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1
Horváth, Gy. "Regional Policy in Europe." Acta Oeconomica 51, no. 1 (February 1, 2001): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aoecon.51.2000-2001.1.6.
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Among European Union policies, regional policy has always been considered a key domain due to its considerable role in negotiation of interests between mem-ber countries and distribution of European Union funds. Its significance, however, is expected to increase further as soon as countries of the Central Eastern Euro-pean region join the European Union and start lobbying for the concentration of European Union resources in the area. The new member states of the EU will stand on the periphery – not only in the geographical sense, but also regarding their level of economic development.
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Vosejpková, M. "Approaches to the rural development problems in the European Union and in some of the Central and Eastern European countries." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 48, No. 4 (February 29, 2012): 171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5299-agricecon.
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Utilisation of regional policy helps to reduce disparities among regions. The approaches to solving these problems in the European Union differ from the approaches practised in Central and Eastern European countries. The development of rural areas in the European Union is realised through the principles of regional policy and its instruments, i.e. Structural Funds, in co-operation with the Common Agricultural Policy. The applied assistance from the Structural Funds is aimed at the objectively defined areas. The situation of countries with many socio-economic problems is reflected in the weak demographic structures of these regions. Solutions of the problematic situation can be found in implementation of the approach supporting the development of multi-functional agriculture and a broader social and territorial context of economic development in all adopted tools of rural development. The way of supporting diversification of the competitive rural economic structure based on encouraging new activities leads also through integrated programmes. Regional policy realisation in the CEECs depends on the institutional framework created in the dependence of the habits applied by the past political regime of the relevant country. The basic issue for the sustainable development of rural areas can be seen in diversification of agricultural activities, creation of small firms and development of tourism together with sustaining the countryside specifics.
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Kovalevych, L. "Policy of the states of the European Union against sessesionism." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geography, no. 64 (2016): 74–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2721.2016.64.13.
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The role of domestic policy in solving of inter-regional conflicts and counteracting secessionist processes are disclosed in the article. A mixed populatіon in any area can live either in peaceful coexistence and political stability or in violent conflicts. This is mostly dependent on the internal ethnic policy. Variety of the government’s reactions to the strengthening of centrifugal tendencies in some regions are explored; among which the approval of separatist demands, the advancement of conditions of underprivileged minorities, adoption of “asymmetric federalism”, allowance for minorities to participate in politіcal debate through parliamentary voting, referendums, etc., establishment of a confederation with only limited links between countries are distinguished. Another way to solve regional conflicts is to create a “multinational federation.” The main features of the state policy of the European Union’s countries which have regions with high potential secessionist conflict are analyzed. The necessities of a balanced domestic policy of the government to prevent the escalation of internal contradictions are emphasized. The influence of the form of government on minimizing of inter-regional conflicts is investigating. After correlating data about current regional conflicts and the forms of government of the hosting countries, it was found that the form of government (from unitary to federalism) is not the only decisive factor for solving of regional conflicts. However, taking into account the historical, cultural, linguistic, economic factors, it is important to understand that political mechanisms can give an initial impulse, the first impetus to resolve the conflicts. Therefore, political factors are some of the key one in regularizing of secessionism. Moreover, examples of the successful resolution of regional conflіcts by particular European states are considered. Experience of an effective resolving of regional conflicts in western European countries showed that in all the cases (Switzerland, Germany, Spain and Great Britain) the mechanisms of the institution of parliamentarism and solving of the language issue were used. The geographic decentralization policy of the supreme power (Germany) and legitimization of government decisions through referendums (Switzerland) are equally effective.
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Ryabchikov, Anton A. "REGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION: NEGOTIATION MECHANISM, CLASSIFICATION, GOALS." SCIENTIFIC REVIEW. SERIES 1. ECONOMICS AND LAW, no. 2-3 (2022): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.26653/2076-4650-2022-2-3-06.
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This article discusses the system of regional trade agreements (RTA) of the European Union (EU) as an instrument of trade policy and economic diplomacy of the Union. It analyzes the existing EU mechanism for negotiating RTAs with third countries as well as the main types of these agreements according to the classification of the European Commission. It outlines the main goals pursued by the Union when concluding the RTAs and gives an overview of the available information on the effectiveness of the EU’s network of bilateral trade agreements. It is concluded that the main objectives of the EU when using this instrument of trade policy are to promote the interests of European business, create leverage for exerting political influence on third countries and advance European ideals of democracy and a market economy around the world.
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Gänzle, Stefan, Dominic Stead, Franziska Sielker, and Tobias Chilla. "Macro-regional Strategies, Cohesion Policy and Regional Cooperation in the European Union: Towards a Research Agenda." Political Studies Review 17, no. 2 (June 13, 2018): 161–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1478929918781982.
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Since 2009, the European Union has developed strategies for the Baltic Sea, Danube, Adriatic-Ionian and Alpine macro-regions. These macro-regional strategies represent a new tool of European Union governance that seeks to combine the community’s territorial cooperation and cohesion policy repertoire with intergovernmental ‘regional cooperation’ involving European Union member and partner countries. By establishing comprehensive governance architectures for cross-sectoral and trans-boundary policy coordination in areas such as transport infrastructure and environmental protection, macro-regional strategies seek to mobilise European Union member and non-member states alike in promoting and harmonising territorial and trans-governmental cooperation. Both the macro-regional strategies and the macro-regions themselves have been met with increasing interest across several disciplines, including geography, regional planning, political science and public administration, triggering questions and debates on issues such as their impacts on existing practices of territorial cooperation and their relation to previously established forms of regional cooperation. Authored by scholars based in the above-mentioned fields of study, this contribution seeks to take stock of research on the subject to date, reflect on conceptual starting points and highlight new directions for future research in the political sciences.
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Khairunnisa, Meyfitha Dea. "Ekspor Sampah Uni Eropa ke Indonesia sebagai Bentuk Eco-Imperialism." Transformasi Global 8, no. 2 (December 22, 2021): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jtg.2021.008.02.3.
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Environmental policy has become an important aspect in reviewing environmental issues in international relations. The European Union is a regional institution that has been very active in international environmental cooperation. However, at the same time the European Union is one of the largest waste exporters to countries in Asia, including Indonesia. Waste export is a free trade mechanism that allows developed countries to send waste to developing countries to be processed as industry materials. This then becomes contradictory to the commitment of the European Union in promoting environmentally friendly policies and policies for the export of waste are considered as a form of eco-imperialism. This article discusses how the waste export policy by the European Union has become a form of ecological colonization for Indonesia as a waste recipient. Keywords: waste export; eco-imperialism; environmental policy
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Beck, Krzysztof. "Business cycle synchronization in European Union: regional perspective." Equilibrium 11, no. 4 (December 31, 2016): 785. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/equil.2016.036.
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The recent turmoil in the euro area once more forces the EU authorities to reconsider the future of further monetary integration. One of the most commonly used criteria for successful monetary integration in contemporary research is business cycle synchronization (BCS). Though BCS has been vastly described at country level, not as much attention has been paid to the degree of BSC at regional level. The topic is important for two main reasons. Firstly, determining the degree of BCS at the regional level can help in the assessment of monetary policy effectiveness on the country level, as well as give a point of reference for evaluation of prospective costs of participation in a monetary union. Secondly, there is a theoretical dispute within the optimum currency areas literature between the ‘European Commission’ and the ‘Krugman’ view that can be resolved to a large extent trough regional analysis. In order to assess BCS in the EU, Hodrick-Prescott, as well as Christiano and Fitzgerald filter to time series of real GDP for 24 countries, 82 NUTS 1, 242 NUTS 2 and 1264 NUTS 3 regions over the period between 1998 and 2010. The data was later used to create bilateral measures of BSC, which gave 276 observations on the country level, 3321 on NUTS 1, 29161 on NUTS 2 and 798216 on NUTS 3 level. The results of the analysis support the ‘European Commission’ view and show a very high degree of BSC within EU countries. The country level analysis also reveals that within the EU there is a group of countries that could form an effectively working monetary union based on the BCS criterion.
