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1
Maksin-Micic, Marija, Sasa Milijic, and Marina Nenkovic-Riznic. "Spatial and environmental planning of sustainable regional development in Serbia." Spatium, no. 21 (2009): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/spat0921039m.
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The paper analyses the planning framework for sustainable territorial and regional development. The spatial and environmental planning should play the key role in coordination and integration of different planning grounds in achieving the sustainable regional development. The paper discusses the spatial planning capacity to offer the integral view of the sustainable territorial development. The brief review of tendencies in new spatial planning and regional policy has been given. The focus is on the concept of balanced polycentric development of European Union. The guiding principles of spatial planning in regard of planning system reform in European countries have been pointed out. The changes in paradigm of regional policy, and the tasks of European regional spatial planning have been discussed. In Serbia problems occur in regard with the lack of coordinating sectoral planning with spatial and environmental planning. Partly the problem lies in the legal grounds, namely in non codification of laws and unregulated horizontal and vertical coordination at all levels of governance. The possibilities for the implementation of spatial planning principles and concepts of European Union sustainable territorial and regional development have been analyzed on the case of three regional spatial plans of eastern and southeastern regions in Serbia. The disadvantages in implementing the strategic environmental impact assessment as an instrument for coordination and integration of sectorial planning with spatial and environmental planning have been analyzed. The strategic environmental impact assessment has been implemented only in the spatial planning process. Through spatial planning process its feedback effect on sectorial planning has been indirectly achieved. The priority actions in Serbia for achieving the spatial and environmental planning role in coordination and integration of different planning grounds in sustainable regional development have been given.
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Imran, Muhammad, Xiangyang Liu, Rongyu Wang, Shah Saud, Yun Zhao, and Muhammad Jalal Khan. "The Influence of Digital Economy and Society Index on Sustainable Development Indicators: The Case of European Union." Sustainability 14, no. 18 (September 6, 2022): 11130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141811130.
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The digital economy plays a vital role in promoting sustainable development. Out of different measurement indices, this research uses the DESI dimension, i.e., connectivity, human capital, the use of internet services, the integration of digital technology, and digital public services, to investigate the impact on the promotion of SGDI in the European Union countries. Previous research studies investigated the indirect impact of the DESI dimension on SGDI in different countries and regions. In this research, we investigate the direct impact of DESI dimensions on SGDI by using panel regression modeling. The results show that DESI sub-dimensions influence SGDI differently. Connectivity, human capital, and the use of internet services have more influence on SGDI compared to the integration of digital technology and digital public services. However, the impact is negative in most cases, but this is in line with the previous studies in other regional studies. Thus, the current research paper reveals that standard views on the influence of the digital economy are not always true. Policymakers need to make the necessary amendments while implementing each DESI dimension on any level for better promotion of SGDI.
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Cheshmehzangi, Ali, Maycon Sedrez, Junhang Ren, Dezhou Kong, Yifan Shen, Sinan Bao, Junhao Xu, Zhaohui Su, and Ayotunde Dawodu. "The Effect of Mobility on the Spread of COVID-19 in Light of Regional Differences in the European Union." Sustainability 13, no. 10 (May 12, 2021): 5395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105395.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has spread rapidly all over the world, affecting many countries to varying degrees. In this study, an in-depth analysis of the factors influencing the spread of COVID-19 is offered mainly through big data in the European Union (EU) context. In doing so, the data of the first wave of the pandemic are assessed. Afterward, we evaluate the impacts of the COVID-19 spread in specific countries and regions. Based on the existing literature, mobility is recognized as a significant direct factor affecting disease transmission. The same applies to the case of COVID-19. However, compared with the analysis of mobility itself, this paper explores more profound reasons that affect mobility, ranging from policy and economy to geographical and transportation factors. Specifically, this paper studies nine EU countries based on their population density and the degree of impact of the epidemic in the first six months (February to July 2020) of the pandemic. Our study aims to illustrate how policies, economies, and geographical locations (including transportation factors) directly or indirectly affect the spread of the novel coronavirus by applying the SEIR model to analyze all selected countries’ big data. The key findings of this research are: (1) the timeliness of relevant policies and the effectiveness of government implementation indirectly limit the spread of the epidemic by reducing population mobility; (2) a better medical level would contribute to detect, isolate, and treat patients, and help control the epidemic; and (3) the large land borders and developed transportation between countries exacerbate the spread of the COVID-19. The paper contributes to ongoing research on COVID-19 by addressing the above points.
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Milijic, Sasa, Dusan Banicevic, and Nikola Krunic. "Strategic evaluation of economic feasibility of mountain tourist region development: Case study of Stara Planina." Spatium, no. 19 (2009): 56–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/spat0919056m.
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This paper covers theoretical, methodological and practical discoveries and evaluation of the economic aspects of development and planning of the mountain tourist regions. The basic aspects of economic-spatial theories, analysis and methods are presented for research of development effects in the mountain regions. It is also pointed to the basic terms of the mountain tourist regions development in the countries of the European Union which realize respective development results The work analyses significance of tourism in development of the mountain regions characterized by the capability for innovative activities, i.e. starting the whole range of complementary activities which reversibly influence the forming of growth and development poles. Especially are analyzed commercial and non-commercial effects of realization of the mountain tourist centers in ecologically saved, but as a rule, economically not enough developed mountain regions. The approach in the strategic evaluation of the economic feasibility of development of the tourist region is considered in accordance with the experience of the countries with higher degree of mountain region development, on example of Stara Planina. The analysis of economic feasibility of mountain region development Stara Planina covered the following segments: market, consumption, number of employed, investment means and economic effects of exploitation. Considering the fact that Stara planina is region covered by the Park of Nature and Tourist region for which the Spatial plan is done, a special problem was harmonization of development and protection functions, i.e. evaluation of economic and ecological acceptability for development implementation. The Spatial plan foreseen rational model of sustainable regional development of the Stara planina region based on integration of urban and rural economies on one side and development of tourism and protection of nature, on the other.
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Roman, A., and Volker Mauerhofer. "Multilevel Coordination and Cooperation during Implementing Supranational Environmental Legislation: A Case Study on Invasive Alien Species." Sustainability 11, no. 6 (March 13, 2019): 1531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11061531.
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Coordination and cooperation are necessary topics to strengthen international environmental agreements that improve action against worldwide challenges towards sustainable development and environmental protection, such as invasive alien species (IAS). This study aims to assess to what extent national and transnational cooperation and coordination influences the implementation of a supranational regulation against IAS based on an example from the European Union (EU). Data is used from a broader study, including 47 responses to an online questionnaire and 22 interviews completed by experts from two countries (Austria and Romania), together with in depth literature. Additionally, the IAS-Regulation is analyzed from the perspective of cooperation and coordination. The terms “cooperation” and “coordination” were found within the text of the IAS-Regulation 11 and nine times respectively, whereas their context was transnational and national levels mainly, and transnational, respectively. It was further acknowledged from the majority of the answers from the survey respondents that the national coordination and cooperation is weaker than the transnational level due to the influence of the national competence distribution. Results from the interviews are separated into ‘transnational’ and ‘national’ cooperation and coordination. They show that the majority of the 47 responses indicate that the distribution of competence is one of the main influencing factors on the implementation. It is concluded that the current situation of cooperation and coordination in Austria and Romania renders it difficult for the European Commission to receive a realistic view about IAS and the implementation of the IAS Regulation in the two countries; hence, it is difficult to offer helpful support especially due to poor national cooperation. The current study can serve as a blueprint for further studies. Even in regional integration contexts beyond the EU, it can prove helpful to assess the impact of different kinds of competence distribution on the implementation of common norms. Thus, this research can path the way innovatively and serve as a comparative example for similar future studies.
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Ismayilzada, Tofig. "The European Union's Cooperation With Third Countries: Turkey And Libya." Jurnal Kajian Pemerintah: Journal of Government, Social and Politics 8, no. 2 (December 13, 2022): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/jkp.2022.vol8(2).11148.
