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Academic literature on the topic 'Regional flux'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Regional flux"

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Doran, J. C., J. M. Hubbe, R. R. Kirkham, W. J. Shaw, C. D. Whiteman, F. J. Barnes, D. Cooper, et al. "The Boardman Regional Flux Experiment." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 73, no. 11 (November 1992): 1785–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1992)073<1785:tbrfe>2.0.co;2.

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Zerrik, E., H. Bourray, and A. El Jai. "Regional flux reconstruction for parabolic systems." International Journal of Systems Science 34, no. 12-13 (October 2003): 641–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207720310001601028.

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Zerrik, E., A. Kamal, and A. Boutoulout. "Regional flux target with minimum energy." IEE Proceedings - Control Theory and Applications 149, no. 4 (July 1, 2002): 349–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-cta:20020455.

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Liu, Junjie, Latha Baskaran, Kevin Bowman, David Schimel, A. Anthony Bloom, Nicholas C. Parazoo, Tomohiro Oda, et al. "Carbon Monitoring System Flux Net Biosphere Exchange 2020 (CMS-Flux NBE 2020)." Earth System Science Data 13, no. 2 (February 10, 2021): 299–330. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-299-2021.

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Abstract. Here we present a global and regionally resolved terrestrial net biosphere exchange (NBE) dataset with corresponding uncertainties between 2010–2018: Carbon Monitoring System Flux Net Biosphere Exchange 2020 (CMS-Flux NBE 2020). It is estimated using the NASA Carbon Monitoring System Flux (CMS-Flux) top-down flux inversion system that assimilates column CO2 observations from the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) and NASA's Observing Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2). The regional monthly fluxes are readily accessible as tabular files, and the gridded fluxes are available in NetCDF format. The fluxes and their uncertainties are evaluated by extensively comparing the posterior CO2 mole fractions with CO2 observations from aircraft and the NOAA marine boundary layer reference sites. We describe the characteristics of the dataset as the global total, regional climatological mean, and regional annual fluxes and seasonal cycles. We find that the global total fluxes of the dataset agree with atmospheric CO2 growth observed by the surface-observation network within uncertainty. Averaged between 2010 and 2018, the tropical regions range from close to neutral in tropical South America to a net source in Africa; these contrast with the extra-tropics, which are a net sink of 2.5±0.3 Gt C/year. The regional satellite-constrained NBE estimates provide a unique perspective for understanding the terrestrial biosphere carbon dynamics and monitoring changes in regional contributions to the changes of atmospheric CO2 growth rate. The gridded and regional aggregated dataset can be accessed at https://doi.org/10.25966/4v02-c391 (Liu et al., 2020).
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Makar, P. A., S. Gravel, V. Chirkov, K. B. Strawbridge, F. Froude, J. Arnold, and J. Brook. "Heat flux, urban properties, and regional weather." Atmospheric Environment 40, no. 15 (May 2006): 2750–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.11.061.

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Robusté, Francesc. "Network simulation, tolls and some conjectures on regional development: the case of Catalonia." Flux 10, no. 17 (1994): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/flux.1994.993.

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Mazur, A. A., O. K. Makovetskaya, S. V. Pustovojt, and N. S. Brovchenko. "Flux-cored wires at the world and regional markets of welding consumables (Review)." Paton Welding Journal 2015, no. 6 (June 28, 2015): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/tpwj2015.06.15.

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Wang, Guoying, Xiaoping Wu, Lufeng Mo, and Jizhong Zhao. "SCFSen: A Sensor Node for Regional Soil Carbon Flux Monitoring." Sensors 18, no. 11 (November 16, 2018): 3986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18113986.

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Estimation of regional soil carbon flux is very important for the study of the global carbon cycle. The spatial heterogeneity of soil respiration prevents the actual status of regional soil carbon flux from being revealed by measurements of only one or a few spatial sampling positions, which are usually used by traditional studies for the limitation of measurement instruments, so measuring in many spatial positions is very necessary. However, the existing instruments are expensive and cannot communicate with each other, which prevents them from meeting the requirement of synchronous measurements in multiple positions. Therefore, we designed and implemented an instrument for soil carbon flux measuring based on dynamic chamber method, SCFSen, which can measure soil carbon flux and communicate with each other to construct a sensor network. In its working stage, a SCFSen node measures the concentration of carbon in the chamber with an infrared carbon dioxide sensor for certain times periodically, and then the changing rate of the measurements is calculated, which can be converted to the corresponding value of soil carbon flux in the position during the short period. A wireless sensor network system using SCFSens as soil carbon flux sensing nodes can carry out multi-position measurements synchronously, so as to obtain the spatial heterogeneity of soil respiration. Furthermore, the sustainability of such a wireless sensor network system makes the temporal variability of regional soil carbon flux can also be obtained. So SCFSen makes thorough monitoring and accurate estimation of regional soil carbon flux become more feasible.
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Deng, F., D. B. A. Jones, D. K. Henze, N. Bousserez, K. W. Bowman, J. B. Fisher, R. Nassar, et al. "Inferring regional sources and sinks of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> from GOSAT <i>X</i>CO<sub>2</sub> data." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13, no. 10 (October 10, 2013): 26327–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-26327-2013.

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Abstract. We have examined the utility of retrieved column-averaged, dry-air mole fractions of CO2 (XCO2) from the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) for quantifying monthly, regional flux estimates of CO2, using the GEOS-Chem four-dimensional variational (4D-Var) data assimilation system. We focused on assessing the potential impact of biases in the GOSAT CO2 data on the regional flux estimates. Using different screening and bias correction approaches, we selected three different subsets of the GOSAT XCO2 data for the 4D-Var inversion analyses, and found that the inferred global fluxes were consistent across the three XCO2 inversions. However, the GOSAT observational coverage was a challenge for the regional flux estimates. In the northern extratropics, the inversions were more sensitive to North American fluxes than to European and Asian fluxes due to the lack of observations over Eurasia in winter and over eastern and southern Asia in summer. The regional flux estimates were also sensitive to the treatment of the residual bias in the GOSAT XCO2 data. The largest differences obtained were for Temperate North America and Temperate South America, for which the largest spread between the inversions was 1.02 Pg C and 0.96 Pg C, respectively. In the case of Temperate North America, one inversion suggested a strong source, whereas the second and third XCO2 inversions produced a weak and strong sink, respectively. Despite the discrepancies in the regional flux estimates between the three XCO2 inversions, the a posteriori CO2 distributions were in good agreement (with a mean difference between the three inversions of typically less than 0.5 ppm) with independent data from the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON), the surface flask network, and from the HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations (HIPPO) aircraft campaign. The discrepancy in the regional flux estimates from the different inversions, despite the agreement of the global flux estimates, suggests the need for additional work to determine the minimum spatial scales at which we can reliably quantify the fluxes using GOSAT XCO2. The fact that the a posteriori CO2 from the different inversions were in good agreement with the independent data although the regional flux estimates differed significantly, suggests that innovative ways of exploiting existing datasets, and possibly additional observations, are needed to better evaluate the inferred regional flux estimates.
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Deng, F., D. B. A. Jones, D. K. Henze, N. Bousserez, K. W. Bowman, J. B. Fisher, R. Nassar, et al. "Inferring regional sources and sinks of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> from GOSAT XCO<sub>2</sub> data." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, no. 7 (April 11, 2014): 3703–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-3703-2014.

