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1
Halkier, Henrik, and Mike Danson. "Regional Development Agencies in Western Europe." European Urban and Regional Studies 4, no. 3 (July 1997): 243–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096977649700400304.
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Ansell, Chris. "The Networked Polity: Regional Development in Western Europe." Governance 13, no. 2 (April 2000): 279–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0952-1895.00136.
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Fielding, A. J. "Industrial Change and Regional Development in Western Europe." Urban Studies 31, no. 4-5 (May 1994): 679–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00420989420080631.
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Tselios, Vassilis, Andrés Rodríguez-Pose, Andy Pike, John Tomaney, and Gianpiero Torrisi. "Income Inequality, Decentralisation, and Regional Development in Western Europe." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 44, no. 6 (January 2012): 1278–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a44334.
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Marshall, Tim. "Regional planning in Western Europe: The contemporary context." International Planning Studies 1, no. 3 (October 1996): 357–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13563479608721662.
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Jackson, P. Alan. "OXFORD REGIONAL ECONOMIC ATLAS OF WESTERN EUROPE." New Zealand Journal of Geography 54, no. 1 (May 15, 2008): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0028-8292.1973.tb00518.x.
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Cox, Kevin R. "Development policy, Western Europe and the question of specificity." European Urban and Regional Studies 27, no. 1 (October 2, 2018): 4–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969776418798689.
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In the Anglophone literature on local and regional development policy there are tendencies to overextension of claims from one side of the Atlantic to the other, or there is no comparative framing at all. As a result the specificity of the West European case tends to be lost. In contrast with the USA, the West European instance is very different indeed. Although there have been changes since the postwar golden years of urban and regional planning, central government remains crucial in the structuring of local and regional development and has given expression to counter-posed class forces: regional policy was historically an aspect of the welfare state as promoted by the labor movement, while urbanization policy has been much more about the forces of the political right. In the USA, by contrast, local governments and to a lesser degree, the states, have been and continue to be supreme; in contrast to Western Europe, location tends to be much more market-determined, with local and governments acting as market agents. Class forces have seemingly been much weaker, territorial coalitions occupying the center ground. As a first cut, these differences have to do with state structure: the Western European state is far more centralized, facilitating the implementation of policies that are relatively indifferent to local specificity, while in the USA the converse applies. State structures, however, are parts of broader social formations and reflect the different socio-historical conditions in which West European societies, on the one hand, and their American counterpoint, on the other, have emerged.
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Nipper, Josef, and G. J. Demko. "Regional Development: Problems and Policies in Eastern and Western Europe." Economic Geography 61, no. 3 (July 1985): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/143566.
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Kukliński, Antoni. "Regional development: Problems and policies in Eastern & Western Europe." Land Use Policy 2, no. 4 (October 1985): 350–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-8377(85)90034-1.
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Falťan, Ľ. "Cross-border Euro-regional activation and regional development in Slovakia." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 51, No. 12 (February 21, 2012): 547–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5150-agricecon.
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Social-political transition in the former socialist countries led to a new understanding of borders and created the prerequisites for renaissance and significant activation of the cross-border co-operation. This way, Slovakia along with other countries joined the Euro-regional movement in Europe, which spread since the end of 60-ies through Western-European countries. Formation and institutionalisation of Euro-regional relations, links and co-operation was initially hindered by a whole range of obstacles, including the ones with political background. It was obvious mainly in Slovakia where it influenced the existence and potential establishment of new Euro-regional associations. Rebirth of the Euro-regional activities started after 1998. Currently, there are Euro-regions practically operating along the entire Slovak border with its neighbours. The extent and form of institutionalisation and professional staffing varies. Activities of Euro-regions are merely based on projects which bring funding. Projects are broadly oriented, while the prevailing focus is currently on the economic activation of Euro-regions. There is a lack of partner co-operation and co-ordination of activities between countries and their activities, including cross-border activities and activities of Euro-regions. Euro-regional activities play a significant role in activation of border areas in the country, while they have a complementary character for the regional state policy and regional policy of self-governed regions which is being formulated.
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Hall, Peter. "The future of cities in Western Europe." European Review 3, no. 2 (April 1995): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798700001459.
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The cities of Western Europe are profoundly affected by major global forces, which affect both the competitive advantage of different cities and the location of activities between cities and suburbs. These forces will impinge differentially on the main levels of the urban hierarchy; it is useful to distinguish between global cities, regional cities, older industrial cities and county-level cities.
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THYNE, MARTIN. "BRITAIN AND WESTERN EUROPE: A REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY. By Barry Brunt." New Zealand Journal of Geography 75, no. 1 (May 15, 2008): 21–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0028-8292.1983.tb00150.x.
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Koles, Bernadett, and Balakrishnan Kondath. "Strategy development processes in Central and Eastern Europe: a cross-regional perspective." International Journal of Emerging Markets 9, no. 3 (July 15, 2014): 386–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoem-08-2012-0092.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to assess strategy development processes in organizations operating in the Central and Eastern European region, and compare them with those headquartered in Western Europe. Design/methodology/approach – Strategy development processes are measured using a multidimensional scale, incorporating elements of the following six dimensions: command, planning, incremental, political, cultural, and enforced choice. The study includes 366 participants from 52 organizations, with close to 40 percent headquartered in CEE countries. Findings – While responses of western top management were consistent with previous findings, differences prevailed in comparison to the current sample reports of CEE top management. For example, managers in CEE organizations tended to place more emphasis on the top executive, while internal politics were significantly more pronounced in western firms. Research limitations/implications – Additional variables potentially influencing strategy development processes could be explored, using a more targeted sample. Practical implications – The results suggest that despite surface level appearances, the overall management trends and business dealings characterizing CEE societies are still not identical to those in the west, highlighting the importance for top management teams to consider local approaches and practices when entering novel markets. Originality/value – This study addresses a gap in the available literature by concerning strategy development processes through multiple dimensions, and in organizations operating in the relatively under-represented region of CEE countries.