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The European Union has recently been an attractive destination for asylum seekers and migrants. Despite the deadly migration routes, the migration crisis has proved that asylum seekers and migrants are willing to enter European Union territory. The flow of irregular migration to the European Union peaked in 2015. The intensity of migration movement over such a short period raised concerns about internal and external security. At the same time, due to the migration crisis, the European Union intensified its cooperation with third countries on the migration issue. This article first explores the concept of international cooperation on migration and assesses if the selected case studies have any common characteristics to the concept. Second, the paper studies the effectiveness of the European Union's cooperation with Turkey and Libya, which emerged due to the migration crisis. Additionally, the paper provides data to test the effectiveness of cooperation with third countries. The cooperation with Turkey and Libya was an essential tool for the European Union to control its Mediterranean borders. When the consensus was reached, the number of irregular arrivals significantly decreased.
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Blaszke, Małgorzata, and Maciej J. Nowak. "OBJECTIVES OF SPATIAL PLANNING IN SELECTED CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES. ANALYSIS OF SELECTED CASE STUDIES." Ukrainian Geographical Journal, no. 4 (January 2023): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ugz2022.04.057.
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The aim of this article is to determine how spatial planning tasks are addressed at the central level in the spatial planning systems of selected Central and Eastern European countries. The article is of a review nature. Based on the literature review, the central-level approaches to spatial planning in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Lithuania, and Romania are characterized. Countries that are members of the European Union and countries where there is in-depth scientific literature on the indicated issue were selected. At the same time, for each country, the approaches analyzed were selected in a slightly different way, adapted to the systemic framework. The focus was on a synthetic content analysis of spatial planning documents at the central level.
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Płaziak, Monika, and Piotr Trzepacz. "Spatial Distribution of EU Structural Funds in Poland in 2004-2006 - Factors, Directions, and Limitations." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 9, no. 9 (January 1, 2008): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10089-008-0003-9.
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Spatial Distribution of EU Structural Funds in Poland in 2004-2006 - Factors, Directions, and Limitations In 2004, Poland joined the European Union. This access means the possibility of taking advantage of European Union Structural Funds. Apart from this the structural funds play another important role. The popularity of the idea of European integration in countries like Poland depends largely on the effectiveness of this financial support, which theoretically should lead to economic and social development on different levels (local, regional, national, and even continental). The main problem of relying on EU funds is their unequal availability, which is limited, for example, because of the granting principles.
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Tarpani, Elena, Cristina Piselli, Claudia Fabiani, Ilaria Pigliautile, Eelke J. Kingma, Benedetta Pioppi, and Anna Laura Pisello. "Energy Communities Implementation in the European Union: Case Studies from Pioneer and Laggard Countries." Sustainability 14, no. 19 (October 1, 2022): 12528. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141912528.
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Energy communities are a promising strategy for a global energy transition. European Union (EU) regulatory frameworks are already established and clearly explained, aiming to develop as many projects as possible in the different European countries. Accordingly, it is necessary to present two different types of countries: the laggards and the pioneers, two categories that highlight the discrepancies in policy, bureaucracy, culture, and usage of alternative sources and technologies, such as renewable energy, towards the implementation of energy communities. This work compares two representative case studies to qualitatively understand the differences between laggard and pioneer countries: Italy and the Netherlands, respectively. The regulatory framework and the solid points/shortcomings of each country are explained first. Thereafter, an accurate description of the two selected case study communities and their different peculiarities is provided. Finally, the main similarities and differences are stressed to discuss the lessons to be learned in laggard and pioneer countries. Five pillars for the development and uptake of energy communities are identified related to regulations, economic benefits, technical limitations, sustainability, and social awareness. These outcomes suggest the importance of policy management, and stress the limitations of governance in helping policymakers and experts to support the energy transition.
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Ryeznikov, V. V., and V. S. Kupina. "The Economic Policy of European Union (by Case of center and Periphery countries)." Statistics of Ukraine 82, no. 3 (September 4, 2018): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.31767/su.3(82)2018.03.06.
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Building of the new economic strategy for Ukraine, focused on Eurointegration, makes one consider for both positive and possible negative effects of the European Union’s development for Ukraine. The Ukrainian economy is forced to implement reforms of the internal and external economic component by relying on EU practices in integration reforms.
The importance of this topic is caused by the need to investigate the impact of the single economic course pursued by EU on setting priority areas of reforms of domestic economic policies in center and periphery countries of this integration association. The article’s objective is to reveal the content of the socio-economic policy in EU and its impact on the EU operation in terms of the relationship between the performance of center and periphery countries.
The studies presented in the articles show that the economic integration has complex character and calls for detailed analysis of internal and external processes in countries as components of the system at macroeconomic level of the integration association. Based on the analysis of the above mentioned regional distribution of EU, the following EU countries (most successful and most problematic) were selected as representative ones for the study: Germany and France as “center”, and Greece and Hungary as “periphery”. A socio-economic analysis of key indicators is made, and the role of each of the above countries in the EU development is revealed. A comparative analysis of the selected EU countries is made through trend analysis; their development outlook is given.
The achievement of the goals of the single EU strategy is analyzed by priority areas of economic policy reforms in the member countries, intended to stabilize their economies: i) recover the fiscal stability; ii) ensure the financial stability; iii) implement the reforms promoting growth and employment; and iv) modernize the public sector. The analysis confirms the prospect of strong economic positions for center countries, which is shown by the approximation ratio that was close to 1 in all the studied cases. Due to the problems of periphery countries, highlighted in the article, these countries may be incapable to meet the convergence criteria fixed in the EU strategy or pursue the single economic course, thus creating a threat of economic crisis for the whole EU.
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Palmowski, Tadeusz. "The European Union Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region and accomplishments." Baltic Region 13, no. 1 (2021): 138–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2021-1-8.
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The sea and inland hinterland of Baltic Europe form a unique macro-regional unit. Strong collaboration links, and competition in the Baltic Sea region, are an inherent feature of the region from the beginning of its civilization development. Since 2004, the Baltic Sea has become an internal sea of the European Union. This fact no doubt strengthened the cooperation of the countries in the region. In many spheres, these ties take the form of networking. The EU Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region is an important stimulus for further integrations. The objective of the article is to identify changing trends and the structural transformation in the Baltic integration process instigated by the implementation of this strategy. The document contains common goals, which strengthen cooperation and draw on the Baltic Sea potential. Three main pillars are outlined in the Strategy: marine protection, better interconnection of the region and growing prosperity. The essence of cooperation involves joint development plans on various levels: governmental, regional and local with the participation of research institutions, regional cooperation infrastructure, operational programmes, as well as the private sector. Political stabilisation and economic development may transform, in a longer time span, the emerging transnational Baltic Europe into a new economic and cultural European centre. The choice of research methodology applied in the study derives from the nature of collected data, i.e. literature regarding scientific accomplishments in the Baltic cooperation, analysis of working documents and reports drawn up by public institutions, the European Commission, and EU national and regional strategic documents.
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Ogryzek, Marek, and Ada Wolny-Kucińska. "Sustainable Development of Transport as a Regional Policy Target for Sustainable Development—A Case Study of Poland." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 3 (March 3, 2021): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10030132.
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In central and eastern European countries that joined the European Union (EU) in 2004 and 2007, there are strong connections between transport development and sustainable regional development. The needs for transport development in post-socialist countries are so high that it is difficult to finance them, and most governments have to choose between immediate and less urgent needs. The aim of this study was to determine the role played by sustainable transport growth in the improvement of regional cohesion and sustainable regional development with a use of geographical information systems’ capabilities. The specific goals of the study were to: (i) determine the impact of EU subsidies on the regional transport development; (ii) identify threats to regional cohesion resulting from under-capitalised regions, (iii) examine geographical information systems’ capabilities in periodical regional transport development monitoring. The analyses include evaluation of the regions’ involvement in sustainable transport development as well as the presentation of direct and indirect results, such as road system improvement, with the use of GIS capabilities. It is particularly important to develop a system for monitoring the level of EU fund allocation with the use of GIS tools and the capabilities of geographic information systems. Such in-depth analysis would be useful for regional governments and decision-makers in creating and updating long term transport policies as well as monitoring long term regional development strategies. Both sustainable transport development and EU fund allocation can be monitored within the use of GIS tools, and such analyses should supplement the INSPIRE Geoportal scope.
