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1
Golovko, Liudmyla, Olena Yara, Olena Uliutina, Andrii Tereshchenko, and Andrew Kudin. "Formation of Ukraine's Climate Policy in the Context of European Integration." European Journal of Sustainable Development 10, no. 4 (October 1, 2021): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2021.v10n4p138.
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It is an indisputable fact that one of the most important problems today is global climate change. Climate change affects everyone and requires a concerted effort at regional, national and international levels. The most intensive legal regulation of environmental protection, including climate change, which has an extremely negative impact on the environment, is carried out on the European continent. The European Union is a leader in climate change prevention and an example for other countries. The state policy of Ukraine on legislative adaptation is formed as an integral part of legal reform in Ukraine and is aimed at ensuring common approaches to rule-making, mandatory consideration of European Union legislation in rule-making, training of qualified specialists, creating appropriate conditions for institutional, scientific, educational, technical, financial support of the process of adaptation of the legislation of Ukraine. In the scholarly work global and European trends in climate change prevention policy were revealed. The adaptation of Ukrainian legislation in the field of climate change to EU law was analyzed. The conceptual foundations of the environmental policy of Ukraine in the context of climate change were considered. The challenges and problems on the way to the implementation of climate policy were determined.
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Bettencourt, Pedro, Claudia Fulgêncio, Maria Grade, and Julio Cesar Wasserman. "A comparison between the European and the Brazilian models for management and diagnosis of river basins." Water Policy 23, no. 1 (January 12, 2021): 58–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2021.204.
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Abstract Water management is assuming more and more importance as freshwater resources are becoming scarce, both in quality and in quantity, across many developed and developing countries. This trend can be attributed to population growth, industrialization, growing agricultural demand, poor water management practices and climate change. In attempting to deal with the intensification of water quality- and quantity-related problems in recent decades, many countries have revised their water resource management policies and legislation, introducing new institutional frameworks and management instruments. Considering regional geographic and cultural distinctions, the present article aims at comparing the models of water resource management in the European Union (EU) and in Brazil. Institutional and legal arrangements currently in place, water planning and management instruments currently in use, assessments of water body status and watershed diagnoses were analysed. Main strengths and weaknesses of each water management system are pointed out in the conclusion. Main challenges for the water sector, and highlights of the converging and diverging points concerning water resource management systems, in each region, are discussed.
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Roman, A., and Volker Mauerhofer. "Multilevel Coordination and Cooperation during Implementing Supranational Environmental Legislation: A Case Study on Invasive Alien Species." Sustainability 11, no. 6 (March 13, 2019): 1531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11061531.
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Coordination and cooperation are necessary topics to strengthen international environmental agreements that improve action against worldwide challenges towards sustainable development and environmental protection, such as invasive alien species (IAS). This study aims to assess to what extent national and transnational cooperation and coordination influences the implementation of a supranational regulation against IAS based on an example from the European Union (EU). Data is used from a broader study, including 47 responses to an online questionnaire and 22 interviews completed by experts from two countries (Austria and Romania), together with in depth literature. Additionally, the IAS-Regulation is analyzed from the perspective of cooperation and coordination. The terms “cooperation” and “coordination” were found within the text of the IAS-Regulation 11 and nine times respectively, whereas their context was transnational and national levels mainly, and transnational, respectively. It was further acknowledged from the majority of the answers from the survey respondents that the national coordination and cooperation is weaker than the transnational level due to the influence of the national competence distribution. Results from the interviews are separated into ‘transnational’ and ‘national’ cooperation and coordination. They show that the majority of the 47 responses indicate that the distribution of competence is one of the main influencing factors on the implementation. It is concluded that the current situation of cooperation and coordination in Austria and Romania renders it difficult for the European Commission to receive a realistic view about IAS and the implementation of the IAS Regulation in the two countries; hence, it is difficult to offer helpful support especially due to poor national cooperation. The current study can serve as a blueprint for further studies. Even in regional integration contexts beyond the EU, it can prove helpful to assess the impact of different kinds of competence distribution on the implementation of common norms. Thus, this research can path the way innovatively and serve as a comparative example for similar future studies.
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González Lorente, Álvaro, Montserrat Hernández López, Francisco Javier Martín Álvarez, and Javier Mendoza Jiménez. "Differences in Electricity Generation from Renewable Sources from Similar Environmental Conditions: The Cases of Spain and Cuba." Sustainability 12, no. 12 (June 25, 2020): 5190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12125190.
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In order to achieve the objectives set by the Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris agreement, the legislative framework that is developed at the national and regional level must be appropriate. Research has focused on the importance of environmental policies to stimulate renewable energy demand and has also highlighted the existence of legal regimes more inclined to preserve the current model of dependence on fossil fuels. The main aim of this paper is to observe the impact of different regulation framework in the use of renewable energies in electricity generation. The choice of Spain and Cuba was based on several reasons: first, they present different models of legal regulations for renewable energies, with more centralized power in the case of Cuba and more influence of supranational institutions in the case of Spain; second, they have similarities regarding their productive model (highly dependent on hydrocarbons as sources of electricity generation) and the high potential for electricity generation with renewable energies thanks to their rich natural endowment that could favor energy generation from sources like the sun, wind and water; finally, both countries face a global situation where they could take advantage of this cost-cutting moment, and therefore, of electricity tariffs, to propose a sustainable model of electricity generation based exclusively on renewable energies. The conclusions show that Spain can become a role model to improve the Cuban system, given that the European and Spanish “green” positions can be very useful in developing Cuba’s future energy model based on renewables. The existing ties between the Caribbean country, Spain and the European Union (EU) should be the basis to support a model for which Cuba has an outstanding endowment of natural resources and where the similarities with Spain can generate synergies based on the European experience.
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Rochette, Gustavo. "Is the French Nuclear Strategy Lawful Under EU Law? Article 194(2) TFEU and Its Limitations." European Energy and Environmental Law Review 29, Issue 6 (December 1, 2020): 232–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr2020047.
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The Fukushima Daishii nuclear disaster lead countries to change their nuclear approaches changed drastically. Although being a traditionally pronuclear country, France followed this tendency by approving a strategy to reduce its nuclear portfolio. Under European law this development is permitted by the right to right to determine its own energy mix include in Article 194(2) of the Treaty of Functioning of the European Union. However, other European legislation that may influence this decision was not considered. This legislation may limit this right and the policy by itself. This article tries to show how, although possible due to the right to determine its own energy mix, the French nuclear strategy may be unlawful under the EU law, namely the European Atomic Energy Community Treaty and the primary and secondary legislation regarding Security of Energy Supply. Nuclear Energy, French Nuclear sector, European Union, Energy mix, TFEU, Euratom, Energy Security, European Energy policy
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Jovanovic, Marija. "International Law and Regional Norm Smuggling: How the EU and ASEAN Redefined the Global Regime on Human Trafficking." American Journal of Comparative Law 68, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 801–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcl/avaa030.
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Abstract The European Union (EU) and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) have developed fundamentally different regional regimes to address human trafficking despite both drawing on the framework established by the U.N. Palermo Protocol. These regimes have been deployed to achieve different missions: crime control animates the European framework whereas migration management informs the ASEAN regime. These different regional agendas have led to all central elements of the respective antitrafficking regimes being addressed differently including, the legal authority of the regional regime over domestic legislation, the allocation of responsibility between “sending” and “receiving” countries, their approaches to subjects of human trafficking, and the connectedness of each antitrafficking instrument to the wider regional regimes. The two regional responses challenge general assumptions about the universality and coherence of the growing international legal framework on human trafficking.
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Shestak, Viktor, Sergei Katsuba, Tatiana Kvasnikova, and Yuri Bokov. "Liability for Violation of Environmental Legislation in the EU." European Energy and Environmental Law Review 30, Issue 1 (March 1, 2021): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr2021002.