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Górka, Kazimierz, and Paulina Szyja. "Regional Policy of the European Union Versus Sustainable Development." Barometr Regionalny. Analizy i Prognozy, no. 3 (29) (December 21, 2012): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.56583/br.1223.
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The authors begin with the statement that Western Europe, as in the USA, commenced activities aimed at overcoming financial and economic crisis with the bailing out of financial and banking institutions while neglecting stimulation of real economic policy. Nonetheless, the strategic plan of the European Union called ‘Europe 2020’ points out that ensuring lasting economic growth and social development are prerequisite. In the subsequent parts of the article the authors present an evaluation of the importance of regional policy for economic stimulation of the EU. To this end the authors analyze the EU budgetary expenditures on cohesion policy and the impact those expenditures make on sustainable development; they also present some methods of transforming the European economy into a low emission (green) model.
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Broadberry, Stephen. "Regional and Industrial Growth Patterns in 20th-Century Western Europe." Scandinavian Economic History Review 58, no. 1 (March 2010): 80–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03585520903516379.
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Wood, Peter A., Lloyd Rodwin, and Hidehiko Sazanami. "Industrial Change and Regional Economic Transformation: The Experience of Western Europe." Economic Geography 68, no. 1 (January 1992): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/144046.
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Djukanovic, Dragan, and Marko Dasic. "Modeling regional cooperation in the Balkans after 1999: European experiences and their application." Medjunarodni problemi 73, no. 4 (2021): 617–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp2104617d.
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In this paper, the authors comparatively analyze the development of regional cooperation in Europe after the Second World War and in the Western Balkans since 1999. They compare and contrast regional cooperation in the Western Balkans (with a particular focus on the period after 2006, when the Stability Pact for Southeastern Europe was transformed into the Regional Cooperation Council, and after 2014, when the Berlin Process was launched) with similar forms of cooperation in Europe, such as the Nordic Council of Ministers, the Visegrad Group, and the Benelux. Therefore, the authors approach a comparative analysis of the composition of these regional forums and their areas of cooperation with the Regional Cooperation Council, the Southeast European Cooperation Process, and the Berlin Process. In this regard, the authors state that there are more than obvious similarities between regional cooperation in the Western Balkans, primarily with the Visegrad Group, and to a significant extent with the Benelux. Regional cooperation on the Balkan Peninsula and between the Nordic countries is similar to a lesser extent, owing to the absence of the formation of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Western Balkans, which was overlooked in 2013. The authors conclude that there are numerous obstacles to establishin g more intensive and deeper regional cooperation in the Western Balkans, the most significant of which are the lack of a multilaterally accepted regional identity, the different interests of regional leaders regarding its "originality", the conflicted views of dominant opinions, and the predominant influences of various Western actors.
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Larsson, Anders. "The development and regional significance of the automotive industry: supplier parks in western Europe." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 26, no. 4 (December 2002): 767–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.00417.
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Kandil, Hazem. "Resisting Resistance: Examining the Shifting Balance of Threats in the Middle East." European Foreign Affairs Review 15, Issue 5 (December 1, 2010): 717–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2010050.
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With the demise of the Cold War threat, Europe believed the time was ripe to push Arab regimes to liberalize. Certain of the dominance of the pro-Western axis in the Middle East, Europe had little to fear. The Lebanon (2006) and Gaza (2009) wars, however, have cast doubt over the stability of the current regional arrangement. Militias adopting asymmetric warfare strategies have performed a much better job than conventional Arab armies usually did – a development that has undermined Europe’s regional allies. Combining insights from military sociology and neo-realism, this article examines the causes and significance of this development and how the changing regional balance is curbing Europe’s liberalizing agenda.
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Hudson, Ray, and Allen J. Scott. "New Industrial Spaces: Flexible Production Organization and Regional Development in North America and Western Europe." Economic Geography 65, no. 2 (April 1989): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/143783.
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Pochta, Yu M. "Development of the Russian Model of Federalism: Relationships of Center and Regions in 2007-2016." RUDN Journal of Political Science, no. 3 (December 15, 2016): 97–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-1438-2016-3-97-115.