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CRISTE, Adina, and Iulia LUPU. "A Comparative Analysis of Macroprudential Policy across Euro Area Candidate Countries." Applied Finance and Accounting 7, no. 1 (February 23, 2021): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/afa.v7i1.5150.
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Concerns to setting an appropriate overall macroprudential policy framework have taken shape at local, regional, and global level since the onset of the global financial crisis. At regional level, a particular case is that of the European Union, given the national-supranational relationship specific to this economic region. The article aims to identify the macroprudential policy condition of the Euro Area candidate countries, by using an index built on some criteria that describe on the one hand, the capacity of macroprudential policy governance and the “activism” of macroprudential authority, and, on the other hand, the degree of compliance with the European Systemic Risk Board (ESRB) recommendations for national macroprudential authorities, given that the countries under review are member states of the European Union. Our findings show that the Euro Area candidate countries have quite different macroprudential policy features, both in terms of its governance and in terms of the “convergence” towards ESRB recommendations. Although the analysis should be extended by adding other relevant criteria, we can assert that it offers an overview of the potential role of the national macroprudential policy as a shock-absorber instrument in the perspective of a future accession to the Euro Area.
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Banta, David, Finn Børlum Kristensen, and Egon Jonsson. "A history of health technology assessment at the European level." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 25, S1 (July 2009): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462309090448.
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This study summarizes the experience with health technology assessment (HTA) at the European level. Geographically, Europe includes approximately fifty countries with a total of approximately 730 million people. Politically, twenty-seven of these countries (500 million people) have come together in the European Union. The executive branch of the European Union is named the European Commission, which supports several activities, including research, all over Europe and in many other parts of the world. The European Commission has promoted HTA by several policy positions and has funded a series of projects aimed at strengthening HTA in Europe. Around fifteen of the European countries now have formal national programs on HTA and some also have regional public programs. All countries that are members of the European Union and do not have a national approach to HTA have an interest in becoming more involved. The HTA projects sponsored by the European Commission have focused on networking and collaboration among established agencies and institutions for HTA, however, also on capacity building, support, and facilitation in creating mechanisms for HTA in European countries that still do not have any program in the field.
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Zeko-Pivač, Ivan. "The role of the European Union macroregional strategies." Zbornik Pravnog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Rijeci 43, no. 1 (2022): 231–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.30925/zpfsr.43.1.12.
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The European Union macro-regional strategies represent a policy framework that aims to enable EU Member States and third countries sharing common interests to better coordinate their potentials in order to make the best possible use of available opportunities. This paper looks into the specificities of four EU macro-regional strategies covering 19 European Union Member States and nine non-EU countries. Given the challenging situation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, it also considers the future perspectives of EU macro-regional strategies as well as their adaptability to new circumstances. More specifically, it focuses on intergovernmental initiatives and their implementation, underlying the importance of the application of the principle of subsidiarity. In addition, the aim of the paper is to provide a critical overview of the subject by highlighting two pivotal elements. First, it assesses whether the EU macro-regional strategies could be genuinely successful, given the fact that they do not have their separate allocation but use the existing funding instead. Second, it explores the ability of the EU macro-regional strategies to bridge wider EU-level policies on the one hand and local policies on the other. Finally, the idea of the paper is to offer an overview of the state of affairs when macro-regions are concerned.
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Jovančević, Radmila, Tomislav Globan, and Vedran Recher. "Does the Cohesion Policy Decrease Economic Inequalities in the European Union?" Zagreb International Review of Economics and Business 18, no. 2 (November 1, 2015): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zireb-2015-0006.
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Abstract This paper examines the impact of the EU Cohesion Policy on the relative development of EU countries as well as on the development of NUTS-2 regions within member states. The main hypothesis is that the Cohesion Fund payments are reducing inequalities between member states, while failing to decrease the regional inequalities within member states in the European Union. The basic conclusion is that Cohesion funds should not be viewed as the only solution for the problem of regional inequalities in the EU, but rather as a complementary policy instrument to national regional policies. However, the problem of creating institutional capacity for the withdrawal of the Cohesion resources remains emphasized, especially in new member states with lower real GDP growth, in order to compete for projects of highest multiplicative effects on the economy.
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Świstak, Marek. "Fundusze Unii Europejskiej w Polsce: dekada doświadczeń." Przegląd Europejski, no. 3-2016 (December 11, 2016): 48–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/1641-2478pe.3.16.3.
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The purpose of this article is to summarise more than a decade of Polish participation in the use of European Union Funds. During this period, we have seen an acceleration of economic growth, increasing Polish exports (mainly to EU countries) and a significant inflow of foreign investments. The development, however, have proved to be uneven in nature. The more developed regions gained the most from participation in EU funding, which does not reflect the regional policy objectives. So far, the regional policy in Poland is largely (though not exclusively) focused on investment that could only modernise the Polish economy in a superficial way. Examples are infrastructure investments that only raise living conditions. The ability to use EU funds in strengthening the competitiveness and innovativeness of Polish economy is utilised to a small extent.
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Nacewska-Twardowska, Aleksandra. "Regionalism and multilateralism in trade policy of the European Union." Equilibrium 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2010): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/equil.2010.012.
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Foreign trade is one of the main expressions of international cooperation in the world, which indicates the specific location of trade policy in the policy of the countries or organizations. The history of trade shows the existence of two opposite trade coordinating practices: regional and multilateral. In the post-war history, there can be seen the coexistence of both trends. An excellent example of this is the European Union, where both practice of coordination the trade policy unite. On the one hand, the Community is in itself an exception to the principle of trade liberalization on a multilateral basis, on the other hand for many years it has actively participated in the creation of a common commercial policy for all at the forum of GATT and the WTO. Common commercial policy of the Union is one of the pillars of its existence, affecting significantly the region's economic development. Therefore, in a time of crisis it is important to question how the common commercial policy is being shaped today and whether changes in the global economy affect the change in its formation? Last years point out the increasing trend of regionalism in Community. The difficulties increasing in the formation the trade policy in the WTO effects in many changes. Even enthusiastic proponents of the idea of multilateralism in trade seek for new solutions. In this situation the European Union looks of possibilities to form of the widest possible bilateral relations with other countries or organizations.
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Zioło, Monika, and Lidia Luty. "Disproportions in the level of innovation in European Union countries." Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization and Management Series 2023, no. 166 (2023): 903–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.29119/1641-3466.2022.166.57.
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Purpose: One of the most important areas of reflection on innovation and innovativeness is regional policy and issues related to the development of the economy. The phenomena of globalisation and pressure to create a knowledge-based economy means that not only enterprises, but also countries are forced to optimise the use of their potential on a macro, meso or micro scale. For this reason, the issue of innovativeness is connected with particular economic entities and sectors of the economy, with the activity of state, regional and local authorities and the European Union. In the conditions of deepening European integration, stimulating innovation of territorial socio-economic systems is an important instrument of economic policy at the international, national and regional levels. The aim of the study is to assess the level of innovativeness of the region in spatial and dynamic terms. Multivariate Statistical Analysis will be used to determine the aggregated indicator based on data taken from Eurostat database. Design/methodology/approach: The implementation of the objective will be achieved through the evaluation and comparison of the level of innovativeness of EU countries with the use of a synthetic measure, estimated by using one of the model methods of linear ordering of objects in the years 2015, 2018 and 2021. In the proposed method, the synthetic measure is determined using the distance of the examined objects from the model objects. The dynamic approach will allow to determine the directions of changes. The level of innovation of regions (EU countries) determined by a number of indicators that were adopted in four areas: human capital, finance, business activity and intellectual property protection. Findings: The region's innovativeness is a multidimensional phenomenon, which is directly unmeasurable, hence the need to use statistical methods when measuring it. Obtained results will allow to assess the studied phenomenon, build a ranking and identify countries with a high, medium or low level of innovation. The results of the analyses confirmed that it is advisable to consider innovation by plane, because in this case there is a greater differentiation of countries. Due to the level of innovation, the highest positions in the ranking were taken by Sweden, Germany, Finland and Austria, at the end of the ranking were countries from Central and Eastern Europe, Poland, Latvia, Bulgaria and Romania. In the area of innovative activities, Estonia ranked very high being classified in the group I of the most innovative countries. The country is characterized by high employment in innovative enterprises, significant expenditure on innovation and a large share of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) introducing product innovations. The fact that the countries of Central and Eastern Europe are reducing the distance to more innovative EU countries should be assessed positively, as evidenced by lower values of the coefficients of variation in 2021 compared to 2015. Keywords: innovation of regions, dynamics, Multivariate Statistical Analysis. Category of the paper: research paper.