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The purpose of this study is to determine the ratio of the legislative mechanisms of administrative and criminal liability for violation of environmental legislation in the legal system of the European Union. Using the methods of political and legal analysis, the comparative legal method and the structure designmethod, the study examines the features of the formation and structure of EU legislative mechanisms in the field of legal regulation of liability for violations of environmental legislation. At the same time, existing problems faced by legislators from the point of view of law enforcement practice in different countries of the European Union are also considered. In the EU, considerable attention is paid to the vector of environmental protection at the supranational level, as well as to the implementation of the acquis communautaire of the environmental legislation into national legislative norms. Nevertheless, the institutions of the European Union have not yet been able to fully achieve complete uniformity with regard to the established environmental liability regime and, accordingly, overcome the difficulties associated with the effective interaction of EU legislation and the realities of national legal systems. At the same time, in European law enforcement practice, administrative measures in matters of environmental responsibility are given preference over measures of criminal responsibility. To date, as evidenced by the study, EU legislators adhere to the position regarding the assignment of criminal prosecution obligations to the national authorities, which is due to the flexibility of law enforcement measures. environmental damage, environmental law, environmental legislation, environmental protection, environmental responsibility, European Union, supranational policy
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Zielke, Rainer. "Anti-avoidance Legislation of Scandinavian Countries with Reference to the 2014 Corporate Income Tax Burden of the Thirty-Four OECD Member States: Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden Compared." Intertax 41, Issue 12 (December 1, 2013): 682–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi2013066.
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Despite continuous instability in the European Union, Scandinavian countries exhibit continuously economic growth and stability. Three ( Denmark, Norway and Sweden) are not in the Eurozone and one (Norway) is only a European Economic Area Member State. In the article 'Transfer Pricing Planning with Accuracy and Control' (see intertax, issue October 2013, pp.542-550) the author had outlined the importance of transfer pricing planning in international tax planning. As the advantages and strategies of international tax planning with regard to antiavoidance legislation in Scandinavian countries had not been investigated so far, this is now done in detail - with reference to the corporate 2014 income tax burden of the thirty-four OECD Member States.
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Robu, Raluca Georgiana, Ana-Maria Holobiuc, Alina Petronela Alexoaei, Valentin Cojanu, and Dumitru Miron. "Regional Patterns of Pesticide Consumption Determinants in the European Union." Sustainability 15, no. 3 (January 21, 2023): 2070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15032070.
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This article contributes to the discussion about the socioeconomic factors that reinforce pesticide dependence in the European Union and hinder the transition to more sustainable agricultural practices in light of the European Union’s Green Deal objective of reducing the use of pesticides by 50% by 2030. The analysis has a two-pronged purpose: (1) to identify the determinants of pesticide consumption in the European Union by conducting a set of four seemingly unrelated regressions and (2) to emphasize the existence of regional patterns across EU countries formed by the factors that significantly impact pesticide consumption based on a cluster analysis. Per capita GDP, selling prices, population, and real income positively influence pesticide use, whereas subsidies and organic agricultural area negatively influence them. Pesticide use is most affected by GDP per capita and least affected by subsidies. Cluster analysis highlights regional differences reflected in three clusters: (1) the most recent EU member states, (2) the European countries with large population levels, and (3) the countries with the highest GDP per capita. Our findings may contribute to the EU’s capacity to generate policy changes at the member state level and can be built into recommendations to address the persistent overuse of pesticides.
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Gil, Carlos, Pedro Pascual, and Manuel Rapún. "Regional Allocation of Structural Funds in the European Union." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 20, no. 5 (October 2002): 655–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c21m.
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Economic disparities among the regions of the European Union are more pronounced than among countries. Structural Funds have played a crucial compensatory role, promoting the economic development and real convergence of lagging regions. The amount of resources destined to regional policy and the conflicts arising from its funding and distribution create the need for an adequate theoretical foundation or model to help politicians solve the distribution problem. In this paper we propose an empirical procedure to carry out and evaluate different distributions of funds for the periods 1989 – 93 and 1994 – 99. We begin with the estimation of an augmented production function to permit the calculation of the expected GDP per capita. We then propose a nonlinear programming method to simulate alternative distributions of Structural Funds among Objective 1 regions, based upon two different approaches: equal development, and equal opportunities. For these two approaches we calculate different possibilities, ranging from highly efficient to highly equitable, with the result that we are able to show the ‘frontier’ of optimal distributions. Finally, we evaluate these results and compare them with the real distribution.
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Pobedinsky, Vyacheslav, Roza Yerezhepkyzy, and Viktor Shestak. "Improving Environmental Legislation in Central Asia: Current Trends and Features of Cooperation with the European Union." European Energy and Environmental Law Review 29, Issue 2 (May 1, 2020): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr2020005.
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The article describes the results of a study of environmental problems that intensely limit socioeconomic development in Central Asia. The authors analyse the current environmental problems as follows. The loss of biodiversity and the complexity of the network of protected natural areas. Insufficient level of municipal solid waste processing, energy efficiency problems, in particular, the deterioration of the energy system. There are as well the imbalance between hydropower, irrigated agriculture and the environment, problems of the Aral Sea. The article proposes solution methods, including amendments to the legislation, i.e. the adoption of managerial decisions, as well as strengthening judicial control over compliance with the law. Gaps in the legislative regulation of environmental safety are examined. Along with policies at the national, regional and international levels. As well as future trends in the distribution of global resources that will be effective in protecting the environment, including the activities of The Regional Environmental Centre for Central Asia (hereinafter – CAREC). The article analyses the basic environmental rights of citizens as well as cases and consequences of violation of such rights.
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Kacem, Ikbal Abbassi A. "Safety of Nuclear Installations, Spent Nuclear Fuel and Radioactive Waste Management in the European Union: A Legal Analysis." European Energy and Environmental Law Review 13, Issue 4 (April 1, 2004): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr2004014.
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Summary:The current European Union (EU) regime constitutes a strong incentive to achieve a high level of nuclear safety. However, when new eastern and central European countries join the Union, there is nothing to prevent them from abandoning these measures, as the current regime does not provide for common legal rules for nuclear safety in the EU. To this end, the European Commission has issued new proposals known as `the nuclear package', which includes a proposal for a Directive on the safety of nuclear installations, and a proposal for a Directive on spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste management. This article discusses the legal basis for the Community's legislation on nuclear safety, the current regime and the new proposals. It also examines the extent to which changes can be brought through these proposals.
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Espasa, Marta. "The Territorial Redistributive Power of the EU Budget: Empirical Evidence at National and Regional Levels." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 19, no. 5 (October 2001): 771–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c0038.
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The author's purpose is to estimate the redistributive power of the European Union budget among the European countries and regions. The analysis is focused on the main items of revenue, expenditure, and net fiscal balance. First, the income elasticity of the European Union revenues, expenditures, and fiscal balance are estimated in order to examine the degree to which these instruments are progressive. Second, the impact of these instruments in the regional and national income is analysed with the objective of evaluating the capacity to reduce differences in per capita income levels.
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Sokolowski, Maciej M. "Laws and Policies on Electric Scooters in the European Union: A Ride to the Micromobility Directive?" European Energy and Environmental Law Review 29, Issue 4 (August 1, 2020): 127–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr2020036.
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The conducted research shows that the EU-27 and the UK have a varied approach to electric scooters when it comes to law: some see them as means of micro-transportation or personal transport, others define them exclusively in their legislation (in a direct manner). In some countries electric scooters are not defined in legislation but other rules apply (e.g. rules on bicycles). Electric scooters’ users are qualified either as pedestrians using scooters, drivers, or cyclists. The limit of 20 – 25 km/h of speed is a general benchmark. The rules on the access to pavement, pedestrian zones, and pedestrian crossings vary among the Member States (some allow it, providing speed limits; others offer only the possibility of accessing bike paths or public roads). National legislation also provides some other requirements, such as age limits for electric scooter users when riding on a road or wearing protective equipment (e.g. helmet or safety vest). The research also proves that the majority of Member States do not provide any special rules on driving licences or insurance (generally not required when using electric scooters). Finally, the article addresses a seemingly basic legal European framework on electric scooters and a possible harmonization by adopting the Micromobility Directive. electric transport, electric scooters, micromobility, micro-transportation, Micromobility Directive
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Sheate, W. R., and J. Romanillos Palerm. "Environmental Impact Assessment in the Czech Republic and Romania." European Energy and Environmental Law Review 5, Issue 1 (January 1, 1996): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr1996003.