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This article was written by Yuriy Pochta for the Council of Europe and was published in the spring of 2016 in the collection: Regionalisation trends in European countries 2007-2015. A study by members of the Group of Independent Experts of the European Charter of Local Self-Government / Editor: Prof. Francesco Merloni. Strasburg, 2016. Yuriy Pochta is a member of a group of independent experts of the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities, which is the pan-European political assembly representing local and regional authorities from the forty-seven member states of the Council of Europe. The Congress entrusted the Group of Independent Experts on the European Charter of Local Self-Government with the task of producing a comparative academic study. This study is based on information from Council of Europe member States affected by the regionalisation process and on recent regionalisation developments in Europe. The intention is to review the situation regarding regionalisation since the 2007 report of the European Committee on Local and Regional Democracy (CDLR). Following on from this, the idea is to achieve a broader understanding of the phenomenon from both the legal and institutional angles. The main aim of this study is to evaluate regionalisation trends, towards both more and less regionalisation, in individual countries and consequently in Europe as a whole. At the same time it seeks to determine whether the various countries considered actually have regional institutions as defined by the 2009 Council of Europe Reference Framework for Regional Democracy. In preparing his section on Russia, Yuriy Pochta proceeded from the fact that the modern Russian state emerged relatively recently - at the turn of 1980-90-s. of the 20th century and its formation, including its federal structure continues. It is shown that since 2007 the process of regionalization of the Russian Federation is developing successfully. Having opted for the creation of a democratic society, post-Soviet Russian Federation borrowed Western model, adapting it to its own circumstances. The impact of these conditions leads to the fact that it is quite difficult to relate the existing Russian federal system to the classic Western model. On this occasion Russian and Western scholars participate in a lively debate about the nature of Russian federalism - whether it is real or a simulation, whether it is in the crisis. But in 2014, in connection with the entry of the Crimea and Sevastopol to the Russian Federation, Russian federalism issues become even more urgent, raising a number of questions about the evolution of Russian federalism, the possibility of the organic integration of the two new subjects in the federation in a situation of sharp complication of Russia's relations with the West, led by the United States, caused by the political and socio-economic crisis in the Republic of Ukraine.
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McCarthy, Linda. "European Economic Integration and Urban Inequalities in Western Europe." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 32, no. 3 (March 2000): 391–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a3189.
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Recent processes of European integration have influenced profoundly the fortunes of cities across Western Europe. Although some cities have benefited, others have been impacted adversely. Income inequalities result from economic growth differentials occurring between different cities over time. The theoretical literature differs on whether increased integration promotes or reduces income disparities. The European Union (EU) assumes that rising inequalities will impair EU growth and lead to even greater disparities. Empirical analysis has concentrated on the EU-defined regions because of problems of urban data availability and comparability. Using regional data, I identified that the overall level of inequalities changed little for the metropolitan regions between the early 1980s and the early 1990s. Urban disparities were cyclical—decreasing during strong EU growth and increasing in slower growth years. Factors outside direct local government control, including relative location within Europe, reinforced the traditional strong-core—weak-periphery spatial pattern of development. I argue that additional factors specific to cities, such as limited EU urban policy and funding, contributed to overall higher and more sharply rising inequalities since the late 1980s for cities compared with regions. The positive linear relationship between levels of national income and urban disparities has implications for economic polarization within richer member states and for EU efforts to reduce inequalities by raising the level of development in poorer countries.
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Rodríguez‐Pose, Andrés. "Convergence or Divergence? Types of Regional Responses to Socio‐Economic Change in Western Europe." Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie 90, no. 4 (November 1999): 365–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9663.00079.
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Litmeyer, Marie-Louise, Leah Bender, Sina Happel, Alexa Peusch, Nicola Spory, and Stefan Hennemann. "The effects of gender equality on economic development in Europe." Erdkunde 76, no. 1 (March 25, 2022): 21–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3112/erdkunde.2022.01.02.
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Gender equality is increasingly perceived as a central issue and discussed as an essential factor for competition, economic growth and solidarity in society. The starting point of this study is the identification of the main factors influenced by gender equality in the context of the economic performance of countries. Europe was chosen as the study area, with regional differences between Northern, Western/Central, Southern and Eastern Europe also being taken into account. The empirical analysis is based on panel regression models. These confirm that policies designed to increase the share of women in leadership positions and to achieve an equal representation of self-employed women and men have a significant positive impact on a country's economic performance across Europe. In addition, differentiated recommendations for action are derived from the results for the individual subregions.
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Sekiguchi, Sueo. "Foreign Investment in Asia in the 1990s: Trends, Problems and Implications for Manpower Movements." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 1, no. 3-4 (September 1992): 529–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689200100306.
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The diversity and rapidity of change in direct foreign investment (DFI) are described for flows among North America, Western Europe, Japan, ASEAN, Taiwan, China, Hong Kong, Korea and Russia. The U.S. share of DFI in Pacific Rim countries has declined, while that of Japan and Western Europe has increased. The NIEs have emerged as new investors in the region. The decline in U.S. DFI is likely to be compensated by Asian intra-regional flows initiated by Japan, South Korea, Singapore and Hong Kong. On one hand, international capital flows can serve as a substitute for international labor flows; on the other, DFI can also give rise to bidirectional flows of manpower ranging from unskilled to professional levels.
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Xhemaili, Mirvan. "Challenges of Western Balkan Countries on Their Road to EU Integration." European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 8, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v8i1.p58-66.
