Journal articles on the topic 'Regional planning European Economic Community countries'
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1
Tömmel, I. "Regional Policy in the European Community: Its Impact on Regional Policies and Public Administration in the Mediterranean Member States." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 5, no. 3 (September 1987): 369–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c050369.
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When the European Community (EC) created the European Fund for Regional Development (EFRD) in 1975, regional policy was established at an international level for the first time ever. Because of the chosen instruments and the ‘additive’ mechanism of implementation—via the administrative bodies of the member states—this policy seemed at first to mean little more than a reinforcement of regional policies at a national level. Since then, the EC has considerably intensified its regional policy and diversified its instruments. However, the recent reforms of the Community's regional policy serve not only to achieve (certain) development effects with respect to the economic structure of less-developed areas, but also as a means of reorganizing governmental (planning) bodies and regional development policies in the member states, that is, as a means of inducing modernization and differentiation of state intervention in the countries concerned. Thus, the EC intervenes’ in the affairs of the member states: Not in the shape of more or less authoritarian intervention by a superior body—EC powers do not permit this—but via the indirect effect of market mechanism. Subsidies are the economic incentive to collaborate.
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Braveboy-Wagner, Jacqueline A. "The Regional Foreign Policy of Trinidad and Tobago: Historical and Contemporary Aspects." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 31, no. 3 (1989): 37–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/165892.
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It is logical to assume that small states focus more attention on the regional, subsystemic or “contiguous” environment (Reid, 1974: 31) than on the broader international system. Given their financial limitations, small states are circumscribed in their ability to influence the international environment but can be effective in the regional context. Even if some small states, by virtue of comparative wealth or ideological commitment, have the capability and inclination to exploit the international environment rather than confine their focus to the region around them, they still find their attention directed, to a large extent, to the immediacy of regional problems and to regional activities that are grounded in social, cultural, political, and economic linkages to the countries nearby. More often than not, economic ties have been formalized in regional integration movements patterned along the lines of the European Community (EC).
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Manzetti, Luigi. "The Political Economy of MERCOSUR." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 35, no. 4 (1994): 101–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/165956.
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Recent literature on regional integration has stressed the key role that emerging trading blocs will have in shaping the world economy of the 21st-century. With the end of the Cold War, policymakers have refocused their attention on economic issues. Economic trends — such as rapid changes in research, technology, capital flow, and trade patterns — have assumed a new importance. Increasing competition in world markets has induced industrialized countries to cluster together in regional economic blocs. This has been the case with the European Community (EC), the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) signatories (the United States, Canada, and Mexico), and possibly Japan and its East Asian neighbors. However, these experiments in regional integration differ appreciably in nature. For instance, the EC explicitly seeks an economic and political union, whereas the NAFTA is simply a free trade area whose goal is the eventual elimination of restrictions on investment flows.
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Robson, Peter. "Regional Integration and the Crisis in Sub-Saharan Africa." Journal of Modern African Studies 23, no. 4 (December 1985): 603–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00054999.
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The appalling experience of most African countries has led many observers to conclude that the continent has now reached a critical stage in its development, and that a political, social, and economic ‘nightmare’ by the turn of the century cannot be ruled out.1 One pessimistic scenario suggests that even with fundamental improvements in domestic economic management, up to four-fifths of Africa's population in 1995 will be below the poverty line compared with three-fifths today.2 This is the context in which African leaders enunciated new development priorities in their 1980 Lagos Plan of Action, notably greater self-reliance and industrialisation geared to domestic markets. Outside the continent, a growing concern with dismal African prospects has generated two action programmes by the World Bank,3 while new guidelines have recently been produced in the European Community for supporting African development.4 Without exception, all of these appraisals see a major role for regional co-operation and economic integration.
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Velychko, Valentyn, and Zhu Honggen. "COMPREHENSIVE TRANSITION: REGIONAL STUDIES AND PRACTICES IN CHINA." GEOGRAPHY AND TOURISM, no. 56 (2020): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2308-135x.2020.56.29-37.
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The article aims to outline the main features of the development of the regional economy as a policy and science in the era of reform and openness. The research was conducted using the tools of the theory of transition, which have been developed in China since the early 1980's,fixing the pace and priorities for modernization of the country. The theoretical foundations of economic reforms, including in their spatial dimension, in China turned out to be somewhat different from the classical ones due to their implementation in the conditions of the official course of building "socialism with Chinese specifics" and transformations of the economic mechanism while solving problems of industrialization and modernization. The formation of the concept of China's transition economy took place in conditions of stability of the political foundations of society within the socialist socio-economic system with active state regulation of socio-economic processes. There were no market transformations analogues in the economic history of China, which necessitated long-term, constant and creative development of economic theory, and in the short term - constant monitoring of the economic situation in the country, as well as in-depth analysis of current problems of their own development. From the very beginning of the process of economic reform, Chinese scholars have conducted comparative studies of the economic development of a number of countries. Therefore, the basis of Chinese reforms is a comparative analysis of the evolution of industries in different countries to determine the priorities of China's development. At the same time, within the theory of international economic relations, aauthors analyzed the development of the regional economy to identify positive factors that could increase economic growth in regions and in the long-term run allow them to reach the level of regions in the developed countries. Authors adhered to some mainstream regional science theories and leading reserchers’ views. This paper explores rapid rise of most regions in China in recent decades and the challenges of widening gaps between them have been issues of major concern for the Central government. Its policy has steered up regional science research and discussions within academic and university community in China and overseas. This paper explores some banchmarks of regional development in China over its reform and openness period (1978-2020). It considers a range of issues including regional structure, models and systems, intraregional integration and governance by China East, Central, West, North Eest major regions. The novelty of the paper lays in the brief introduction of China regional policy, economy and science as an integrative phenomenon, rarely and in unsystematic way known to European readers. Development the regional policy, economic zoning, regional management and practice of regional planning and forecasting under maturinbg market conditions and more sophisticated, undirect government interventions looks controversial brings new options for further discussion . The authors believe, that, inter alia, the paper could draw attention of academics and practitioners of the two countries to some issues of interregional cooperation.
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Vasilescu, Laura Giurca. "Agricultural Development in European Union: Drivers, Challenges and Perspectives." Pakistan Development Review 47, no. 4II (December 1, 2008): 565–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v47i4iipp.565-580.
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Globalisation of world trade, consumer-led quality requirements and EU enlargement are the new realities and challenges facing European agriculture today. The changes will affect not only agricultural markets, but also local economies in rural areas. The future of the agricultural sector is closely linked to a balanced development of rural areas. The Community dimension in this relationship is therefore clear: agricultural and rural policy have an important role to play in the cohesion of EU territorial, economic and social policy. With over 56 percent of the population in the 27 Member States of the European Union (EU) living in rural areas, which cover 91 percent of the territory, rural development is a vitally important policy area. Farming and forestry remain crucial for land use and the management of natural resources in the EU’s rural areas, and as a platform for economic diversification in rural communities. The strengthening of EU rural development policy is, therefore, an overall EU priority. The European Union has an active rural development policy because this helps to achieve valuable goals for the country sides and for the people who live and work there. The policy is funded partly from the central EU budget and partly from individual Member States' national or regional budgets. Theoretically, individual EU Member States could decide and operate completely independent rural development policies. However, this approach would work poorly in practice. Not all countries in the EU would be able to afford the policy which they needed and many of the issues addressed through rural development policy do not divide up neatly at national or regional boundaries. Also, rural development policy has links to a number of other policies set at EU level. Therefore, the EU has a common rural development policy, which nonetheless places considerable control in the hands of individual Member States and regions. The EU’s rural development policy is all about meeting the challenges faced by our rural areas, and unlocking their potential.
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Jensen, H. T., and V. Plum. "From Centralised State to Local Government the Case of Poland in the Light of Western European Experience." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 11, no. 5 (October 1993): 565–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/d110565.