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The Czech Republic and Romania present two very different levels of development of environmental impact assessment ( EIA ) , even though both countries gained their independence in the same year (1989) and both have aspirations to join the European Union (EU). This article examines the various driving forces for EIA legislation, analyses the different EIA concepts and identifies the strengths and weaknesses of the two regimes. While the Czech Republic introduced an EIA Act in 1992 (based mainly on the EC Directive 851337jEEC), Romania has yet to draft any ElA-specific legislation. Furthermore, the concept of EIA in Romania is very different to that in the Czech Republic and the EU. While all indicators suggest that the Romanian EIA system is ineffective, little research has so far been carried out to verify this. The Czech Republic, by contrast, shares many weaknesses of its EIA system with those of EU countries. Both share common problems of many Central and Eastern European countries, including low or variable public environmental awareness, an immature NGO movement (but gaining in strength and experience), a history of minimal public involvement in decision-making, and internal conflicts within government which inhibit the development of EIA and wider environmental legislation.
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Cefalo, Ruggero, Rosario Scandurra, and Yuri Kazepov. "Youth Labor Market Integration in European Regions." Sustainability 12, no. 9 (May 7, 2020): 3813. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12093813.
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Countries’ institutional configurations and structural characteristics play an important role in shaping transitions from school to work. Recent empirical evidence shows significant regional and territorial differences in youth unemployment and labor market participation. Along this research strand, we argue in favor of a place-sensitive approach to youth labor market integration in order to address the regional disparities of young people’s opportunities. In order to investigate the synergic effect of different contextual configurations, we construct a composite measure, namely, the youth labor market integration (YLMI) index. This considers a wide range of indicators of the access, exclusion, and duration of the transition into employment at the regional level. The YLMI index allows cross-regional and longitudinal comparisons of the European Union (EU) local labor markets and youth employment opportunities.
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Uryupina, Alisa Eduardovna. "Problems of Implementing the EU's Inter-regional Policy in the Asian Direction." Мировая политика, no. 4 (April 2022): 16–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8671.2022.4.38967.
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Interregionalism occupies an important place in the foreign policy of the European Union, because through it the EU seeks to expand its presence in various regions of the world and export its norms, views and values. The promising, rapidly developing Asian region is no exception. This article is devoted to the study of the process of building an inter–regional policy by the European Union in the Asian direction, namely with the largest regional association in the region - the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). The purpose of this study is to identify the main factors hindering the building of effective cooperation between the regions, as well as the creation of a free trade zone (FTA). The main conclusion of this study is that there are a number of obstacles to the creation of the EU-ASEAN intercontinental free trade area, which significantly affect the relations between regional groupings. Firstly, it is the practice of concluding bilateral agreements, used as a springboard for the future FTA. Bilateral agreements have already been successfully signed with individual countries, namely Singapore and Vietnam, but contradictions of both an economic and political nature arise with other ASEAN member countries. Secondly, the existing competition with China and the United States for influence in the region hinders the EU's attempts to pursue its inter-regional policy.
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Collivignarelli, Maria, Alessandro Abbà, Andrea Frattarola, Marco Carnevale Miino, Sergio Padovani, Ioannis Katsoyiannis, and Vincenzo Torretta. "Legislation for the Reuse of Biosolids on Agricultural Land in Europe: Overview." Sustainability 11, no. 21 (October 29, 2019): 6015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11216015.
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The issues concerning the management of sewage sludge produced in wastewater treatment plants are becoming more important in Europe due to: (i) the modification of sludge quality (biological and chemical sludge are often mixed with negative impacts on sludge management, especially for land application); (ii) the evolution of legislation (landfill disposal is banned in many European countries); and (iii) the technologies for energy and material recovery from sludge not being fully applied in all European Member States. Furthermore, Directive 2018/851/EC introduced the waste hierarchy that involved a new strategy with the prevention in waste production and the minimization of landfill disposal. In this context, biological sewage sludge can be treated in order to produce more stabilized residues: the biosolids. In some European countries, the reuse of biosolids as soil improver/fertilizer in arable crops represents the most used option. In order to control the quality of biosolids used for land application, every Member State has issued a national regulation based on the European directive. The aim of this work is to compare the different approaches provided by European Member States for the reuse of biosolids in agricultural soils. A focus on the regulation of countries that reuse significant amount of biosolids for land application was performed. Finally, a detailed study on Italian legislation both at national and regional levels is reported.
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Kučas, Andrius, Boyan Kavalov, and Carlo Lavalle. "Living Cost Gap in the European Union Member States." Sustainability 12, no. 21 (October 28, 2020): 8955. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12218955.
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The living cost gap refers to the differential amongst income, expenditures, and poverty lines. It is important since it addresses a number of aspects that point towards historic and continued living standards. The purpose of this study is to identify, measure, and compare the living cost gap in the Europe Union member states. Twenty-nine indicators/criteria from Eurostat and World Bank, covering the period 2008–2017, are employed. In order to rank and compare living cost gap by countries, objective functions for each criterion are defined and applied. The importance of each criterion is assessed independently. The composite living cost gap indicator for each MS is calculated using multiple criteria decision support methods. The relationship between the compound annual growth rates of this indicator and each single criterion is estimated and evaluated. The findings of the study suggest that living cost gap is higher where unemployment rates and households’ expenditure on basic needs (housing, food etc.), are larger, while living cost gap is lower where households’ income and expenditure on optional needs are higher. The living cost gap in the majority of countries tends to narrow/decrease, along with the increase in the household income and expenditures. Our research highlights the need to mitigate unemployment and households’ low net income in order to alleviate living cost gap. The analysis and assessment of living cost gap might help identifying the most vulnerable social profiles and groups, and hence might contribute to the adequate formulation and implementation of targeted policy responses and interventions at European Union, national, and regional level.
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Koliouska, Christiana, and Zacharoula Andreopoulou. "A Multicriteria Approach for Assessing the Impact of ICT on EU Sustainable Regional Policy." Sustainability 12, no. 12 (June 15, 2020): 4869. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12124869.
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As a global actor, the European Union (EU) plays a leading role in international efforts to promote sustainable development globally. All sustainable objectives and targets need Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) as key catalysts, since ICTs constitute tools of unprecedented power which help people to face the growing challenges of rising population, poverty, epidemics and climate change. Policy makers in the EU are increasingly putting ICTs into relations with sustainable regional development. This paper aims to study and assess the impact of ICT on the EU regional policy in terms of sustainable development by applying the multicriteria approach, PROMETHEE II, using the software Visual PROMETHEE. The criteria that were used in this research are the criteria that both the European Commission and member states define to assess the ICT implications of new EU legislation since 2010. The results revealed that the impact of ICT on EU sustainable regional policy has gotten stronger in the last two decades.
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Pötzelsberger, Elisabeth, Katharina Lapin, Giuseppe Brundu, Tim Adriaens, Vlatko Andonovski, Siniša Andrašev, Jean-Charles Bastien, et al. "Mapping the patchy legislative landscape of non-native tree species in Europe." Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research 93, no. 4 (June 3, 2020): 567–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpaa009.
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Abstract Europe has a history rich in examples of successful and problematic introductions of trees with a native origin outside of Europe (non-native trees, NNT). Many international legal frameworks such as treaties and conventions and also the European Union have responded to the global concern about potential negative impacts of NNT that may become invasive in natural ecosystems. It is, however, national and regional legislation in particular that affects current and future management decisions in the forest sector and shapes the landscapes of Europe. We identified all relevant legal instruments regulating NNT, the different legal approaches and the regulatory intensity in 40 European countries (no microstates). Information on hard and effective soft law instruments were collected by means of a targeted questionnaire and consultation of international and national legislation information systems and databases. In total, 335 relevant legal instruments were in place in June/July 2019 to regulate the use of NNT in the investigated 116 geopolitical legal units (countries as well as sub-national regions with their own legislation). Countries and regions were empirically categorized according to ad hoc-defined legislation indicators. These indicators pay respect to the general bans on the introduction of non-native species, the generally allowed and prohibited NNT, approval mechanisms and specific areas or cases where NNT are restricted or prohibited. Our study revealed a very diverse landscape of legal frameworks across Europe, with a large variety of approaches to regulating NNT being pursued and the intensity of restriction ranging from very few restrictions on species choice and plantation surface area to the complete banning of NNT from forests. The main conclusion is that there is a clear need for more co-ordinated, science-based policies both at the local and international levels to enhance the advantages of NNT and mitigate potential negative effects.