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Western Balkans is one of the regions that has experienced the worst and the longest transition after the Cold War. The dissolution of Yugoslavia at the beginning of 1990s was associated by destructive interethnic conflicts, by local and regional wars, and also by political and ethnic accidents. Western Balkans is also closely related to Europe politically and economically. The historical period to be considered in this research is the post-Cold War period, after the immense changes in central Europe, and the southeast Europe, i.e. the Balkans. The international factor has actively intervened in the Balkans. The international presence is both military and civil. Various international mechanisms have played a determining factor through direct activities in the region. The process of dissolution of former Yugoslavia has fragmentized the Western Balkans in many spheres, starting from the border changes to demographic changes. This process also resulted in creation of new states that changed the geopolitics of the region. The fragmentation was caused by many factors: historical, political, economic, military, geopolitical, and strategic. Also, this development was determined by the political concepts that are leading the region in respect to EU integration. The development of the regional political process has now conditioned and oriented the Western Balkans towards integration in Euro Atlantic structures. Knowing that these countries have as a strategic aim the full membership in the EU, I can say that this makes the process more dynamic and faster, because we are dealing with a process that entails the same principles and same values that are closely related to regional interests. Regardless of the same orientation on values and geopolitical interest, the Western Balkans is currently in a fragmentized level in regards to EU integration
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Arsovski, Marjan, and Saše Gerasimoski. "DEVELOPMENT OF THE EUROPEAN DEFENSE POLICY." Knowledge International Journal 28, no. 6 (December 10, 2018): 1821–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij28061821m.
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European Union member states have always recognized the need to act together in foreign policy and defense matters, but this has proved to be a difficult challenge and hard to achieved. The principle of a common foreign and security policy (CFSP) was formalized for the first time in 1992 by the Treaty of Maastricht, but creation of formal secondary instruments for diplomacy and intervention were needed pursuant to regional conflicts in the 1990s. Such decisive actions are the European Union peacekeeping missions to several of the world’s trouble spots which promote development of the European Security and Defense Policy and design of European military structure. The first Europe defense agreement was sign on 17 of March 1948 in Brussels establishing the Western European Union. Together with the NATO Agreement they create the defense policy of Europe. In this context, the research paper aims is to explore the development of the Western European Union as a cradle for the birth of the European Union security and defense policy and the difference between the policies that are in the Union competence and the one exclusively to the Member States.
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Stilborg, Ole. "Regionality in the study of the Ertebolle culture." Archaeological Dialogues 6, no. 1 (July 1999): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1380203800001367.
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AbstractIn an earlier contribution to Archaeological Dialogues (4.2), Raemaekers discussed the relationships between the Swifterbant and Ertebølle cultures of respectively the mesolithic Low Countries and southern Scandinavia, calling for a more regional approach to the study of mesolithic western Europe. In this comment, recent ceramic studies from southern Sweden are used to draw attention to regional variability in the Scandinavian Mesolithic.
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Sokolovska, Valentina, and Ana Bilinovic. "Families in Serbia as a factor of regional economic development." Sociologija 56, no. 4 (2014): 565–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/soc1404565s.
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This paper broadly analyzes the nature of the impact of family types on the (regional) economic development. Results of the research of these issue at the level of regions in Europe have pointed to the relevance of the ?family perspective? for the study of differential economic development, which opens the way for consideration of this issue at the level of regions in Serbia. In order to test the impact of family types on regional economic development in Serbia we have collected and analyzed data on average household size, family composition of households, types of families, the average number of household members, educational attainment measured by the proportion of the population with basic and higher education, the overall share of employees in the workforce, data on employment of women, as well as data on gross domestic product. The above demographic and socio-economic data are collected based on data from the 2011. census, and are represented at the level of four regions of Serbia (Belgrade region, the region of Vojvodina, Sumadija and Western Serbia, the region of Eastern and Southern Serbia). The research was largely done based on theoretical and methodological foundation used to investigate the impact of family types on regional socio-economic development of Europe, with extensive use of Emmanuel Todd descriptions of family types. The results suggest that although many factors exogenous to family structure seem likely to cause major economic changes, family structure itself may be a key determinant in adapting such changes.
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Romanenko, Sergei. "THE BALKANS / SOUTH-EASTERN EUROPE: THE REGION OF MYSTERY AND MYSTERIES OF THE REGION." Urgent Problems of Europe, no. 2 (2021): 22–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/ape/2021.02.02.
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Based on the study of various types of sources and analysis of Russian and foreign literature, the author conceptually substantiates an approach to the study of the Balkan region / South-Eastern Europe. One of the main problems considered in the article is the change in the course of the history of the 19 th-21 st centuries the ratio of the concepts of «Balkans/South-Eastern Europe», «Eastern Europe», «Central-Eastern and South-Eastern Europe», «Western Balkans», «Western Balkan countries» and «European Western Balkans». The author characterizes various historical stages of the development of the region in the context of world wars and revolutions of the 20 th century, shows the specifics of political and ethnic processes, the internal political situation in each country and relations between the states of the region, the correlation between the processes of regionalization and globalization. With the disappearance of Eastern Europe in the form in which it existed in 1949-1991, after the anti-communist social and national revolutions in the former socialist countries of Europe in 1989-1992, an integral part of the process of national self-determination was the change in the regional self-identification of each people, society and state. If in the 2000 s, positive dynamics prevailed both in terms of internal political development, intraregional and global international relations, then in the 2010 s, the forward movement has stalled in terms of both the internal economic, social and political development of the states of the region, and the settlement of interethnic and interstate conflicts in the region against the background of a general aggravation of international relations. The article examines the role of regional identification and self-identification as elements of national self-awareness. The author also characterizes the challenges facing the countries of the region in the short, medium and long terms and indicates that the choice of the Balkans / South-Eastern Europe, despite the specificity caused by their historical fate, and all the difficulties of development and conflicts, has already been made: the Balkans (like Russia as well) is an integral part of Europe.