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Robu, Raluca Georgiana, Ana-Maria Holobiuc, Alina Petronela Alexoaei, Valentin Cojanu, and Dumitru Miron. "Regional Patterns of Pesticide Consumption Determinants in the European Union." Sustainability 15, no. 3 (January 21, 2023): 2070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15032070.
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This article contributes to the discussion about the socioeconomic factors that reinforce pesticide dependence in the European Union and hinder the transition to more sustainable agricultural practices in light of the European Union’s Green Deal objective of reducing the use of pesticides by 50% by 2030. The analysis has a two-pronged purpose: (1) to identify the determinants of pesticide consumption in the European Union by conducting a set of four seemingly unrelated regressions and (2) to emphasize the existence of regional patterns across EU countries formed by the factors that significantly impact pesticide consumption based on a cluster analysis. Per capita GDP, selling prices, population, and real income positively influence pesticide use, whereas subsidies and organic agricultural area negatively influence them. Pesticide use is most affected by GDP per capita and least affected by subsidies. Cluster analysis highlights regional differences reflected in three clusters: (1) the most recent EU member states, (2) the European countries with large population levels, and (3) the countries with the highest GDP per capita. Our findings may contribute to the EU’s capacity to generate policy changes at the member state level and can be built into recommendations to address the persistent overuse of pesticides.
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Kireeva, Irina. "Extra-regional aspects of Uruguay’s foreign policy (2010-2015." Cuadernos Iberoamericanos, no. 4 (December 28, 2016): 94–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2016-4-94-106.
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The article analyses extraregional aspects of Uruguay’s foreign policy during the presidency of José Mujica (2010-2015), namely the development of relations between Uruguay and the USA, the European Union, Russia and countries of Asia and Middle East such as China, India, Iran, Palestine and Israel. This aspect of Uruguayan foreign policy is particularly relevant amid the crisis in Mercosur, when Uruguay is trying to mitigate its adverse consequences for the country’s economy by expanding trade ties with the other countries, both within Latin America and beyond it. The relations between Uruguay and Latin American countries are touched upon in some investigations while Uruguay’s active foreign policy in other regions isn’t studied at all
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Bourantonis, Dimitris, Sarantis Kalyvitis, and Constantine Tsoutsoplides. "The European Union and Greece: Political Acceptability and Financial Transfers." Politics 18, no. 2 (May 1998): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9256.00065.
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In this paper a conceptual model is developed that relates loyalty to a community of countries to the material benefits derived from it, measured by the transfer of extra income. We argue that the extent of a country's welfare, and consequently its acceptance to participate in a community increase together with the latter's scope for influence on the former. We use the paradigm of Greece, which is one of the main recipient countries in the EU. It was found that financial transfers concerning regional policy affect in the long-run ‘the acceptance of European integration’ by the public in Greece while social policy funds appear to have short-run positive effects on public opinion.
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Xu, Kai, Ran Mei, Li Liang, and Wei Sun. "Regional convergence analysis of sustainable innovation efficiency in European Union countries." Journal of Environmental Management 325 (January 2023): 116636. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116636.
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Grącik-Zajączkowski, Małgorzata. "Intra-Regional Cooperation in Eastern Dimension of the European Neighborhood Policy: Challenges and Opportunities." Reality of Politics 7, no. 1 (March 31, 2016): 26–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/rop201602.
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The Eastern Partnership was established by the EU in 2009 as a new institutional framework for building cooperation between the EU and six countries from Eastern Europe and Southern Caucasus (i.e Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Republic of Moldova and Ukraine) as well as between the partner-countries themselves. The initiative was based on commitment to fundamental values such as democracy, the rule of law, respect for human rights, market economy rules, sustainable development and good governance. The idea of how to treat the countries left after the downfall of the Soviet Union was one of the biggest challenge for the EU’s foreign policy. After the admission of Central European Countries to the EU in 2004 and 2007 the Union decided to launch a program which would provide the Eastern neighbors with an alternative to membership a set of incentives for engaging in economic, social and political reforms. The EU decided to promote regional cooperation under the Eastern Partnership instead of bringing the countries closer to the accession formula. The aim of the paper is to present and analyze the problem of cooperation between the Eastern partners. Major question is whether the initiative has contributed to enhancing of cooperation among the partners and if it has what tangible progress has it brought to the benefit of the whole European Neighborhood Policy.
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Valeeva, R. A. "Development of Сooperation Between Kyrgyzstan and the European Union at the Present Stage." Post-Soviet Issues 6, no. 3 (November 27, 2019): 288–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.24975/2313-8920-2019-6-3-288-296.
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After the collapse of the USSR, the West received favorable conditions for promoting its geopolitical interests. Accordingly, the European Union began to establish relations with the countries of Central Asia. The EU policy in Central Asia in the early 90s of the twentieth century is characterized by the fact that Brussels concentrated its efforts on the allocation of economic assistance, the promotion of democracy and market relations. The EU policy in the Central Asian republics was based on cooperation and partnership Agreements signed with the leadership of the countries of the region. These agreements were intended to formalize the political and economic relations of the countries of the region with the EU. The role of the Central Asian countries in EU foreign policy was more clearly defined after the adoption of the European Union Strategy for Central Asia in 2007. The European Union has taken a number of steps to strengthen its position in the region. Several formats of bilateral and regional cooperation have been created, and EU representative offices have been opened in the countries of the region.Over the past decade, the European Union has significantly intensified its foreign policy in Central Asia. It expanded diplomatic ties and successfully implemented mechanisms for developing cooperation with Central Asia. In particular, it has expanded its presence in the region, successfully launching several of its strategic programs in various areas of cooperation.In 2019, the European Union adopted a new Strategy for Central Asia. This is the first radical revision of the document adopted in 2007. This indicates a desire to update the base of interac tion and to build relations with the countries of the region in a new way. The European Union pays special attention to such areas of cooperation as energy issues, global security problems and joint struggle against the threats of terrorism, Islamic fundamentalism and radical extremism, transport and infrastructure. Particular attention is paid to the prospects and problems of the EU’s interaction with the Kyrgyz Republic, which cover various aspects: political, economic, social, trade, cultural. On 19 November 2017, the European Union and the Kyrgyz Republic began negotiations to update the existing bilateral agreement, which is intended to replace the partnership and cooperation Agreement. After the completion of the negotiations, a new agreement on expanded partnership and cooperation between Kyrgyzstan and the European Union was initialed on July 6, 2019. It includes new areas of cooperation and significantly improves the regulatory framework for trade and economic relations in accordance with WTO rules and regional economic agreements. The new agreement provides for cooperation between Kyrgyzstan and the EU in areas such as: policy and reform, enhanced cooperation in foreign policy and security issues, in the areas of justice, security and freedoms, as well as in trade.