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Zarbà, Carla, Gaetano Chinnici, and Mario D’Amico. "Novel Food: The Impact of Innovation on the Paths of the Traditional Food Chain." Sustainability 12, no. 2 (January 11, 2020): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12020555.
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Novel food refers to any type of food which was not used for human consumption before the 15 May 1997 in a specific place. This date refers to the introduction of European Union Regulation (EC) No 258/1997 which regulated the placing of novel foods or novel food ingredients on the market within the community for the first time. Then, the Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 changed the existing legislation for the categories of food belonging to novel food in order to guarantee a higher level of protection of human health and consumer interests. Algae, which are not commonly consumed by people but are considered among the most widespread foods of the future, are one of the principal food products of natural plant origin in the regulation of novel foods. However, even if algae were not well-known in the past, nowadays they are integrated into the different food cultures of the EU. This circumstance led to an analysis of the contribution of trade flows, of algae for human consumption inside and outside Europe, on the trade balance of the member countries of the European Union. Analysis of the Eurostat database was used to provide an overview of the international trade dynamics affecting the trade development of algae for human consumption in the European Union, with the aim of measuring the competitive dynamics within member countries.
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Dianov, Sergey, Lyudmila Koroleva, Natalia Pokrovskaia, Natalia Victorova, and Andrey Zaytsev. "The Influence of Taxation on Income Inequality: Analysis of the Practice in the EU Countries." Sustainability 14, no. 15 (July 24, 2022): 9066. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14159066.
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The growing economic inequality around the world is recognized as a global problem of mankind. At the same time, the key tool for reducing inequality and ensuring the achievement of sustainable development goals is the taxation system given its distributive function. That is why this paper puts forward and proves a scientific hypothesis according to which direct taxation has a significant impact on economic inequality, with its scale and sphere depending on the level of economic development and the specific architecture of the tax system adopted in a particular country. The study relies on data from 28 European Union countries, including the United Kingdom, whose tax systems are not identical but harmonized in accordance with European Union directives, the same as the legislation in other economic sectors. Accordingly, it can be concluded that similar institutional characteristics are present. We have used the method of two-stage cluster analysis, which is meant for identifying the natural splitting of the mass of data into groups, then carried out regression analysis and built some models. The contribution of the study is revealing a number of important regularities that are significant for characterizing the dependence of income inequality on direct taxation as well as formulation recommendations for improving the tax policies of European Union countries, with the potential of policy implications. The results obtained can play a significant role in the development and further harmonization of tax systems and resolving the global problem of increased inequality within and between countries.
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Molenaar, E. J. "Fisheries Regulation in the Maritime Zones of Svalbard." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 27, no. 1 (2012): 3–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180812x610541.
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Abstract The main focus of this article is the regulation of fishing in the maritime zones of Svalbard in light of both the Spitsbergen Treaty and the international law of the sea. It examines the legal positions of Norway, other states and the European Commission/European Union on, inter alia, the spatial scope of the Spitsbergen Treaty and complements this with analyses of relevant (sub-)regional and bilateral fisheries instruments and Norwegian legislation. These analyses illustrate, inter alia, that the practice of many states and entities involved seeks to reconcile legal positions on the spatial scope of the Spitsbergen Treaty with a raft of other interests. The conclusions also devote attention to possible pathways to resolve diverging positions, as well as to the potential for Norway to address the issue of unregulated fisheries in the context of the rapid pace of climate change in the Arctic.
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Zadorin, Maksim Y., Konstantin S. Zaikov, Nikita M. Kuprikov, and Mikhail Y. Kuprikov. "Legal and Economic Prospects for the Arctic Seaport Developments of the Northern Dimension Partner Countries (Russia and the European Union)." Sustainability 14, no. 4 (February 18, 2022): 2373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14042373.
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The article is devoted to the legal and economic aspects of Arctic seaport developments, using the example of the Russian Federation and the Northern Dimension (ND) partner countries, namely, Iceland and Norway. The authors consistently reveal all the specific points related to the legal regulation of Russian seaport management (ranging from international legal cooperation to domestic strategies and national legislation), and conduct an assessment of the economic prospects for Arctic port development according to the latest data and trends in the field of logistical flows. They also provide a description of the ND countries’ seaport developments, primarily economic, taking into account the global environmental agenda. In conclusion, the authors make their constructive proposals for multilateral cooperation in this area.
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Vidas, Davor. "The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, the European Union and the Rule of Law: What is going on in the Adriatic Sea?" International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 24, no. 1 (2009): 1–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180808x353902.
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AbstractIn October 2003, Croatia declared an “Ecological and Fisheries Protection Zone” in the Adriatic Sea. However, in June 2004 Croatia decided to delay the implementation of that Zone for the European Union (EU) Member States. Then, in December 2006 it decided to implement the Zone fully from 1 January 2008—only to discontinue its application to EU countries from 15 March 2008. The developments and underlying reasons for the changing jurisdictional picture in the Adriatic Sea are the subject of this article. Key Adriatic Sea features, trends in uses of its living resources and maritime space, and resource conservation and marine pollution concerns are presented. Developments leading to recent national legislation and positions on maritime jurisdiction by Croatia as well as Italy and Slovenia are discussed. These regulations, positions and developments are assessed from the perspective of the law of the sea. Relevant policy perspectives, including aspects of EU membership, are included.
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O'Keeffe, Jacqui. "Transfrontier Shipments of Waste: A Bureaucrat's Dream?" European Energy and Environmental Law Review 9, Issue 1 (January 1, 2000): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/262040.
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In the April 1999 edition of European Environmental Law Review, AME Veldkamp analysed the implementation of Regulation (EEC) No 259/93 on the Supervision and Control of Shipments of Waste within, into and out of the European Community (the "European Shipments Regulation") and the difficulties faced by Member States in seeking to develop "transnational enforcement cooperation". Anyone involved with the movement of waste within, through, into or from Western Europe and in particular the European Community ("EC"), is faced with a myriad of legislation at international, European (and in some cases regional) and national levels. Not only is the volume of legislation daunting, but there appears to be no one coherent system of regulation. Recent attempts to simplify the procedure have, at least in the short term, only succeeded in making matters more complex. The new Annex V to the European Shipments Regulation, introduced by Regulation 2408/98, governs the ban on exports of waste to non-OECD countries, and uses three systems for classifying waste: the Basel Convention, the OECD Control System and the hazardous waste list under the Hazardous Waste Directive (Council Directive 91/689/EEC). Annex V exposes the weaknesses in a system riddled with cross reference and contradiction. "Waste" for the purposes of Annex V, will be banned if "it displays any of the properties listed in Annex III to Directive 91/689/EEC taking into account as regards H3 to H8 of the said Annex, the limit values laid down in Decision 94/904/EC as provided for in Article 1(4) second indent of Directive 91/689/EEC and in the header of Annex II to Regulation (EEC) No 259/93". Although the Basel ban has been implemented by European legislation it has not yet been brought into force at an international level. A controversial proposal for developing countries and exporters from the OECD, the ban exposes the weaknesses of the waste shipment system, and the lack of redress for a party aggrieved by a decision based on diverse definitions of "waste", "hazardous waste", "recovery" or "disposal", or on the absence of a definition. In this article, the evolution of the European and international systems for shipments of waste are discussed, uncovering a legislative maze.