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Blockmans, Steven, and Steven Blockmans. "Revitalizing the European Neighbourhood Economic Community: The Case for Legally Binding Sectoral Multilateralism." European Foreign Affairs Review 17, Issue 4 (November 1, 2012): 577–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2012040.
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The revolutionary upheaval in the southern Mediterranean and the slow reforms in most of the eastern neighbourhood have pushed the European Union to revise its approach to the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP). In May 2011, the Commission presented a full review of the ENP, introducing an enhanced form of conditionality which should see more political and financial support being given to those neighbouring countries that implement more reforms and are more democratic. Characteristic of this 'more for more' conditionality is its strong bilateral dimension. While there is some rhetorical commitment to strengthening the regional dimensions of the ENP, for example, the Union for the Mediterranean and the Eastern Partnership, few tangible proposals to that effect have been made. Notably, while the reviewed ENP repeats the goal of a 'Neighbourhood Economic Community' as a long-term objective of regional integration across the neighbourhood, it makes no proposals on instruments or strategy as to how to achieve that objective. This paper proposes that 'legally binding sectoral multilateralism' should be the EU's method and instrument of choice to reach that goal. This entails a pro-active strategy consisting of treaty-based legal integration between the EU and neighbouring countries and between the latter themselves, in sectors where such is clearly beneficial in its own right, as well as in the light of the long-term objective of a neighbourhood community. On the basis of two case studies, pertaining to the Energy Community Treaty and the draft Transport Community Treaty, the paper explores the benefits and weaknesses of this approach. The paper argues that the challenges posed by legal fragmentation in the wider European legal space can be overcome in order to reap the substantial economic and policy benefits spurred by legally binding sectoral multilateralism.
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Mariño García, Ana. "Environmental policies, bases for territorial planning. An approximation to the study of the environmental policies of the European Union. Challenges and future perspectives." Observatorio Medioambiental 24 (December 22, 2021): 229–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/obmd.79523.
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This work is aimed at analysing the functioning of the environmental policies of the European Union in order to address the use of these policies as well as the instruments to implement them, observing their efficacy to protect and preserve the environment in general and their particular social and human implications. First we will analyse international environmental policy, focusing on its consolidation through the creation of international organizations and treaties and on its theoretical background. Then, we will move forward to the development of environmental policy within the European Union, focusing on the functioning of this policy emphasizing its legal foundations on European Treaties. For this purpose we will analyse the principle of integration as well as the effectiveness of implementation regarding transposition of European law into national policy. We will also focus on the current situation of environmental policy within the Union going through the main innovations of the recent European Green Deal. Finally, some case studies will show us the reality of the European environmental policy and some of the challenges it will have to overcome in the near future. Through this work we will approach the repercussions the development of environmental policy has in international relations, paying special attention to its implications at supranational, national and regional scope within the European Union.
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Górecka, Stanisława. "Mortality and Longevity in the Central and East Europe - Changes in Years 1990-2005." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 9, no. 9 (January 1, 2008): 79–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10089-008-0007-5.
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Mortality and Longevity in the Central and East Europe - Changes in Years 1990-2005 Political and socioeconomic transformation has significantly influenced demographic processes in Central and East Europe. This was mainly noticeable in behaviours and attitudes concerning forming and developing of families. With regard to the aforementioned behaviours, the populations of analysed countries have adopted to new conditions very quickly, and the demographic parameters have reached values that were almost identical as those in West Europe. The situation developed completely differently in the case of mortality and life expectancy. Differences between Central and East Europe, and West European countries, which were already visible at the beginning of 1990's, have been eliminated considerably slower. Even though, one can observe favourable transformations in life expectancy and the distribution of death causes in the Central and Eastern European countries. Those changes are especially apparent in countries which became members of the European Union in 2004.
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Strezhneva, Marina. "The European Union as a Global Actor: The Case of the Financial Transaction Tax." European Review 26, no. 4 (July 25, 2018): 704–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798718000418.
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The EU plays a high-profile role in the international arena, and yet this role still evades accurate conceptualization. Since the EU is not a state, it is commonly accepted assui generis; a normative power influencing the world order mostly by means of direct and intermediary persuasion. Despite this position, in practice when championing the global normative agenda, the EU does not always demonstrate high efficiency as a leader. This article studies the EU’s efforts to push through regional and global versions of a financial transaction tax, meant to promote the common good through the positive externalities it generates for the economy. The aim of the article is to arrive at an adequate explanation for the (in)ability of the EU to act as an agent of global governance in this case. The focus of attention is the inner organizational limitations on the EU’s behaviour as a global actor.
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Manzetti, Luigi. "The Political Economy of MERCOSUR." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 35, no. 4 (1994): 101–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/165956.
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Recent literature on regional integration has stressed the key role that emerging trading blocs will have in shaping the world economy of the 21st-century. With the end of the Cold War, policymakers have refocused their attention on economic issues. Economic trends — such as rapid changes in research, technology, capital flow, and trade patterns — have assumed a new importance. Increasing competition in world markets has induced industrialized countries to cluster together in regional economic blocs. This has been the case with the European Community (EC), the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) signatories (the United States, Canada, and Mexico), and possibly Japan and its East Asian neighbors. However, these experiments in regional integration differ appreciably in nature. For instance, the EC explicitly seeks an economic and political union, whereas the NAFTA is simply a free trade area whose goal is the eventual elimination of restrictions on investment flows.
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Puccia, Angelo, César M. Mora Márquez, and Julia M. Núñez-Tabales. "Promotion of European Wines in Third Countries within the Common Market Organisation Framework: The Case of France." Economies 10, no. 2 (February 2, 2022): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies10020041.
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The international wine market has undertaken important structural changes in the first decades of the 21st century, both in terms of demand and offer. In order to mitigate the effect deriving from the increase in competition, the European Union (EU) continues to allocate important resources to increase the competitiveness of the winemaking sector by means of its Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and the Common Market Organization (CMO). This paper aims to understand which factors have an influence on the correct implementation of the CMO measure of promotion in the principal wine exporter country: France. A fuzzy-set model (fs/QCA) has been utilized, studying a period of 10 years since 2009. Results show that is it possible to obtain a better execution ratio of measure of promotion by adapting some key factors, such as CMO budget allocation. These findings could support French national and regional authorities in the task of planning. Moreover, other Member States (MS) could also benefit, since in the new CAP approach, a higher participation in strategic plans is required for them by the EU.
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Roland Bourdeix. "Germplasm and Incentives for Boosting Coconut Production: Case Studies from the Pacific Region and Some Other Countries." CORD 34, no. 1 (October 1, 2018): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v34i1.22.
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The Coconut Industry Development for the Pacific Project (CIDP) is a joint initiative of the Pacific Community, the European Union and the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States. The aim of CIDP is to bolster the coconut sector in the region through improving the competitiveness of small producers and strengthening production and regional integration of related markets. In the framework of this project, CIRAD (French Agricultural Research for Development) was in charge of helping design improved seed production systems and conducting a risk analysis for coconut value chain in the Pacific region. During a meeting held in April 2018 in Fiji, thirty participants from sixteen countries and territories in the Pacific region participated to a brainstorming on incentives for boosting coconut production. In June 2018, CIRAD launched an online survey on the same topic by contacting more than a thousand of coconut stakeholders worldwide. This communication presents the first results of these two initiatives regarding incentives for boosting coconut production, in the Pacific region but also in comparison with countries from other regions.
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Mačanga, Martin, and Martin Plešivčák. "Geographical context of energy prices in the European Union Member States with special emphasis on the Slovak Republic." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 24, no. 24 (June 1, 2014): 135–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bog-2014-0019.
