECTED SPECTRA DEPENDING ON BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND GROWTH CONDITIONS." In Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.045.

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Sustainable and economically based forestry needs modern inventory and monitoring techniques. One of the most common technologies for identification of forest tree species and monitoring of forest growth conditions is the hyperspectral remote sensing. This technology gives an opportunity to economize human resources and time for data collecting and processing. The spectral behaviour of plant leaves depends on number of factors, including environmental background. The aim of this study was to assess the tree reflectance spectra in relation to the growth conditions to take into account potential differences for increasing precision of species identification in Latvian forests and for estimating of forest growth conditions. Remote sensing data were obtained using a specialized aircraft (Pilatus PC-6), which is equipped with a high-performance airborne VNIR pushbroom hyperspectral system (AisaEAGLE). The study area was flown at 1000 m altitude. Data was recorded in the 400–970 nm spectral range, spectral resolution was 3.3 nm, ground resolution 0.5 m. Data processing consisted of manually selecting trees with a recognizable tree crowns in the airborne images. Tree centres were adjusted by putting them in the accurate position according to the situation in aerial photography. All trees with a diameter at breast height DBH of more than 5 cm were measured and for each tree coordinates, its species, height, DBH, crown width and length were recorded. Differentially corrected Global Positioning System measurements were used to determine the position of each plot centre. Data from different hyperspectral bands were compared using ANOVA at confidence level 95 %. Four species: Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst), silver birch (Betula pendula Roth), and European aspen (Populus tremula L.) – were examined in distinct forest site types. The spectral response of studied species was 1) different between species and 2) different between site types within each species, correlating with soil fertility gradient and soil moisture gradient. Differences between species occurred most in the intensity of reflected electromagnetic radiation rather than distinctive locations of maximums or minimums in spectrum curve, and near infrared (NIR) region of spectrum showed more differences between species than visible light zone. Most informative wavebands for distinguishing differences between site types were 805 nm and 644 nm.
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Duc, Tan T., Tuyen T. Duc, Dung D. Do, and Hoang V. Nguyen. "Innovative WiMAX broadband internet access for rural areas of Vietnam using TV broadcasting ultra-high frequency (UHF) bands." In TENCON 2011 - 2011 IEEE Region 10 Conference. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tencon.2011.6129160.

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Beizitere, Ilona, Biruta Sloka, Ieva Brence, and Elita Jermolajeva. "Challenges on accessing finance for micro-enterprises in Latvia." In 22nd International Scientific Conference. “Economic Science for Rural Development 2021”. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2021.55.027.

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Financial support of companies for their development is considered and realised by many countries worldwide, also in Latvia. Latvia has been receiving critical remarks from entrepreneurs in regard to high level of refuse for financing from the financing institution ALTUM which is the principal intermediary of EU funds and provides resources to support entrepreneurship in Latvia. Statistical data indicate that there are significant reductions of micro-enterprises during recent years. The survey data showed that ALTUM rejected 39 % of the surveyed micro-enterprises from those who had submitted applications within three years. In turn, only 6 % of micro-enterprises have received full financing from banks or leasing companies. Funders rejected applications from 9 % of micro-enterprises while another 5 % themselves withdrew funding due to unacceptable conditions. Latvia has to address serious challenges in entrepreneurship development in regions in particular with a lower economic activity. The aim of the paper is to analyse situation of micro-enterprises for receiving funding. Research methods: analysis of scientific publications and results of previous conducted research, analysis of data obtained in survey of enterprises on questions of financing refuse and on evaluations related to financing conditions in recent years. For a more thorough data analysis (used evaluation scale 1-5) indicators of descriptive statistics are applied: indicators of central tendency or location – arithmetic means, mode, median; indicators of variability or dispersion – range, standard deviation, standard error of mean; cross – tabulations; testing of statistical hypotheses using t-test and analysis of variance – ANOVA; correlation analysis. Research results indicate that the use of more precise requirements of financing for micro-enterprises by finance institution ALTUM could benefit in better development of entrepreneurship in regions of Latvia.
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Reports on the topic "Regional rural banks"

1

Wenner, Mark D. Dealing with Coordination Issues in Rural Development Projects: Game Theory Insights. Inter-American Development Bank, June 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011342.

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The purpose of this paper is to review the literature on coordination failures, apply game theory to coordination issues within selected rural development projects in order to develop a set of guidelines to avoid and minimize coordination failures. The ultimate aim is to promote development effectiveness by helping to improve project design. The intended audience is operational staff of the bank, staff in other donor agencies, policy makers, and academics interested in development effectiveness, enterprise development, and rural development. Case studies concern themselves with the rural agricultural and non-agricultural development in Latin America, but the theoretical insights can be applied to any sector or region of the world.
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Puerta, Juan Manuel, Maria Elena Corrales, and Lourdes Alvarez. Approach Paper: Sustainability of Water and Sanitation Interventions in Rural Areas. Water Supply and Sanitation Program for Small Communities. Inter-American Development Bank, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010569.