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Cheshmehzangi, Ali, Maycon Sedrez, Junhang Ren, Dezhou Kong, Yifan Shen, Sinan Bao, Junhao Xu, Zhaohui Su, and Ayotunde Dawodu. "The Effect of Mobility on the Spread of COVID-19 in Light of Regional Differences in the European Union." Sustainability 13, no. 10 (May 12, 2021): 5395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105395.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has spread rapidly all over the world, affecting many countries to varying degrees. In this study, an in-depth analysis of the factors influencing the spread of COVID-19 is offered mainly through big data in the European Union (EU) context. In doing so, the data of the first wave of the pandemic are assessed. Afterward, we evaluate the impacts of the COVID-19 spread in specific countries and regions. Based on the existing literature, mobility is recognized as a significant direct factor affecting disease transmission. The same applies to the case of COVID-19. However, compared with the analysis of mobility itself, this paper explores more profound reasons that affect mobility, ranging from policy and economy to geographical and transportation factors. Specifically, this paper studies nine EU countries based on their population density and the degree of impact of the epidemic in the first six months (February to July 2020) of the pandemic. Our study aims to illustrate how policies, economies, and geographical locations (including transportation factors) directly or indirectly affect the spread of the novel coronavirus by applying the SEIR model to analyze all selected countries’ big data. The key findings of this research are: (1) the timeliness of relevant policies and the effectiveness of government implementation indirectly limit the spread of the epidemic by reducing population mobility; (2) a better medical level would contribute to detect, isolate, and treat patients, and help control the epidemic; and (3) the large land borders and developed transportation between countries exacerbate the spread of the COVID-19. The paper contributes to ongoing research on COVID-19 by addressing the above points.
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Abaikyzy, Moldir, Lazzat K. Yerkinbayeva, Kulyash N. Aidarkhanova, Gulnar T. Aigarinova, and Nurzhan S. Baimbetov. "The Formation of Land Conservation Principles as the Framework for the Implementation of the Concept of Sustainable Development of Society." International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning 15, no. 8 (December 22, 2020): 1231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.150809.
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The development of land legislation in the context of globalisation, the desire of countries to more widely implement global and European standards of environmental policies, as well as the interest in the experience of legislative solutions to problems connected with the design and development of legal institutions in environmental protection in foreign countries, determine the relevance of this study. The purpose of the paper is to identify the main problems of land protection legislation and form on their basis the effective system of environmental regulation, combining administrative and legislative instruments with economic, regulatory and market mechanisms. Analysis of international legal acts is used as the leading research method. Considered the positive experience of legal regulation of the land issue of such democratic states as the USA, Great Britain, and Germany and other developed countries. The authors propose to introduce the Concept for the Protection of Lands from Pollution by Hazardous Substances, as well as the development and adoption of regional and national programs in which a separate section should address issues of land protection from pollution by hazardous substances. The practical significance of the study is determined by the need to integrate the land legislation industry into national environmental legislation.
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Stankovics, Petra, Gergely Tóth, and Zoltán Tóth. "Identifying Gaps between the Legislative Tools of Soil Protection in the EU Member States for a Common European Soil Protection Legislation." Sustainability 10, no. 8 (August 14, 2018): 2886. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10082886.
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To ensure an adequate level of protection in the European Union (EU), the European Commission (EC) adopted the Soil Thematic Strategy in 2006, including a proposal for a Soil Framework Directive (the Directive). However, a minority of Member States (United Kingdom, Germany, France, Austria, and The Netherlands) could not agree on the text of the proposed Directive. Consequently, the EC decided to withdraw the proposal in 2014. In the more than 10 years that have passed since the initial proposal, a great number of new evidences on soil degradation and its negative consequences, have proved the necessity of a common European soil protection Directive. This study is aimed at specifying the possible obstacles, differences, and gaps in legislature and administration in the countries that formed the blocking minority, which resulted in the refusal of the Directive. The individual legislations of the opposing countries on the matter, were summarized and compared with the goals set by the Directive, in three highlighted aspects: (1) soil-dependent threats, (2) contamination, and (3) sealing. We designed a simple schematic evaluation system to show the basic levels of differences and similarities. We found that the legislative regulations concerning soil-dependent degradation and contamination issues in the above countries were generally well defined, complementary, and thorough. A common European legislation can be based on harmonised approaches between them, focusing on technical implementations. In the aspect of sealing we found recommendations, principles, and good practices rather than binding regulations in the scrutinised countries. Soil sealing is an issue where the proposed Directive’s measures, could have exceeded those of the Member States.
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Storonyanska, Iryna, Olena Ivashko, and Elena Mieszajkina. "Trust as a Catalyst of Economic Growth: A National and Regional Breakdown." Sustainability 14, no. 22 (November 16, 2022): 15168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142215168.
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Given the fact that Ukraine declares a European path of development and considers itself a potential member of the European Union, the study mainly examines the relationship between trust and economic growth in Ukraine and other countries of the world, including post-Soviet countries. The hypothesis that general trust has a positive effect on economic growth in general is tested, and a comparative assessment of the level and factors of trust across the regions of Ukraine has been carried out. The results show an historical tradition of mistrust of the state and its institutions particular to Ukraine as the country where the state has been perceived as foreign by most of the population for over 70 years; exceptional weakness and corruption of state administration, even by the standard of third-world countries; availability of influential and consistent stereotypes, partially universal and partly specific to post-communist countries. It causes polarization in society and within certain social groups and governmental institutions. Ukrainian society is characterized by the waste of symbolic capital of confidence in authorities. Meanwhile, there is some symmetry between mistrust of the system and trust in entities created by people to meet their spiritual, social, psychological, and other needs.
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Bieda, Agnieszka, Tomasz Adamczyk, and Piotr Parzych. "Maritime Spatial Planning in the European Union on the Example of the Polish Part of the Baltic Sea." Water 11, no. 3 (March 17, 2019): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11030555.
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Spatial planning is an extremely powerful tool, which can be used for shaping the development of the largest spaces, including maritime space. In order to improve maritime management, the European Union decided to establish a framework in the form of a Directive to support planning processes in these areas. The result of the EU legislation will be land use plans, which will organize human activities in maritime areas in such a way as to meet environmental, economic and social objectives. The EU law applies to the Baltic Sea, Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea and the North-East Atlantic. However, since the internal regulations of individual EU countries differ from one another, the Polish part of the Baltic Sea was selected as an example. The conducted considerations include an analysis of the legal provisions that are to lead to the preparation of the above-mentioned plans. The research material includes both the provisions of the international and of the national laws. For the evaluation of the maritime spatial planning system, which is based on the above-mentioned research material, the SWOT/TOWS analysis has been used. This technique has been aimed at determining the directions of development of maritime spatial planning in Poland based on the current conditions of the spatial planning procedure for these areas as well as the future phenomena related to the implemented procedure for creating maritime area land use plans. It has been pointed out that maritime spatial planning should be carried out using the strengths of the current procedure and the external opportunities that would increase the importance of Polish maritime areas.
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Rudenko Olha, Rudenko Olha, Zhytar Maksym Zhytar Maksym, and Kodis Yevheniy Kodis Yevheniy. "EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN THE CONTEXT OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EASTERN PARTNERSHIP PROJECT IN UKRAINE." Socio World-Social Research & Behavioral Sciences 03, no. 01 (January 14, 2021): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/swd03012021139.
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It was found that today Ukraine is not ready to introduce a decentralized system due to shortcomings in budget planning and non-transparency of public financial management. In case of its introduction in the management system of EU funds of Ukraine, it is advisable to develop a preparatory stage for a decentralized management system of EU assistance resources, which will ensure an independent audit of Ukraine's external assistance management system. Based on the results of the audit, it is necessary to determine the responsible state institution that will carry out the overall coordination of the decentralized system in the subsequent stages of its implementation. An urgent challenge for modern Ukraine is the ability to develop a national research and innovation strategy in line with the best EU models. To date, Ukraine lacks a comprehensive systemic vision for the development of science, technology and innovation, and dialogue with civil society and the expert community is somewhat of a formality. The plans and proposals submitted by the Ministry of Education and Science and the Ministry of Economic Development, Trade and Agriculture need to be properly coordinated. After all, such inconsistency of actions of government structures is also reflected in the quality and effectiveness of the legislation of Ukraine, increases the time of adoption of laws in the Verkhovna Rada. In this regard, cooperation between the three committees in particular needs to be significantly improved, namely: the Committee on Education and Science, the Committee on Informatization and Communications and the Committee on Industrial Policy and Entrepreneurship. Promoting cooperation and integration with the European Union will allow the citizens of the respective partner countries to adapt European values faster, increase people's awareness of the experience and prospects of EU countries, and significantly strengthen their self-identification as Europeans. The importance of the role of the Eastern Partnership in security issues for both the EU and the countries participating in the Eastern Partnership should be emphasized. Keywords: European Union, European integration, Eastern Partnership, regional cooperation, Association Agreement, public administration.