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Several countries in Western Europe have experienced a restructuring of local and regional government. In Scandinavia local government has been a cornerstone in the building of the welfare society. In the last couple of years Poland (and other Eastern European countries) has been restructured to reduce the central state and to give more power to the private sector and the local government. It is argued that coordination at the local-government level is important for a relevant economic and political response to local problems. A framework is provided for an understanding of the development of the central and local states at the cost of activities performed earlier by the family and the local community, but also as a support (in service and regulation) to activities of the private sector. Second, it is argued that the new EC slogan, ‘a Europe of regions’, has the purpose of strengthening the regional level economically and politically and thereby of dismantling and weakening the national state in order to strengthen the EC. Third, the problems and scope of the Polish local-government reform are illustrated, from vertical control to horizontal coordination. There are difficulties in building powerful local governments at a time when they have nearly no money and are unable to provide the social services which used to be provided through the state firms. There is now a political vacuum for which the upcoming new private sector and the new local governments fight.
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Zahid, Muhammad, Muhammad Ramzan, Muhammad Zia Ul Haq, Wonseok Lee, Jinsoo Hwang, and Jimin Shim. "The Significance of Monetary Policy Transmission Mechanism in the Sustainable Development of the SAARC Economic Community." Sustainability 13, no. 23 (November 28, 2021): 13171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132313171.
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The purpose of this study is to examine the monetary policy transmission mechanisms in seven South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) countries to discover the viability of the convergence of the SAARC into a monetary and economic union based on common monetary channels. By employing optimal currency area theory, we used the restricted VAR analysis on the annual data from 1978 to 2017. We find that the money channel response provides proof for the presence of an exchange rate and credit channels. Furthermore, the real sector also responds to changes in fiscal and monetary shocks through the exchange rate and credit channels over short-run to long-run time horizons. This implies that the SAARC is a good candidate due to common exchange rate and credit channels. The function of the variance decomposition and the impulse for forming a monetary and economic union is that they share a coincidental pattern of dynamic reactions of inflation and growth to exogenous shocks. If the SAARC monetary and economic union is created, it will reap overall economic benefits inside and outside of Asia just like the European Union (EU).
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SPYCHAŁA, Marcin. "Spatial differentiation in the EU fund absorption in Poland – a regional outlook." Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization and Management Series 2020, no. 146 (2020): 455–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.29119/1641-3466.2020.146.32.
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Purpose: The purpose of this article is to conduct an analysis of spatial differentiation of the EU fund absorption of the programming period of 2007-2013 as well as the period of 2014- 2020 in its regional dimension, i.e. at the level of 380 districts in Poland. The article attempts to test a hypothesis according to which in Poland there exist significant spatial variations in using European funds. Design/methodology/approach: In order to specify the level of the socio-economic development of districts, the Hellwig method has been used, by means of which a synthetic measure of development has been construed. Moreover, the compilation has examined the correlation between the discrepancies between the socio-economic level in respective districts and the amount of the community funds used in specific regions. Findings: Based on the research conducted in this paper, one may conclude that the absorption of EU funds stemming from structural funds as well as the cohesion fund is highly spatially varied. In Poland, from the standpoint of districts, there are significant spatial discrepancies in the use of EU funds of the 2007-2013 as well as 2014-2020 financial perspective. Research limitations/implications: In the future, research can be extended to other countries. The research limitation may be, however, the availability of empirical data. Social implications: The results of the research may prove useful in the planning and redistribution of EU funds by central and local government in the new financial perspective 2021-2027 in Poland. Originality/value The article presents a new approach to research on the spatial differentiation of the absorption of EU funds using the Hellwig method and the relationship between the absorption of these funds and the change in the level of socio-economic development.
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Rudenko Olha, Rudenko Olha, Zhytar Maksym Zhytar Maksym, and Kodis Yevheniy Kodis Yevheniy. "EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN THE CONTEXT OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EASTERN PARTNERSHIP PROJECT IN UKRAINE." Socio World-Social Research & Behavioral Sciences 03, no. 01 (January 14, 2021): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/swd03012021139.
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It was found that today Ukraine is not ready to introduce a decentralized system due to shortcomings in budget planning and non-transparency of public financial management. In case of its introduction in the management system of EU funds of Ukraine, it is advisable to develop a preparatory stage for a decentralized management system of EU assistance resources, which will ensure an independent audit of Ukraine's external assistance management system. Based on the results of the audit, it is necessary to determine the responsible state institution that will carry out the overall coordination of the decentralized system in the subsequent stages of its implementation. An urgent challenge for modern Ukraine is the ability to develop a national research and innovation strategy in line with the best EU models. To date, Ukraine lacks a comprehensive systemic vision for the development of science, technology and innovation, and dialogue with civil society and the expert community is somewhat of a formality. The plans and proposals submitted by the Ministry of Education and Science and the Ministry of Economic Development, Trade and Agriculture need to be properly coordinated. After all, such inconsistency of actions of government structures is also reflected in the quality and effectiveness of the legislation of Ukraine, increases the time of adoption of laws in the Verkhovna Rada. In this regard, cooperation between the three committees in particular needs to be significantly improved, namely: the Committee on Education and Science, the Committee on Informatization and Communications and the Committee on Industrial Policy and Entrepreneurship. Promoting cooperation and integration with the European Union will allow the citizens of the respective partner countries to adapt European values faster, increase people's awareness of the experience and prospects of EU countries, and significantly strengthen their self-identification as Europeans. The importance of the role of the Eastern Partnership in security issues for both the EU and the countries participating in the Eastern Partnership should be emphasized. Keywords: European Union, European integration, Eastern Partnership, regional cooperation, Association Agreement, public administration.
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Kimic, Kinga, Carlos Smaniotto Costa, and Mihaela Negulescu. "Creating Tourism Destinations of Underground Built Heritage—The Cases of Salt Mines in Poland, Portugal, and Romania." Sustainability 13, no. 17 (August 28, 2021): 9676. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13179676.
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Salt mines, a significant category of local, regional, national, and/or European underground heritage, are becoming attractive tourism destinations. This paper examines three cases of salt mining in different European countries, namely Wieliczka in Poland, Campina de Cima in Portugal, and Turda in Romania. They are analyzed in the context of history, typical attributes of their attractiveness, and new uses after the salt extraction was or is going to be stopped, in order to detect their unique values as important assets for both Underground Built Heritage (UBH) and Salt Heritage Tourism (SHT). The results of their comparison show that despite a positive impact related to their protection as cultural and industrial heritage, there are also some negative aspects related to increasing costs of their maintenance and adaptation of salt mines to new functions and to meet the tourism needs. By putting in place measures to enhance the awareness of their values and for activating the local community, the three mines are showcases for the economic outputs for their sites and regions, as well as for increasing knowledge regarding UBH.
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Zhao, Changping, Xinli Qi, Jin Wang, Fengyang Du, and Xiaolan Shi. "Predicting Possible New Links to Future Global Plastic Waste Trade Networks." Sustainability 14, no. 8 (April 14, 2022): 4692. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14084692.
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China’s waste plastic ban has sparked a discussion about how the global plastic waste trade (GPWT) will develop in the future. To answer this question, this article uses the link forecasting and QAP method to predict and analyze the possible development trend of the GPWT in the future. The research results show that GPWT has certain stability and sustainability; although plastic waste trade has narrowed under the ban, it still has the potential trend of reconnecting the same type of links. Specifically, from a regional perspective, the future trade of new plastic waste trade will be dominated by cross-regional trade. Plastic waste may continue to flow to countries in the Asian–Pacific, Middle East, and African regions, while European countries will strengthen the internal recycling and processing of plastic waste. From the perspective of the national income level, the establishment of the new relationship will show an evolutionary trend in which high-income countries are dominated and the scale of trade between non-high-income countries expands. In addition, the differences in the level of economic development, liner transport connectivity, and the proportion of mismanagement of plastic waste among countries has a positive effect on the establishment of a new relationship in the GPWT, while tariff rates have an inhibitory effect. In general, the GPWT will still exist in the future, which requires the international community to guide the GPWT to promote the recycling and reuse of plastic waste in a real sense and adjust the unreasonable trade model.
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Vojkovic, Gordana, Zora Zivanovic, and Ivana Magdalenic. "Spatial-demographic misbalances as a challenge to the population policy." Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no. 167 (2018): 663–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn1867663v.