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Gibson, Kathenne. "Book Review: New industrial spaces: flexible production organization and regional development in North America and western Europe." Progress in Human Geography 15, no. 2 (June 1991): 236–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913259101500226.
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Falaleev, P. I. "The Marshall Plan and the European Integration: The Stance of Great Britain and France (1947–1948)." Moscow University Bulletin of World Politics 12, no. 3 (November 20, 2020): 165–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.48015/2076-7404-2020-12-3-165-190.
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The development and implementation of the Marshall Plan has been studied quite thoroughly in both Russian and foreign academic literature. Nevertheless, certain aspects of this problematique require further examination, particularly the reaction of the Western European countries to the initiative of the Secretary of State G. Marshall, as well as the impact of the Plan on the process of the European integration in general. The paper demonstrates that this reaction was far from simple and often contradictory since the key Western states had very different views on the future of mutual relations, as well as on the prospects for post-war recovery and development of Europe. The paper examines the evolution of the French and British leaders’ views on these issues from the first discussions of the projects to provide US aid to Western Europe to the implementation of the Marshall Plan. The negotiations revealed significant points of disagreement among the parties particularly regarding the relations with the USSR, the German question, and conditions for receiving assistance from the United States. The author stresses that the need to defend their interests during the course of negotiations with the US representatives contributed greatly to the rapprochement of Britain and France and, at the same time, catalyzed debates on the integration of Western Europe. In this regard the author emphasizes that the idea of regional economic integration received mixed reaction in the American elites. While some considered this process as an effective means of bringing the Western countries together, particularly, over the German question, others feared that integration of Western Europe could potentially lead to the emergence of a new competitor to the USA. The author concludes that the growing popularity of integration projects in Europe in 1947–1948 stemmed from a range of factors, including both a combination of internal European political processes and short-term and long-term consequences of the Marshall Plan. Whereas in terms of economic development of Western Europe the latter were rather ambiguous and are still the subject of controversy, in terms of world politics the Marshall Plan exacerbated block-to-block confrontation in Europe, characteristic of the Cold War period.
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Rodriguez-Pose, Andres. "Social Conditions and Economic Performance: The Bond Between Social Structure and Regional Growth in Western Europe." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 22, no. 3 (September 1998): 443–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.00151.
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Novelli, Catherine A. "Commentary: Bilateral Free Trade Agreements and Support for the Doha Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations." Global Economy Journal 5, no. 4 (December 7, 2005): 1850067. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1154.
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Commentary on Alberto Trejos's article "Bilateral and Regional Free Trade Agreements, and their Relationship with the WTO and the Doha Development Agenda." Catherine A. Novelli is a partner in the Washington office of Mayer, Brown, Rowe & Maw LLP. Formerly Assistant U.S. Trade Representative for Europe & the Mediterranean, Novelli coordinated U.S. trade and investment policy for more than 65 countries of Western Europe, Central Europe, Russia, the NIS, the Middle East, and Northern Africa. Previously, Novelli was the Deputy Assistant U.S. Trade Representative for Central and Eastern Europe and Eurasia where she played a key role in the formation of U.S. trade policy for Russia and Central Europe. She joined USTR in 1991 after serving in the Office of General Counsel at the Department of Commerce.
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Michalak, W. Z. "Foreign Direct Investment and Joint Ventures in East-Central Europe: A Geographical Perspective." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 25, no. 11 (November 1993): 1573–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a251573.
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Capital flows in the form of foreign direct investment (FDI) are becoming one of the major mechanisms of interaction between Western and East-Central Europe. The major objective in this paper is to assess the extent and distribution of FDI between Czechoslovakia (before its breakup), Hungary, and Poland at the beginning of 1992. A detailed examination of the new investment patterns is followed by an analysis of the capital flows by geographical origin of investors and sector of the economy. In addition, the political and economic reasons for emerging regional differences in terms of FDI are discussed. The conclusions are focused on possible scenarios for future FDI in the region and its importance in the European integration process. It is clear that the benefits of direct Western investment in the former Eastern Europe stretch well beyond narrowly defined economic interests.
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Misra, Sumantra, Manjari Chakraborty, and N. R. Mandal. "CRITICAL REGIONALISM IN THE POST-COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE OF THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT." JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM 42, no. 2 (October 29, 2018): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jau.2018.6140.
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Critical Regionalism as expounded by Kenneth Frampton has found its use in many parts of the world as a reaction to the international architecture practised in the Western world. India, which was deprived of exposure to the advanced developments in architecture in the US and Europe was at one stroke brought into world contact after gaining independence. This paper traces the exposure of the Indian architects to Western training and philosophy and how they developed their works to suit the regional context. Important aspects of the paper are mentioned below: ‒ International exposure of the Indian architects after independence. ‒ Their designs and their approaches to the creation of an Indian flavour on their return to homeland. ‒ Examined the works of a few prominent architects and inferred on their special regional contributions.
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Nation, R. Craig. "NATO in the Western Balkans: A Force for Stability?" Southeastern Europe 35, no. 1 (2011): 120–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187633311x545706.