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Abstract. We have examined the utility of retrieved column-averaged, dry-air mole fractions of CO2 (XCO2) from the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) for quantifying monthly, regional flux estimates of CO2, using the GEOS-Chem four-dimensional variational (4D-Var) data assimilation system. We focused on assessing the potential impact of biases in the GOSAT CO2 data on the regional flux estimates. Using different screening and bias correction approaches, we selected three different subsets of the GOSAT XCO2 data for the 4D-Var inversion analyses, and found that the inferred global fluxes were consistent across the three XCO2 inversions. However, the GOSAT observational coverage was a challenge for the regional flux estimates. In the northern extratropics, the inversions were more sensitive to North American fluxes than to European and Asian fluxes due to the lack of observations over Eurasia in winter and over eastern and southern Asia in summer. The regional flux estimates were also sensitive to the treatment of the residual bias in the GOSAT XCO2 data. The largest differences obtained were for temperate North America and temperate South America, for which the largest spread between the inversions was 1.02 and 0.96 Pg C, respectively. In the case of temperate North America, one inversion suggested a strong source, whereas the second and third XCO2 inversions produced a weak and strong sink, respectively. Despite the discrepancies in the regional flux estimates between the three XCO2 inversions, the a posteriori CO2 distributions were in good agreement (with a mean difference between the three inversions of typically less than 0.5 ppm) with independent data from the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON), the surface flask network, and from the HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations (HIPPO) aircraft campaign. The discrepancy in the regional flux estimates from the different inversions, despite the agreement of the global flux estimates suggests the need for additional work to determine the minimum spatial scales at which we can reliably quantify the fluxes using GOSAT XCO2. The fact that the a posteriori CO2 from the different inversions were in good agreement with the independent data although the regional flux estimates differed significantly, suggests that innovative ways of exploiting existing data sets, and possibly additional observations, are needed to better evaluate the inferred regional flux estimates.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Regional flux"

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Cordova, Vicente D. "Regional-scale carbon flux estimation using MODIS imagery." Virtual Press, 2005. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1325989.

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The National Aeronautics and Space Agency NASA's Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) platform carried by Terra and Aqua satellites, is providing systematic measurements summarized in high quality, consistent and well-calibrated satellite images and datasets ranging from reflectance in the visible and near infrared bands to estimates of leaf area index, vegetation indices and biome productivity. The objective of this research was to relate the spectral responses and derived MODIS products of ecosystems, to biogeochemical processes and trends in their physiological variables. When different sources of data were compared, discrepancies between the MODIS variables and the corresponding ground measurements were evident. Uncertainties in the input variables of MODIS products algorithms, effects of cloud cover at the studied pixel, estimation algorithm, and local variation in land cover type are considered as the cause. A simple "continuous field" model based on a physiologically-driven spectral index using two ocean-color bands of MODIS satellite sensor showed great potential to track seasonally changing photosynthetic light use efficiency and stress-induced reduction in net primary productivity of terrestrial vegetation. The model explained 88% of the variability in Flux tower-based daily Net Primary Productivity. Also a high correlation between midday gross CO2 exchange with both daily and 8-day mean gross CO2 exchange, consistent across all the studied vegetation types, was found. Although it may not be possible to estimate 8-day mean Light Use Efficiency reliably from satellite data, Light Use Efficiency models may still be useful for estimation of midday values of gross CO2 exchange which could then be related to longer term means of CO2 exchange. In addition, the MODIS enhanced vegetation index shows a high potential for estimation of ecosystem gross primary production, using respiration values from MODIS surface temperature, providing truly per-pixel estimates.
Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management
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O'Shea, Sebastian James. "Airborne observations and regional flux estimates of greenhouse gases." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/airborne-observations-and-regional-flux-estimates-of-greenhouse-gases(9cc17627-8320-4ffd-9cf7-faf4688bf20d).html.

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Methane is the second most important long-lived greenhouse gas. However, it is typically emitted to the atmosphere by spatially and temporally heterogeneous sources, meaning that local measurements cannot easily be extrapolated to represent global scales. As a consequence, its global sources and sinks are generally poorly quantified. This thesis focuses on the use of airborne observations to improve flux estimates of methane at regional scales. A commercially available cavity-enhanced absorption spectrometer has been modified here for airborne measurements of methane and carbon dioxide. An algorithm employing the system's simultaneous water vapour measurement has been derived, using laboratory experiments, to determine dry air mole fractions without the need for sample drying. The system was found to be relatively independent of the aircraft's motion and its measurements were found to be accurate to within 1.28 ppb (1 standard deviation repeatability at 1Hz of 2.48 ppb) for methane and 0.17 ppm (1 standard deviation repeatability at 1Hz of 0.66 ppm) for carbon dioxide. This new measurement capability has been deployed during three international field campaigns, data from which is used in this thesis. The composition of boreal biomass burning was measured in eastern Canada. Methane emission factors showed a high degree of variability (range 1.8 $\pm$\ 0.2 to 8.5 $\pm$\ 0.9 g (kg dry matter)$^{-1}$), accentuating the challenges with using a purely bottom-up approach to determine total methane emissions and that top-down constraints are needed. Two case studies have shown that an aircraft mass balance approach can be a valuable tool for deriving regional scale top-down flux estimates, when a suitable sampling strategy can be employed under appropriate atmospheric conditions. First, this technique was applied to the European Arctic wetlands; and second, its suitability to derive emissions from a megacity was investigated using London, UK as a test case. On both occasions, the derived fluxes were found to be in good agreement with coincident surface observations within the aircraft's sampling domain. In the case of the Arctic wetlands the excellent agreement with seasonally averaged surface observations allowed this information to be used for the evaluation of land surface models. Two commonly used models, the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator and Hybrid8 were found to underestimate the methane emission flux for this region by an order of magnitude, highlighting the large uncertainties present in future methane emission scenarios at regional scales under a changing climate.
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Yu, Yanling. "Regional Arctic ice thickness and brine flux from AVHRR /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/11067.