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Abstract The issue of energy prices presents an extremely topical subject with a major impact on human society. Energy demand is constantly increasing and most regions of the world are facing serious difficulties in ensuring sufficient energy supplies. However, not only global events affect energy prices in the particular country. National energy markets are highly specific and some local factors may also prove significant. In our contribution we focus on the Slovak Republic and try to analyze the major political and economic factors affecting the final price of energy, particularly of gas and electricity. We pay attention to the period from the accession of the country to the European Union in 2004 until 2011 characterised by ‘third liberalisation package’ that is associated with a wide range of major changes. Largely monopolized energy market has been gradually opening up to competition and the countries with regulated prices have been facing the increasing pressure to let the free market decide. Progressive liberalisation of energy markets enables consumers to use the energy services offered by various private companies. This new element operating in the energy sector is largely reflected in final energy prices. Thus, the main goal of this study is to highlight the price disparities between different energy commodities in European Union member states since we are at present witnesses to of significant regional disparities in energy prices. We try to analyze current energy prices with respect to GDP (regarding purchasing power parity as well) to ensure that resulting comparison would reflect the financial potential of the population. Demonstrating the effects of the economic crisis on energy prices in different countries will be another important aspect of this contribution.
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Meidert, Nadine, and Carolin Rapp. "Public Attitudes towards Refugees in Germany: What Drives Attitudes towards Refugees in Comparison with Immigrant Workers from European Union Countries?" Journal of Refugee Studies 32, Special_Issue_1 (December 1, 2019): i209—i218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fez046.
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Abstract The current global refugee crisis puts both refugees and Western societies to the test. The challenges refugees face within their host countries depend on not only situational circumstances, but also the attitudinal climate they confront. A negative public can have severe consequences for refugees’ integration. This article asks two basic questions that have received little attention in previous studies: How do attitudes towards refugees with different flight reasons differ when compared with attitudes towards immigrants from European Union countries? What factors influence those attitudes? These questions are answered for the exemplary case of Germany based on new data from the German General Social Survey, which was conducted during the height of the refugee crisis in mid-2016. Our results reveal that refugees are perceived less positively than European Union immigrants and the origin of this negative perception mainly lies in increased feelings of threat.
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Morozova, E. A. "POLITICIZATION OF ETHNIC MINORITIES IN THE EU: REGIONAL DIMENSION." Вестник Пермского университета. Политология 16, no. 3 (2022): 112–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2218-1067-2022-3-112-125.
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As a rule, the dominant research strategy of the ethnicity politicization factors includes case-study analysis or comparison of small number of cases. There are no cross-regional comparative studies. In this paper, a statistical analysis is carried out to determine the degree of influence of various factors on the ethnic minorities’ politicization in the regions of the EU countries. It is proposed to understand the ethnic minorities politicization as a presence and an electoral success of ethnic parties in the regions. 113 ethnic minorities living in the regions of 16 countries of the European Union were selected for the analysis by the methods of logistic and linear regression. The research found that the share of ethnic minority in the population of a region, the historical past of ethnic minorities, the size of their area of residence and the degree of separation have positive influence on the politicization. However, it was not possible to identify a positive influence of the religious character of the ethnic minority and the level of its economic well-being on politicization.
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Williams, Brendan, and Johanna Varghese. "Examining the impact of EU cohesion policies aiming to reduce regional and social disparities with examples of policy impacts in Ireland." Europa XXI 35 (2018): 89–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/eu21.2018.35.6.
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This research describes the evolution of the Irish spatial planning system and explores the impact of EU cohesion policies aiming to reduce regional and social disparities within the European Union with respect to recent developments in Ireland. The changing nature of the Irish planning system is seen as movement from a market or local development led approach towards a more strategic regional and national approach. This trend has in part been influenced by EU policies, directives and initiatives with evidence of both difficulties and successful delivery of some major projects. The discussion is complemented by evidence from two case studies in the transportation area and interviews with key participants in the policy processes. In conclusion the implications of such trends for future planning policy in Ireland and the EU are explored. * Bibliografia
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Cepeliauskaite, Gabriele, Benno Keppner, Zivile Simkute, Zaneta Stasiskiene, Leon Leuser, Ieva Kalnina, Nika Kotovica, Jānis Andiņš, and Marek Muiste. "Smart-Mobility Services for Climate Mitigation in Urban Areas: Case Studies of Baltic Countries and Germany." Sustainability 13, no. 8 (April 7, 2021): 4127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084127.
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The transport sector is one of the largest contributors of CO2 emissions and other greenhouse gases. In order to achieve the Paris goal of decreasing the global average temperature by 2 °C, urgent and transformative actions in urban mobility are required. As a sub-domain of the smart-city concept, smart-mobility-solutions integration at the municipal level is thought to have environmental, economic and social benefits, e.g., reducing air pollution in cities, providing new markets for alternative mobility and ensuring universal access to public transportation. Therefore, this article aims to analyze the relevance of smart mobility in creating a cleaner environment and provide strategic and practical examples of smart-mobility services in four European cities: Berlin (Germany), Kaunas (Lithuania), Riga (Latvia) and Tartu (Estonia). The paper presents a systematized literature review about the potential of smart-mobility services in reducing the negative environmental impact to urban environments in various cities. The authors highlight broad opportunities from the European Union and municipal documents for smart-mobility initiatives. The theoretical part is supplemented by socioeconomic and environmental descriptions, as well as experience, related to smart-mobility services in the four cities selected.
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LI, MIN, CHRISTOPHER A. BAKER, MICHELLE D. DANYLUK, PHILIPPE BELANGER, FRANK BOELAERT, PETER CRESSEY, MIHAELA GHEORGHE, BEN POLKINGHORNE, HAJIME TOYOFUKU, and ARIE H. HAVELAAR. "Identification of Biological Hazards in Produce Consumed in Industrialized Countries: A Review." Journal of Food Protection 81, no. 7 (June 22, 2018): 1171–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-465.
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ABSTRACT Microbial contamination of fresh produce (fresh fruits and vegetables) poses serious public health concerns worldwide. This study was conducted as a comprehensive analysis of biological hazards in the global fresh produce chain. Data about produce-related outbreaks and illness were collected from the annual reports and databases of foodborne outbreak surveillance systems in different regions and countries from 2010 to 2015. The global patterns of and regional differences in documented outbreaks and cases were analyzed, and produce commodities and pathogens of greatest concern were identified. Data on sporadic illnesses were also collected through a comprehensive literature review of case-control studies. We found 988 produce-related outbreaks (with known agents) and 45,723 cases in all regions and countries. The numbers of produce-related outbreaks per million person-years were approximately 0.76, 0.26, 0.25, 0.13, 0.12, and 0.05 in New Zealand, Australia, the United States, the European Union, Canada, and Japan, respectively. The top three food categories and pathogens contributing to produce-related outbreaks were vegetables and nonfruits (i.e., food other than fruits; 27.0%), unspecified vegetables (12.2%), and vegetable row crops (11.7%) and norovirus (42.4%), Salmonella enterica (19.9%), and Staphylococcus aureus (7.9%), respectively. Produce consumption was identified as a protective factor, a risk factor, and either a protective or risk factor for sporadic illnesses in 11, 5, and 5 studies, respectively, among 21 case-control studies. Risks associated with produce consumption in the United States and the European Union have been linked to various factors such as irrigation water, cross-contamination, storage time and temperature abuse, infected food handlers, and unprocessed contaminated ingredients. The results of the current study indicate the complexity of produce products consumed across the globe and the difficulty in tracing illnesses back to specific food ingredients.
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Benalya, Mouldi. "The New Coronavirus and World Geopolitical Transformations." Contemporary Arab Affairs 14, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 18–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/caa.2021.14.1.18.
