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1
JOU, JIN-JUH, and SHU-LIANG LIAW. "A STUDY ON ESTABLISHMENT OF EIA SYSTEM IN THE TAIWAN REGION." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 08, no. 04 (December 2006): 479–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s146433320600261x.
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The purpose of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is to systematically, objectively, scientificly and comprehensively collect data, analyze infromation, predict and assess the potential environmental effects of a development proposed by a private organization or a planning strategy developed by government, to make environmental management decisions. EIA process should be transparent, reasonable and allow relevant organizations, groups, local residents and other stakeholder to participate and to make comments. The developer and competent authority should ensure that the suggestions, comments, conclusions and consensus in the EIA process be implemented in the actual construction/application stage. The Environmental Impact Assessment Act for Taiwan Region was formulated and came into force in 1994. The scope of this study is to introduce the background of formation of EIA system in Taiwan Region and the concepts and features of the EIA regulations and legislations. The problems encontered in the implementation are discussed and measures to improve EIA procedures and targets and strategies of EIA applications are suggested. The experiences and suggestions may beneficial to those developing countries in developing their own EIA system.
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Lindsley, Mark D., YoonJi Ahn, Orion McCotter, Lalitha Gade, Steven F. Hurst, Mary E. Brandt, Benjamin J. Park, and Anastasia P. Litvintseva. "Evaluation of the Specificity of Two Enzyme Immunoassays for Coccidioidomycosis by Using Sera from a Region of Endemicity and a Region of Nonendemicity." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 22, no. 10 (August 5, 2015): 1090–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00375-15.
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ABSTRACTCoccidioidomycosis (CM), a serious life-threatening fungal infection endemic to arid regions of the western United States and Mexico, can be challenging to diagnose in a timely manner. Commercially developed enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) (from Meridian Biosciences and Immuno-Mycologics [IMMY]) have provided faster, simpler means for serodiagnosis; however, independent evaluations have questioned EIA specificity, particularly IgM-positive/IgG-negative results. This study was conducted to evaluate EIA specificity among persons residing in Puerto Rico (n= 534), where CM is not endemic (who were not likely to have been exposed toCoccidioidesspp.), compared to blood bank donors residing in Arizona (n= 1,218), where CM is endemic. Upon comparing serum reactivity between Puerto Rico and Arizona, the Meridian EIA showed a significant difference in IgG reactivity (0.37% versus 3.6%;P< 0.001) but not IgM reactivity (3.4% versus 2.4%;P= 0.31). No IgM-/IgG-reactive sera were detected among sera from Puerto Rico, compared to 7 (0.57%) sera from Arizona. Similar results were observed using the IMMY EIA, although significantly (P= 0.03) fewer IgM-reactive sera from Arizona were observed, compared to the Meridian EIA. EIA-reactive sera were also evaluated by immunodiffusion before and after 3- to 4-fold concentration of the sera. These results demonstrate that elevated IgG EIA reactivity is present in sera from healthy individuals in regions of endemicity and that IgM EIA reactivity observed in sera from individuals residing outside regions of endemicity is most likely nonspecific. Other criteria, including clinical and microbiological evaluations, should be taken into account when interpreting results from surveillance studies and other reporting measures.
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Zhao, B., W. Wan, and L. Liu. "Responses of equatorial anomaly to the October-November 2003 superstorms." Annales Geophysicae 23, no. 3 (March 30, 2005): 693–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-23-693-2005.
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Abstract. The responses of Equatorial Ionization Anomaly (EIA) to the superstorms of October-November 2003 were investigated using the total electron content (TEC) measured with global positioning system (GPS) receivers in China, Southeast Asia, Australian (CSAA), and the American regions. Enhanced EIA was seen to be correlated with the southward turning of the interplanetary magnetic field Bz. In both the CSAA and American regions, EIA was intensified, corresponding to a large increase in the F-layer peak height (hmF2) measured by ionosonde and digisonde at middle and equatorial latitudes. However, the enhanced EIA was shown to be more significant during the daytime in the American region, which was associated with a series of large substorms when Bz was stable southward. The prompt penetration electric field and the wind disturbances dynamo electric field are suggested to be responsible for this observation according to current theory, although some features cannot be totally decipherable. Both the ionogram and magnetometer data show the existence of a weak shielding effect whose effect still needs further study. A clear asymmetric ionospheric response was shown in our TEC observations, even though it was only one month after autumnal equinox. The southern EIA crest was totally obliterated on 29 and 30 October in the CSAA region and on 31 October in the American region. Ion temperatures from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) spacecraft revealed that the unequal energy injection at the polar region might be the reason for this effect. It is concluded that different physical processes have varying degrees of importance on the evolution of EIA in the CSAA and American regions.
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Leff, T., and P. Chambon. "Sequence-specific activation of transcription by adenovirus EIa products is observed in HeLa cells but not in 293 cells." Molecular and Cellular Biology 6, no. 1 (January 1986): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.6.1.201.