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The significance of the regional disproportions at the territory of Serbia, when it comes to demographic resources, imposes in front of the social community a task for public policy measures to be more efficient and more precisely addressed towards the local communities where the limit of their possible acting has not been perturbated yet. Thus, defining of coherent public policies requires good research of the demographic processes and problems on all levels and defining developmental solutions in accordance with them. Dimensioning of demographic potentials is one of the challenges and priorities of spatial planning as well, as a controlling instrument that has been gaining significance in modern conditions. Foreign experience in this field, i.e. the system of spatial planning in European countries, with the special attention paid to the ways of solving problems connected to demographic processes and appearances, is undoubtedly instructive for the domestic practice and the establishment of public policies on state and lower regional levels. Given the fact that the inequality in development is caused, above all, by the expressive metroplization and polarization of the Serbian territory, in modern conditions it is considered that the application of the polycentric development model could help avoiding further excessive economic and demographic concentration. It includes economic competitiveness and social equality (sustainable development) as pre-requisites for the diminishing of local disparities to the acceptable minimum. In that sense, it is considered that a group of middle sized towns represents a pivot in establishing homogeneous national urban system which would lead to the increase in the degree of settlement network consistency. It is necessary that the endeavour to decentralize Serbia be elaborated with concrete measures and instruments that would route further state development, meaning affirmation of the middle sized towns.
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Lazanyuk, Inna V., and David Mambu Diu. "Angola’s economy under sanctions: problems and solutions." R-Economy 8, no. 3 (2022): 208–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/recon.2022.8.3.017.
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Relevance. Africa is the continent most targeted by sanctions. African states were made subject to sanctions by the United Nations and various regional organizations such as the African Union, Economic Community of West African States, and the European Union. There is, however, still a lack of understanding of these sanctions’ intended and unintended effects in the African context, which is the research gap this study seeks to address. Research objective. This paper analyzes the role and mechanisms of the sanctions imposed by Western countries (especially the USA) against Angola and other African states to achieve certain geopolitical goals. Data and methods. This study relies on the comprehensive and recently updated dataset of the Global Sanctions Data Base (GSDB). The GSDB lists over 1,101 sanction cases by country and international organization. Sanctions are classified according to the three parameters: their type, objective and degree of success. The methodological framework of this study comprises the historical-logical, statistical, comparative, and analytical methods. Results. We analyzed the dynamic of the macro-economic indicators targeted by the sanctions against Angola and its political elite in 1995-2021 and found that the effects of these sanctions were not very profound. The UN sanctions, however, had a statistically and economically significant effect on the country's economic growth as they led to a considerable exports shrinkage and decline in GDP. The latter effect was possible because Angola's economy is heavily reliant on oil exports. As the imports curbed, since 1995 Angola’s trade structure has undergone some significant changes: the share of the imports from China grew by 12% between 1995 and 2019 while the share of France decreased by 8.2%, Portugal, by 9.6%, and the USA, by 10.8% Conclusions. Analysis of the GSDB data has led us to the following conclusions: first, sanctions are becoming an increasingly popular tool of international relations; second, European countries are the most frequent users of sanctions and African countries are their most frequent targets; third, sanctions are becoming increasingly diverse; and, finally, the share of trade sanctions is decreasing while the share of financial and travel sanctions is growing. At the current stage, the effect of the sanctions is weak in comparison with the declared goals although they have a negative impact on the living standards in the target countries.
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Jiménez Barrado, Víctor. "La ordenación territorial de Extremadura en el ámbito de la EUROACE = Spatial planning of Estremadura in the field of EUROACE." Polígonos. Revista de Geografía, no. 29 (November 29, 2017): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/pol.v0i29.5209.
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<p>Desde la creación de la Eurorregión Alentejo-Centro-Extremadura (EUROACE) en 2009, la ordenación territorial de la Comunidad Autónoma extremeña debe considerar un nuevo marco espacial inmediato de relaciones socioeconómicas más amplio y a escala transnacional. Las políticas europeas de cooperación territorial, iniciadas en las postrimerías del siglo XX, han permitido la aparición de sinergias que, hasta entonces, las fronteras nacionales habían impedido. La Iniciativa INTERREG es, sin duda, el pilar fundamental de esta colaboración entre las regiones de los países comunitarios, que con los cinco periodos de programación existentes cumplirá tres décadas. En este nuevo contexto, la región extremeña aprobó la Ley 15/2001, de 14 de diciembre, del Suelo y Ordenación Territorial de Extremadura (LSOTEX), aunque su aplicación íntegra y efectiva no ha tenido lugar. La coherencia de un modelo teórico de planificación territorial prevalente sobre la ordenación urbanística no se ha traspuesto a la realidad. El problema radica no sólo en el exiguo ritmo de aprobación de los instrumentos de planeamiento, sino también en la aparición de éstos fuera de una secuencia espacial y temporal lógica. De esta forma, la ordenación del territorio extremeño comenzó por los Proyectos de Interés Regional (PIR), empleados de manera aislada, aunque muy prolífica, y con mayores implicaciones urbanísticas que territoriales. Posteriormente, la aprobación de Planes Territoriales (PT) ha resultado escasa y descoordinada por la ausencia del modelo territorial que las inéditas Directrices de Ordenación Territorial (DOT) deben proponer. Por lo tanto, Extremadura tiene que explorar caminos diferentes en este ámbito, que muy posiblemente signifiquen desandar lo recorrido y constituir un nuevo cuerpo legal que garantice la congruencia territorial a través de sus instrumentos de planeamiento y contemple su integración en un escenario de relaciones transfronterizas.</p><p>Since the establishment of the Alentejo-Centre-Estremadura Euroregion (EUROACE) in 2009, spatial planning of the Autonomous Community of Estremadura should consider a new immediate spatial framework of wider socio-economic relations and transnational scale. European territorial cooperation policies, begun in the late twentieth century, have allowed the emergence of synergies which, until then, had prevented by national borders. The INTERREG Initiative is, undoubtedly, the key element of this collaboration between the regions of the European Union countries, which will make three decades with the five existing programming periods. In this new context, Estremadura adopted the Law 15/2001, of December 14th, of Spatial Planning and Land of Estremadura (LSOTEX), although its full and effective implementation has not taken place. The consistency of a theoretical model of prevalent land use planning on the urban planning has not been transposed into reality. The problem lies not only in the meager pace of approval of planning instruments, but also in the appearance of these out of a spatial and temporal logical sequence. Thus, frontier territory management began by Regional Interest Projects (RIP), used in isolation, although in very prolific way, and with more urban implications than territorials. Subsequently, the approval of Territorial Plans (TP) has been scarce and uncoordinated by the absence of territorial model, that unpublished Regional Planning Guidelines (RPG) should be proposed. Therefore, Estremadura has to explore different paths in this area, quite possibly means retrace his route and establish a new body of law that guarantees the territorial congruity through their planning tools and considers their integration in a cross-border relations context.</p>
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Kramarz, Marzena, Katarzyna Dohn, Edyta Przybylska, and Lilla Knop. "Scenarios for the Development of Multimodal Transport in the TRITIA Cross-Border Area." Sustainability 12, no. 17 (August 28, 2020): 7021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12177021.
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As the demand for transport is growing, more and more attention is being paid to its quality aspects. These include, among other things, efficiency, safety, and a continuous effort to reduce external costs. That is why the transport policies of the EU countries and individual regions are increasingly addressing the issue of sustainable transport development. Multimodal transport, which is seen as a key element to effectively counterbalance the dominant role of vehicle transport in the economic progress of the European Community, plays an important role in these programmes. For consistency and continuity of freight flows, cooperation between neighbouring countries and regions is essential. The future of multimodal freight transport within the cross-border area of Poland, Czech Republic and Slovakia is not as evident as the transport policies imply. Therefore, the purpose of the paper is to identify a set of factors determining the development of multimodal transport within the cross-border area of TRITIA (The European Grouping of Territorial Cooperation of the four regional governments of Moravian-Silesian Region (CZ), Opole Voivodeship (PL), Silesian Voivodeship (PL) and Žilina Self-governing Region (SK)) and to develop four scenarios, the execution of which in the 2030 perspective depends on the implementation of cross-border infrastructure and organisational projects and the increasing level of cooperation in the field of multimodal transport. The article contains the methodology for developing scenarios of multimodal freight transport development. The research showed that initiating activities targeted at the development of multimodal transport within the cross-border area requires the involvement of all participants in the process, i.e., all countries (Poland, Czech Republic and Slovakia), along with many different stakeholders. The future development of multimodal transport as provided for in the scenarios is not linearly correlated with the increase in cooperation and the number of implemented infrastructure and organisational projects. It is vital for future research to define the role of stakeholders both in terms of cooperation and collaboration development.