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Nickless, Alecia. "Regional CO₂ flux estimates for South Africa through inverse modelling." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29703.

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Bayesian inverse modelling provides a top-down technique of verifying emissions and uptake of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from both natural and anthropogenic sources. It relies on accurate measurements of CO₂ concentrations at appropriately placed sites and "best-guess" initial estimates of the biogenic and anthropogenic emissions, together with uncertainty estimates. The Bayesian framework improves current estimates of CO₂ fluxes based on independent measurements of CO₂ concentrations while being constrained by the initial estimates of these fluxes. Monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) is critical for establishing whether emission reducing activities to mitigate the effects of climate change are being effective, and the Bayesian inverse modelling approach of correcting CO₂ flux estimates provides one of the tools regulators and researchers can use to refine these emission estimates. South Africa is known to be the largest emitter of CO₂ on the African continent. The first major objective of this research project was to carry out such an optimal network design for South Africa. This study used fossil fuel emission estimates from a satellite product based on observations of night-time lights and locations of power stations (Fossil Fuel Data Assimilations System (FFDAS)), and biogenic productivity estimates from a carbon assessment carried out for South Africa to provide the initial CO₂ flux estimates and their uncertainties. Sensitivity analyses considered changes to the covariance matrix and spatial scale of the inversion, as well as different optimisation algorithms, to assess the impact of these specifications on the optimal network solution. This question was addressed in Chapters 2 and 3. The second major objective of this project was to use the Bayesian inverse modelling approach to obtain estimates of CO₂ fluxes over Cape Town and surrounding area. I collected measurements of atmospheric CO₂ concentrations from March 2012 until July 2013 at Robben Island and Hangklip lighthouses. CABLE (Community Atmosphere Biosphere Land Exchange), a land-atmosphere exchange model, provided the biogenic estimates of CO₂ fluxes and their uncertainties. Fossil fuel estimates and uncertainties were obtained by means of an inventory analysis for Cape Town. As an inventory analysis was not available for Cape Town, this exercise formed an additional objective of the project, presented in Chapter 4. A spatially and temporally explicit, high resolution surface of fossil fuel emission estimates was derived from road vehicle, aviation and shipping vessel count data, population census data, and industrial fuel use statistics, making use of well-established emission factors. The city-scale inversion for Cape Town solved for weekly fluxes of CO₂ emissions on a 1 km × 1 km grid, keeping fossil fuel and biogenic emissions as separate sources. I present these results for the Cape Town inversion under the proposed best available configuration of the Bayesian inversion framework in Chapter 5. Due to the large number of CO₂ sources at this spatial and temporal resolution, the reference inversion solved for weekly fluxes in blocks of four weeks at a time. As the uncertainties around the biogenic flux estimates were large, the inversion corrected the prior fluxes predominantly through changes to the biogenic fluxes. I demonstrated the benefit of using a control vector with separate terms for fossil fuel and biogenic flux components. Sensitivity analyses, solving for average weekly fluxes within a monthly inversion, as well as solving for separate weekly fluxes (i.e. solving in one week blocks) were considered. Sensitivity analyses were performed which focused on how changes to the prior information and prior uncertainty estimates and the error correlations of the fluxes would impact on the Bayesian inversion solution. The sensitivity tests are presented in Chapter 6. These sensitivity analyses indicated that refining the estimates of biogenic fluxes and reducing their uncertainties, as well as taking advantage of spatial correlation between areas of homogeneous biota would lead to the greatest improvement in the accuracy and precision of the posterior fluxes from the Cape Town metropolitan area.
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Felippe, Monica Tais Siqueira D'Amelio. "Estudo de fluxo de óxido nitroso (N2O) regional na Bacia Amazônica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85134/tde-12082011-145420/.

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O óxido nitroso (N2O) é o terceiro mais importante gás de efeito estufa. Globalmente, a maior fonte de N2O são os processos de nitrificação e desnitrificação no solo. Cerca de dois terços da emissão do solo ocorrem nos trópicos e aproximadamente 20% são originados nos ecossistemas de florestas tropicais úmidas, como a Floresta Amazônica. O presente estudo envolveu a realização de medidas de perfis verticais de N2O utilizando aviões de pequeno porte desde a superfície até cerca de 4 km sobre duas florestas da região leste e central da Amazônia: Flona Tapajós (2000-2009) e Rebio Cuieiras (2004-2007); e a estimativa dos fluxos de N2O da região entre a costa brasileira e as florestas acima mencionadas utilizando dois métodos de cálculo de fluxo: Método de Integração de Coluna e Modelo de Inversão FLEXPART. As medidas de N2O em escala regional até o presente momento são únicas e representam uma nova abordagem nas emissões nesta escala. Pelos dois métodos, o fluxo calculado entre a costa brasileira e a Rebio Cuieiras apresentou pouca sazonalidade e valor médio de 1,9±1,6 mgN2Om2dia1 para o Método de Integração de Coluna e 2,3±0,9 mgN2Om2dia1 para o Modelo de Inversão Flexpart. Para a região entre a costa e a Flona Tapajós, o Modelo de Inversão - FLEXPART apresentou cerca da metade (0,9±1,7 mgN2Om2dia1) do valor do fluxo de N2O calculado pelo Método de Integração de Coluna (2,0±1,1 mgN2Om2dia1) no mesmo período (2004-2008). Uma provável explicação é a não representatividade de atividades antrópicas pelo modelo de inversão, uma vez que este representou bem uma região menos impactada. As duas regiões estudadas apresentaram emissão de N2O semelhante na estação chuvosa. Pelo Método de Integração de Coluna a região entre a costa e a Flona Tapajós apresentou fluxo de N2O durante a estação seca (1,8±0,9 mgN2Om2dia1) muito próximo do fluxo calculado na estação chuvosa. Encontrou-se uma correlação entre os perfis de N2O ii e CO, traçador de queimadas, sendo esta uma das possíveis causas desta emissão. A taxa CO:N2O encontrada para os 38 perfis amostrados nesta estação foi de 82±69 mol CO:molN2O, cerca de 10 vezes maior que o apresentado em literaturas anteriores.
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is the third most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas. Globally, the main sources of N2O are nitrification and denitrification in soils. About two thirds of the soil emissions occur in the tropics and approximately 20% originate in wet rainforest ecosystems, like the Amazon forest. The work presented here involves aircraft vertical profiles of N2O from the surface to 4 km over two sites in the Eastern and Central Amazon: Tapajós National Forest (2000-2009) and Cuieiras Biologic Reserve (2004-2007), and the estimation of N2O fluxes for regions upwind of these sites using two methods: Column Integration Technique and Inversion Model FLEXPART. To our knowledge, these regional scale N2O measurements in Amazonia are unique and represent a new approach to looking regional scale emissions. For the both methods, the fluxes upwind of Cuieiras Biologic Reserve exhibited little seasonality, and the annual mean was 1.9±1.6 mgN2Om2day1 for the Column Integration Technique and 2.3±0.9 mgN2Om2day1 for Inversion Model - FLEXPART. For fluxes upwind of Tapajós Nacional Forest, the Inversion Model - FLEXPART presented about half (0.9±1.7 mgN2Om2day1) of the Column Integration Technique (2.0±1.1 mgN2Om2day1) for the same period (2004-2008). One reason could be because the inversion model does not consider anthropic activities, once it had a good representation for less impacted area. Both reagions presented similar emission during wet season. By Column Integration Technique, fluxes upwind Tapajós Nacional Forest were similar for dry and wet seasons. The dry season N2O fluxes exhibit significant correlations with CO fluxes, indicating a larger than expected source of N2O from biomass burning. The average CO:N2O ratio for all 38 profiles sampled during the dry season was 82±69 mol CO:molN2O and suggests a larger biomass burning contribution to the global N2O budget than previously reported.
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Styles, Julie Maree, and julie styles@oregonstate edu. "Inverse Modelling of Trace Gas Exchange at Canopy and Regional Scales." The Australian National University. Research School of Biological Sciences, 2003. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20030905.040030.