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Biresselioglu, Mehmet Efe, Siyami Alp Limoncuoglu, Muhittin Hakan Demir, Johannes Reichl, Katrin Burgstaller, Alessandro Sciullo, and Edoardo Ferrero. "Legal Provisions and Market Conditions for Energy Communities in Austria, Germany, Greece, Italy, Spain, and Turkey: A Comparative Assessment." Sustainability 13, no. 20 (October 11, 2021): 11212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132011212.
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The Climate Pact and the European Green Deal constitute the main components of the European Union (EU)’s climate change policy. Energy transition, that is, transformation to a zero-carbon global energy system, is one of the main pillars of climate change mitigation policies. This transformation, coupled with the empowerment of individuals within the energy system, shifts citizens from their roles as customers towards a more active role. Within this framework, energy communities stand out as significant facilitators for the participation of individuals and communities in the energy system, promoting self-consumption and contributing to the social acceptance of renewable energy initiatives, among other direct and indirect benefits. The main directives introducing energy communities into the EU legal system are RED II and ED 2019. This study, conducted as a part of a Horizon 2020-funded eCREW project, assessed the adaptability and implementability of these two directives within national legislation, along with the associated legal and administrative frameworks, utilizing evidence from Austria, Germany, Greece, Italy, Spain, and Turkey. The comparative analysis also enhances the understanding of the concept of renewable energy communities and citizen energy communities, both in the EU and in nonmember countries. The results of the analysis revealed that none of the countries studied had yet completed the process of harmonizing their legislation concerning energy communities.
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Doetsch, Julia Nadine, Vasco Dias, Marit S. Indredavik, Jarkko Reittu, Randi Kallar Devold, Raquel Teixeira, Eero Kajantie, and Henrique Barros. "Record linkage of population-based cohort data from minors with national register data: a scoping review and comparative legal analysis of four European countries." Open Research Europe 1 (May 27, 2021): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.13689.1.
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Background: The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) was implemented to build an overarching framework for personal data protection across the European Union/Economic Area (EU/EEA). Linkage of data directly collected from cohort participants based on individual consent must respect data protection rules and privacy rights of data subjects. Our objective was to investigate possibilities of linking cohort data of minors with routinely collected education and health data comparing EU/EEA member states. Methods: A legal comparative analysis and scoping review was conducted of openly online accessible published laws and regulations in EUR-Lex and national law databases on GDPR’s implementation in Portugal, Finland, Norway, and the Netherlands and its connected national regulations purposing record linkage for health research that have been implemented up until April 30, 2021. Results: EU/EEA has limited legislative authority over member states. The GDPR offers flexibility for national legislation. Exceptions to process personal data, e.g., public interest and scientific research, must be laid down in EU/EEA or national law. Differences in national interpretation caused obstacles in cross-national research and record linkage: Portugal requires written consent and ethical approval; Finland allows linkage mostly without consent through the national Data Protection Supervisory Authority; Norway when based on regional ethics committee’s approval and adequate information technology safeguarding confidentiality; the Netherlands mainly bases linkage on the opt-out system and Data Protection Impact Assessment. Conclusions: Though the GDPR is the most important legal framework, national legislation execution matters most when linking cohort data with routinely collected health and education data. As national interpretation varies, legal intervention balancing individual right to informational self-determination and public good is gravely needed for scientific research. More harmonization across EU/EEA could be helpful but should not be detrimental in those member states which already opened a leeway for registries and research for the public good without explicit consent.
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Neimane, Leila, Liga Ozoliņa, and Diana Saparniene. "Maritime Multi-Use Approach in The Baltic Sea Region: Offshore Wind Energy and Tourism Cases." Scientific Conference on Economics and Entrepreneurship Proceedings SCEE`2021 Proceedings (February 17, 2022): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.7250/scee.2021.0006.
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This research aims at analysing maritime spatial planning (MSP) development in the countries of the Baltic Sea Region through the lens of the concept of a multi-use approach to maritime space. Special focus is on the offshore wind energy and coastal and offshore tourism sectors. The goal is to contribute to the progress of a sustainable blue economy. The research methods used include analysis (using such techniques as monographic, dogmatically comparable, and special analytical) and synthesis through examination of marine plans, regional and national policy documents, and MSP-related legislation in the European Union Member States of the Baltic Sea Region. The results of the research confirm that in a contemporary understanding a holistic multi-use approach to maritime space forms an integral part of MSP for resource and space sharing between two or more activities with the aim of benefiting all users. Conceptually, it evidences the emergence of the multi-use principle in the MSP process. However, while offshore wind development is prominently prioritised in the currently adopted marine plans, accentuation of applying the multi-use principle is rather cautious. In this aspect, knowledge transfer from countries with longer-established experience in offshore wind development and its combination with other activities, such as tourism, is crucial. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that large-scale offshore renewable energy and the concept of multi-use maritime space will also mark the long-term future development of MSP in line with global and European Union targets for achieving carbon neutrality and zero pollution, promoting the circular economy, and restoring biodiversity by 2050.
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Anisiewicz, Renata. "Conditions for Development of the Entrepreneurial Ecosystem in Tourism in the Border Area of the European Union: The Example of the Tri-Border Area of Poland–Belarus–Ukraine." Sustainability 13, no. 24 (December 9, 2021): 13595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132413595.
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The aim of this work is to study the conditions for developing the entrepreneurial ecosystem of regional tourism at the external border of the European Union, in Poland, and its contact points with two non-Union countries (Belarus, Ukraine). The research used a literature review, qualitative and quantitative analyses of the conditions for the development of entrepreneurial ecosystems, interviews with local ecosystem actors and the author’s own observations. The eastern border of Poland (formerly with the USSR) created a barrier to the socio-economic development of adjacent regions. Their peripheral nature has allowed preserving their precious nature value and multicultural heritage. Currently, this preservation constitutes grounds for sustainably developing the region’s tourism. The primary actors of the tourism-based entrepreneurial ecosystem are local governments, public institutions, non-governmental organisations and entrepreneurs. An impetus for activities thereof was granted by Poland’s accession to the EU and its access to Union funds, which has reinforced tourism infrastructure by contributing to the establishment of new tourism enterprises. Furthermore, the development of tourism in the region could also be favoured by the close neighbourhood of as many as two other countries; however, and unfortunately, the border is still a barrier. Apart from the lack of infrastructure allowing borders crossings, political instability in neighbouring countries—made explicitly visible at the border with Belarus in 2021—threatens border-driven tourism by restricting tourism entrepreneurship, especially in those activities based on the access to the border.
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Dai, Yuwen. "Monetary Policy and Financial Sustainability in a Two-State Open Economy." Sustainability 14, no. 8 (April 18, 2022): 4825. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14084825.
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Monetary policy and financial sustainability are linked. However, the role of monetary policy and its implementation have come under particular scrutiny after the 2008 Global Financial Crisis (GFC) and the 2010 European sovereign debt crisis, where one of the main challenges was financial sustainability. In this paper, we contribute to the literature by improving our understanding of the influence of monetary policy on financial sustainability for a monetary union. To that end, we develop a two-state open economy macroeconomic model, in which the two state economies have the same monetary policy but maintain their fiscal independence. Examples include two countries in the eurozone, two states in the United States, core and periphery countries, etc. The linkages between these two state economies are inter-state trade in goods and inter-state borrowing in bonds. We apply the calibrated model and conduct economic experiments under alternative monetary policy regimes. The model simulation shows that monetary policy is incorrect if inflation differentials persist in a monetary union, and that incorrect monetary policy leads to real interest rates that are too low for high inflation countries, which become indebted after excessive borrowing. This study sheds light on how monetary policy should be implemented if inflation differs in countries within a monetary union. Our findings draw policy implications for those “two-state” economies considering alternative macroeconomic policy regimes to achieve financial sustainability and regional economic integration.