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Gil, Carlos, Pedro Pascual, and Manuel Rapún. "Regional Allocation of Structural Funds in the European Union." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 20, no. 5 (October 2002): 655–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c21m.
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Economic disparities among the regions of the European Union are more pronounced than among countries. Structural Funds have played a crucial compensatory role, promoting the economic development and real convergence of lagging regions. The amount of resources destined to regional policy and the conflicts arising from its funding and distribution create the need for an adequate theoretical foundation or model to help politicians solve the distribution problem. In this paper we propose an empirical procedure to carry out and evaluate different distributions of funds for the periods 1989 – 93 and 1994 – 99. We begin with the estimation of an augmented production function to permit the calculation of the expected GDP per capita. We then propose a nonlinear programming method to simulate alternative distributions of Structural Funds among Objective 1 regions, based upon two different approaches: equal development, and equal opportunities. For these two approaches we calculate different possibilities, ranging from highly efficient to highly equitable, with the result that we are able to show the ‘frontier’ of optimal distributions. Finally, we evaluate these results and compare them with the real distribution.
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Crudu, Rodica. "The influence of fiscal policy on income inequality in European Union’s member states." Business Systems & Economics 5, no. 1 (June 9, 2015): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.13165/vse-15-5-1-05.
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Poor growth performance over the past decades in Europe has increased concerns for rising income discrepancies and social exclusion. European authorities have recently launched the Europe 2020 strategy which aims to improve social inclusion in Europe on top of already existing European regional policies aiming to reduce regional disparities through stimulating growth in areas where incomes are relatively low. While it is most common to confine measures of inequality to national borders, the existence of such union-wide objectives and policies motivates measuring income dispersion among all Europeans in this paper. Fiscal policy is a powerful tool that changes the distribution of income in either direction, up or down. In this context, the present paper reviews the evolution of income inequality in EU member countries and figures out how fiscal policy (direct taxes) has influenced these outcomes. The paper also examines the contributions of both tax and expenditure policies in reducing income inequality in the EU, highlighting fiscal policy’s impact in different EU member countries.
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Pontarollo, Nicola, and Carolina Serpieri. "Challenges and Opportunities to Regional Renewal in the European Union." International Regional Science Review 44, no. 1 (June 29, 2020): 142–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160017620931591.
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The strength of the 2008 financial and economic crisis and the resulting degree of resilience were heterogeneous among and within the European Union countries. Challenges and opportunities driven by regional-specific differences determined the ability to overshoot the precrisis levels of growth. Focusing upon Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics 2 (NUTS 2) European regions, we explore a novel conceptual framework related to regional economic resilience, namely the renewal capacity. Precisely, we concentrate on the capacity of regional economies to “renew” their growth paths in the labor market in the aftermath of the recent global crisis. We find some well-identified spatial patterns of regional employment renewal and we identify a set of territorial assets that allow regions to bounce back faster and more comprehensively than others to the economic downturn. Furthermore, there are significant differences between the drivers of the regional renewal of Old and New Member States. Our findings suggest potential policy directions at all levels for enhancing regional resilience.
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Qorraj, Gazmend. "Towards European Union or Regional Economic Area: Western Balkans at Crossroads." Naše gospodarstvo/Our economy 64, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ngoe-2018-0002.
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Abstract The aim of the paper is to reflect upon the dilemma or whether the EU will continue the integration process in the Western Balkans or backlash on regional cooperation instruments and initiatives within the framework of the Western Balkans. The Regional Economic Area (REA) is analyzed as the more recent policy of the European Union for the remaining Balkan countries. It is crucial to analyze the idea behind REA, starting from two main assumptions: first, the creation of REA stemmed from EU internal challenges; and second, REA came up as a creative EU approach in efforts to find a specific model for reforms in the Western Balkans in the frame of regional institutions. The paper also discusses regional trade and specifically the role of the Regional Cooperation Council (RCC) in coordinating these initiatives in the Western Balkans. Taking into consideration the EU current challenges as well as difficulties of the Western Balkan countries to overcome the political and economic problems, then regional cooperation could appear as an alternative to the EU integration process for the Western Balkans. The main conclusion of this paper is that the Western Balkans needs the EU’s direct support, in particular, since RCC and other regional instruments cannot enforce, support and monitor the initiatives and reforms in the region.
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Горбатенко, Елена, and Elena Gorbatenko. "Administration of foreign trade advantages and restrictions as the basis of the strategy of the new EU member States." Journal of Management Studies 4, no. 9 (August 30, 2019): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5d68d5b0141180.59000303.
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This article analyzes the current aspects of the management of regional economic integration processes in the context of the entry of new member States into the largest integration grouping in the modern world economy – the European Union (EU). Some components of these processes are considered on the example of a number of European countries that joined the bloc at the stage of 2004-2013. The significant trends in the foreign trade policy of the European Union are identified.
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Skowronek-Gradziel, Agnieszka. "Analysis of the differentiated Internet use in the activity of the EU enterprises in 2014." Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 191, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 36–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.2397.
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The article aims at identification of dependencies occurring in relation to the Internet use in the activities of enterprises in the European Union countries in 2014. The research hypothesis assumed that the spatial diversity exists in the European Union in the area under study. The article presents the results of research conducted on the basis of data from the European Statistical Office regarding the use of the Internet in the activities of enterprises in 2014. The study covered 28 countries in the European Union. On account of the nature of research, the methods of Multidimensional Comparative Analysis were employed. The acquired knowledge has a cognitive dimension and can be applied in practice to set tasks for leveling out the development differences with regard to the European regional policy in the subsequent financial perspectives.
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Li, Shuo. "Incorporation of Fisheries Policy into Regional Blocs?—Lessons from the EU’s Common Fisheries Policy." Fishes 7, no. 3 (April 28, 2022): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fishes7030102.
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As globalization is facing increasing challenges, regionalization demonstrates the potential to effectively address many transboundary issues. Current international fisheries management has attracted criticisms, among which the poor incentives for countries to attend and comply with the rules are notable. This paper aims to explore whether the incorporation of fisheries policies into regional economic blocs can be a solution to improve cross-border fisheries management. The development, problems, and future of the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) of the European Union are explored in detail. This paper concludes that the evolution and implementation of the CFP provide some precious lessons for the world. An appropriately designed regional fisheries scheme would help to create incentives for countries to participate in regional regimes and improve their fisheries management. Economic incentives, a good institutional design, and financial and scientific support are critical factors in favor of adopting common fisheries policies under regional economic frameworks.
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Bereza, Anatoliy, Vyacheslav Kazmirenko, Olena Tsilmak, Oksana Melenko, and Olena Shvedova. "Regulatory framework for urban policy in some European countries: an experience for Ukraine." Revista Amazonia Investiga 9, no. 29 (May 18, 2020): 507–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2020.29.05.56.
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The purpose of the article is to analyze the regulatory framework for urban policy in some European countries in order to emulate their positive experience and to implement it in Ukrainian legislation. Methodology. The study used general scientific and special methods of legal science, in particular, analysis and synthesis method, logical method, logical and semantic method, historical and legal method, comparative and legal method. The results of the study. The foreign practice of regulatory framework for urban policy provision, the features of its development and implementation have been considered. The content of urban policy in a number of European countries (Latvia, Finland, France and the Czech Republic) has been studied and the relevant programs implemented by the European Union have been examined. Practical implications. The experience of foreign countries has shown that State urban policy is not always set out in a single document, but as a rule is presented in several legal acts or is a component of other State programs, especially in the area of regional policy. Value/originality. The authors have proven that taking into account the peculiarities of regulatory framework for urban policy in Ukraine, it would be appropriate to adopt a separate document on urban policy that would consider the European practice and legislation of the European Union in this area, as well as the peculiarities of Ukrainian cities.