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Nwabueze, Caroline Joëlle. "Challenges of Transnational Trademark Law Practice: The Case of Nigerian Companies’ Brands in OAPI States." Revue générale de droit 45, no. 1 (July 8, 2015): 321–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1032041ar.
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Nigeria industrial growth has turned the country into an indispensable economic support for its neighbours. Only for the case of Cameroon, Nigeria has been the leading supplier with respectively 22% and 17.8% of imports in 2011 and 2012 with trade amounting to 328 billion FCFA per annum. This results in part from Nigerian companies’ exportations in local markets. Nigerian trademarks related to cosmetics, furniture, electronics, and pharmaceutical goods abound in neighbouring countries. However, a strengthening of Nigerian companies in regional markets encompasses strategies to avoid infringing on the trademark rights. Such strategies should include the consideration of special trademarks features by different institutions of the intellectual property (IP) system in the relevant neighbour export markets. This is by the mere fact that the legal status of those goods, although physical property, relies mainly on the material law applicable, which is trademark in the present case. Because the principle of territoriality requires that trademark protection be sought in the place where the goods are sold—and trademark applications filed in each country in which protection is sought—, Nigerian companies planning to outsource some business activity in neighbour markets will seek compliance with trademarks norms applicable in the Organisation africaine de la propriété intellectuelle (OAPI) of which those countries—Benin, Cameroon, Chad, and Guinea—are part. The trade partnership between companies from a common law trademark background on one hand, and civil law intellectual property community on the other, inevitably raises some frictions and trademarks issues. This article analyses the trademark challenges arising from Nigerian companies’ business decision to enter OAPI markets and export goods and services. The article firstly underlines the issues to be taken into consideration, including registration and enforcement of the companies’ marks in OAPI. Then the paper simultaneously reviews the dissimilarities issues between the Nigerian Trademark Act and the OAPI Trademark System to which the Nigerian companies are confronted. If trademark protection makes it easier for an enterprise to access transnational markets, the establishment of a Trademark Community with neighbouring countries helps for sure national industries to establish partnerships with other firms for sustainable development in the areas such as production, marketing, distribution or delivery of goods and services. In light of the trademark harmonisation in the European Union internal market, the present paper concludes by recommending the creation of a Trademark Community in the West and Central African region between Nigeria and its neighbouring countries.
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Gylka, K. "Prospects for European Integration of the Republic of Moldova and the Constitutional Component." Scientific Research and Development. Economics of the Firm 10, no. 2 (August 6, 2021): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2306-627x-2021-10-2-84-89.
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The European Union (EU) is an economic and political union of 28 European countries. The population is 508 million people, 24 official and working languages and about 150 regional and minority languages. The origins of the European Union come from the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the European Economic Community (EEC), consisting of six states in 1951 - Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. These countries came together to put an end to the wars that devastated the European continent, and they agreed to share control over the natural resources needed for war (coal and steel). The founding members of ECSC have determined that this European project will not only be developed in order to share resources or to prevent various conflicts in the region. Thus, the Rome Treaty of 1957 created the European Economic Community (EEC), which strengthened the political and economic relations between the six founding states. The relevance of the topic stems from their desire of peoples and countries to live better. The purpose of the study is to identify the internal and external development mechanisms of European countries and, on this basis, to formulate a model of economic, legislative and social development for individual countries. The results of the study provide a practical guideline for determining the vector of the direction of efforts of political, economic, legislative, humanitarian, etc.
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Ponsard, C., and P. Tranqui. "Fuzzy Economic Regions in Europe." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 17, no. 7 (July 1985): 873–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a170873.
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Economic regions are fuzzy spaces. A taxonomic method of fuzzy regionalization is presented to describe regions which maintain their imprecise characteristics and frontiers. All fuzzy aspects of elementary spatial units, from which regionalization is carried out, can thus be integrated at every stage of the classification process. This method is then applied to the member States of the European Economic Community. The results are original because they lead to interesting conclusions about the regional structures of the European Community.
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Amjad, Faiza, and Naheed Zia Khan. "External Determinants of Growth and Growth Projections: SAARC and Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 43, no. 4II (December 1, 2004): 737–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v43i4iipp.737-755.
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The world is increasingly being divided into regions. The regional trading blocs are becoming more and more deepened and widened around the globe. The European Union (EU) has already reached a stage approximating to the trading relations usually found within a country rather than between the countries. The existence of regional economic groups, particularly in European and American continents, pose a range of theoretical, empirical and organisational questions for developing countries like Pakistan who depend on the countries of these regions for a significantly high share of their international trade. This paper focuses on the prospects of extended economic cooperation of Pakistan with the member countries of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC).1 The argument is structured around three parts. Part I reviews the theoretical rationale of regional economic cooperation and the recent developments shaping the trading relations within the cooperating blocs. Part II critically evaluates the relative size and significance of the external sector of the SAARC region countries, along with presenting statistical estimates of the major external determinants of the region’s economic growth. Finally, Part III estimates the relationship of major directions of Pakistan’s exports with the economic growth of the country and presents the growth projections by increasing and diverting the exports to the SAARC and ASEAN region countries.
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Van Hauwaert, Steven M., Christian H. Schimpf, and Régis Dandoy. "Populist demand, economic development and regional identity across nine European countries: exploring regional patterns of variance." European Societies 21, no. 2 (March 15, 2019): 303–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2019.1583355.
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Popova, Irina, and Nataliya Demchenko. "TERRITORIAL SOCIETIES FEATURES: EUROPEAN EXPERIENCE." Three Seas Economic Journal 1, no. 1 (June 10, 2020): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2661-5150/2020-1-4.
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The purpose of the article is to summarize the experience of developing tools for the implementation of amalgamated territorial communities. The European countries’ experience helps to improve the system of public administration in such a way that it acts in the interests of the individual-citizen and is under the control of civil society. The important factors in the dynamic development of the state is effective public administration at all levels of the administrative and territorial structure of the country are investigated. The main links in this section are the district and regional levels, within which the main socio-economic, political and cultural links are realized and estableshed. The main task of effective regional public administration is to ensure the socio-economic development of the region and to meet the needs of citizens. Methodology. The survey is based on a comparison of data from the EU countries. The competences of local governments in the EU countries are examined. Results. Implementation tools for amalgamated territorial communities have been identified to assess the socio-economic development of the community for investment attractiveness. It has been proved that the amalgamation of territorial communities should be based on the principle of multicriteria, since the main participants in the formation, functioning and further development of the community are people who are united in a team to achieve a common goal, which is to develop the territorial community in order to improve the quality of life. Practical implications. Society will be able only if each of its members clearly understands the possibility of improving the standard of living within the community than existence outside of it. The study has shown that there are the number of criteria, including spatial, temporal, demographic, labor, cultural, historical, financial, that should be considered when amalgamating territorial communities. It is proved that the main instruments of implementation of amalgamated territorial communities are area, population (including demographic structure), income level, level of spending, financing structure, structure of economic entities by types of activity and level of income, number of objects of social infrastructure, employment and community unemployment, etc.
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Smętkowski, Maciej. "Spatial patterns of regional economic development in Central and Eastern European countries." Geographia Polonica 88, no. 4 (2015): 539–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/gpol.0033.
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Nozari, Fariborz. "Competition Rules in the European Economic Area." International Journal of Legal Information 21, no. 1 (1993): 16–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500027232.