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Pavolová, Henrieta, Katarína Čulková, Zuzana Šimková, Andrea Seňová, and Dušan Kudelas. "Contribution of Mining Industry in Chosen EU Countries to the Sustainability Issues." Sustainability 14, no. 7 (March 31, 2022): 4177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14074177.
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In recent years, the mining industry has achieved an important position in the national economy due to its increasing productivity. However, since 2000, there have been signs of a slowdown, resulting from the national and local conditions of the mining industry. It is for these reasons that we have concluded that this type of industry must be assessed not only from the economic but also from the national and regional sectors, because the performance of the mining industry is directly affected by the value of mineral deposits and the structure of other industries. The present paper aims to analyze the development of the mining industry in Slovakia, in comparison with similar development in chosen European Union countries. Slovakia has been considered as a country with mineral resources and mineral-based products representing an important part of Slovakia’s foreign trade, with the significant imported mineral resources including mainly mineral fuels and ore raw materials. The development of the mining industry is assessed from the economics through the growth rate of gross domestic product (GDP) and through the national aspect through the rate of growth of the national economy. The aspects are evaluated by the multi-criteria method Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), with which we evaluated the country with the best mining industry development. The results of detailed quantitative analyses of the selected indicators for mining industry development for individual European Union countries show a fluctuating trend during the observed period, which is characterized by development disparities. Such results can be used to determine raw material policies in the relevant countries.
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Imran, Muhammad, Xiangyang Liu, Rongyu Wang, Shah Saud, Yun Zhao, and Muhammad Jalal Khan. "The Influence of Digital Economy and Society Index on Sustainable Development Indicators: The Case of European Union." Sustainability 14, no. 18 (September 6, 2022): 11130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141811130.
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The digital economy plays a vital role in promoting sustainable development. Out of different measurement indices, this research uses the DESI dimension, i.e., connectivity, human capital, the use of internet services, the integration of digital technology, and digital public services, to investigate the impact on the promotion of SGDI in the European Union countries. Previous research studies investigated the indirect impact of the DESI dimension on SGDI in different countries and regions. In this research, we investigate the direct impact of DESI dimensions on SGDI by using panel regression modeling. The results show that DESI sub-dimensions influence SGDI differently. Connectivity, human capital, and the use of internet services have more influence on SGDI compared to the integration of digital technology and digital public services. However, the impact is negative in most cases, but this is in line with the previous studies in other regional studies. Thus, the current research paper reveals that standard views on the influence of the digital economy are not always true. Policymakers need to make the necessary amendments while implementing each DESI dimension on any level for better promotion of SGDI.
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Hovakimyan, Hasmik, Milena Klimek, Bernhard Freyer, and Ruben Hayrapetyan. "Sustainable Shift from Centralized to Participatory Higher Education in Post-Soviet Countries: A Systematic Literature Review." Sustainability 13, no. 10 (May 15, 2021): 5536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105536.
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Since the fall of the Soviet Union, higher education (HE) in post-Soviet reality continues to face complex challenges, including hierarchical structures, antiquated teaching methods, and lack of international standards. In the meantime, in the US and in Europe, HE has recently focused on participatory curriculum development (PCD) and programs that seek to directly connect student learning to “real-world” problems, accelerating positive change in curricula and through their contributions to regional communities. Accepted into the Bologna Process—the standardization of European HE—Armenian HE institutions struggle to satisfy requirements and related sustainable development goals with centralized standards, inhibiting them from being internationally competitive and regional sustainability change agents. In this article, we examine post-Soviet HE development since 1991 and challenges, with a particular focus on Armenia; what participatory curriculum building may offer; and how it contributes to HE and regional sustainability transitions. A systematic literature review was applied, using specific combinations of important terms restricting the search with criteria such as language, year of publication, and descriptive or critical in nature. The results illustrate the status quo of post-Soviet HE, synthesize current barriers of HE as potential change agents, and highlight PCD as a way to overcome these barriers.
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Zahid, Muhammad, Muhammad Ramzan, Muhammad Zia Ul Haq, Wonseok Lee, Jinsoo Hwang, and Jimin Shim. "The Significance of Monetary Policy Transmission Mechanism in the Sustainable Development of the SAARC Economic Community." Sustainability 13, no. 23 (November 28, 2021): 13171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132313171.
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The purpose of this study is to examine the monetary policy transmission mechanisms in seven South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) countries to discover the viability of the convergence of the SAARC into a monetary and economic union based on common monetary channels. By employing optimal currency area theory, we used the restricted VAR analysis on the annual data from 1978 to 2017. We find that the money channel response provides proof for the presence of an exchange rate and credit channels. Furthermore, the real sector also responds to changes in fiscal and monetary shocks through the exchange rate and credit channels over short-run to long-run time horizons. This implies that the SAARC is a good candidate due to common exchange rate and credit channels. The function of the variance decomposition and the impulse for forming a monetary and economic union is that they share a coincidental pattern of dynamic reactions of inflation and growth to exogenous shocks. If the SAARC monetary and economic union is created, it will reap overall economic benefits inside and outside of Asia just like the European Union (EU).
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Krawchenko, Tamara Antonia, and Megan Gordon. "How Do We Manage a Just Transition? A Comparative Review of National and Regional Just Transition Initiatives." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (May 28, 2021): 6070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116070.
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The concept of a ‘just transition’ encompasses political and policy imperatives to minimize the harmful impacts of industrial and economic transitions on workers, communities, and society more generally, and to maximize their potential benefits. This imperative has gained heightened importance as governments commit to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. A wide range of policies, strategies and initiatives have been adopted by national and regional governments to facilitate and help manage a just transition. It is a concept that is increasingly being put into practice. This scoping study identifies and compares strategies, policies, and practices that are presently being implemented in order to manage a just transition across 25 countries and 74 regions alongside European Union-level policies. This work develops a typology of policy instruments to manage just transitions and identifies implementation gaps and leading practices.
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Giannakis, Elias, and Christos T. Papadas. "Spatial Connectivity and Regional Economic Resilience in Turbulent Times." Sustainability 13, no. 20 (October 13, 2021): 11289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132011289.
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The increasing number of economic shocks and disruptions and their highly heterogeneous territorial impacts reopened the debate on the ability of regions to withstand and recover from exogenous shocks. This paper focuses on the recessionary impact of the 2008 global financial economic crisis. It empirically explores the relationship between pre-crisis spatial connectivity and economic resilience across European Union (EU) regions over the 2008–2015 period. The empirical analysis is performed on a sample of 1312 NUTS-3 regions in 25 countries. Standard, spatial and multilevel hierarchical regression models are applied to investigate the effect of spatial connectivity and other pre-crisis determinants on regional economic resilience across three geographical scales: national, NUTS-2 regional and NUTS-3 regional. The results show that accessibility is an important factor for EU NUTS-3 regions to build resilience capabilities to exogenous shocks. Our findings demonstrate that higher accessibility is associated with greater regional economic resilience. The model results indicate a positive effect of migration and a negative effect of the ageing population on regional reaction to the crisis. Our analysis highlights the importance of country effects and spatial spillover effects on the ability of regions to shape resilience capabilities.
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Giannakis, Elias, and Christos T. Papadas. "Spatial Connectivity and Regional Economic Resilience in Turbulent Times." Sustainability 13, no. 20 (October 13, 2021): 11289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132011289.