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İbrahim qızı Cəfərli, Ramilə. "Mechanisms for Cooperation of the European Union." SCIENTIFIC WORK 15, no. 2 (March 9, 2021): 84–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/63/84-87.
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The article deals with mechanisms for cooperation of the European Union with nations considered from the scientific point of' view. The author analyzes the details of the European Union technical assistance program for CIS couintries, its aims and positions in the frame of TACIS. Each candidate country that intends to get European Union membership has to follow the common principle and standards. But sometimes in addition to the membership obligations EU member states attitude to the candidate countries may playe great role to get the final result. The article analyzes different European countries attitude to Turkey’s membership as one of the barriers that Turkey faces in the frame of Turkey integration policy to EU. This is explained by the complexity of project co-ordination between the countries in the region, and the economic and political systems in transition countries. Thus, the desire of the commission to use the TACIS program as a tool for regional co-operation and the settlement of existing conflicts corresponds to the existing reality. İn this context, the Nagorno-Karabakh region of Azerbaijan is a clear example of TACIS programs. The expansion of the Armenian TACIS program to Nagorno-Karabakh has been denied by the European Union as it has no consensus by the Azerbaijani government. Key words: European Union, South Caucasus, Central Asia, cooperation mechanisms, economy, politics
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Waniak‑Michalak, Halina, Maciej Woźniak, and Robert Lisowski. "Credit Guarantee Schemes – Are They Efficient? Experience from European Union Countries." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 25, no. 4 (December 16, 2022): 87–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1508-2008.25.31.
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The paper aims to assess selected elements of the business models of credit guarantee schemes (CGSs) implemented in 20 European Union countries within the financial framework between 2007 and 2013. This paper focuses on the CGSs’ financial additionality that depends mainly on how these programs are managed, the institutions implementing them, the objectives set and their distribution constraints. We analyse the implementation costs and the use of the funds allocated to implement the schemes. To reach the goal, we used several methods: the Kruskal‑Wallis by ranks, the median test, discriminant analysis, multidimensional scaling, and correlation. We also did the power analysis. We discovered that the efficiency of CGS implemented by non‑governmental organisations, mutual guarantee funds and regional agencies is related to the level of regional development. The relationship is not visible only when banks are engaged, which may be due to the impossibility of assigning a bank’s activities to a single region. However, we did not find differences in efficiency between types of organisations that implement CGSs. The answers to the research questions posed in the article can help policymakers and researchers conclude whether it is cost‑effective to continue supporting CGSs and whether the management of these schemes should change. The paper contributes to the economic policy theory in the area of state aid to SMEs and public finance.
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Monedero, Pablo José Abascal. "Family Laws in the European Union." Socialinė teorija, empirija, politika ir praktika 19 (September 16, 2019): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/stepp.2019.13.
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EU social policies should be complemented by contributing to a harmonious development of society, by reducing structural and regional imbalances, developing a balance between the a localized community and the national society, and improving the living standards of citizens and families of member states (Garrido 2002). Such important social policy principles as freedom and justice are addressed and represented in family laws in the EU regulations introduced during the period of 2000–2016. In this article, we studied the EU’s legal solutions in reference to national (Spain) laws on these matters: children and parental responsibility (adoption, child abduction, family benefits) and couples (matrimonial, regimes, prenuptial agreements, provisional measures). This legislation is necessary in the face of the proliferation of families whose members have different nationalities, and even in the mobilization of residences. Cooperation has intensified between national judicial authorities to ensure that legal decisions taken in one EU country are recognized and implemented in any other. This is highly important in civil cases, such as divorce, child custody, maintenance claims, or even bankruptcy and unpaid bills, when the individuals involved live in different countries. The development of family laws is one of the most important factors of family welfare in European countries.
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Echimovich, Mariana, Vitaliy Alekseevich Danilov, Zarina Fazlitdinovna Mardonova, and Maxim Kirillovich Karpukhin. "Evolution of foreign policy priorities of the Western Balkan countries in the context of their European and Euro-Atlantic." Конфликтология / nota bene, no. 3 (March 2021): 143–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0617.2021.3.37080.
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This article traces the evolution of foreign policy priorities of the Western Balkan countries in the context of their European and Euro-Atlantic integration over the period from the mid-1990s to 2020. The key goal lies in the analysis of formation and development of the European and Euro-Atlantic vectors in foreign policy of the Western Balkans. The relevance of the selected topic is defined by fact that all Western Balkan countries are somehow involved in the European and Euro-Atlantic integration processes, which prompts transformations in their home and foreign policy. In post-Cold War era, the Western Balkans depart from their foreign policy course, which they have followed since the end of the World War II. The conflicts that were related to dissolution of Yugoslavia underline the expansion of influence of the North Atlantic Alliance as the major “peacekeeper”, and the European Union, which took on the role of post-conflict settlement. In the under their influence. Tracing the evolution of foreign policy priorities of the Western Balkans within the framework of their European and Euro-Atlantic integration defines the scientific novelty of this research. The acquired conclusions can be implemented in theoretical and practical activity. The article explores the regional initiatives of NATO and EU, which were aimed at stabilization of the Western Balkan region through transformation of state and social institutions, development of interstate cooperation, and involvement in regional integration processes. For determination of the role of the European Union and NATO in foreign policy of the Western Balkans, the author analyzed the doctrinal documents of the Western Balkan countries, which highlighted the priority of European and Euro-Atlantic vector.
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Echimovich, Mariana, Vitaliy Alekseevich Danilov, Zarina Fazlitdinovna Mardonova, and Maxim Kirillovich Karpukhin. "Evolution of foreign policy priorities of the Western Balkan countries in the context of their European and Euro-Atlantic." Конфликтология / nota bene, no. 4 (April 2021): 56–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0617.2021.4.37080.
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This article traces the evolution of foreign policy priorities of the Western Balkan countries in the context of their European and Euro-Atlantic integration over the period from the mid-1990s to 2020. The key goal lies in the analysis of formation and development of the European and Euro-Atlantic vectors in foreign policy of the Western Balkans. The relevance of the selected topic is defined by fact that all Western Balkan countries are somehow involved in the European and Euro-Atlantic integration processes, which prompts transformations in their home and foreign policy. In post-Cold War era, the Western Balkans depart from their foreign policy course, which they have followed since the end of the World War II. The conflicts that were related to dissolution of Yugoslavia underline the expansion of influence of the North Atlantic Alliance as the major “peacekeeper”, and the European Union, which took on the role of post-conflict settlement. In the under their influence. Tracing the evolution of foreign policy priorities of the Western Balkans within the framework of their European and Euro-Atlantic integration defines the scientific novelty of this research. The acquired conclusions can be implemented in theoretical and practical activity. The article explores the regional initiatives of NATO and EU, which were aimed at stabilization of the Western Balkan region through transformation of state and social institutions, development of interstate cooperation, and involvement in regional integration processes. For determination of the role of the European Union and NATO in foreign policy of the Western Balkans, the author analyzed the doctrinal documents of the Western Balkan countries, which highlighted the priority of European and Euro-Atlantic vector.
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Yaroshenko, I. V., and I. B. Semigulina. "Global Experience of State Support in the System of Public Management of Territorial Communities’ Development." PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY 4, no. 46 (2020): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-0712-2020-4-19-28.
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Achieving sustainable development of the countries against the background of overcoming the problems and backwardness of some territories, reducing the disproportion of socio-economic indicators, creating conditions for the development of competitive economic environment, and achieving a high standard of living form the main directions of regional policy in many countries, including the European Union. Detailed study of the experience in the formation and implementation of regional policy, the positive examples and trends of some countries and, in particular, EU member states, that have achieved economic growth and improved the welfare of their residents, are relevant for the development of modern Ukraine and its regions during the ongoing European integration processes, socio-economic changes and the formation of Ukraine’s own national regional policy. Analysis of the uneven development of territories and the identification of the main characteristics of this asymmetry allow not only to determine the current state of disproportion in regional development potentials, but also to assess the regional policy directions aimed at eliminating the disproportion. European integration direction in Ukraine’s policy confirms the relevance of a comprehensive study of the regional policy experience in the world and the EU, in particular, especially that of the best practices of Central and Eastern Europe, the latter demonstrating stable positive changes in socio-economic development. This experience could be useful for Ukraine to form and implement its own regional policy principles of organizing regional and local development management and building up local self-government.