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On October 22, 1991, after exhaustive negotiations between the European Community (EC) and the Member States of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) an agreement on the formation of the European Economic Area (EEA) was reached. Hence, the foundation was laid for an economic and social unit embracing 19 countries and about 380 million people, forming the world's largest economic bloc and a regional single market responsible for ca.40 percent of the world trade.The Agreement consists of a preamble and nine parts covering the objectives and principles, the four freedoms of movements of goods, persons, service and capital, provisions on competition and other common rules, horizontal policies relevant to the four freedoms, cooperation outside the four freedoms, institutional provisions, funding, and final provisions.
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Kovacevic, Maja. "International problems and the research on process of the European integration from the establishment of the communities to the single European act." Medjunarodni problemi 70, no. 2 (2018): 147–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp1802147k.
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Based on research topics that have been discussed in the context related to the European integration in the journal International Problems in the period 1949-1990, the aim of this paper is to consider the extent to which the Yugoslav science of international relations followed this process. The main thesis is that domestic science has studied all relevant aspects of the integration process and has kept up with the times and the key theoretical frameworks. After World War II, the focus was on the economic and political situation of the Western European countries, their interests, as well as the security context in which were launched the first integration initiatives: the German issue, the Marshall Plan, the Cold war and bipolar world, the process of decolonisation, the failure of the European Defense Community and the establishment of the European Coal and Steel Community, the European Economic Community and EURATOM. At the beginning of the 60s of the 20th century, great attention was devoted to the study of regional integration in general and its models, as well as the expected effects. Along with the slowdown in the European integration process in the late 60s and throughout the 70s, the attention of researchers gradually shifted to individual policies and initiatives of the European Economic Community: the Common Agricultural Policy, development of regional policy, association agreements, the Mediterranean policy, initiatives in the field of monetary integration. The 80s of the last century were dominated by themes that marked this decade in the process of European integration: factors for change in the European Economic Community, the initiatives for reform of the Treaty, the Mediterranean enlargement, the Single European Act, the program for completing the internal market, changes in the social policy of the Community and measures to promote technological development and strategy for the industry. Along with it, the focus was on the relationship between the United States and the Western European countries, East-West relations and relations of Yugoslavia with the Community.
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Love, J. H. "EC Mergers Regulation and Regional Economic Cohesion." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 26, no. 1 (January 1994): 137–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a260137.
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Despite the fact that the European Community (EC) is committed to reducing the economic inequalities between and within its member states, EC mergers policy has no clear mechanism by which the regional economic consequences of takeovers can be assessed or taken into account during merger investigations. This is important, because there is clear evidence that external takeovers are one method by which regional economic imbalance may be exacerbated. In this paper, proposals are put forward for the explicit inclusion of an economic cohesion clause into EC mergers regulation. Also, the advantages such a clause would have are discussed, and the possible objections to the consideration of regional issues during merger investigations are assessed.
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Petrushenko, Yuriy, Fedir Zhuravka, Vladyslav Shapoval, Lyudmila Khomutenko, and Olena Zhuravka. "Sustainable socio-economic development and Rainbow Europe Index." Problems and Perspectives in Management 19, no. 4 (December 21, 2021): 408–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.19(4).2021.33.
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The issues of recognizing the rights of the LGBTQ+ community around the world and developing appropriate anti-discrimination policies and laws are one of the main topics for discussion in the global agenda. This is due to the commitment of the world community to protect human rights and meet the needs of society. The paper aims to assess the relationship between socio-economic development indicators of some European countries and the Rainbow Europe Index. To find out how discrimination against the LGBTQ+ community affects various social and economic development indicators of some European countries, a data matrix was developed and the Spearman rank correlation coefficient was calculated. The obtained results confirmed a positive relationship between the Rainbow Europe Index and GDP per capita, the Human Development Index, the Corruption Index, and the Index of Happiness. Calculations have shown that the Rainbow Europe Index had a significant impact on these indicators. The study proved the dependence of indicators and demonstrated the need to provide freedoms and rights for LGBTQ+ affiliated members in Ukraine and other European countries. AcknowledgmentThis paper is published as a part of research projects “Convergence of economic and educational transformations in the digital society: modeling the impact on regional and national security” (No. 0121U109553) and “Reforming the lifelong learning system in Ukraine for the prevention of the labor emigration: a coopetition model of institutional partnership” (No. 0120U102001).
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Peshkin, Vitalii Mikhailovich. "Prerequisites for the creation of Visegrád Group in the context of international political and economic situation in Europe." Исторический журнал: научные исследования, no. 4 (April 2021): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0609.2021.4.36045.
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The subject of this research is the historical conditions for the creation of Visegrád Group – subregional organization of the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary and Poland. The collapse of the system of pro-communist regimes in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe allowed the local dissident circles to create the “ideological” framework for subregional organization, which is based on the idea of the Central European identity. In the late 1980s, the idea of subregional cooperation in the socialist camp won support of a number of Western European countries. However, the initiative on the development regional cooperation in Central and Eastern Europe was taken over by the United States. The United States prompted the decision of the G7 member-states on the transfer of the European Commission a coordinating role in assisting Poland and Hungary as the flagships for conducting political and economic liberalization in Central and Eastern Europe. The novelty of this research consists in the analysis of attempts of subregional cooperation outside the framework of the European Economic Community in the late 1980s. Attention is also given to the previously unstudied criticism of the process of accession of the countries of Visegrád Group to the European Economic Community. Critical assessments substantiated by ineffectiveness of the programs of assisting the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, as well as by posing threats to the stability of the European Economic Community member-states due to inclusion of the former socialist countries into the united Europe. The main conclusion lies in the statement that the collapse of the socialist camp at the turn of the 1980s – 1990s actualized the pursuit of identity in the new world by the Central and Eastern European countries. The oath of European integration was selected as a universal method for solution of this problem. However, regional cooperation remained a relevant question, since rapprochement with the Western Europe alone could not eliminate all the contradictions between the countries. The cooperation between Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia became the most successful example of such cooperation and served as the prototype for creation of other subregional structures.
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Blockmans, Steven, and Steven Blockmans. "Revitalizing the European Neighbourhood Economic Community: The Case for Legally Binding Sectoral Multilateralism." European Foreign Affairs Review 17, Issue 4 (November 1, 2012): 577–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2012040.
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The revolutionary upheaval in the southern Mediterranean and the slow reforms in most of the eastern neighbourhood have pushed the European Union to revise its approach to the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP). In May 2011, the Commission presented a full review of the ENP, introducing an enhanced form of conditionality which should see more political and financial support being given to those neighbouring countries that implement more reforms and are more democratic. Characteristic of this 'more for more' conditionality is its strong bilateral dimension. While there is some rhetorical commitment to strengthening the regional dimensions of the ENP, for example, the Union for the Mediterranean and the Eastern Partnership, few tangible proposals to that effect have been made. Notably, while the reviewed ENP repeats the goal of a 'Neighbourhood Economic Community' as a long-term objective of regional integration across the neighbourhood, it makes no proposals on instruments or strategy as to how to achieve that objective. This paper proposes that 'legally binding sectoral multilateralism' should be the EU's method and instrument of choice to reach that goal. This entails a pro-active strategy consisting of treaty-based legal integration between the EU and neighbouring countries and between the latter themselves, in sectors where such is clearly beneficial in its own right, as well as in the light of the long-term objective of a neighbourhood community. On the basis of two case studies, pertaining to the Energy Community Treaty and the draft Transport Community Treaty, the paper explores the benefits and weaknesses of this approach. The paper argues that the challenges posed by legal fragmentation in the wider European legal space can be overcome in order to reap the substantial economic and policy benefits spurred by legally binding sectoral multilateralism.
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Kun, Wang, and An Na. "A Nonlinear Empirical Test on the Stochastic Convergence of Economic Growth: A Case Study of East Asian Economic Community." International Journal of Economics and Finance 8, no. 10 (September 23, 2016): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v8n10p103.
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In this paper we use the nonlinear unit root test and the replacement residual sampling, i.e. the Bootstrap method, to analyze the relative dynamic growth of GDP per capita between China and EAEC countries, observe the stochastic convergence of economy, and further divide the convergence into the long-term convergence and process convergence. The empirical results show that: compared with China, all EAEC countries’ per capital output gap is characterized by the nonlinear time series and the majority of countries’ in the nonlinear convergence. This gives a new perspective for the market-guided economic integration planning development, as well as reducing regional disparities.