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This article studies the major transformations resulting from the global Covid-19 pandemic and how to examine it from the point of view of social philosophy through two sub-themes. The first relates to understanding the state of collective panic in Spain, France, and Italy. It is logical that fear of the pandemic should not turn into a state of collective panic in societies living under technologically advanced political systems, except in cases where these societies lack the basic elements on which social ties are based. Therefore, how do we understand the fragility of these social ties in European countries where mass panic is threatening daily life? The second sub-theme is related to the gestures and features of creating a new geopolitical map that has benefitted from the geopolitical retreat of the West to consolidate other political and regional alliances, mainly the Chinese initiative to tender aid to Italy at a time when other European countries turned their backs on and closed their borders with that European Union member state. How do we understand the contribution of the pandemic in forming new geopolitical alliances that could reset the balance of power in the world? We will observe the political behavior of countries that are supposed to be the first to have shown solidarity with Italy, Spain, and France, which are members of the European Union. We analyze the factors related to the erosion of the basis on which classical European society is based, where collective panic represents one of the manifestations of this disintegration. This panic, which was expressed in the rush to buy foodstuffs and the outbreak of a “toilet paper” buying fever that spread throughout Europe and the United States, saw shelves suddenly empty without a direct reason for this fact. Also, the study determines the relationship that binds these factors to the political disintegration expressed in the lack of solidarity from parts of the European Union with the three countries most affected by the pandemic. The second part of the study discusses how China will benefit from these political developments in the West with the prevalence of collective panic due to the pandemic, especially in the case of Italy, and how China is consolidating solidarity relations with these countries, drawing a map of new international political relations as part of its Silk Road project. Also, there is a discussion of the French philosopher Michel Foucault’s study on plague as a theoretical framework.
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Fung, Ka Yi. "How Economic Dependency Was Created Through the WTO: A Case Study of South Korea." Journal of Developing Societies 33, no. 4 (November 19, 2017): 469–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0169796x17738586.
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Adapting the framework of dependency theory, the article asks how the economic dependency of less developed countries (LDCs) on developed countries (DCs) is created through free trade. This article uses South Korea’s entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO) as a case study to illustrate this economic dependency creation process. Based on second-hand data from existing studies, the European Union, and the WTO, this article finds: (i) due to limited farmland size and high production costs, South Korean agricultural products cannot win a seat in the world market; (ii) the local agricultural sector was destroyed in South Korea because small farmers cannot earn a living by farming; and (iii) since the local agricultural sector cannot support the food demand in South Korea, South Korea now has to import a large amount of food. This article concludes that free trade actually destroys the local agricultural industry and the food security of South Korea, and consequently makes South Korea have to rely heavily on DCs for food import.
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KUZMINA, Violetta M., and Arina V. SVETIKOVA. "THE REACTION OF THE WORLD COMMUNITY AND THE ECONOMIES OF GREAT BRITAIN AND THE EU TO BREXIT." Historical and social-educational ideas 11, no. 2 (May 16, 2019): 147–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17748/2075-9908-2019-11-2-147-157.
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Introduction. Today Brexit is one of the most pressing issues of world politics, due to the acquisition of global proportions. Of course, this process is a phenomenon at the regional level, but the very fact of the voting and the efforts being made to exit the UK economy from the EU created many questions around themselves, thereby giving rise to the idea in the minds of the population of other countries that the EU cannot cope with the main functions there is the possibility of holding a referendum and a decision to leave the union. The UK and the European Union have never been partners for each other from a historical perspective. Multiple prerequisites, which originated in the last century almost immediately after the signing of the decision on the accession of the Kingdom to the EU, tended to develop and grow. Disputes among members of parliament have always existed, but were not as pronounced as today. In this sense, the country's policy was divided into 2 camps: those who spoke and advocate for the measures of “tough” Brexit, and those who believed and believe that the exit process should be smooth and measured in order not to spoil relations with the EU point of no return.Methods. As the materials of the study were taken data presented in monographic studies and journalistic articles of domestic, but mostly foreign experts in the field of international law, the General modern history, the history of the UK, macroeconomics. The article is written on the basis of sociological research conducted by Western European agencies and Brexit research centers using the analytical type of research and its forms: sociological and expert surveys. The analysis of statistical economic information regarding the real GDP of the EU countries is presented using a comparative historical research method.Results and conclusions. Economic consequences for the European Union from Brexit will become noticeable after some time has passed since the date of the official UK secession from the European Union. Also a minus will be the reduction of anti-crisis programs that the European Union is trying to implement. Attention is deserved by the attitude of other European countries to the membership in the European Union. In this case, more and more we are talking about opposition movements, parties that develop the theme of Euroscepticism. This is especially true in drawing a parallel with the critical eurodirection, which has been traced in EU policy lately.
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Jarosz-Angowska, Aneta. "CHANGES IN THE COMPETITIVE POSITION OF CHINA AND THE EUROPEAN UNION IN INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD TRADE CONSIDERING AGRICULTURAL WORKFORCE PRODUCTIVITY." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XIII, no. 1 (March 3, 2021): 48–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.7847.
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This paper aims to evaluate the competitive position of China and the European Union in international agricultural and food trade using properly selected measurement indicators and comparing the resulting values with changes in workforce productivity in agriculture. On foreign markets, an improvement in the competitive position of a country/ regional group is equivalent to an increase in the share of a specific entity in export markets. One of the basic determinants of the scale of regional and global competitiveness is workforce productivity. The period of analysis ranges from 2001 to 2017. Data was retrieved from statistics database FAOSTAT and the World Bank. The analysis used indicator-based methods. The studies carried out endorse the statement that a larger improvement in workforce productivity in agriculture in China compared to EU countries had little influence on the international competitive position of that country compared to EU countries. In the analyzed period, the value of the trade coverage ratio (TCR) is decreasing for China and increasing for the EU, as is the value of the relative export orientation index (REO). In the case of China, the negative balance of trade is deepening, while the EU achieves a positive balance in agricultural and food trade in 2010. The results of analyses point to an improvement in the competitive position of the European Union and a deterioration in the position of China in international agricultural and food trade.
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Kulczycka, Joanna, Ewa Dziobek, and Anita Szmiłyk. "Challenges in the management of data on extractive waste—the Polish case." Mineral Economics 33, no. 3 (August 26, 2019): 341–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13563-019-00203-5.
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Abstract The study analysed the waste statistics of European Union (EU) countries with particular emphasis on waste from extractive industries. Assessment of the data available at EU level (Eurostat) and presented by individual countries showed that even with a number of EU regulations and guidance, there are no complete, consistent and integrated reports that monitor the implementation of measures and support for waste management. Based on the example of Poland, a detailed analysis of the environmental reports from each mining company (to the regional database) and a grouping of the data according to EU waste codes were conducted for the 2017 data. The results were then compared with the data provided by the Central Statistical Office. It has been shown that there is a need for the reporting to be improved in order to avoid inconsistencies and to be able to undertake a detailed assessment of the approach and activities carried out with regard to their impact on the environment and society. Based on the example of Poland, the collection of data based on the waste code at the level of each mining company can be recommended, and this should be made available to the public by individual group of wastes on one platform (e.g. Eurostat) which would be helpful for proper waste management and the creation of industrial symbiosis and a quicker transformation towards a circular economy.
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Bruno, Valerio A., and Giacomo Finzi. "Leading through a Decade of Crisis—Not Bad, After All." German Politics and Society 36, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 50–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2018.360403.
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The decade following the great economic and financial crisis of 2008 saw the European Union demanding regional leadership. The EU has also suffered a number of other existential crises, such as the ongoing refugee crisis, the Ukraine-Russia military confrontation, the revival of nationalism and radical right-wing populism, alongside the “trade war” between the United States and the EU. The article develops a novel theoretical framework structuring leadership as a peculiar typology of power, characterized by the capacity of both including “followership” countries’ interests and providing crisis management. Our central argument is that Germany responded strategically to leadership demand in Europe through a positive power role, exhibiting the inclusion of followership and multilateral leadership rather than hegemonic, together with crisis management skills based on solid influence over regional outcomes. Conclusions are drawn from five key case studies drawn from different policy areas.
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Caetano, Santiago. "Global Sustainability and Structural Power: The Case of Bioeconomy in a Transitional World." Administrative Consulting, no. 8 (October 26, 2022): 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1726-1139-2022-8-56-66.