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The objective of the evaluation is to measure the sustainability of the Bank's interventions in the supply of water and sanitation services financed by the Water Supply and Sanitation Program for Small Communities (PR-0118). The evaluation starts by considering that, in order to achieve the development goals associated with the expansion of water and sanitation services, the sustainability of these services-understood as the long-term maintenance of the quality of the service provided in the interventions-must be guaranteed at the technical, financial, and operational level. Once this quality can be sustained over time, it will be possible to improve the population¿s conditions, particularly in terms of health indicators. Accordingly, the evaluation seeks to identify the factors and good practices that can be correlated with higher levels of sustainability of the systems that were constructed. The scope of the evaluation includes 100 water and sanitation interventions in rural communities financed by the program in the eastern region of Paraguay.
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Latané, Annah, Jean-Michel Voisard, and Alice Olive Brower. Senegal Farmer Networks Respond to COVID-19. RTI Press, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2021.rr.0045.2106.

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This study leveraged existing data infrastructure and relationships from the Feed the Future Senegal Naatal Mbay (“flourishing agriculture”) project, funded by the US Agency for International Development (USAID) and implemented by RTI International from 2015 to 2019. The research informed and empowered farmer organizations to track and respond to rural households in 2020 as they faced the COVID-19 pandemic. Farmer organizations, with support from RTI and local ICT firm STATINFO, administered a survey to a sample of 800 agricultural households that are members of four former Naatal Mbay–supported farmer organizations in two rounds in August and October 2020. Focus group discussions were conducted with network leadership pre- and post–data collection to contextualize the experience of the COVID-19 shock and to validate findings. The results showed that farmers were already reacting to the effects of low rainfall during the 2019 growing season and that COVID-19 compounded the shock through disrupted communications and interregional travel bans, creating food shortages and pressure to divert seed stocks for food. Food insecurity effects, measured through the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale and cereals stocks, were found to be greater for households in the Casamance region than in the Kaolack and Kaffrine regions. The findings also indicate that farmer networks deployed a coordinated response comprising food aid and access to personal protective equipment, distribution of short-cycle legumes and grains (e.g., cowpea, maize) and vegetable seeds, protection measures for cereals seeds, and financial innovations with banks. However, food stocks were expected to recover as harvesting began in October 2020, and the networks were planning to accelerate seed multiplication, diversify crops beyond cereals, improve communication across the network. and mainstream access to financial instruments in the 2021 growing season. The research indicated that the previous USAID-funded project had likely contributed to the networks’ COVID-19 resilience capacities by building social capital and fostering the new use of tools and technologies over the years it operated.
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Yao, Yixin, Mingyuan Fan, Arnaud Heckmann, and Corazon Posadas. Transformative Solutions and Green Finance in the People’s Republic of China and Mongolia. Asian Development Bank Institute, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56506/xfvh2542.

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Asia has experienced widespread transformation and growth, accompanied by increased demographic pressure, greater intensification of agricultural production, industrialization, and urbanization. This economic growth has been very resource- and carbon-intensive, while climate change has triggered or exacerbated behaviors and defense mechanisms that have come at the expense of the natural environment. Therefore, we examine and compare three Asian Development Bank (ADB) projects in two member countries of the Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation: one in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and two in Mongolia that relate to sustainable green development and use innovative financial mechanisms, and behavior-changing nudges. We provide comparative analyses and aim to demonstrate effective, innovative, and sustainable green finance and green transformation approaches in these two countries to address these pressures. The ADB–PRC loan for the Anhui Huangshan Xin’an River Ecological Protection and Green Development project aims to help Huangshan municipality reduce water pollution in the Xin’an River Basin, which is part of the Yangtze River Economic Belt. The project is piloting innovative green financing mechanisms to reduce rural pollution and complement the ongoing interprovincial eco-compensation scheme while supporting green agroecological businesses through two interventions: the Green Investment Fund and the Green Incentive Mechanism. In Mongolia, ADB and the Government of Mongolia have developed two large-scale transformative projects using integrated design and innovative green financing mechanisms to leverage private sector investment: (i) Aimags and Soums Green Regional Development Investment Program, which aims to promote green urban–rural linkages, green agribusiness development, natural capital, rangeland regeneration, and soil carbon sequestration through the (ii) Ulaanbaatar Green Affordable Housing and Resilient Urban Renewal Project, which aims to transform Ulaanbaatar’s vulnerable and substandard peri-urban areas into low-carbon, resilient eco-districts that provide access to green affordable housing.
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FOPEPRO: Bridging The Financial Divide To Reach Small Farmers. Inter-American Development Bank, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006269.