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KAPINOS, Natallia, Viktor GONCHAROV, Olena RYBINA, and Nataliia PROKOPENKO. "EXPERIENCE OF LAND USE DEVELOPMENT PLANNING AT THE LOCAL (MUNICIPAL) LEVEL IN THE EUROPEAN UNION." AgroLife Scientific Journal 10, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17930/agl2021210.
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The article examines the development of theoretical and methodological approaches and practical recommendations for improving the ecological and economic foundations of land management and land management at the local level in the example of the European Union. In practice, regional, spatial, strategic, landscape, and integrated types of land use development planning are most often used in the European Union. With the development of the market economy of European society, environmental problems arose, which prompted the development of landscape planning, both landscape-ecological and socio-economic aspects of territorial development. The experience of landscape planning was introduced in Germany, which later became used in almost all European countries. The study and direct comparison of existing landscape planning systems in different European countries, and their reduction to several basic features are not possible and impractical because these systems are very different. This is due to a number of reasons: history, features of political systems, cultural traditions, level of economic development, the nature of legal systems and property relations. Landscape planning in the European Union is going to be one of the tensest areas of activity in the future, and Ukraine must take an active part in this process.
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Ferasso, Marcos, Lydia Bares, Daniel Ogachi, and Miguel Blanco. "Economic and Sustainability Inequalities and Water Consumption of European Union Countries." Water 13, no. 19 (September 29, 2021): 2696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13192696.
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Water scarcity is becoming a global concern for many reasons as its consumption increases. This research aimed to analyze sustainability inequalities in the water consumption of EU countries. Descriptive statistics using data for four AQUASTAT periods (2002, 2007, 2012, and 2017), and quotients for the AQUASTAT 2017 period, were calculated using a proposed econometric model. The main results were that countries with high GPD and population showed high water stress and total water withdrawal. Countries with lower industry-value-added-to-GDP quotients were among those with higher industrial water use efficiency, while low water-services-use-efficiency quotients were associated with high services value added to GDP. Suggestions for policymakers are provided and formula application guidelines for regional-level comparisons are described.
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Sadarrudin, Muhammad Alvianto Putra Arizandi, Eny Rochaida, Zamruddin Hasid, and Rahcmad Budi Suharto. "Causality between Regional Economic Independence and Decentralization on Poverty Alleviation and Community Welfare Mediated by Economic Development." International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning 17, no. 2 (April 26, 2022): 623–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.170227.
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Poverty and welfare are concrete problems that do not end, especially in developing and poor countries. The East Kalimantan Province, which contributes the most to Indonesia’s natural wealth, has actually experienced economic and social degradation. This study has the ambition to identify the causality between regional economic independence, decentralization, and regional economic development on poverty alleviation and community welfare in East Kalimantan Province during the 2013-2018 period. Panel data collected from nine objects, then interpreted with Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) technique as an empirical approach to test ten hypotheses. WarpPLS software applied to interpret the data. There are eight findings that are in line with the hypothesis, where regional economic independence has a positive-significant effect on regional economic development, but in fact it has a negative-significant effect on poverty alleviation. Regional economic development has a negative-significant effect on poverty alleviation, but it has a positive-significant effect on community welfare. Regional economic development has mediated the relationship between regional economic independence and decentralization on poverty alleviation and community welfare. In addition, poverty alleviation has a significant negative effect on community welfare, but has mediated the relationship between regional economic development and community welfare. Two conclusions in the new findings are in sharp focus because they contradict the hypothesis, namely that decentralization has a significant negative effect on regional economic development and community welfare. Practical and theoretical contributions apply to reveal the linkages between economic aspects of local development to support sustainability. The refinement of methods, data, variables, and analytical techniques is an important note for the follow-up agenda.
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Sadarrudin, Muhammad Alvianto Putra Arizandi, Eny Rochaida, Zamruddin Hasid, and Rahcmad Budi Suharto. "Causality between Regional Economic Independence and Decentralization on Poverty Alleviation and Community Welfare Mediated by Economic Development." International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning 17, no. 2 (April 26, 2022): 623–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.170227.
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Poverty and welfare are concrete problems that do not end, especially in developing and poor countries. The East Kalimantan Province, which contributes the most to Indonesia’s natural wealth, has actually experienced economic and social degradation. This study has the ambition to identify the causality between regional economic independence, decentralization, and regional economic development on poverty alleviation and community welfare in East Kalimantan Province during the 2013-2018 period. Panel data collected from nine objects, then interpreted with Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) technique as an empirical approach to test ten hypotheses. WarpPLS software applied to interpret the data. There are eight findings that are in line with the hypothesis, where regional economic independence has a positive-significant effect on regional economic development, but in fact it has a negative-significant effect on poverty alleviation. Regional economic development has a negative-significant effect on poverty alleviation, but it has a positive-significant effect on community welfare. Regional economic development has mediated the relationship between regional economic independence and decentralization on poverty alleviation and community welfare. In addition, poverty alleviation has a significant negative effect on community welfare, but has mediated the relationship between regional economic development and community welfare. Two conclusions in the new findings are in sharp focus because they contradict the hypothesis, namely that decentralization has a significant negative effect on regional economic development and community welfare. Practical and theoretical contributions apply to reveal the linkages between economic aspects of local development to support sustainability. The refinement of methods, data, variables, and analytical techniques is an important note for the follow-up agenda.
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Sadarrudin, Muhammad Alvianto Putra Arizandi, Eny Rochaida, Zamruddin Hasid, and Rahcmad Budi Suharto. "Causality between Regional Economic Independence and Decentralization on Poverty Alleviation and Community Welfare Mediated by Economic Development." International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning 17, no. 2 (April 26, 2022): 623–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.170227.
Full textAbstract:
Poverty and welfare are concrete problems that do not end, especially in developing and poor countries. The East Kalimantan Province, which contributes the most to Indonesia’s natural wealth, has actually experienced economic and social degradation. This study has the ambition to identify the causality between regional economic independence, decentralization, and regional economic development on poverty alleviation and community welfare in East Kalimantan Province during the 2013-2018 period. Panel data collected from nine objects, then interpreted with Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) technique as an empirical approach to test ten hypotheses. WarpPLS software applied to interpret the data. There are eight findings that are in line with the hypothesis, where regional economic independence has a positive-significant effect on regional economic development, but in fact it has a negative-significant effect on poverty alleviation. Regional economic development has a negative-significant effect on poverty alleviation, but it has a positive-significant effect on community welfare. Regional economic development has mediated the relationship between regional economic independence and decentralization on poverty alleviation and community welfare. In addition, poverty alleviation has a significant negative effect on community welfare, but has mediated the relationship between regional economic development and community welfare. Two conclusions in the new findings are in sharp focus because they contradict the hypothesis, namely that decentralization has a significant negative effect on regional economic development and community welfare. Practical and theoretical contributions apply to reveal the linkages between economic aspects of local development to support sustainability. The refinement of methods, data, variables, and analytical techniques is an important note for the follow-up agenda.
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Prinanda, Devita, and Haryo Prasodjo. "Strengthening North-South Relations: The Case of EU and ECOWAS Cooperation." Global Focus 1, no. 2 (October 27, 2021): 180–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jgf.2021.001.02.6.
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Regional integration is discussing cooperation among states in a region and the influence of external states or organizations. The cooperation among regions is known as inter-regionalism. As a leader in regional integration, European Union (EU) has been cooperating with the other regions since their name was European Economic Community. Firstly, Europe established relations in the form of political dialogue and cooperation with ASEAN and Asian countries. For this occasion, the EU established Asia Europe Meeting (ASEM). Subsequently, the EU created external relations with African, Caribbean, & Pacific (ACP), South American, etc. This research elaborates on the relation of the EU with the West African region. The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) is the regional institution chosen by the EU to engage in the relationship. Some scholars acknowledged that ECOWAS is one of the most organized institutions in the African Region. Asymmetric relation between EU and ECOWAS denotes the relation of The North and The South countries. By analyzing the inter-regionalism framework, this paper exercises a liberal institutional perspective as the main paradigm. The results found that inter-regionalism could reinforce strong institutions in both regions.