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This article studies the incidence of the bioeconomic agenda within the ongoing technological and scientific revolution and its link with inter-regional relations, in the framework of an international system in transition. In this sense, the theory of structural power is proposed as an analytical tool to observe the power relations that can emerge in relation with the development cooperation processes and the consequent configuration of new governance articulations related to sustainable development. It also reflects on the opportunities and challenges concerning this productive paradigm and it focuses on the upcoming relevance of its agenda for the east-west relations between Russia and the European Union. The article argues that although Russia is not among the most important global competitors in the field of bioeconomy, its structural qualities gives the country an important relational power in its connections with other countries/regional configurations. Within the framework of its relations with the European Union, the development of the bioeconomy emerges as a possible scenario of negotiation and dialogue that may renew the currently conflicted bilateral agenda in the face of future development challenges. That would create possibilities to boost confidence in the sharing of scientific and technological information, and also to forge mutually beneficial inter-dependencies. Regarding the methodological strategy, the general approach consists of the premise that global systemic changes generate either incentives or restrictions for technical cooperation around scientific and technological innovation. In this framework, global changes refer both to globalization, as well as to the technological revolution and the urgency around contemporary socio-ecological challenges, and the growing importance of the bioeconomic paradigm in the multilateral spheres of international cooperation. The methodological design is based on a qualitative-exploratory case study, with an explanatory aim.
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Sieriebriak, Kseniia, and Oleksandra Melnykova. "ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES (ОN THE EXAMPLE OF UKRAINE): REGIONAL ASPECT." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 4, no. 4 (September 2018): 306–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2018-4-4-306-314.
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Research background. Modern trends in world politics and international relations dictate new schemes for establishing links between regions and encourage states to constantly improve them. One such form is economic cooperation between regions, whose development strategies are gradually being introduced in countries around the world. Since Ukraine signed an association agreement with the European Union, in most economic and legal issues it relies on the experience of the European countries. In addition, worthy of attention is the analysis of the current state of the regional development in Ukraine and on its basis the formation of the basic principles for interregional cooperation. Such experience and identifying main economic trends in the formation of economic cooperation between different regions can help Ukraine to introduce this process in practical terms and possibly avoid the most popular problems in this area. Purpose of the article. The provisions of the article provide a systematic estimation of the regional development of Ukraine based on the calculation of the Spearman coefficient from 2006 to 2016. On the basis of these calculations, the main preconditions for the economic development of interregional cooperation are analysed and the basic principles of such cooperation for the regions of Ukraine are formed. Methodology/methods. This work is based on the generalization of the official methodological information of the following Ukrainian regions that are the most interested for the economic foundations of the interregional development. Ukraine has a new decentralization reform for the regions, which will be able to give impetus to the economic development and increase the effectiveness of the interregional ties. Nevertheless, since this process is quite new for our country, it is critically important to study foreign experience in this field. In the future, as a result of such studies, it would be possible to develop economic and legal mechanisms for introducing the best world practices in the Ukrainian legal field. Value/originality. The provisions of the article solve an important theoretical and practical task – firstly for Ukraine – contribute to the formation of the interregional cooperation institution since by this time there is no unanimous opinion on the legislative level or on the scientific one. It seems possible, through such studies, to create the real mechanisms for the regional development in Ukraine and their cooperation with each other. Most Ukrainian and world economists view the development of the regions as such in themselves, no one examines it through the prism of economic development of interregional cooperation. We support and use this approach, because it is very important, as it provides an opportunity to comprehensively analyse the current state of the meso-level in Ukraine. For the first time in Ukraine, the results of the formation development at the regional level in the context of interregional cooperation are presented in the detailed description that could give the opportunity to Ukrainian economists for the next step in this scientific field. Practical implications. The results of this article will form the basis for the assistance to various regions in Ukraine in the matter of strategic planning and their cooperation since no clear and detailed actions for them have yet been recorded. In addition, this work is relevant for representatives of state authorities and scientists who deal with issues of the regional economy because no one in Ukraine has ever considered these issues in the context of interregional cooperation.
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BICA, Smaranda, and Diana BELCI. "Urban Sprawl and its Effects on Environment and Farmland a Timisoara Case Study." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Agriculture 71, no. 1 (May 29, 2014): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-agr:10154.
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Urban sprawl has been plaguing Western European and American cities for the last 70 years. One has fought against this phenomenon all over the world with a combination of strategic planning and urban regulations, focusing on growth management, sustainable development and preservation of farmland. East European cities, Romanian cities included, have been rapaciously consuming the free natural and agricultural land around them, without long-term development policies. The aim of this paper is analyzing urban sprawl around Timișoara and finding efficient ways of economizing urban and rural land. The article is based on several urban studies, statistical and traffic data showing the magnitude of the phenomenon and its dramatic effects on the environment.The European Union required to recent members to follow the path set by the developed countries, even if their economies have a system more or less centralized inherited from communism. It is still unclear who should be responsible for urban planning; the rules and regulations are made along the way, while the investors’ pressure is huge. Meanwhile extended rural and agricultural land might be destroyed. Most politicians do not acknowledge this problem as they approve further expansion into farmland without any previous planning. This paper might be just tackling this subject, but its target should be making urban sprawl more visible, understanding its dimension and dramatic effects around Romanian cities.
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Guerreiro, José. "Africa Integrated Maritime Policy, blue growth and a new ocean governance: case studies from the Atlantic and the Indian Ocean." Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science, no. 1/2022 (November 29, 2022): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/wiojms.si2022.1.2.
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Integrated maritime and blue economy policies are changing ocean governance by introducing new policy drivers, reshaping institutional frameworks, as well as demanding new management instruments (e.g., Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP)). This started in 2007 though the European Union Integrated Maritime Policy approach, and in 2009 the Africa Union initiated a similar process, leading both to the Africa integrated maritime strategy as well as a blue economy strategy. Several countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, began to look to blue economy as a booster to socioeconomic welfare and initiated the development of national strategies, together with the necessary adaptation of institutional and legal networks. Case studies address those processes at the transition from the Atlantic to the Indian Oceans, focusing on Angola, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania and Kenya in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region, as well as several African Small Islands Developing States (SIDS), particularly Cape Verde, S. Tomé and Príncipe, Seychelles, Madagascar and Mauritius. Findings show that all countries covered in the case studies are developing national ocean and/or blue economy strategies and adapting their governmental, institutional, and legal frameworks, although there is a deeper political impact in SIDS. Overall, these new policy drivers are leading to a new model of ocean governance by addressing integrated maritime policies and blue growth strategies, as well as introducing MSP as a new EEZ governance tool.
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Dawadi, Babu Ram, Subarna Shakya, and Ananda Raj Khanal. "Government Roadmap for IPv4 to IPv6 Network Migration: A Case of Nepal." Journal of the Institute of Engineering 11, no. 1 (March 29, 2016): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v11i1.14696.
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The recent breakthrough in Information and Communication Technologies(ICT) make the internet and e-mail as a basic service for the people of every country. The rapid growth in internet users and ICT market by the development of smart devices increase the challenges in hardware and networking management as well as effciency on software and services. Hence migration to new and latest technologies like software defned networking, cloud computing and IPv6 addressing become inevitable for the service providers throughout the world. Asia is the frst continent where shortage of IPv4 was faced. APNIC announced the depletion of IPv4 address on April 2011 [1]. Similarly the IPv4 pool on other Regional Internet Registries have already fnished except AFRINIC. With the shortage of address, Asian countries like Japan, China, India, Malaysia etc... have developed the government policies and national roadmap. They are under monitoring and evaluation of the private and public networks. European union and the American government put forward the priority on IPv6 network migration. In this paper a migration roadmap for Nepal is being proposed after reviewing the world’s IPv6 migration status, other countries policy and roadmap for migration planning as well as survey carried out with Nepalese telecom, internet market and government agencies . Journal of the Institute of Engineering, 2015, 11(1): 67-78
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Krasnoselskaya, Dina Kh. "Examining Regional Polycentricity: Does It Really Matter in Transitional Russia?" Economy of Region 17, no. 2 (June 2021): 389–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2021-2-3.
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n the normative agenda of European countries, polycentricity is considered a desirable spatial form for encouraging regional competitiveness and territorial cohesion. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russian regions have undergone various reforms aimed at reducing tremendous social-economic differentiation, but the results of applied strategic plans were moderate. According to the existing Spatial Development Strategy of the Russian Federation, polycentric patterns are encouraged to increase the quality of economic space and its connectivity. Using statistical data from 2017 for 271 Russian municipalities, the research addresses the impact of socio-economic determinants and road infrastructure on the spatial structure. The Republic of Bashkortostan and six adjacent regions served as a case study. Conducted regression analysis identified key variables that influence polycentricity, upon which global and local Moran’s indexes were calculated to reveal the potential for intraregional cooperation. Research findings showed that polycentricity in its morphologic nature is positively determined by economic variables (namely, the value of shipped goods, performed works and services) and social infrastructure (the number of doctors per 10 000 inhabitants) while spatial autocorrelation is weak both within and beyond regional boundaries. The results may be used for formulating regional policies, infrastructure programmes, and spatial planning.