Full textAbstract:
The increasing number of economic shocks and disruptions and their highly heterogeneous territorial impacts reopened the debate on the ability of regions to withstand and recover from exogenous shocks. This paper focuses on the recessionary impact of the 2008 global financial economic crisis. It empirically explores the relationship between pre-crisis spatial connectivity and economic resilience across European Union (EU) regions over the 2008–2015 period. The empirical analysis is performed on a sample of 1312 NUTS-3 regions in 25 countries. Standard, spatial and multilevel hierarchical regression models are applied to investigate the effect of spatial connectivity and other pre-crisis determinants on regional economic resilience across three geographical scales: national, NUTS-2 regional and NUTS-3 regional. The results show that accessibility is an important factor for EU NUTS-3 regions to build resilience capabilities to exogenous shocks. Our findings demonstrate that higher accessibility is associated with greater regional economic resilience. The model results indicate a positive effect of migration and a negative effect of the ageing population on regional reaction to the crisis. Our analysis highlights the importance of country effects and spatial spillover effects on the ability of regions to shape resilience capabilities.
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Howaniec, Honorata, and Marcin Lis. "Euroregions and Local and Regional Development—Local Perceptions of Cross-Border Cooperation and Euroregions Based on the Euroregion Beskydy." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 22, 2020): 7834. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187834.
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The cross-border regions, which are the peripheral regions, are struggling with m troubles. They often include high unemployment, insufficiently developed infrastructure, or inadequate language skills of residents, which are barriers to exploiting the potential of such regions. One kind of remedy is the assumption of the European Union’s regional policy, under which Euroregions are created. These units, constituting a form of cooperation between the regions of the European Union member states, candidate countries, and the regions of their neighbors, with the support of local and regional authorities, constitute support for the competitiveness and development of border areas. The purpose of this study is to verify how people perceive the activity and effectiveness of Euroregions, as well as to try to determine whether they think Euroregions contribute to local and regional development. In this research, an online and self-administered survey was used, with two parts: one related to Euroregions in general, and the other to a specific, selected Euroregion. Despite the fact that the Polish experience has not been as long as in other parts of Europe, the results show that the Euroregions are positively evaluated by people, and they rate them as important for development of the regions.
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Zhornokui, Yurii. "Public legal means of investment of small and medium innovative entrepreneurship in the European Union." Law and innovations, no. 1 (29) (March 31, 2020): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.37772/2518-1718-2020-1(29)-1.
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Problem setting. The development of social relations, the economic well-being of the population and the stable social structure of any state in the present circumstances are conditioned by a series of factors, one of which is the development of innovative infrastructure. One of the most important directions of development of the economic sector of our country was the formation of an innovative model of the economy, which puts to law the new tasks of clarifying the purpose and social value of law as a regulator of social relations. Analysis of recent researches and publications. The current state of the study of the selected issues indicates that the sources from which public-law organizations are investing innovative activities of small and medium-sized innovative entrepreneurship in the EU are insufficient. At the same time, the state policy of the EU countries in the scientific and technical sphere is realized through the use of various instruments, which include: legislation, tax policy, size and nature of the allocation of budget funds, including for the implementation of works in priority areas, the formation and maintenance of infrastructure, personnel, etc. Target of research is to identify the public and legal means of investing small and medium innovative entrepreneurship in the EU. Article’s main body. In the EU, the innovative component of public policy encompasses the scope of national scientific institutions (institutes, research centers, university laboratories, etc.). There are government programs that receive partial funding from the state budget. The state is guided by different criterias when deciding on the financing of specific works. First, the prospect of each specific direction is evaluated from the point of view of preserving the country’s achieved position on the world market in the future. Second, the recognition at the governmental level of innovation as a vital factor of economic development, the conduct of a broad government company on the problems of innovation. The current state of regulatory support suggests that structural funds such as the European Regional Development Fund and the European Social Fund should be considered as the main public sources of investment for innovative enterprises. In particular, such funds are implementing EIC Pathfinder Pilot, FET Innovation Launchpad, EIC Transition to Innovation Activity, EIC Accelerator, Programme for the Competitiveness of Enterprises and Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (COSME) etc. Conclusions and prospects for the development. In the EU, the investment of small and medium enterprises is not homogeneous, but a large part of them, despite the large number of investment support tools for such companies, face significant challenges in accessing investment resources. Developing a successful pan-European policy requires an indepth understanding of the problems and specifics of financing the innovation activities of small and medium innovative enterprises in EU Member States.
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Perpiña Castillo, Carolina, Eloína Coll Aliaga, Carlo Lavalle, and José Carlos Martínez Llario. "An Assessment and Spatial Modelling of Agricultural Land Abandonment in Spain (2015–2030)." Sustainability 12, no. 2 (January 11, 2020): 560. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12020560.
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This article presents a study based on the outputs from the LUISA Territorial modelling platform (Joint Research Centre of the European Commission) focused on regional and local future projections of land abandonment between 2015 and 2030. Spain is taken as representative of one of the countries highly affected by agricultural land abandonment in the European Union. The most relevant factors driving land abandonment (biophysical, agroeconomics, farm structure and demographic) are described and mapped. Results from the analysis reveal that the Galicia region, northern Spain (Asturias, Cantabria, Gipuzkoa, Bizkaia), north-eastern Spain (Aragón region), central Pyrenees/Ebro basin (Huesca, Navarra, Lleida) and south-eastern Spain (Murcia, Almería, Alicante, Málaga) are expected to undergo important abandonment processes. The study also concludes that land abandonment within mountainous, high nature value farmland and Natura 2000 areas is lower compared to the outside area without conservation and protection measures.
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Nagy, Noémi. "Language Rights of European Minorities in the Administration of Justice, Public Administration and Public Services." European Yearbook of Minority Issues Online 18, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 113–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116117_01801006.
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This article provides an overview of European minorities’ language rights in the administration of justice, public administration, and public services in 2019. Relevant legal developments are presented in the activities of the major international organizations, i.e. the United Nations, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the European Union, and the Council of Europe. Since the most relevant treaties on the language rights of minorities in Europe are the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages and the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, special attention is paid to the implementation thereof. Whereas international monitoring mechanisms devoted to the effective protection of minorities are abundant, language rights of national minorities receive less attention, especially in the fields of official language use, that is, in public administration and justice. The regulation of these areas has been traditionally considered as almost exclusively belonging to the states’ competence, and international organizations are consequently reluctant to interfere. As a result, the official use of minority languages differs in the various countries of Europe, with both good practices (e.g. the Netherlands, Spain, Finland) and unbalanced situations (e.g. Estonia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan).
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Kaštelan-Macan, Marija, Marijan Ahel, Alka J. M. Horvat, Dalila Jabučar, and Petar Jovančić. "Water resources and waste water management in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro." Water Policy 9, no. 3 (June 1, 2007): 319–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2007.003.
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This work provides an inventory of water resources and presents the current status of water supply, water quality as well as wastewater management in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro, established after the break-up of the former Yugoslavia. All three countries are very rich in water resources, pertaining in a large percentage to the Adriatic and Black Sea basins. However, this richness is not adequately reflected in the current status of the public water supply. Water supply is satisfactory only in bigger cities, whereas rural populations still largely depend on the local sources. Furthermore, with respect to integrated water management, there is a big discrepancy between the capacities of water supply and drainage and those for municipal and industrial wastewater treatment. Only a small percentage of wastewaters receive at least some treatment, putting those receiving natural waters at considerable risk. Nevertheless, available reports on the water quality of ambient waters do not reveal the existence of this problem on a wider scale, but indicate only few hot spots. Microbiological pollution near big cities and patchy elevated levels of heavy metals and organic pollutants around industrial plants and agricultural lands belong to these exceptions. Such a relatively favourable situation is, partly, a consequence of a significant decrease in economic activities, which is characteristic of all transition countries, but it also reveals the impact of the recent wars in the region. Political and military conflicts in the region generated mutual distrust and lack of cooperation between the three countries. However, attempts are being made to resolve most of the issues related to cross-border contamination by signing international and regional treaties. As a part of pre-accession activities, all three states are harmonizing their legislation with the EU and are joining scientific projects on the water protection of other western countries. This is expected to bring considerable benefits to the local population and to make economic development more vigorous.