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This thesis deals with the estimation of plant-atmosphere trace gas exchange and isotopic discrimination from atmospheric concentration measurements. Two space scales were investigated: canopy and regional. The canopy-scale study combined a Lagrangian model of turbulent dispersal with ecophysiological principles to infer vertical profiles of fluxes of CO2, H2O and heat as well as carbon and oxygen isotope discrimination during CO2 assimilation, from concentration measurements within a forest. The regional-scale model used a convective boundary layer budget approach to infer average regional isotopic discrimination and fluxes of CO2 and sensible and latent heat from the evolution during the day of boundary layer height and mean concentrations of CO2 and H2O, temperature and carbon and oxygen isotope composition of CO2. For the canopy study, concentrations of five scalar quantities, CO2, 13CO2, C18O16O, H2O and temperature, were measured at up to nine heights within and above a mixed fir and spruce forest in central Siberia over several days just after snow melt in May 2000. Eddy covariance measurements of CO2, H2O and heat fluxes were made above the canopy over the same period, providing independent verification of the model flux estimates. Photosynthesis, transpiration, heat exchange and isotope discrimination during CO2 assimilation were modelled for sun and shade leaves throughout the canopy through a combination of inversion of the concentration data and principles of biochemistry, plant physiology and energy balance. In contrast to the more usual inverse modelling concept where fluxes are inferred directly from concentrations, in this study the inversion was used to predict unknown parameters within a process-based model of leaf gas and energy exchange. Parameters relating to photosynthetic capacity, stomatal conductance, radiation penetration and turbulence structure were optimised by the inversion to provide the best fit of modelled to measured concentration profiles of the five scalars. Model results showed that carbon isotope discrimination, stomatal conductance and intercellular CO2 concentration were depressed due to the low temperatures experienced during snow melt, oxygen isotope discrimination was positive and consistent with other estimates, radiation penetrated further than simple theoretical predictions because of leaf clumping and penumbra, the turbulence coherence was lower than expected and stability effects were important in the morning and evening. For the regional study, five flights were undertaken over two days in and above the convective boundary layer above a heterogeneous pine forest and bog region in central Siberia. Vertical profiles of CO2 and H2O concentrations, temperature and pressure were obtained during each flight. Air flask samples were taken at various heights for carbon and oxygen isotopic analysis of CO2. Two budget methods were used to estimate regional surface fluxes of CO2 and plant isotopic discrimination against 13CO2 and C18O16O, with the first method also used to infer regional sensible and latent heat fluxes. Flux estimates were compared to ground-based eddy covariance measurements. Model results showed that afternoon estimates for carbon and oxygen isotope discrimination were close to those expected from source water isotopic measurements and theory of isotope discrimination. Estimates for oxygen isotope discrimination for the morning period were considerably different and could be explained by contrasting influences of the two different ecosystem types and non-steady state evaporative enrichment of leaf water.
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FELIPPE, MONICA T. S. D. "Estudo de fluxo de oxido nitroso (Nsub(2)O) regional na bacia amazonica." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2010. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9547.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:04:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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Kountouris, Panagiotis [Verfasser], Uwe Gutachter] Totsche, and Christoph [Gutachter] [Gerbig. "Regional carbon balance : flux optimization and network design / Panagiotis Kountouris ; Gutachter: Uwe Totsche, Christoph Gerbig." Jena : Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1177600730/34.

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Zavarsky, Alexander [Verfasser]. "Eddy covariance air-sea gas flux measurements. Regional sources and gas transfer limitation / Alexander Zavarsky." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1167236807/34.

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Vilanova, Muset Ester. "Anàlisi dels sistemes de flux a l'àrea Gavarres-Selva-Baix Empordà. Proposta de model Hidrodinàmic regional." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3437.