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Thierstein, A., and U. K. Egger. "Integrated Regional Policy: Lessons from Switzerland." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 16, no. 2 (April 1998): 155–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c160155.
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The global context for regional policy is changing fast. Regional policy is challenged by the globalisation and regionalisation of political and economic structures, the implementation of sustainable development, and the reform of political and administrative structures. Most European countries have started to reformulate their regional policy. This wave of change has touched Switzerland as well. Although disparities between the regions are not of the same magnitude as in other countries, regional development problems can be found all over Switzerland. Regional policy, however, has not been adapted to tackle the present challenges. Evaluations in Switzerland and experiences in other countries reveal a need for a more integrated regional policy approach. With reference to the Swiss context, the authors outline the form an integrated policy approach could take. The approach includes the political system and sectoral policies with regional impact and comprises six elements: public and private actors; institutional structures and processes; top-down and bottom-up approaches; exogenous and endogenous strategies; economic, social, and environmental dimensions; and policies at regional, national, and European levels. This integrated perspective is complemented with considerations of how this approach in practice could look like on the national and the regional level. Special attention is given to the role of regional actors and institutions in the development process.
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Yuan, Lihua, Xiaoqiang Chen, Changqing Song, Danping Cao, and Hong Yi. "Spatiotemporal Evolution and Determinant Factors of the Intra-Regional Trade Community Structures of the Indian Ocean Region." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10040214.
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The Indian Ocean Region (IOR) has become one of the main economic forces globally, and countries within the IOR have attempted to promote their intra-regional trade. This study investigates the spatiotemporal evolution of the community structures of the intra-regional trade and the impact of determinant factors on the formation of trade community structures of the IOR from 1996 to 2017 using the methods of social network analysis. Trade communities are groups of countries with measurably denser intra-trade ties but with extra-trade ties that are measurably sparser among different communities. The results show that the extent of trade integration and the trade community structures of the IOR changed from strengthening between 1996 and 2014 to weakening between 2015 and 2017. The largest explanatory power of the formation of the IOR trade community structures was the IOR countries’ economic size, indicating that market remained the strongest driver. The second-largest explanatory power was geographical proximity, suggesting that countries within the IOR engaged in intra-regional trade still tended to select geographically proximate trading partners. The third- and the fourth-largest were common civilization and regional organizational memberships, respectively. This indicates that sharing a common civilization and constructing intra-regional institutional arrangements (especially open trade policies) helped the countries within the IOR strengthen their trade communities.
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Daquila, Teofilo C., and Le Huu Huy. "SINGAPORE AND ASEAN IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY: The Case of Free Trade Agreements." Asian Survey 43, no. 6 (November 1, 2003): 908–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2003.43.6.908.
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Abstract Given the slow pace of global and regional trade liberalization initiatives, Singapore has forged free trade agreements for economic and strategic reasons. Other ASEAN countries and ASEAN itself have also become interested in establishing FTAs with countries outside the grouping. In the future, ASEAN could form an ASEAN or an East Asian Economic Community.
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Storonyanska, Iryna, Olena Ivashko, and Elena Mieszajkina. "Trust as a Catalyst of Economic Growth: A National and Regional Breakdown." Sustainability 14, no. 22 (November 16, 2022): 15168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142215168.
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Given the fact that Ukraine declares a European path of development and considers itself a potential member of the European Union, the study mainly examines the relationship between trust and economic growth in Ukraine and other countries of the world, including post-Soviet countries. The hypothesis that general trust has a positive effect on economic growth in general is tested, and a comparative assessment of the level and factors of trust across the regions of Ukraine has been carried out. The results show an historical tradition of mistrust of the state and its institutions particular to Ukraine as the country where the state has been perceived as foreign by most of the population for over 70 years; exceptional weakness and corruption of state administration, even by the standard of third-world countries; availability of influential and consistent stereotypes, partially universal and partly specific to post-communist countries. It causes polarization in society and within certain social groups and governmental institutions. Ukrainian society is characterized by the waste of symbolic capital of confidence in authorities. Meanwhile, there is some symmetry between mistrust of the system and trust in entities created by people to meet their spiritual, social, psychological, and other needs.
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Zielke, Rainer. "Anti-avoidance Legislation of Mayor EC Member Countries with Reference to the 2014 Corporate Income Tax Burden in the Thirty-Four OECD Member Countries: Germany, France, United Kingdom, and Italy Comp." EC Tax Review 23, Issue 2 (March 1, 2014): 102–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ecta2014011.
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Despite continuous instability in the European Community (EC) its mayor countries Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and Italy exhibit continuously economic growth and stability. According to the International Monetary Fund these European countries have - in this order - the highest gross domestic product in the European Community in 2012. In this article anti-avoidance legislation of - according to the gross domestic product - the four most important EC countries will be reviewed with reference to the tax differential to the thirty-four OECD Member Countries. The pivotal question is, therefore, to what extend can internal tax planning with mayor European countries be optimized by inclusion of anti-avoidance legislation. This article outlines the objectives and concepts of international tax planning with regard to anti-avoidance legislation and provides an overview of the concepts, laws and rules of anti-avoidance legislation in mayor EC Member Countries. After that the advantages and strategies of international tax planning with regard to anti-avoidance legislation in mayor EC Member Countries are deducted where an overview on anti-avoidance legislation of mayor EC Member Countries is provided - also with regard to new tax legislation - and locations for subsidiaries and for parent companies are reviewed. Finally, the concluding remarks are presented. Transfer pricing will not be reviewed here.
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Rodríguez Martín, Martín Martín, Salinas Fernández, Zermeño Mejía, and Añaños Bedriñana. "A Spatial Analysis of the Achievements, in Terms of Regional Development, Accomplished by the Initial EU-Member Cohesion Fund Beneficiaries Using a Synthetic Indicator." Sustainability 11, no. 8 (April 18, 2019): 2343. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11082343.
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This study proposes construction of a synthetic indicator to measure progress toward the objective of economic and social cohesion among the regions of Spain, Greece, Ireland and Portugal within the framework of European Community Regional Policy and the spatial disparities among these countries. Our aim is to integrate, in a single indicator, a large number of variables defined by the European Commission to monitor improvements in regional development, classified according to the objectives of the Europe 2020 Strategy to promote smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. To achieve this goal, we use the Pena distance method for the year 2013.
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Samoylovskaya, N. A. "Prospects of Croatian initiative “The Baltic – Adriatic – Black Sea”." Journal of International Analytics, no. 4 (December 28, 2017): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2587-8476-2017-0-4-37-44.
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In January 2015 K. Grabar-Kitarovic was elected as President of Croatia. She identified the integration of Southeast Europe countries into European and Euro-Atlantic institutions and strengthening the cooperation between the countries of Central Europe as a national strategic interest. In her opinion the 12 European member countries of the EU located between the Adriatic, Black and Baltic seas have great potential for regional cooperation in the framework of the EU and the transatlantic community. This potential depends on the geographical position and features of common economic and cultural development. In the presented work is described the evolution of the concept of “the Baltic-Adriatic-Black Sea” and the prospects of its promotion in the countries of Eastern Europe. Special attention is paid to the impact of the initiative on the economic and strategic interests of Russia in Eastern Europe.
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Sieriebriak, Kseniia, and Oleksandra Melnykova. "ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES (ОN THE EXAMPLE OF UKRAINE): REGIONAL ASPECT." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 4, no. 4 (September 2018): 306–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2018-4-4-306-314.