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Dovgal, Olena. "The Role of State Policy in the Formation of Food Security in the Countries of the European Union." Modern Economics 33, no. 1 (June 20, 2022): 132–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31521/modecon.v33(2022)-17.
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Abstract. Introduction. The correlation between inflation and unemployment is a very relevant topic for both Ukraine and other countries. The connection between them is so strong that they are like a natural disaster with severe socio-economic consequences directly for the population of the countries on whose territory these processes are taking place. The level of food supply in modern conditions is one of the priority areas of state policy in the vast majority of countries in the world. The categorical apparatus of the sphere of food supply was formed in the 70s of the 20th century, when the problem of hunger acquired special importance for most countries of the world. The main priorities in this field at that time were quantitative satisfaction with food products and their financial availability for each person. And although almost half a century has passed since that time, this question has not only not lost its relevance today, but has also become one of the most important and priority ones. Purpose. The aim of this study is to thoroughly analyze the current trends of inflation in the countries of the European Union and the impact of these factors on the level of unemployment and the sustainable development of agro-food production as a component of food security in the region. Results. The results of empirical and regression analysis have shown that there is a direct causal relationship between inflation and unemployment, with inflation being the cause and unemployment being the effect. This made it possible to assert that the maintenance of macroeconomic stability in the EU countries should, first of all, consist in ensuring stable prices and a stable exchange rate. Maintaining the stability of the country's economic condition will prevent violations of the system of sustainable development of enterprises and contribute to the strengthening of food security trends. Conclusions. Inflation and unemployment threaten the economy of any country. However, as a rule, the most vulnerable strata of the population suffer, which affects food security. The relationship between inflation and unemployment exists and is legally regulated by the state administration. As practice shows, modern analytical software tools are used in various states, which are based on macro-, regional, and micro-level statistical data for modeling socio-economic situations, which helps to make the most realistic forecasts of the economic situation. In the future, it will be expedient for the EU government to set the following key tasks: first, use the entire arsenal of measures aimed at further suppressing inflationary factors; secondly, optimization of the nature and structure of public expenditures, while not abandoning the state's duties to protect socially vulnerable segments of the population, which is necessary for successful state regulation of food security processes; to establish the mechanisms and algorithm for achieving national food security, which will include scientific support, the formation of a regulatory and legal framework, increasing production volumes and increasing food security.
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Frieden, Jeffry A. "Real Sources of European Currency Policy: Sectoral Interests and European Monetary Integration." International Organization 56, no. 4 (2002): 831–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002081802760403793.
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In the thirty years before Economic and Monetary Union was achieved, European currency policies varied widely among countries and over time. In this article, I argue that the sectoral impact of regional exchange-rate arrangements, in particular their expected real effects on European trade and investment, exerted a powerful influence on the course of European monetary integration. The principal benefit of fixing European exchange rates was facilitation of cross-border trade and investment within the European Union (EU); the principal cost of fixed rates was the loss of national governments' ability to use currency policy to improve their producers' competitive position. Empirical results indeed indicate that a stronger and more stable currency was associated with greater importance of manufactured exports to the EU's hard-currency core, while depreciations were associated with an increase in the net import competition faced by the country's producers. This suggests a powerful impact of real factors related to trade and investment, and of private interests concerned about these factors, in determining national currency policies.
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Michalopoulos, Evangelos, Andreas Georgiou, and Konstantinos Paparrizos. "Risk-based decision making and risk management of European Union regional programs." Yugoslav Journal of Operations Research 18, no. 1 (2008): 75–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/yjor0801075m.
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This paper presents a generalized method for management decision making incorporating risk assessment techniques. The risk based decision making methodology is applied to European Union expenditure programs used to implement its regional policy, such as the community support framework, community initiatives, special initiatives and other European policies. An example is presented for the development of an audit (inspection) program in the region of West Macedonia, Greece, during the implementation of the 3rd Community Structural Support Framework Operational Program. The generic nature of the method permits its use in the management of similar European regional programs in Greece and other European countries. It is also applicable to many other industries interested in applying risk-based management decisions to physical or process based systems. .
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Dyba, Wojciech, Bradley Loewen, Jaan Looga, and Pavel Zdražil. "Regional Development in Central-Eastern European Countries at the Beginning of the 21st Century: Path Dependence and Effects of EU Cohesion Policy." Quaestiones Geographicae 37, no. 2 (April 26, 2018): 77–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/quageo-2018-0017.
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Abstract Cohesion Policy has provided new impulses for development in Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs) that continue to be challenged by regional disparities. This paper investigates the effects of the European Union Cohesion Policy on regional development. After presenting historical development patterns of the investigated area and opportunities afforded by this policy, its effects on a variety of indicators are analysed for the period 2007–2014. The analysis allowed confirming positive effects of EU Cohesion Policy on the development of CEE regions. However, these effects differ across the investigated area. Moving forward, it will be crucial to develop institutions and policies characteristic to each region that are stable and efficient without external funds.
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Dolzhenkova, E., and A. Yu Mokhorova. "Realization of the Interests of “Small States” in the European Union." Administrative Consulting, no. 9 (November 10, 2022): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1726-1139-2022-9-29-39.
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Over the past few years, there have been certain shifts in favor of the national agenda in the European Union. Similar divergences from the main goal of the EU are observed in the UK and Poland. The COVID-19 pandemic also revealed the mismatch between the interests of a united Europe and the national preferences of the participating countries. The purpose of the article is to determine the possibility / impossibility of realizing the national interests of “small states” — EU members in the formation and implementation of a single community policy. To achieve the goal, it is necessary to establish the existence of different interests of states within the EU, the possibility of the participating countries to influence the development of the policy of the Union as a whole, the role of “small states” in the process under consideration. Applying a regional approach and narrowing the study to a single country (the Republic of Latvia), as well as applying methods of analysis and comparison, the nature of the relationship between the policies of the European Union and individual countries is revealed. The experience of the Republic of Latvia has shown that the state, which is most dependent on the economy and the general policy of the union, builds its own relations with the EU, relying mainly on the interests of “donor countries”. This dynamics is also manifested in international commercial relations, influencing the state of some sectors of the economy, as well as the economic situation of individual cities. Despite some negative points, mainly related to the economic indicators of individual industries, the participating countries do not deviate from the policy of European integration. Civil society, for the most part, also chooses the opportunities provided by the European Union. The challenges that the European community faced over time are being resolved. The Government of the European Union speaks openly about the existing problems, which are also related to the solution of common problems, and tries to solve them in a timely manner and by common efforts.
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Mahmutefendic, Tahir. "The Eu Enlargement. How to be Like the Irish and not the Greek?" ECONOMICS 7, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eoik-2019-0021.