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En la present tesi s'exposa una síntesi de la hidrogeologia del massís de les Gavarres i zones adjacents amb l'objectiu final d'identificar i descriure'n la dinàmica, ampliant el coneixement hidrogeològic d'aquesta zona sotmesa a una creixent demanda i avaluant la disponibilitat de recursos hídrics. Concretament, l'estudi hidrogeològic defineix i descriu les formacions hidrogeològiques locals, les seves àrees de recàrrega i els sistemes de flux que es produeixen acompanyant-ho de diverses cartografies piezomètriques. Addicionalment, es caracteritza la dinàmica del sistema mitjançant l'estudi de les fàcies hidroquímiques i de les dotacions en isòtops estables i radiogènics (d18O, dD, 3H, d13C, 87Sr/86Sr) que permeten integrar-les en un sistema hidrogeològic regional. Els resultats es corroboren amb una anàlisi multivariable, consistent en l'anàlisi de components principals, i amb un estudi de mescla de membres extrems. També, s'estudien les fonts riques en CO2 o "picants" mitjançant un seguiment de cabal i hidroquímic, amb la finalitat d'afinar el model conceptual hidrològic derivat de les dades anteriors integrant-hi aquests elements singulars del sistema.
El desenvolupament de la tesi ha permès identificar dos sistemes principals de flux com a origen de la recàrrega del sistema. Es descriu un sistema de caràcter local representat per la recàrrega procedent del massís de les Gavarres, que s'estableix en sentit divergent de d'aquest, el qual es fa present a la zona del Baix Ter i a la Vall d'Aro, així com a algunes captacions del marge oriental de la depressió de la Selva. Es de tipus pistó governat per fractures locals i adopta un sentit vertical ascendent a la zona nord a través de les formacions paleògenes. S'estimen els temps de residència en base al contingut en triti segons un model de desintegració i s'obtenen temps de trànsit d'entre 20-30 anys. En base als isòtops estables es determina l'estacionalitat de la recàrrega i s'avalua el percentatge de la precipitació infiltrant (10-15%) mitjançant mètodes hidroquímics. El segon sistema de flux que es constata és d'àmbit regional. Aquest es manifesta en les captacions més profundes de la depressió de la Selva, s'indueix antròpicament a les formacions sedimentàries soprajacents i ve governat per fractures regionals que delimiten les unitats morfoestructurals. Presenta característiques hidroquímiques diferenciades com a conseqüència de la interacció amb la roca sota elevats temps de residència, majors a 50 anys, segons indica el contingut en triti. La dotació en isótops estables suggereix una àrea de recàrrega que se situa a la serralada Transversal i/o en el massís de les Guilleries.
En les fonts riques en CO2 es constata la presència d'ambdós sistemes de flux els quals s'hi mesclen en diferents proporcions. Es considera que el sistema de flux local s'incorpora al cabal de les fonts amb posterioritat a l'addició del gas diluint les elevades mineralitzacions de l'aigua que s'atribueixen a la presència del gas. Al sistema regional es constata amb una major constància quantitativa i qualitativa.
L'anàlisi de components principals i l'estudi de la mescla de membres extrems corroboren la dinàmica hidrogeològica descrita mitjançant l'estudi multisotòpic. En concret, senyalen el domini de les reaccions silicatades i les influencies menors d'altres processos relacionats amb heterogeneïtats locals del medi, inducció antròpica de fluxos i mescla amb sistemes superficials. Concretament, a la zona del Baix Ter es caracteritza el sistema de flux dominant procedent de les gavarres que s'estableix en sentit vertical ascendent a la depressió i localment s'estimen les aportacions d'un flux influenciat per elevats cabals d'extracció procedent del riu Ter i intrusió salina. Els resultats manifesten l'aplicabilitat d'ambdós mètodes així com les seves limitacions.
Finalment l'estudi manifesta el paper de les fractures en el control dels sistemes de flux i de la recàrrega que afavoreixen l'aportació d'aigües amb temps de residència molt elevats i l'establiment de fluxos de sentit vertical ascendent. També, planteja la dinàmica del sistema a una escala regional considerant que les aportacions subterrànies procedents de les formacions hidrogeològiques profundes contribueixen notablement a les aportacions i als recursos disponibles.
This dissertation is focused on the hydrogeology of the Gavarres range and the surrounding basins of Selva and Baix Empordà. Its main objective consists on describing the hydrodynamics of the system based on geological field work, potentiometric data, hydrochemistry as well as isotopic data ((d18O, dD, 3H, d13C, 87Sr/86Sr). The purpose is to determine a conceptual model that describes the main flow systems of the area as a useful tool to define future exploitation criteria for those related aquifers. The occurrence of rich-CO2 cold springs in the area provides an opportunity to investigate a specific hydrological behavior and are studied as a singular points of the hydrogeological system.
This research has pointed out the existence of two main flow systems: a local system flow with recharge area in the Gavarres range and a regional system flow with longer flow paths from the Transversal and/or Guilleries range. The data results are summarized as follows.
The study identifies and characterizes different hydrogeological formations and potentiometric data show a divergent flux from the Gavarres range towards the sourronding basins. Hydraulic head data also indicates the influence of fractures in the local flow system and a vertical ascending recharge is suggested in the north basin. Furthermore, hydrochemical data supports potentiometric observations and also suggests different residence times depending on flow path. The local meteoric line obtained from rainfall stable isotopes indicates seasonal recharge and its positions respect groundwater samples suggests different dynamics and recharge area in Empordà and Selva basins. Gavarres is the main recharge area but in deepest points of south basin a different and higher recharge areas are considered. CO2-rich springs also agree with these observations despite a modification of its d18O contents because of CO2 exsolution. According to the geological setting, those recharge areas would be located at the Transversal and Guilleries range, which bound the Selva basin in its northern and western boundaries. Tritium content points out different residence times of water samples. Two different groups of tritium data are distinguished, which correlates with the observed differences using stable isotopes, one infiltrated before 1952 occurs at the deepest wells of the Selva basin and at the CO2-rich springs, and is related to a regional flow system. The high exploitation rate in this basin induces flow from this deep regional system to arkosic basin materials. A second, modern set of data which would enter the system 20 years ago is described in Empordà and Aro basin as well as in shallow aquifers in Selva basin. Strontium content and 87Sr/86Sr ratios are used to tracer the flow path and the isotopic content. In particular, Empordà aquifers show a radiogenic signature acquired in the local metamorphic recharge area supporting the existence of vertical upwelling flow.
Principal component analysis (PCA) allows statistical grouping that reflects bedrock lithology and supports some of the identified chemical reactions. Subsequently, end-member mixing analysis has been applied to the Baix Empordà samples to verify mixing rates between the Gavarres recharge through the paleogene aquifers, the Ter river capture and salt water intrusion. Despite that the method needs to be carefully checked for consistency, its application to water samples from the alluvial aquifer demonstrates the major recharge from the underlying paleogene formations, a Ter river participation of about 20%, and a maximum percentage of 10% of salt water in specific wells.
In conclusion, the study of the hydrogeology of the Gavarres-Selva-Baix Empordà system has pictured two distinct flow systems with different chemical and isotopic content and characterized by different dynamics. Furthermore, it shows that the Gavarres range only acts as a local recharge area, and that groundwater from the Selva basin also gets its inflow from distant areas, namely the Transversal and Guilleries ranges.
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Books on the topic "Regional flux"

1

Siegrist, Franziska C. Determination of energy and trace gas fluxes on a regional scale: Combination of local surface flux measurements and vertical flux profiles throughout the atmospheric boundary layer in complex terrain (Swiss Seeland Region). Bern: Institute of Geographiy, 2001.

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European Regional Workshop on Flax (1989 Poznań, Poland). Flax in Europe: Production and processing : proceedings of the European Regional Workshop on Flax, held in Poznań, Poland, 19-21 June, 1989. Poznań, Poland: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1989.