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Research background. Modern trends in world politics and international relations dictate new schemes for establishing links between regions and encourage states to constantly improve them. One such form is economic cooperation between regions, whose development strategies are gradually being introduced in countries around the world. Since Ukraine signed an association agreement with the European Union, in most economic and legal issues it relies on the experience of the European countries. In addition, worthy of attention is the analysis of the current state of the regional development in Ukraine and on its basis the formation of the basic principles for interregional cooperation. Such experience and identifying main economic trends in the formation of economic cooperation between different regions can help Ukraine to introduce this process in practical terms and possibly avoid the most popular problems in this area. Purpose of the article. The provisions of the article provide a systematic estimation of the regional development of Ukraine based on the calculation of the Spearman coefficient from 2006 to 2016. On the basis of these calculations, the main preconditions for the economic development of interregional cooperation are analysed and the basic principles of such cooperation for the regions of Ukraine are formed. Methodology/methods. This work is based on the generalization of the official methodological information of the following Ukrainian regions that are the most interested for the economic foundations of the interregional development. Ukraine has a new decentralization reform for the regions, which will be able to give impetus to the economic development and increase the effectiveness of the interregional ties. Nevertheless, since this process is quite new for our country, it is critically important to study foreign experience in this field. In the future, as a result of such studies, it would be possible to develop economic and legal mechanisms for introducing the best world practices in the Ukrainian legal field. Value/originality. The provisions of the article solve an important theoretical and practical task – firstly for Ukraine – contribute to the formation of the interregional cooperation institution since by this time there is no unanimous opinion on the legislative level or on the scientific one. It seems possible, through such studies, to create the real mechanisms for the regional development in Ukraine and their cooperation with each other. Most Ukrainian and world economists view the development of the regions as such in themselves, no one examines it through the prism of economic development of interregional cooperation. We support and use this approach, because it is very important, as it provides an opportunity to comprehensively analyse the current state of the meso-level in Ukraine. For the first time in Ukraine, the results of the formation development at the regional level in the context of interregional cooperation are presented in the detailed description that could give the opportunity to Ukrainian economists for the next step in this scientific field. Practical implications. The results of this article will form the basis for the assistance to various regions in Ukraine in the matter of strategic planning and their cooperation since no clear and detailed actions for them have yet been recorded. In addition, this work is relevant for representatives of state authorities and scientists who deal with issues of the regional economy because no one in Ukraine has ever considered these issues in the context of interregional cooperation.
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COLAVITTI, Anna Maria, and Sergio SERRA. "Regional Landscape Planning and Local Planning. Insights from the Italian Context." Journal of Settlements and Spatial Planning SI, no. 7 (May 29, 2021): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/jsspsi.2021.7.07.
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Landscape has acquired great importance in the urban and territorial policies of European countries after the European Landscape Convention. Italy has a long tradition in the protection of landscape and cultural heritage, characterised by a particular attention to the history and the identity culture of the communities. The main rule in this field, the Code of Cultural Heritage and Landscape of 2004 (Urbani Code), refers to a mix of environmental, cultural, and social factors belonging to different types of natural and urban landscapes that Regional Landscape Plans have to identify, sharing with local communities. The most important innovation concerns the attempt to overcome the binding and regulatory approach, only focused on protection constraints, in order to generate high awareness about the identity value of landscape and to encourage a more democratic community participation in the landscape policies. The ineffectiveness of landscape policies is often due to the lack of sharing of the landscape vision and planning approaches established at regional level, with local authorities and settled communities. This paper reflects on the topic of inter-institutional collaboration between national, regional, and local authorities, by focusing on the process of adaptation of urban local plans to the regional landscape plans and comparing different regional contexts. The article highlights a strong delay in the approval of regional landscape plans and a relevant inter-institutional conflict in the co-planning phase with the national authority, leading to the ineffectiveness of landscape plans in the transfer of regional landscape planning guidelines to the local landscape scale, with relevant consequences on territorial government, between conservative measures and transformation drivers.
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Sekongo, N. B. "PROBLEMS OF TRADE AND ECONOMIC RELATIONS OF WEST AFRICAN COUNTRIES WITH THE EUROPEAN UNION, PROSPECTS FOR THEIR DEVELOPMENT." Vestnik Universiteta, no. 3 (May 29, 2020): 102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2020-3-102-110.
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The problems of trade and economic relations between West African countries and the European Union have been considered in the article in detail, a brief description of the Economic Community of West African States has been given. The essence of relationships between West Africa and the European Union based on the papers, both foreign and domestic researchers in the field of security, regional economic development and integration etc. has been disclosed. The historical path within the framework of international legal documentation that preceded the signing of the Economic Partnership Agreement has been described. The conducted study was based on the analysis of the cost dynamics of exports, imports and trade balance, their structure has been briefly adduced. The main negative aspects faced by West African countries in connection with the implementation of the Economic Partnership Agreement, in particular tariff restrictions, the ban on the use of export taxes, which undermines the national sovereignty of the Economic Community of West African States, have been revealed. Nevertheless, the signed Agreement will allow West Africa to actively integrate into world trade, improve the economic and demographic situation, while the overall trade tariff will remain at the same level.
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Perrons, D. "Measuring Equal Opportunities in European Employment." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 26, no. 8 (August 1994): 1195–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a261195.
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The European Community has developed various social policies to compensate for the uneven effects of economic integration, and to bring about greater equality between women and men. In addition, the member states have their own policy traditions and institutional frameworks which likewise affect general employment conditions. In order to bring about greater economic and social cohesion in the European Community there have been moves to harmonise social policy. Clearly, if greater equality between women and men is a desired goal then it is important that the harmonisation should take place around those policies that are more progressive in this respect. Two ways of measuring gender inequality in paid work are proposed and applied to EC data. The results of this preliminary study indicate that those countries with more formal regulatory frameworks are more conducive to greater gender equality than those where market-based policies prevail.
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Manea, Gheorghe Cosmin. "Theories and Strategies of Economic Development in the Region." Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 14, no. 1 (July 1, 2020): 984–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2020-0093.
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AbstractThe concern for increasing macroeconomic stability is specific to both, small and large countries within the European Community. In that paper are presented ways in which are made links between the states of the world policies and economies development characteristics. That study has imposed a new type of characterization sustained by the national economies manifestation whose is correlated with the interaction between governmental policies and also with national and regional factors. This interaction is conditioned by specify effect of the economic, scientific, demographic, social and cultural development of each country, part of European Union. Taking into account all the imminent obstacles over the years of nations existence, is demonstrated that the European Union is supposed over and over of a new development process, being considered one of the most economically prosperous areas in the world and also one of the most competitive. However, major weaknesses arise due to the existence of significant disparities in prosperity and productivity between Member States and component regions. The complexity of the regional development policy arises at the level of the European Union, from its objective of reducing the economic and social disparities existing between the different region of Europe’s that was and will be an objective that it has implications on important areas for development, such as economic growth, labor force, transport, agriculture, urban development, environmental protection, education. Registered at different levels (local, regional, national and European) - regional policy, deals with the coordination of the different sectors and with the cooperation between the decision levels and the balancing of the financial resources. The conclusion is related with the idea of a must follow regional development economies starting from national level respecting a certain dynamic. That aspect must also take into account the continuous changes determined by the restructuring of the production and the increase of the competitiveness at national and local level.
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Höhmann, H. ‐H, C. Meier, and H. Timmermann. "The European community and the countries of the CIS: Political and economic relations." Journal of Communist Studies 9, no. 3 (September 1993): 151–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13523279308415217.
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Gil, Carlos, Pedro Pascual, and Manuel Rapún. "Regional Allocation of Structural Funds in the European Union." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 20, no. 5 (October 2002): 655–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c21m.
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Economic disparities among the regions of the European Union are more pronounced than among countries. Structural Funds have played a crucial compensatory role, promoting the economic development and real convergence of lagging regions. The amount of resources destined to regional policy and the conflicts arising from its funding and distribution create the need for an adequate theoretical foundation or model to help politicians solve the distribution problem. In this paper we propose an empirical procedure to carry out and evaluate different distributions of funds for the periods 1989 – 93 and 1994 – 99. We begin with the estimation of an augmented production function to permit the calculation of the expected GDP per capita. We then propose a nonlinear programming method to simulate alternative distributions of Structural Funds among Objective 1 regions, based upon two different approaches: equal development, and equal opportunities. For these two approaches we calculate different possibilities, ranging from highly efficient to highly equitable, with the result that we are able to show the ‘frontier’ of optimal distributions. Finally, we evaluate these results and compare them with the real distribution.