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Abstract Apart from the former EFTA members (Iceland, Lichtenstein, Norway and Switzerland) and a few former republics of the Soviet Union (Bjelorussia, Moldova and Ukraina) the countries of the Western Balkans are the only European states outside of the European Union. They are very keen to join the Union. The Balkans have always been the poorest part of Europe. The appeal of the wealthy European Union is apparent. Access to the largest market in the world, investment, modern technologies and generous regional funds give a hope that by joining the EU the Western Balkans countries will join the rich club. At the moment performance of the Western Balkan countries does not guarantee that they will become rich by joining the European Union. Their current production and trade structure makes it likely that the Western Balkan countries will be locked in inter-industry trade in which they will export products of low and medium technological and developmental level and import products of high technological and developmental level. This might lead to divergence rather than convergence between them and the European Union. In other to overcome this problem the Western Balkan countries need to conduct radical reforms in the public sector, fiscal policy, industrial trade and investment policy. They also need to tackle corruption, simplify administrative procedure, strenghten property rights and the lawful state. All this with the aim to change economic structure and shift from achievements of the second and third to fourth technological revolution. Only if these reforms are successfuly implemented the Western Balkan countries can hope to avoid the Greek scenario and possibly experience the Irish scenario.
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Kramar, Hans. "Economic convergence on different spatial levels: the conflict between cohesion and growth." Raumforschung und Raumordnung 64, no. 1 (January 31, 2006): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03183103.
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Abstract The analysis of economic disparities within the European Union strongly depends on the regional level considered. Whereas the economic gap between the member states has decreased over the last decades, regional disparities have rather deepened. The reason for these contradictory findings can be found in the increasing disparities within many of the member states: Especially in growing economies the gap between urban centres and rural peripheries tends to widen. The spatial concentration of research and development, high skilled labour, infrastructure and foreign investment in the capitals will therefore supposably become a big challenge for the accession countries, which will have to face increasing international competition. Joining a common market of more than 450 million people means new opportunities, challenges and threats for economic development, which have to be faced by local, regional and national governments as well as by European institutions. EU-policies act in the dichotomy between the conflicting goals of economic growth and cohesion. Since they strongly influence regional conditions for production it is of great political interest whether a certain measure fosters economic efficiency by favouring the highly developed centres or rather enhances convergence by promoting lagging regions. The answer is, however, not trivial and needs closer examination: Measures encouraging regional cohesion on the European level can also increase disparities within a state or a region at the same time. This is the reason why the regional effects of EU-policies have to be analysed on different spatial levels. Dealing with the spatial impacts of various European Policies (Regional Policy, TransEuropean Networks, Common Agricultural Policy, Research and Technological Development Policy) there is some evidence that these policies try to compensate the effects of growing competition in the common market by concentrating their efforts on urban growth poles within the underdeveloped countries. Doing that, the European Union comes up to the two conflicting goals of growth and cohesion by promoting efficient economic development in the member states on the one hand and regional convergence on the European level on the other. This approach is of course mainly directed at European objectives and brings about new problems for the member states: According to the principle of subsidiarity the growing divergence within the member states is, however, not a policy task of the European Union but of the member states: Therefore national politics are still required to take on responsibility for these intranational problems by adopting their transport, regional and economic policies to the new challenge.
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Horga, Ioan, and Ana Maria Costea Ghimis. "The Regional Policy in the EUMS from Central and Eastern Europe between Decentralisation and Recentralisation." Debater a Europa, no. 12 (February 1, 2015): 103–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/1647-6336_12_7.
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During the accession process and after they became members of the European Union, the Central and Eastern states went through a process of decentralization that emphasized the local and the regional level. Although the process was not complete, after the financial crisis erupted, these states began to develop a centrifugal behaviour are started a recentralization process that decreased the competences of local and regional authorities. The present article argues that undeniably the European Commission through its regional policy has been an important driving force regarding the process of territorial decentralisation in Central and Eastern European countries. However, this influence has generated different outcomes, given its lack of clear perspective and competences.http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/1647-6336_12_7
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Vasilescu, Laura Giurca. "Agricultural Development in European Union: Drivers, Challenges and Perspectives." Pakistan Development Review 47, no. 4II (December 1, 2008): 565–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v47i4iipp.565-580.
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Globalisation of world trade, consumer-led quality requirements and EU enlargement are the new realities and challenges facing European agriculture today. The changes will affect not only agricultural markets, but also local economies in rural areas. The future of the agricultural sector is closely linked to a balanced development of rural areas. The Community dimension in this relationship is therefore clear: agricultural and rural policy have an important role to play in the cohesion of EU territorial, economic and social policy. With over 56 percent of the population in the 27 Member States of the European Union (EU) living in rural areas, which cover 91 percent of the territory, rural development is a vitally important policy area. Farming and forestry remain crucial for land use and the management of natural resources in the EU’s rural areas, and as a platform for economic diversification in rural communities. The strengthening of EU rural development policy is, therefore, an overall EU priority. The European Union has an active rural development policy because this helps to achieve valuable goals for the country sides and for the people who live and work there. The policy is funded partly from the central EU budget and partly from individual Member States' national or regional budgets. Theoretically, individual EU Member States could decide and operate completely independent rural development policies. However, this approach would work poorly in practice. Not all countries in the EU would be able to afford the policy which they needed and many of the issues addressed through rural development policy do not divide up neatly at national or regional boundaries. Also, rural development policy has links to a number of other policies set at EU level. Therefore, the EU has a common rural development policy, which nonetheless places considerable control in the hands of individual Member States and regions. The EU’s rural development policy is all about meeting the challenges faced by our rural areas, and unlocking their potential.
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Aubakir, Assima. "NEW EU STRATEGY FOR CENTRAL ASIA: HISTORY, VISION, PROSPECTS." Central Asia and The Caucasus 21, no. 4 (December 17, 2020): 007–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37178/ca-c.20.4.01.
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Today, the Central Asian region is once again becoming a point of attraction for the interests of the international community—in geopolitical, as well as in trade and economic terms. The interests of major world powers intersect here, and each has its own approach to establishing relations with the regional countries. The European Union, which never considered this region a geopolitical priority, has been implementing its own Central Asia Strategy since 2007. In July 2017, the Council of the European Union decided to completely revise the Strategy based on new realities, as well as the ambitions and priorities of the regional states in their relations with the EU. A new strategy for relations between the European Union and Central Asia was adopted in June 2019. The revision of the strategy is slated to allow the EU to strengthen its cooperation with the Central Asian countries, highlight the most effective projects, and revise those aspects of interaction that did not bring the desired results. Currently, there is an intensification of intra-regional cooperation in Central Asia; there are positive trends in the development of dialog on important issues of the regional agenda. For this reason, the approaches and tools of European diplomacy in the implementation of its policy in Central Asia are expected to undergo significant adjustments as the Strategy is updated. The subject of this article is precisely this transit period in the relations between the European Union and Central Asia.
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Yeasmin, Nafisa. "Implementation of the EU Immigration Policy in the Barents Euro-Arctic Region: Towards a Framework for Policy Analysis." Yearbook of Polar Law Online 5, no. 1 (2013): 603–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116427-91000138.
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Abstract Finland and Sweden along with other countries in the Barents region wish to increase migration, in-line with their labour demands and demographic changes. These states have reformed their economic and immigration policy so that migrants may contribute to their national economies. However, they receive far fewer numbers of immigrants than envisaged. There is a need for increased cooperation within Barents Region on immigration issues, including integration of migrants for utilizing its natural resources properly. The European Union is an important actor in the Barents Region. The European Commission has been a member of the Barents Euro-Arctic Council (BEAC) since the beginning of regional cooperation. Two out of four states are EU members, with Norway being part of the European Economic Area,1 meaning that many EU regulations are relevant for all Nordic countries, including Norway. EU policies can be also seen as models and examples of best practice. Moreover, EU-Russia cooperation and Northern Dimension may play a major role in agenda-setting for regional cooperation and major changes in EU-Russia relations (like a visa-free agreement) would have major influence on the situation in the region. This paper aims to investigate whether there is coherence in immigration policy and its implementation between Barents Region and the European Union, how the EU places itself within the existing actors and governance frameworks of BEAR, and which role it wants to take up in relation to the migration policy in the region. Finally, this paper aims to highlight the main barriers to implement the existing policies in practice.