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Ltd, Flix Radio (Yorkshire). Flix Radio: Music from the movies : an application to the Radio Authority by Flix Radio for the Yorkshire Regional Radio Licence, February 2001. Guildford: Flix Radio(Yorkshire), 2001.

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Hammerschmid, Rudolf. Entwicklung technisch-wirtschaftlich optimaler regionaler Entsorgungsalternativen: Dargestellt für Reststoffe aus der Rauchgasreinigung für Baden-Württemberg. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag, 1990.

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Herdrich, Norm. Grower experiences with flax and Linola in Eastern Washington, 1997-2000. [Pullman, Wash.]: Cooperative Extension, Washington State University, 2001.

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Sven, Biscop, and Lembke Johan 1969-, eds. EU enlargement and the transatlantic alliance: A security relationship in flux. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2008.

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Camargo, Ana Maria M. Pires de. Comportamento dos preços de olerícolas nos mercados atacadistas e fluxo de produção regional no Brasil, 1977-83. São Paulo: Governo do Estado de São Paulo, Secretaria de Agricultura e Abastecimento, Instituto de Economia Agrícola, 1986.

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Irish people, Irish linen. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2011.

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Taylor, Brendan. Australia as an Asia-Pacific Regional Power: Friendships in Flux? Taylor & Francis Group, 2012.

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1974-, Taylor Brendan, ed. Australia as an Asia Pacific Regional power: Friendships in flux? New York, NY: Routledge, 2007.

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Book chapters on the topic "Regional flux"

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Hobbs, Christopher, and Matthew Moran. "Syria: A Political Regime in Flux." In Exploring Regional Responses to a Nuclear Iran, 55–66. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137369819_5.

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Lorenzi, Marco, Nicholas Ayache, and Xavier Pennec. "Regional Flux Analysis of Longitudinal Atrophy in Alzheimer’s Disease." In Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention – MICCAI 2012, 739–46. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33415-3_91.

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von Steiger, Berchtold, Armin Keller, and Rainer Schulin. "Regional mass flux balancing for controlling gentle soil remediation operations." In Soil and Water Quality at Different Scales, 303–6. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3021-1_32.

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Milukaité, A. "Flux of Benzo(a)Pyrene to the Ground Surface and Its Distribution in the Ecosystem." In Biogeochemical Investigations at Watershed, Landscape, and Regional Scales, 471–80. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0906-4_43.

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Johnes, Penny J., and Dan Butterfield. "Landscape, regional and global estimates of nitrogen flux from land to sea: Errors and uncertainties." In The Nitrogen Cycle at Regional to Global Scales, 429–76. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3405-9_14.

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Cain, S. M., and S. E. Curtis. "Whole Body and Regional O2 Uptake/Delivery and Lactate Flux in Endotoxic Dogs." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 401–8. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3404-4_45.

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Plant, Roel A. J. "GIS-Based Extrapolation of Land Use-Related Nitrous Oxide Flux in the Atlantic Zone of Costa Rica." In Biogeochemical Investigations at Watershed, Landscape, and Regional Scales, 131–41. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0906-4_13.

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Bukaveckas, P. A., G. E. Likens, T. C. Winter, and D. C. Buso. "A Comparison of Methods for Deriving Solute Flux Rates Using Long-Term Data from Streams in the Mirror Lake Watershed." In Biogeochemical Investigations at Watershed, Landscape, and Regional Scales, 277–93. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0906-4_26.

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Eke, A., P. Herman, J. B. Bassingthwaighte, G. M. Raymond, I. Balla, and C. Ikrényi. "Temporal Fluctuations in Regional Red Blood Cell Flux in the Rat Brain Cortex is a Fractal Process." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 703–9. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5399-1_98.

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Harvey, Karen L., Harrison R. Jones, Carolus J. Schrijver, and Matthew J. Penn. "Does Magnetic Flux Submerge at Flux Cancelation Sites?" In Physics of the Solar Corona and Transition Region, 35–44. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3429-5_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Regional flux"

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Vogtsberger, Donald C., Bruce Girrell, Jerry Miller, and Douglas Spencer. "Development of High-Resolution Axial Flux Leakage Casing Inspection Tools." In SPE Eastern Regional Meeting. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/97807-ms.

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ESKILDSEN, MORTEN RING, PETER L. GAMMEL, DAVID J. BISHOP, NIELS HESSEL ANDERSEN, KELL MORTENSEN, IAN R. FISHER, and PAUL C. CANFIELD. "FLUX LINE LATTICE SYMMETRIES IN THE BOROCARBIDE SUPERCONDUCTORS." In Proceedings of the First Regional Conference. World Scientific Publishing Company, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812793676_0056.

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LYKOV, A. N. "NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF FLUX-CREEP IN HIGH-TC SUPERCONDUCTORS." In Proceedings of the First Regional Conference. World Scientific Publishing Company, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812793676_0061.

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KOHANDEL, M., and M. KARDAR. "MELTING OF FLUX LINES IN AN ALTERNATING PARALLEL CURRENT." In Proceedings of the First Regional Conference. World Scientific Publishing Company, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812793676_0067.

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NAZIRIPOUR, A., and F. POURARIAN. "INTENSE FLUX TRAPPING AND REMANENT MAGNETIZATION IN HIGH TC SUPERCONDUCTORS." In Proceedings of the First Regional Conference. World Scientific Publishing Company, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812793676_0060.

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HOSSIENPOUR, A., and M. NOORBAKHSH. "PIECEWISE LINEAR APPROXIMATION OF MID-FLUX LINE IN FERRITE CORES." In Proceedings of the First Regional Conference. World Scientific Publishing Company, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812793676_0142.

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Alexe, Mihai, and Adrian Sandu. "An investigation of discrete adjoints for flux-limited numerical schemes." In the 45th annual southeast regional conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1233341.1233409.

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NADER, A. "MAGNETIC RELAXATION OF A LONG CYLINDER IN THE FLUX CREEP REGIME." In Proceedings of the First Regional Conference. World Scientific Publishing Company, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812793676_0071.

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Barzin, Yalda, Robert Gordon Moore, Sudarshan A. Mehta, Matthew G. Ursenbach, and Farshad Tabasinejad. "Effect of Interstitial Water Saturation and Air Flux on Combustion Kinetics of High Pressure Air Injection (HPAI)." In SPE Western Regional Meeting. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/133599-ms.

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FISHER, L. M., S. E. SAVEL'EV, and V. A. YAMPOL'SKII. "NONCOLLINEAR ORIENTATION OF THE FLUX LINES PENETRATING INTO A HARD ISOTROPIC SUPERCONDUCTOR AND THE APPLIED MAGNETIC FIELD." In Proceedings of the First Regional Conference. World Scientific Publishing Company, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812793676_0065.