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Barisa, Aiga, and Marika Roša. "Modelling transition policy to a sustainable regional transport system." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 26, no. 3 (April 13, 2015): 357–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-08-2014-0122.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to address the difficulty of implementing the European Union renewable energy policy in the transport sector. The authors describe a case study illustrating the capacity of the three Baltic States to meet the binding target of 10 per cent renewable energy in the transport sector by 2020. Design/methodology/approach – An excel-based mathematical model is developed and applied to evaluate the effect of a selected set of measures according to the sustainable transportation concept. Findings – The findings demonstrate that the projected renewable energy targets in the transport sector of the Baltic States cannot be achieved without unwavering political commitment towards the promotion of alternative fuel vehicles. Increasing the share of mandatory biofuel blends has a major effect, however, it is not enough to meet the 10 per cent goal. Other measures such as lower transport demand and mode shift are included but do not offer significant benefits under a realistic scenario. Practical implications – The findings are expected to serve as a basis to conduct further studies into sustainable transport development in the Baltic region. Moreover, policy makers may find these results useful in formulating a national position. Originality/value – The methodology and the findings reported in this study could be also used for analysing renewable transport policies in other European countries.
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Wojtowicz, Dominika, and Agnieszka Olechnicka. "Short-Term Problems and Long-Term Oriented Policy: EU Cohesion Policy Responding to Crisis." Barometr Regionalny. Analizy i Prognozy 14, no. 3 (November 22, 2016): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.56583/br.490.
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European Union Cohesion Policy (CP ) creates the basis for long-term sustainable development and provides a very significant financial resource in many EU countries. In many disadvantaged regions CP funds have became a main tool supporting implementation of regional development policy. Binding regional policy with long-term CP goals limits however the flexibility of regions in taking measures that go beyond those approved by European Commission within operational programs. In consequence, it can prevent regional authorities from adequate reaction to challenges occurring in the short-term perspective. This paper focuses on the role of CP in responding to short-term problems such as those resulting from the latest financial and economic crisis. The hypothesis on whether the CP management and implementation systems of Regional Operational Programs (ROPs ) remain unchanged in face of short-term disturbances is verified. Our study confirmed the predominantly long-term orientation of CP, as the deterioration of the economic situation in two studied regions did not bring any significant changes related to the main goals, objectives or funds allocation. However, the two case studies proved that regions undertook special actions and implemented projects focused on resolving short-term problems and challenges in the 2007–2013 period.
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Oprea, Florin, Mihaela Onofrei, Dan Lupu, Georgeta Vintila, and Gigel Paraschiv. "The Determinants of Economic Resilience. The Case of Eastern European Regions." Sustainability 12, no. 10 (May 21, 2020): 4228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12104228.
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The economic crisis of 2008 strongly affected European countries, many of them slipping into a recession whose depth and manifestation differed substantially from country to country and from region to region. In this context, economists revived the concept of economic resilience of states and regions and focused on identifying and explaining its determinants. The literature investigates ways to enhance economic resilience through appropriate public policies, but the studies conducted so far have several limitations. In order to contribute to this goal, this article analyzes the economic resilience of the regions of seven Eastern European countries (Bulgaria, Hungary, Croatia, Czech Republic, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia) and its main determinant factors. The results show that, in terms of resistance, Bulgaria, Slovenia and their regions behaved best, while Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania and Slovakia (including regions) had a negative evolution. In terms of recovery Bulgaria (and 4 regions out of 6), Romania (5 out of 8 regions) and Slovakia (4 of 4 regions) performed better than the other Eastern countries. The determining factors of resilience for the studied regions concern the size of the manufacturing sector, the services and public administration, entrepreneurship and the human capital represented by tertiary education; agriculture and urban population have no significant influence on regional resilience. We adopt an econometric approach in this study, using the quantile regression for the analysis. Based on these empirical evidences, appropriate proposals have been formulated, useful to both field theorists and practitioners in public policy.
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Drobne, Samo, and Marija Bogataj. "Regions for Servicing Old People: Case study of Slovenia." Business Systems Research Journal 5, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 19–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bsrj-2014-0017.
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Abstract Background: Aging is one of the most serious problems that most developed countries are facing in the 21st century. In the European Union, Member States are responsible for the planning, funding and administration of health care and social protection systems. Local authorities and state governments should undertake research toward developing an appropriate array of community-based care services for old people. Objectives: This study analyses the regions of Slovenia for servicing old people in the 2000-2010 time horizon. Methods/Approach: Sets of functional regions were modelled for each year in the analysed period using the Intramax method. Functional regions were evaluated based on the attractiveness of central places for labour commuters and the propensity to commute between regions. Results: The results show that in addition to the nominally declared regional centres of Slovenia, there are also some other local centres that should be potentially included in the functional areas for servicing old people. Conclusions: The results suggest that the regionalization into seven functional regions is the most convenient for servicing old people in the region. Furthermore, some additional functional regions at a lower level are suggested.
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Xu, Yue, and Dayu Zhai. "Impact of Changes in Membership on Prices of a Unified Carbon Market: Case Study of the European Union Emissions Trading System." Sustainability 14, no. 21 (October 25, 2022): 13806. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142113806.
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Using the event study methodology, the paper studies the effects of 22 key events in countries’ process of entering and exiting the European Union on returns of European Union Allowance (EUA) future prices in the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS). The events include 17 entry events concerning the signing of relevant agreements, becoming a candidate or potential candidate country, the process of a negotiation and formally entering the EU, and five exit events including the process of Brexit and the suspension of Iceland. The results show that two entry events involving Albania and Ukraine, respectively, have a significant positive impact, and five entry events have a significant negative impact. Among the exit events, the announcement of the Brexit referendum results causes significant negative market reaction. Most events regarding small carbon emitters entering the EU lead to negative cumulative abnormal returns (CAR) of EUA prices, and a significant negative correlation between the countries’ annual average carbon emissions and CAR is found, while the change of national allocation plans does not affect the market reaction notably. In the process of establishing a unified carbon market, regulators should carry out appropriate policy arrangements of emission allowances allocation when new members join, in order to guide market expectations and enhance market stability.
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Szajt, Marek, and Marcin Zawada. "Development of Tourist Traffic in the Regions of the European Union in 2000–2015 – A Spatial and Temporal Analysis." Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia 18, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 82–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/foli-2018-0007.
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Abstract Tourism is a significant branch of the service sector in the economies of the European Union. The ever-growing role of tourism ‒ as a result of wage increases and the prolongation of free time ‒ is reflected in many studies. For selected countries and regions characterized by appropriate conditions for tourism development and often accompanied by the lack of other developed sectors of the economy, this is an alternative, for others it complements the service offering. In each case, this phenomenon is worth investigating. The aim of this article is to identify similarities and differences in the tourist development of individual regions of the European Union, taking into account selected factors determining these differences. The study uses a space-time model estimated using GRETL and Eviews. EUROSTAT data for 265 regions at NUTS2 level (without oversea French territories) for 2000‒2015 were used based on availability for selected areas. In addition to the data on tourism intensity, the data on the wealth of the population and their demographic characteristics were taken into account. The results should be helpful in developing regional tourism development strategies.
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Diogo, Ana Victória. "The inhabitants of the border." Latin American Journal of European Studies 2, no. 2 (2022): 442–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.51799/2763-8685v2n2014.