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Maslov, Yurii. "THE EU STRATEGY FOR THE DANUBE REGION AS AN INCLUSIVE FORM OF CROSS-BORDER ECONOMY." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 4, no. 5 (February 11, 2019): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2018-4-5-200-208.
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The article considers the process of creation and features of activities of various types of transborder formations peculiar for the European Union. Today the cooperation within Euroregions becomes more and more widespread practice both in the EU and among the regions of countries-participants of the Union and those ones neighbouring to the EU, including Ukraine. The problem of modernization of the EU regional policy in the context of the intensification of globalization processes is touched upon. The influence of global factors and changes in the EU regional policy on the transformation of Ukrainian regional policy is determined. In the context of the development of the regional policy of Ukraine, problems of economic development and well-being of citizens in Ukrainian regions are identified; development directions for the cooperation of Ukraine and the EU in this area are established. The purpose of the article is to consider issues of cross-border economy, cross-border region, classify them, define features of Euroregion and, based on the analysis conducted, consider imperatives and problems related to the development and introduction of the Danube Strategy and identify the place and opportunities of Ukraine in this association. The macro-regional approach to solving the tasks of the integration policy of the European Union chosen by the European Union Committee allows uniting the territories according to the principle of their mutual supplementation, reducing the barriers of national borders and creating new opportunities for cross-border regions. The Danube Strategy, despite the common principles and methodologies for the formation of Euroregions, has obvious features. Firstly, the region is characterized by deep imbalances both between countries and within countries themselves. Secondly, the Strategy is an example of a multidisciplinary approach to territorial planning in the region and has a pronounced ecological character, and environmental problems are solved in the search for a compromise with the tasks of socio-economic development. Thirdly, being the internal strategy of the European Union, however, has a significant external dimension, the incorporation of which can be quite a challenge. There are four main directions for the regional development in the Danube Strategy (so-called “pillars”: association, ecology, well-being, strengthening). For each direction, priority areas are designated that are supervised by the coordinating countries. Conceptually, the EUSDR is a continuation of the Europe-2020 strategic document of the EU and proclaims the achievement of the region of “smart, sustainable and inclusive development” as its main objectives. At the same time, a kind of paradox is that the Danube strategy aimed at levelling social, economic, institutional gaps in the region generates them by the very principles of its existence. It is hard to imagine that unequal countries, getting too different funding, will be able to equalize their capabilities at the finish. The strategy will help realize the EU’s obvious desire to transform the Danube into an internal transport artery with a highly developed infrastructure and improved cargo traffic, which will allow connecting the North Sea with the Black and Azov seas, placing the transportation of resources of Caspian region and Asia under control of European structures. The creation and activity of cross-border regions make a significant contribution both to the strengthening of political and economic integration within the EU and to the development of cooperation between the member countries of the Union and neighbouring states.
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Uryupina, Alisa Eduardovna. "Problems of Implementing the EU's Inter-regional Policy in the Asian Direction." Мировая политика, no. 4 (April 2022): 16–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8671.2022.4.38967.
Full textAbstract:
Interregionalism occupies an important place in the foreign policy of the European Union, because through it the EU seeks to expand its presence in various regions of the world and export its norms, views and values. The promising, rapidly developing Asian region is no exception. This article is devoted to the study of the process of building an inter–regional policy by the European Union in the Asian direction, namely with the largest regional association in the region - the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). The purpose of this study is to identify the main factors hindering the building of effective cooperation between the regions, as well as the creation of a free trade zone (FTA). The main conclusion of this study is that there are a number of obstacles to the creation of the EU-ASEAN intercontinental free trade area, which significantly affect the relations between regional groupings. Firstly, it is the practice of concluding bilateral agreements, used as a springboard for the future FTA. Bilateral agreements have already been successfully signed with individual countries, namely Singapore and Vietnam, but contradictions of both an economic and political nature arise with other ASEAN member countries. Secondly, the existing competition with China and the United States for influence in the region hinders the EU's attempts to pursue its inter-regional policy.
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Zainieva, Lilia, Aigul Abzhapparova, and Elmira Suimbayeva Suimbayeva. "Youth Vector of Europe: Strategic, State and International Communication." Rhetoric and Communications, no. 54 (January 30, 2023): 99–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.55206/nnuh7157.
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Abstract. The article emphasizes that the implementation of youth policy depends on many factors, primarily on its implementation at all levels: international, regional and national. This article is devoted to the study of youth policy issues in line with the last two levels. It is based on the materials of the European Union and a number of states in this region. Such issues as the creation and establishment of the activities of pan-European structures are being considered. Moreover, this process is analyzed not only at the level of state bodies, but also non-governmental organizations, especially youth. Special attention is paid to international cooperation in the field of youth policy. A significant part of the article is occupied by materials related to work among young people in specific European countries. They summarize the experience in the field of education, employment and other main areas of the young generation's life, highlight the features of this experience in order to use it by other states. The analysis showed that European countries have accumulated sufficient potential in working with young people. The achievements of the European Union as a whole are also of interest, especially in the development of integration processes, the unification of organizational, legal and material resources. Key words: youth, Youth 2030 Strategy, level of youth policy, international cooperation, education, employment, Council of Europe, European Union.
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Koltsov, Vitalii, and Yuliia Lomzhets. "FOREIGN POLICY IMPERATIVES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE VISEGRAD GROUP AND UKRAINE." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 6, no. 4 (November 24, 2020): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2020-6-4-81-89.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of the main stages of creation and development of the Visegrad Group as a regional grouping, which is successfully developing when being a member of NATO and the European Union. This kind of research is especially relevant in connection with the exacerbation of the economic crisis due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of the research is to analyze the strategic stages of creation and development of various cooperative aspects of the Visegrad countries; such a format of interaction has not lost its relevance after accession to the European Union. Analytical separation of periodization of the stages of formation, identification of problems and solutions faced by the Visegrad group’s countries is important for creating a modern economic and political worldview of cooperation and indentifying the main areas of cooperation in Europe. Based on the use of documents, including protocols and declarations as a result of meetings at various levels within the Visegrad Group, the specific stages of its development and interaction with Ukraine in a wide range of components that are the essence of Euro-Atlantic integration are analyzed and identified. Specific examples illustrate that Ukraine has always been in the field of key interests of the Visegrad Four, getting effective assistance and support in various forms from it. There have been identified not only practical issues of regional cooperation and security, but also some aspects of the value and civilization dimension. The member countries of the Visegrad Group, having initiated the format of cooperation “V4 + Ukraine”, took an active part in the most important processes that Ukraine went through on its way. The assumption is proved that the experience of the Visegrad countries is relevant and useful for Ukraine on the way to the realization of its Euro-Atlantic integration aspirations. Despite the difficulties within the European Union, between Ukraine and some of the signatories of the 1991 Visegrad Declaration, cooperation with Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary is the most effective communication platform for intensifying a broad dialogue between Ukraine and the European Union.
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van den Hoven, Adrian, and Karl Froschauer. "Limiting Regional Electricity Sector Integration and Market Reform." Comparative Political Studies 37, no. 9 (November 2004): 1079–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414004268845.
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Recent decades have witnessed liberal reforms in electricity policy in Western countries and an emerging literature with prominent perspectives on how to analyze such reforms. Some analysts viewWestern countries as replicating the policy models of Britain and the United States, the first nations to adopt liberal reforms; others see European Union and North American Free Trade Agreement countries as subjected to regional electricity sector integration by supranational regional agreements. The authors challenge those views, arguing that national interests have limited domestic electricity market reforms in France and Canada despite their participation in regional electricity market integration projects. By examining surplus-producing acceleration in building nuclear and hydroelectric plants, initiatives to secure export access as part of regional market integration, and the ability to limit the effects of market access reciprocity domestically, this comparative analysis of France and Canada demonstrates that national interests can prevail in the intergovernmental formulation and domestic implementation of electricity policy.