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Reports on the topic "Regional flux"

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Liu, X., Z. Chen, and S. E. Grasby. Using shallow temperature measurements to evaluate thermal flux anomalies in the southern Mount Meager volcanic area, British Columbia, Canada. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/330009.

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Geothermal is a clean and renewable energy resource. However, locating where elevated thermal gradient anomalies exist is a significant challenge when trying to assess potential resource volumes during early exploration of a prospective geothermal area. In this study, we deployed 22 temperature probes in the shallow subsurface along the south flank of the Mount Meager volcanic complex, to measure the transient temperature variation from September 2020 to August 2021. In our data analysis, a novel approach was developed to estimate the near-surface thermal distribution, and a workflow and code with python language have been completed for the thermal data pre-processing and analysis. The long-term temperature variation at different depths can be estimated by modelling, so that the relative difference of deducing deeper geothermal gradient anomalies can be assessed. Our proposed inversion and simulation methods were applied to calculating the temperature variation at 2.0 meters depth. The results identified a preferred high thermal flux anomalous zone in the south Mount Meager area. By combining with previous studies, the direct analysis and estimation of anomalous thermal fields based on the collected temperature data can provide a significant reference for interpretation of the regional thermal gradient variation.
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Chen, Z., S. E. Grasby, C. Deblonde, and X. Liu. AI-enabled remote sensing data interpretation for geothermal resource evaluation as applied to the Mount Meager geothermal prospective area. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/330008.

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The objective of this study is to search for features and indicators from the identified geothermal resource sweet spot in the south Mount Meager area that are applicable to other volcanic complexes in the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt. A Landsat 8 multi-spectral band dataset, for a total of 57 images ranging from visible through infrared to thermal infrared frequency channels and covering different years and seasons, were selected. Specific features that are indicative of high geothermal heat flux, fractured permeable zones, and groundwater circulation, the three key elements in exploring for geothermal resource, were extracted. The thermal infrared images from different seasons show occurrence of high temperature anomalies and their association with volcanic and intrusive bodies, and reveal the variation in location and intensity of the anomalies with time over four seasons, allowing inference of specific heat transform mechanisms. Automatically extracted linear features using AI/ML algorithms developed for computer vision from various frequency bands show various linear segment groups that are likely surface expression associated with local volcanic activities, regional deformation and slope failure. In conjunction with regional structural models and field observations, the anomalies and features from remotely sensed images were interpreted to provide new insights for improving our understanding of the Mount Meager geothermal system and its characteristics. After validation, the methods developed and indicators identified in this study can be applied to other volcanic complexes in the Garibaldi, or other volcanic belts for geothermal resource reconnaissance.
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Russell, H. A. J., and S. K. Frey. Canada One Water: integrated groundwater-surface-water-climate modelling for climate change adaptation. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/329092.

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Canada 1 Water is a 3-year governmental multi-department-private-sector-academic collaboration to model the groundwater-surface-water of Canada coupled with historic climate and climate scenario input. To address this challenge continental Canada has been allocated to one of 6 large watershed basins of approximately two million km2. The model domains are based on natural watershed boundaries and include approximately 1 million km2 of the United States. In year one (2020-2021) data assembly and validation of some 20 datasets (layers) is the focus of work along with conceptual model development. To support analysis of the entire water balance the modelling framework consists of three distinct components and modelling software. Land Surface modelling with the Community Land Model will support information needed for both the regional climate modelling using the Weather Research &amp; Forecasting model (WRF), and input to HydroGeoSphere for groundwater-surface-water modelling. The inclusion of the transboundary watersheds will provide a first time assessment of water resources in this critical international domain. Modelling is also being integrated with Remote Sensing datasets, notably the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE). GRACE supports regional scale watershed analysis of total water flux. GRACE along with terrestrial time-series data will serve provide validation datasets for model results to ensure that the final project outputs are representative and reliable. The project has an active engagement and collaborative effort underway to try and maximize the long-term benefit of the framework. Much of the supporting model datasets will be published under open access licence to support broad usage and integration.
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Rainina, Evguenia I., and E. Sventitsky. Multi-targeted siRNA against conserved genomic regions of flu: new therapeutics with broad activity against emerging flu strains. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1474135.

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CIE. CIE 250:2022 Spectroradiometric Measurement of Optical Radiation Sources. International Commission on Illumination, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.25039/tr.250.2022.

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This Technical Report provides basic measurement principles and practical guidance on spectroradiometry of optical radiation sources in the ultraviolet, visible and near-infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum in the wavelength range from 200 nm to 2 500 nm. The document primarily deals with spectral measurements of irradiance, radiance, radiant intensity, radiant flux and derivative quantities. The document provides a detailed overview of relevant terminology and basic measurement principles, including those for instrument calibration. It provides practical guidance for identifying, understanding and quantifying relevant measurement uncertainty components. This document replaces CIE 063-1984. Additional details on measurement principles not covered in this document can be found in CIE 214:2014. The document is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It consists of 94 pages with 41 figures and 3 tables and is readily available from the CIE Webshop or from the National Committees of the CIE.
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Plueddemann, Albert, Benjamin Pietro, and Emerson Hasbrouck. The Northwest Tropical Atlantic Station (NTAS): NTAS-19 Mooring Turnaround Cruise Report Cruise On Board RV Ronald H. Brown October 14 - November 1, 2020. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1575/1912/27012.

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The Northwest Tropical Atlantic Station (NTAS) was established to address the need for accurate air-sea flux estimates and upper ocean measurements in a region with strong sea surface temperature anomalies and the likelihood of significant local air–sea interaction on interannual to decadal timescales. The approach is to maintain a surface mooring outfitted for meteorological and oceanographic measurements at a site near 15°N, 51°W by successive mooring turnarounds. These observations will be used to investigate air–sea interaction processes related to climate variability. This report documents recovery of the NTAS-18 mooring and deployment of the NTAS-19 mooring at the same site. Both moorings used Surlyn foam buoys as the surface element. These buoys were outfitted with two Air–Sea Interaction Meteorology (ASIMET) systems. Each system measures, records, and transmits via Argos satellite the surface meteorological variables necessary to compute air–sea fluxes of heat, moisture and momentum. The upper 160 m of the mooring line were outfitted with oceanographic sensors for the measurement of temperature, salinity and velocity. Deep ocean temperature and salinity are measured at approximately 38 m above the bottom. The mooring turnaround was done on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Ship Ronald H. Brown, Cruise RB-20-06, by the Upper Ocean Processes Group of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. The cruise took place between 14 October and 1 November 2020. The NTAS-19 mooring was deployed on 22 October, with an anchor position of about 14° 49.48° N, 51° 00.96° W in 4985 m of water. A 31-hour intercomparison period followed, during which satellite telemetry data from the NTAS-19 buoy and the ship’s meteorological sensors were monitored. The NTAS-18 buoy, which had gone adrift on 28 April 2020, was recovered on 20 October near 13° 41.96° N, 58° 38.67° W. This report describes these operations, as well as other work done on the cruise and some of the pre-cruise buoy preparations.
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Hunter, Martha S., and Einat Zchori-Fein. Rickettsia in the whitefly Bemisia tabaci: Phenotypic variants and fitness effects. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7594394.bard.