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AbstractNATO has made important contributions to regional security in post-Cold War Southeastern Europe. Engagement with the alliance's security assistance programs provides opportunities for security sector reform and professional development, helps to reorient national defense and security policies toward contemporary challenges, and places the responsibility of territorial defense in a collective security framework that allows for a more efficient utilization of limited resources and reduces the likelihood of interstate conflict. All the countries of the Western Balkans are committed to cooperation with the alliance, and to varying degrees are moving toward (or have already achieved) closer or full association, a process that this article seeks to document. NATO membership is also often perceived, rightly or wrongly, as a necessary step along the road toward membership in the European Union, the most important strategic goal for the majority of Western Balkan states. Association with the alliance is not, however, a sufficient foundation for regional stability and cooperative security. This will require a more complex process of development, including economic, political, social and cultural dimensions. Inclusive policies, including more effective cooperation between NATO and the Russian Federation in pursuit of mutual interests, would be of particular value.
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Braun, Aurel. "Resetting Russian–Eastern European relations for the 21st century." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 45, no. 3-4 (September 2012): 389–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2012.07.009.
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Optimism and opportunity in Russian–East European relations just a couple of years ago, especially with the Obama government’s express desire to “press the reset button” with Moscow, generated much hope, but it seems now that this also camouflaged deep issues of structure and process. Beyond historical mistrust and fear, an increasing drift away from democracy by Russia, while Eastern Europe, (geographically more broadly defined than during the Cold War), largely has sought closer political, economic and military integration with their Western neighbors, appears to have created two solitudes that may be irrevocably moving in different directions. Further, Russian ambitions and unrealistic expectations of regaining superpower status together with the belief that there may even be a shortcut to that restoration by manipulating the Western European powers, encouraging divisions within NATO and the European Union and isolating Eastern Europe or at least some of the states in the region, not only increases regional mistrust but ironically also diverts Russia away from the much needed fundamental economic and political changes that could transform it into a truly modern and successful state and a better neighbor and partner. Add issues such as the deployment of anti-ballistic missile defense systems in Eastern Europe over which Moscow continues to express vociferous military alarm but which in reality disguises Russian hegemonic ambitions or at best political fear, as well as Russia’s political use of energy and pipelines, and we have a combination that makes regional relations increasingly acrid and thus does not bode well for the future.
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Laskowska, Iwona, and Barbara Dańska-Borsiak. "The Importance Of Human Capital For The Economic Development Of EU Regions." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 19, no. 5 (March 30, 2017): 63–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cer-2016-0038.
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The EU designs its cohesion policy with the primary purpose of reducing disparities in regional development. The success of the policy is largely determined by the identification of factors that contribute to such disparities. One of the key determinants of economic success is human capital. This article examines the relationship between the quality of human capital and economic development of EU’s regions. Using spatial analysis methods, the spatial dependencies between the growth of human capital and GDP per capita are investigated. According to the research results, the highest levels of human capital are typical of the most affluent regions in Western Europe, while its lowest levels are found in the poorest countries that became EU members only recently and in countries in southern Europe, including Greece. The spatial correlation measures confirm that spatial relationships have effect on the regional resources of human capital, showing that regions rich in human capital border on regions that are similar to them in that respect. The results of the spatial growth regression indicate that the amount of human capital in the region has a significant and positive effect on its GDP per capita.
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Scott, A. J. "Flexible production systems and regional development: the rise of new industrial spaces in North America and western Europe." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 12, no. 2 (June 1988): 171–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.1988.tb00448.x.
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Marková, Blanka. "Creative Clusters in the Czech Republic—Strategy for Local Development or Fashionable Concept?" Moravian Geographical Reports 22, no. 1 (July 29, 2014): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mgr-2014-0005.
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Abstract In an era of globalization and increasing competition among cities, creative industries are gaining greater attention as a catalyst for local and regional development. This is reflected in the theory of Richard Florida, which was accepted after 2002 by professionals in the field of urban planning, especially in North America and Western Europe, but critically analyzed by the academic community in the field of urban and regional development for its insufficient empirical evidence. Creative industries might be fostered through clusters that are widely accepted as concepts for improving the economic efficiency of regions. This paper introduces the concept of creative clusters into discussions by Czech geographers, while analysing the pioneer projectled development of an Audiovisual Cluster in the Zlín Region, and the possible transfer of the creative clusters concept to other Czech regions.
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Giordano, Tommaso. "Library Consortium Models in Europe: A Comparative Analysis." Alexandria: The Journal of National and International Library and Information Issues 14, no. 1 (April 2002): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095574900201400106.
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Consortia for the sharing of electronic resources represent one of the most important current developments in the field of libraries. These increasingly widespread cooperation programmes present a double nature: they show the characteristics of initiatives which are transitory in nature; on the other hand they demonstrate their long-term potential. Comparative research into consortia in Western Europe was aimed at determining their principal characteristics, emerging models, and the critical factors of their development. From an analysis of 18 consortia from the viewpoints of scope and geographical dimension, policy and programme, governance, infrastructure and financing, a diverse picture emerges, with notable differences between countries in terms of both level of development and manner of implementation. In addition to historic and cultural factors, various other factors of a political and managerial nature, such as the degree of political and administrative decentralization, national technological programmes, the regular availability of special financing, organizational structure, and the legal status of the consortium, all play a decisive role. Three principal consortia models seem to be establishing themselves: a centralized model (principally in the Nordic countries), a decentralized model (currently the most widespread), and a regional model (in some countries with decentralized political systems).
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Gozzi, Gustavo. "History of International Law and Western Civilization." International Community Law Review 9, no. 4 (2007): 353–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187197407x261386.