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Latin American farmers who grow food on small plots of land are the backbone of the rural economy in the region. Getting food from fields to markets creates many jobs, especially in lower income countries, where 30 percent of the population works in smallholder agriculture. Smallholders need better access to finance and training to produce and earn more, but traditional banks rarely operate in rural areas. It is expensive and seen as risky to lend to farmers with little or no credit history, seasonal production and limited collateral.A new private social investment fund, Fondo para los Pequeños Productores Rurales en América Latina (FOPEPRO), is solving the problem by providing credit to small rural producers from the base of the pyramid. FOPEPRO provides working capital and investment loans to groups of farmers, processors and rural microfinance institutions in up to nine Central and South American countries. The Opportunities for the Majority Initiative (OMJ) has provided FOPEPRO a $2 million loan and leveraged $1.6 million from social investors Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, Calvert Foundation and Monarch Community Funds.
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Annual Report on the Environment and Natural Resources 1996. Inter-American Development Bank, January 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005738.

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This Annual Report details the Bank's activities in environment and natural resources during 1996. The Bank has translated its sustainable development mandate into five priority areas of activity: its government lending operations, private sector debt and equity funding, technical cooperations and grants. The Bank's activities enhance human capital formation, seek to eradicate rural poverty and promote sustainable agriculture, advance integrated natural resources and environmental management, improve the nature of urban development, and address critical needs for economic and financial modernization. The recently established Sustainable Markets for Sustainable Energy Program embodies this effort to bring new ideas and practices to the region in the form of pilot projects for energy efficient technologies and practices and sources of clean energy. Overall in 1996, the IDB and the Multilateral Investment Fund approved 12 environmental and natural resources loans for a total of $815 million, up from $796 million a year earlier.
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Kazakhstan and ADB (1994 – 2024): 30 Years of Partnership. Asian Development Bank, February 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/arm230496.

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ADB; Asian Development Bank; Kazakhstan; Astana; Almaty; Central Asia; CAREC; assistance; loans; grant; partnership; transport; roads; trade; transit; regional cooperation; economic development; sustainable growth; renewable energy; COVID-19; rural water supply; irrigation; finance; public sector; reforms; fiscal management; climate change; policy-based loan; KEEP; knowledge and experience exchange program; private sector development; air quality monitoring; Almaty-Bishkek economic corridor; gender bonds; women housing; MSMEs; decarbonization; governance; economy diversification
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The Experience of Latin America and the Caribbean in Urbanization: Knowledge Sharing Forum on Development Experiences: Comparative Experiences of Korea and Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0007004.

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The developing region that has experienced one of the greatest urban growth in the world is Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). More than 80% of its population currently lives in cities and this figure is projected to reach 90% in 25 years. As part of this process, we can identify different urbanization trends across the region: slow growth rates of megacities due to lower levels of rural-urban migration and greater intra-city migration; high growth rates of mid-size cities; and urban footprints growing faster than populations. Therefore, this more contained growth in larger cities, the existence of a 'demographic bonus'in the next 30 years, and new poles of development in secondary cities offer new opportunities to grow in a more sustainable and equitable way while addressing existing challenges in cities. Rapid urban growth in the countries of LAC has posed a series of challenges that cities, especially intermediate cities, must address to ensure their sustainability in the coming years. Those challenges include limited mobility, poor urban planning, pollution, increased vulnerability to natural hazards, inequity, lack of compliance with labor and building regulations, unemployment, crime, and weak institutional and fiscal capacity, among others. These conditions undermine cities' sustainability and reduce the quality of life of their inhabitants. Given this context, the Bank has developed the Emerging and Sustainable Cities Initiative (ESCI) as a particular approach to help mid-size cities understand their challenges and address them in a more integrated way based upon a model of efficiency in planning and the use of resources that prioritizes sustainability and a higher quality of life for all citizens. The ESCI's action-oriented methodology prioritizes projects in critical areas for sustainability, promoting a better quality of life by strengthening planning, incorporating climate change features, and ensuring citizenship engagement. From the ESCI's experience in more than 20 cities in LAC, important lessons have been learned: introducing adaptation and mitigation measures is an opportunity to address environmental issues and limit the impact of climate change; urban economic development should be based on dense, compact, efficient cities, with mixed land use, and concrete actions to generate productive employment; planning should be considered a basic tool for sustainable urban development and growth; and finally, fiscal capacity should be strengthened with greater access to financial resources and connectivity. Cities that cannot provide an adequate quality of live and preserve physical and environmental assets for future generations will not be competitive. These cities will have a tough time attracting investments and generating productive jobs. As a result of ESCI's learning process, we have realized that it is necessary to examine in a more direct and detailed manner the competitiveness of a city proposing concrete actions to increase investments and to generate productive employment. Involving civil society in city planning and engaging the private sector in urban infrastructure services are also key ingredients of a competitive and successful city. As part of the Bank's knowledge dissemination series, this document exhibits the Latin American and Caribbean experience in terms of urbanization, the identification of the challenges posed by this trend, the IDB's approach to promote the sustainability of LAC mid-size urban centers, the lessons learned from how those challenges are being solved, and their impact on medium-term sustainability of cities and their quality of life.
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