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The sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a major pest of vegetables, field crops, and ornamentals worldwide. This species harbors a diverse assembly of facultative, “secondary” bacterial symbionts, the roles of which are largely unknown. We documented a spectacular sweep of one of these, Rickettsia, in the Southwestern United States in the B biotype (=MEAM1) of B. tabaci, from 1% to 97% over 6 years, as well as a dramatic fitness benefit associated with it in Arizona but not in Israel. Because it is critical to understand the circumstances in which a symbiont invasion can cause such a large change in pest life history, the following objectives were set: 1) Determine the frequency of Rickettsia in B. tabaci in cotton across the United States and Israel. 2) Characterize Rickettsia and B. tabaci genotypes in order to test the hypothesis that genetic variation in either partner is responsible for differences in phenotypes seen in the two countries. 3) Determine the comparative fitness effects of Rickettsia phenotypes in B. tabaci in Israel and the United States. For Obj. 1, a survey of B. tabaci B samples revealed the distribution of Rickettsia across the cotton-growing regions of 13 sites from Israel and 22 sites from the USA. Across the USA, Rickettsia frequencies were heterogeneous among regions, but were generally at frequencies higher than 75% and close to fixation in some areas, whereas in Israel the infection rates were lower and declining. The distinct outcomes of Rickettsia infection in these two countries conform to previouslyreported phenotypic differences. Intermediate frequencies in some areas in both countries may indicate a cost to infection in certain environments or that the frequencies are in flux. This suggests underlying geographic differences in the interactions between bacterial symbionts and the pest. Obj. 2, Sequences of several Rickettsia genes in both locations, including a hypervariableintergenic spacer gene, suggested that the Rickettsia genotype is identical in both countries. Experiments in the US showed that differences in whitefly nuclear genotype had a strong influence on Rickettsia phenotype. Obj. 3. Experiments designed to test for possible horizontal transmission of Rickettsia, showed that these bacteria are transferred from B. tabaci to a plant, moved inside the phloem, and could be acquired by other whiteflies. Plants can serve as a reservoir for horizontal transmission of Rickettsia, a mechanism that may explain the occurrence of phylogenetically-similarsymbionts among unrelated phytophagous insect species. This plant-mediated transmission route may also exist in other insect-symbiont systems, and since symbionts may play a critical role in the ecology and evolution of their hosts, serve as an immediate and powerful tool for accelerated evolution. However, no such horizontal transmission of Rickettsia could be detected in the USA, underlining the difference between the interaction in both countries, or between B. tabaci and the banded wing whitefly on cotton in the USA (Trialeurodes sp. nr. abutiloneus) and the omnivorous bug Nesidiocoristenuis. Additionally, a series of experiments excluded the possibility that Rickettsia is frequently transmitted between B. tabaci and its parasitoid wasps Eretmocerusmundus and Encarsiapergandiella. Lastly, ecological studies on Rickettsia effects on free flight of whiteflies showed no significant influence of symbiont infection on flight. In contrast, a field study of the effects of Rickettsia on whitefly performance on caged cotton in the USA showed strong fitness benefits of infection, and rapid increases in Rickettsia frequency in competition population cages. This result confirmed the benefits to whiteflies of Rickettsia infection in a field setting.
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8

Izhar, Shamay, Maureen Hanson, and Nurit Firon. Expression of the Mitochondrial Locus Associated with Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in Petunia. United States Department of Agriculture, February 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7604933.bard.

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The main goal of the proposed research was to continue the mutual investigations into the molecular basis of CMS and male fertility restoration [MRF], with the ultimate goal of understanding these phenomena in higher plants. The experiments focused on: (1) dissecting apart the complex CMS - specific mitochondrial S-Pcf locus, in order to distinguish its essential parts which cause sterility from other parts and study its molecular evolution. (2) Studying the expression of the various regions of the S-Pcf locus in fertile and sterile lines and comparing the structure and ultrastructure of sterile and fertile tissues. (3) Determine whether alteration in respiration is genetically associated with CMS. Our mutual investigations further substantiated the association between the S-Pcf locus and CMS by the findings that the fertile phenotype of a population of unstable petunia somatic hybrids which contain the S-Pcf locus, is due to the presence of multiple muclear fertility restoration genes in this group of progenies. The information obtained by our studies indicate that homologous recombination played a major role in the molecular evolution of the S-Pcf locus and the CMS trait and in the generation of mitochondrial mutations in general. Our data suggest that the CMS cytoplasm evolved by introduction of a urs-s containing sublimon into the main mitochondrial genome via homologous recombination. We have also found that the first mutation detected so far in S-Pcf is a consequence of a homologous recombination mechanism involving part of the cox2 coding sequence. In all the cases studied by us, at the molecular level, we found that fusion of two different cells caused mitochondrial DNA recombination followed by sorting out of a specific mtDNA population or sequences. This sequence of events suggested as a mechanism for the generation of novel mitochondrial genomes and the creation of new traits. The present research also provides data concerning the expression of the recombined and complex CMS-specific S-Pcf locus as compared with the expression of additional mitochondrial proteins as well as comparative histological and ultrastructural studies of CMS and fertile Petunia. Evidence is provided for differential localization of mitochondrially encoded proteins in situ at the tissue level. The similar localization patterns of Pcf and atpA may indicate that Pcf product could interfere with the functioning of the mitochondrial ATPase in a tissue undergoing meiosis and microsporogenesis. Studies of respiration in CMS and fertile Petunia lines indicate that they differe in the partitioning of electron transport through the cytochrome oxidase and alternative oxidase pathways. The data indicate that the electron flux through the two oxidase pathways differs between mitochondria from fertile and sterile Petunia lines at certain redox states of the ubiquinone pool. In summary, extensive data concerning the CMS-specific S-Pcf locus of Petunia at the DNA and protein levels as well as information concerning different biochemical activity in CMS as compared to male fertile lines have been accumulated during the three years of this project. In addition, the involvement of the homologous recombination mechanism in the evolution of mt encoded traits is emphasized.
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