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In the midst of the so-called “crisis” of refugees in Europe, it is imperative to identify the particular challenges faced by refugee women and girls, in order to assess the effectiveness of public policies implemented for this social group. Assuming that there is specific violence suffered by refugee women, this article consists in a case study of refugee reception policies by European Union States between 2015 and 2021. Mobilizing Feminist and Decolonial theoretical approaches to International Relations and Subaltern Studies, it is concluded that direct and indirect violence is being perpetrated against refugees in EU countries. Thus, this work argues that public policies for refugees in the EU do not sufficiently reduce this situation of violence. The regional norms for the reception of refugees from the European Union, however, grant wide discretion to the Member States to implement public policies of this nature, which results in dissonances between the reception standards in each State. The reality of insufficiency and inefficiency of reception policies carried out by EU Member States on issues of gender-based violence, consists of a type of institutional silencing and the reproduction of subalternity.
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Fuller, Crispian. "Understanding the impact of Brexit: The case of foreign software corporations in Scotland and South East England." European Urban and Regional Studies 28, no. 2 (February 5, 2021): 173–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969776421989401.
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Market and institutional shocks and upheaval, brought about by political, economic and social changes, have the potential to generate significant corporate restructuring. Foreign subsidiaries are particularly vulnerable to such impacts given the embeddedness of parent companies in their home countries, with the potential for disinvestment and regional decoupling. This paper examines the impact of the Brexit vote and negotiation period on UK-based foreign subsidiaries in the software and software-related sectors in Scotland and South East England. This firm-centric approach follows recent evolutionary thinking that restates the importance of examining the firm as a means by which to understand how regions respond to such disturbances. Rather than simply examine impact, the paper is concerned with why the scope and scale of impacts are mediated by particular corporate and global production networks (GPN) processes. Key to this is the examination of the importance of the value creation corporate role and degree of replication within the corporation (specificity), the GPN spatial configuration, and the markets that subsidiaries are mandated to serve. The paper concludes that a variety of impacts are evident, but that notable negative consequences have arisen for subsidiaries with low corporate specificity, working through European Union (EU)-configured GPNs, and serving European markets. These negative impacts are more notable in Scotland, compared with South East England where a large minority have experienced no detrimental impacts.
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Kisgyörgy, Sándor, György Botond, and John M. Tyson. "Water Quality Management and Legislation in Hungary - A River Basin Approach." Water Science and Technology 40, no. 10 (November 1, 1999): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0505.
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The project summarised in this paper was aimed at developing water quality legislation in Hungary and funded through the PHARE programme of the European Union. Hungary, in common with the other former Eastern European countries, is in a period of transition as it moves from a state socialist system to a free market economy and a full member of the European Union. The project sought to explore the means whereby water quality could be managed on a river basin basis and the legislative, institutional, economic and regulatory challenges resolved. A key element of the project was the carrying out of five case studies, on different catchments, to evaluate the various approaches. An important element of these studies was the participation of all interested parties in the individual catchments. The project showed that to move to a full system of integrated river basin management would be a step too far at this stage and, instead, recommended a system of Catchment Planning Commissions, accountable to Central Government, for the development of catchment based water quality objectives and plans for their achievement together with the monitoring and reporting of progress on implementation. The concomitant legal requirements were detailed and the need for public participation emphasised.
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Šťastná, Milada, and Jana Dufková. "New tool for education and training in sustainable land use." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 55, no. 4 (2007): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200755040089.
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Almost every professional sector has embarked on the move toward sustainability. Most notably, business, architecture and design, urban and rural planning, agriculture, local and state governments, non-governmental organizations and higher education. European landscapes are facing rapid changes in land use, where understanding and management of this process is essential. Sustainability has become a widely acknowledged dimension of human actions, but still little stress is put on education in sustainability. This paper identifies focus of education, gives suggestions for improvements and presents a new tool for education and training in sustainable land use – “Road Planner”. As results, it provides all users with new interesting facts on sustainability in the European Union and additional materials related to sustainable land use and Sustainability Impact Assessments (SIA). Users got the access to updated information regarding approximately 3000 courses on offer in this topic area throughout the European Union as well as case studies to compare sustainability practices in these countries in comparison to other parts of the world. Furthermore the end result of the information chain also leads the user to a collection of links such as interesting websites and further reading in the topic area.
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Hogic, Nedim. "The European Union’s Economic Conditionality and Europeanization of the Western Balkans." Southeastern Europe 46, no. 2 (October 31, 2022): 121–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/18763332-46020001.
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Abstract This article evaluates the role that the economic conditionality of the European Union (EU) toward the six Western Balkan countries may play in the transformation of these countries as a part of their EU accession process. The article is a case study of a temporary policy shift that occurred in 2014 in relation to conditions that Bosnia and Herzegovina must fulfill to qualify for opening negotiations on EU membership. It also aims to address what this shift has achieved for the Europeanization of Bosnia and Herzegovina and its progress towards EU accession. The shift, implemented via an economic plan called the Reform Agenda, was an attempt at Europeanization of the country’s economic policies that temporarily put aside the constitutional reform demands that had previously dominated the Europeanization discourse. After the first five years of the Reform Agenda, moderate gains primarily in the domain of economic development and fiscal stability were made; however, political fragmentation and nationalistic and secessionist ideas have prevented the reforms from making a stronger impact. Additionally, the lack of a defined desired outcome in terms of measurable economic reforms and the inadequate planning by the EU were not conducive to a more transformative impact.
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Reis, João, Paula Santo, and Nuno Melão. "Impact of Artificial Intelligence Research on Politics of the European Union Member States: The Case Study of Portugal." Sustainability 12, no. 17 (August 19, 2020): 6708. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12176708.
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Currently, artificial intelligence (AI) is at the center of academic and public debate. However, its implications on politics remain little understood. To understand the impact of the AI phenomenon on politics of the European Union (EU), we have carried out qualitative multimethod research by performing a systematic literature review and a case study. The first method was performed according to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA), in order to report the state-of-the-art in the existing literature and explore the most relevant research areas. The second method contained contributions from experts in data science and AI of the Portuguese scientific community. The results showed that solutions such as intelligent decision support systems are improving the political decision-making process and impacting the Portuguese society at local, regional, and national levels. We also found that practitioners and scientists are currently shifting their interests from environmental and biological sciences to healthcare services, which is bringing new challenges in terms of protecting patient/citizen data and growing concerns about handling of critical information. Future research may focus on comparative studies with other EU States to obtain a comprehensive and holistic understanding of the AI phenomenon.
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Rudenko Olha, Rudenko Olha, Zhytar Maksym Zhytar Maksym, and Kodis Yevheniy Kodis Yevheniy. "EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN THE CONTEXT OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EASTERN PARTNERSHIP PROJECT IN UKRAINE." Socio World-Social Research & Behavioral Sciences 03, no. 01 (January 14, 2021): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/swd03012021139.
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It was found that today Ukraine is not ready to introduce a decentralized system due to shortcomings in budget planning and non-transparency of public financial management. In case of its introduction in the management system of EU funds of Ukraine, it is advisable to develop a preparatory stage for a decentralized management system of EU assistance resources, which will ensure an independent audit of Ukraine's external assistance management system. Based on the results of the audit, it is necessary to determine the responsible state institution that will carry out the overall coordination of the decentralized system in the subsequent stages of its implementation. An urgent challenge for modern Ukraine is the ability to develop a national research and innovation strategy in line with the best EU models. To date, Ukraine lacks a comprehensive systemic vision for the development of science, technology and innovation, and dialogue with civil society and the expert community is somewhat of a formality. The plans and proposals submitted by the Ministry of Education and Science and the Ministry of Economic Development, Trade and Agriculture need to be properly coordinated. After all, such inconsistency of actions of government structures is also reflected in the quality and effectiveness of the legislation of Ukraine, increases the time of adoption of laws in the Verkhovna Rada. In this regard, cooperation between the three committees in particular needs to be significantly improved, namely: the Committee on Education and Science, the Committee on Informatization and Communications and the Committee on Industrial Policy and Entrepreneurship. Promoting cooperation and integration with the European Union will allow the citizens of the respective partner countries to adapt European values faster, increase people's awareness of the experience and prospects of EU countries, and significantly strengthen their self-identification as Europeans. The importance of the role of the Eastern Partnership in security issues for both the EU and the countries participating in the Eastern Partnership should be emphasized. Keywords: European Union, European integration, Eastern Partnership, regional cooperation, Association Agreement, public administration.