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AbstractThis paper discusses the origins 19th-century international law through the works of such scholars as Bluntschli, Lorimer, and Westlake, and then traces out its development into the 20th century. Nineteenth-century international law was forged entirely in Europe: it was the expression of a European consciousness and culture, and was geographically located within the community of European peoples, which meant a community of Christian, and hence "civilized," peoples. It was only toward the end of the 19th century that an international law emerged as the expression of a "global society," when the Ottoman Empire, China, and Japan found themselves forced to enter the regional international society revolving around Europe. Still, these nations stood on an unequal footing, forming a system based on colonial relations of domination. This changed in the post–World War II period, when a larger community of nations developed that was not based on European dominance. This led to the extended world society we have today, made up of political systems profoundly different from one another because based on culture-specific concepts. So in order for a system to qualify as universal, it must now draw not only on Western but also on non-Western forms, legacies, and concepts.
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Bezak, Nejc, and Matjaž Mikoš. "Changes in the Compound Drought and Extreme Heat Occurrence in the 1961–2018 Period at the European Scale." Water 12, no. 12 (December 16, 2020): 3543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12123543.
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Compound extreme weather events can cause large economic damage and endanger human lives. Therefore, identification of changes in such compound event frequency and magnitude is important information that could be useful for decision makers and practitioners in water management and agriculture sector. This is especially the case for dry hazards that can be significantly influenced by the increasing air temperature and can have significant impact on water availability and consumption as well as on agricultural production. This study investigated changes in the compound occurrence of drought and extreme heat at the European scale using Uncertainties in Ensembles of Regional Reanalyses (UERRA) regional reanalysis data for the 1961–2018 period. The effective drought index (EDI) and the air temperature percentile threshold were used for the identification of the compound events at the catchment scale where entire Europe was divided into more than 4000 catchments. The results revealed multiple hotspots of compound drought and extreme heat events such as parts of Western Europe, Italy, Balkan Peninsula and Northern and Eastern Europe. At the continental scale, no uniform trend pattern could be detected. However, multiple areas with either positive or negative changes were identified. A positive change was characteristic for parts of Western Europe, Italy, Balkan Peninsula, etc. In these cases, the trend was mostly driven by the decreasing total precipitation trend and was not directly affected by the increasing air temperature trend. Areas with negative changes include parts of Northern and Eastern Europe and British Isles. In these cases, the detected trend was mostly driven by an increasing total precipitation trend. However, local drivers could be different.
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Molchanova, E. V. "The international practices of digital health: Theoretical and applied aspects." National Interests: Priorities and Security 16, no. 5 (May 15, 2020): 905–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ni.16.5.905.
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Subject. The article focuses on the digital health across countries. Objectives. I examine theoretical and applied aspects of the digital health in the leading countries of Western Europe and Russia. Methods. Analyzing the current situation, I refer to regulatory and legislative documents on the digital economy and digital health, official statistics. Research is based on the comparative analysis of key medical-demographic and socio-economic indicators, and economic and mathematical apparatus. Results. The study represents a comprehensive evaluation of theoretical and applied aspects of the digital health development at the macro- and mesolevels. For this, I gradually compare countries, narrowing the focus down to regional trends. The article describes key patterns and specifics of using digital health technologies successfully in Western Europe. I evaluate the digital health development in Russia, pointing out advantages and possible risks that may arise if modern technologies are integrated in real-life healthcare practices. They should be considered when digital health programs are prepared for Russia. Conclusions and Relevance. Conducting the digital transformation of healthcare, governments should not stick to statutory benchmarks, but rather strive to the genuine efficiency of ICT to preserve and strengthen the national health. The findings can be used to prepare regional medical-demographic documents, including those concerning high-tech medical aid.
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Rovinskaya, T. "Greens in Europe: Incremental Growth." World Economy and International Relations 59, no. 12 (2015): 58–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2015-59-12-58-71.
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The article deals with the environmental ideology evolution and the Green Movement political development – from groups of activists and ecological non-governmental organizations to influential political parties, at both national and international level (mainly in the Western Europe). The overlook covers the period from early 1970s to present. The mass political Green Movement arose in early 1970s in the Western Europe, USA and Australia in response to vivid ecological threats and the inability of national and international authorities to offer effective solutions. From the very beginning, the Greens declared their commitment to the principles of environmental responsibility, global sustainable development, inclusive democracy, consideration for diversity, personal freedom, gender equality and non-violence. In the political field, the Greens meet two main challenges: formation of political agenda with regard to environmental issues; promotion of effective political decisions and economic mechanisms to protect the environment from an anthropogenic impact. Ecological NGOs, especially large international organizations (like Greenpeace) perform public protest actions against the transnational and state corporations’ economic activities violating the environment (f.e. Arctic oil extraction, radioactive waste storage, gene engineering in agriculture etc.). But beyond the active political lobbying and drawing of wide public support to acute environmental issues, NGOs are not able to involve into political process directly. Within 1970s–1980s (and also later on) ecological political parties were formed in most Western European countries, with a target to participate in official parliamentary elections at local, regional, national and supra-national level. Many of them succeeded and became influencing in their countries. Political methods used by the Greens are thoroughly analyzed in the paper. Special attention is paid to political strategy and tactics of the German ecological party Bündnis 90/Die Grünen, as well as to participation of the European Union Green parties in work of the European Parliament. German Greens count for the most successful ecological party not only in Europe, but also worldwide. Using flexible tactics of parliamentary coalitions, they managed to facilitate a general turn of the German policy toward ecologization (renunciation of the atomic energy development in Germany, conservation of energy and renewable energy sources programs, ecological taxes implementation, prohibition on gene engineering in agriculture etc.). Being a part of the governing coalition, the “Bündnis 90/Die Grünen” were also involved in many other sociopolitical and international issues. Since 1984, many European ecological parties are present in the European Parliament. In 2004, the European Green Party was created to consolidate electoral efforts of the Greens at the European level. Almost all EU ecological parties are also members of the international Global Greens organization. Owing to activities of the Green Movement as a whole, state authorities of many countries (primarily in the Western Europe) adopted environment friendly legislation and state programs. Despite short periods of reverse, the general development of Greens is progressive and prospective.
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Eperjesi, Zoltán. "Certain Aspects of Mental Mapping and the Origins of the Nationalism in Eastern Europe / Câteva aspecte legate de numirea regiunilor şi originile naționalismului ȋn Europa de Est." Hiperboreea A2, no. 2-5 (January 1, 2013): 42–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/hiperboreea.2.2-5.0042.
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Abstract Author searches for the scientific origins of nationalisms in the region of Eastern Europe. The evaluation starts with an intellectual experiment by trying to understand certain complex aspects of mental mapping concerning the regional concepts of Eastern and Central Europe. Author examines certain historical definitions on nationalisms as extreme forms of patriotism re-emerged after the turnaround of 1989/1990 in the region of Eastern or Central Europe, in the Balkans. However, it is fact, that nationalism as such is still present today even in the Western part of Europe, thus it is in the middle of modern civilisations, despite intricate internationalisation processes. According to the author, it is necessary to understand the impact of communism on the development of nationalisms in Central and Eastern Europe, because this could be a connection link by evaluating different prevalent forms of nationalism in today's Europe.
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James, N. "Mediated diffusion in Iron Age Europe." Antiquity 84, no. 325 (September 1, 2010): 880–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00100298.
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Diffusion of Mediterranean traits to central and north-western Europe during the middle Iron Age is a topic well rehearsed now by three generations of archaeologists. The stimulating recent exhibition Golasecca at the Musée d’Archéologie nationale in France, showed that – funds permitting – plenty of scope remains for research.Elaborately made imports, at for instance the Heuneburg, Vix or Hochdorf, have been interpreted as evidence for how aristocrats adopted Greek and Etruscan styles to reinforce their status and regional power between about 600 and 400 BC. Art historians revealed how their bronzesmiths responded selectively to templates from not only states to the south but also eastern nomads. Archaeologists worked out how goods were brought up the Rhône valley by the enterprising Greeks of Marseille or by the northerners themselves exploiting that colony. The ‘trade’ is thought to have encouraged development of social complexity. More recently, to demonstrate the recipients’ ‘agency’, attention has focused on potters’ responses, adoption of coinage and writing and ‘feasts’ for chiefs to show off ‘prestigious’ exotica to rivals, clients or tributaries. Similar models of trade, ‘appropriation’ and sociopolitical development have been developed for the Late Pre-Roman Iron Age and the Roman Iron Age.
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MacFarlane, S. Neil. "Democratization, Nationalism and Regional Security in the Southern Caucasus." Government and Opposition 32, no. 3 (July 1997): 399–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.1997.tb00777.x.
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FOR SOME YEARS NOW, WESTERN ACADEMICS AND POLICY-MAKERS HAVE embraced the cause of democratic reform in Central and Eastern Europe. To take but one well-known example, President Clinton in the 1994 State of the Union Address cited the absence of war among democracies as a reason for promotion of democracy around the world. Assistance to former Warsaw Pact and newly independent states has been made conditional to varying degrees on the acceptance of democratic change. The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the European Union, the United States Agency for International Development and associated non-governmental organizations have unleashed armies of promoters of democracy throughout the region to: observe elections; monitor human rights; draft new constitutions and laws defending civil and political rights; train judges and police personnel; and organize and assist political parties, media and non-governmental pressure groups. In short, they have sought to transplant the fabric of civil society and democratic institutions. These armies have landed on terrain often quite foreign to them and have often displayed little sensitivity to the social, economic and political context in which they are operating. This may have contributed to results other than those intended.
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Jensen, H. T., and V. Plum. "From Centralised State to Local Government the Case of Poland in the Light of Western European Experience." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 11, no. 5 (October 1993): 565–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/d110565.
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Several countries in Western Europe have experienced a restructuring of local and regional government. In Scandinavia local government has been a cornerstone in the building of the welfare society. In the last couple of years Poland (and other Eastern European countries) has been restructured to reduce the central state and to give more power to the private sector and the local government. It is argued that coordination at the local-government level is important for a relevant economic and political response to local problems. A framework is provided for an understanding of the development of the central and local states at the cost of activities performed earlier by the family and the local community, but also as a support (in service and regulation) to activities of the private sector. Second, it is argued that the new EC slogan, ‘a Europe of regions’, has the purpose of strengthening the regional level economically and politically and thereby of dismantling and weakening the national state in order to strengthen the EC. Third, the problems and scope of the Polish local-government reform are illustrated, from vertical control to horizontal coordination. There are difficulties in building powerful local governments at a time when they have nearly no money and are unable to provide the social services which used to be provided through the state firms. There is now a political vacuum for which the upcoming new private sector and the new local governments fight.