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The adenovirus EIa gene products activate transcription from the viral EIII and EIIaE promoters. We studied the mechanism of this stimulation by constructing a series of chimeric promoter recombinants containing the upstream regions of the EIII and EIIaE promoters linked to the TATA box-start-site regions of the viral major late and EIIa late promoters. By introducing these recombinants into HeLa cells together with recombinants producing the EIa gene products, we demonstrated that the induction of EIII and EIIaE transcription by EIa 13S and 12S mRNA products is dependent on sequences located in the upstream region (approximately -40 to -250) of these promoters. In addition, we showed that the major late and EIIa late upstream promoter regions do not contain such EIa-responsive sequence elements. In contrast, after transfection of these chimeric promoter recombinants into 293 cells (which constitutively express the EIa proteins), we found that their relative levels of transcription are similar and markedly different from those observed when they are cotransfected into HeLa cells with EIa protein-producing recombinants. We conclude that the efficiency of transcription from a given promoter in 293 cells is not necessarily related to the presence of a specific EIa-responsive element.
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Leff, T., and P. Chambon. "Sequence-specific activation of transcription by adenovirus EIa products is observed in HeLa cells but not in 293 cells." Molecular and Cellular Biology 6, no. 1 (January 1986): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.6.1.201-208.1986.
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The adenovirus EIa gene products activate transcription from the viral EIII and EIIaE promoters. We studied the mechanism of this stimulation by constructing a series of chimeric promoter recombinants containing the upstream regions of the EIII and EIIaE promoters linked to the TATA box-start-site regions of the viral major late and EIIa late promoters. By introducing these recombinants into HeLa cells together with recombinants producing the EIa gene products, we demonstrated that the induction of EIII and EIIaE transcription by EIa 13S and 12S mRNA products is dependent on sequences located in the upstream region (approximately -40 to -250) of these promoters. In addition, we showed that the major late and EIIa late upstream promoter regions do not contain such EIa-responsive sequence elements. In contrast, after transfection of these chimeric promoter recombinants into 293 cells (which constitutively express the EIa proteins), we found that their relative levels of transcription are similar and markedly different from those observed when they are cotransfected into HeLa cells with EIa protein-producing recombinants. We conclude that the efficiency of transcription from a given promoter in 293 cells is not necessarily related to the presence of a specific EIa-responsive element.
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Bogdanova, Ella Yuryevna. "Some issues of the implementation of the environmental impact assessment procedure in the Arctic region." Current Issues of the State and Law, no. 12 (2019): 558–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/2587-9340-2019-3-12-558-563.
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There is a trend that recently the effectiveness of the Environmental impact assessment (EIA) has been called into question throughout the world, and this is especially evident in the Arctic region. We identify, reveal and actualize the priority areas in the field of Arctic EIA. To one of the areas under consideration we assign the development of more meaningful and re-gionally specific social and economic indicators to support the practice of EIA. In addition, we indicate the need for increased attention to the direction consisting in a thorough study of the working and administrative relations between agreements concluded privately (for example, agreements on the benefits of exposure) and the processes governing EIA. We state that despite the fact that the eight arctic states adopted the Guidelines for EIA, they were not fully integrated into the national EIA systems. A separate area should be the study of the consequences of recent changes in the processes, regulations and legislation in the field of EIA. We conclude that environmental assessment should play a key role in planning the impact of environmental, social, and economic changes and in developing response measures that will allow Arctic communities in the best way take into account new opportunities and deal with the inevitable major changes.
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Bos, Johannes L., and Alex J. van der Eb. "Adenovirus region EIA: transcription modulator and transforming agent." Trends in Biochemical Sciences 10, no. 8 (August 1985): 310–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0968-0004(85)90170-7.
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Matemilola, Saheed, Oludare H. Adedeji, Isa Elegbede, and Fatima Kies. "Mainstreaming Climate Change into the EIA Process in Nigeria: Perspectives from Projects in the Niger Delta Region." Climate 7, no. 2 (February 1, 2019): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli7020029.
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Climate change incorporation in environmental assessment is a growing research area, particularly following the Paris agreement. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is considered in many quarters to be an important tool in factoring climate-related components in the planning and design of a project. However, many recent researches have shown that EIA has, so far, struggled in the attempt to incorporate climate change into its procedures. This study is an attempt to evaluate the level of consideration of climate change in the EIA process in Nigeria, with particular focus on the Niger Delta region. The result of this quantitative research shows that there is a poor political will to address climate change, as reflected in the absence of climate change requirements in the EIA guidelines of Nigeria. Although, there is a growing trend in the pattern of consideration of climate change in the EIA procedures, the overall level of consideration is still a far cry from the requirements if EIA is to be considered to be an important tool in addressing challenges of climate change in Nigeria.
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Nishigaki, T., S. Hanaka, R. E. Kingston, and H. Handa. "A specific domain of the adenovirus EIV promoter is necessary to maintain susceptibility of the integrated promoter to EIA transactivation." Molecular and Cellular Biology 8, no. 1 (January 1988): 353–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.8.1.353.
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We constructed a series of mutations that delete sequences in the promoter region of the early-region IV (EIV) promoter of adenovirus type 5. We fused these promoter mutations to the coding sequences of either the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase or the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene and tested the ability of a cotransfected EIa gene to stimulate EIV expression. All of the mutations tested were stimulated in these assays, implying that no specific sequence is required for stimulation. Two mutant promoters, deleted for either the TATA box or the region residing between -39 and -177 upstream from the cap site of EIV mRNA, did show a reduced level of stimulation by the EIa products. To assess the effects of the EIA gene products on expression from an EIV promoter integrated into the chromosome, we isolated CHO cell lines containing EIV-DHFR chimeric genes. After introduction of the EIa gene with a second selectable marker, expression from all mutant EIV-DHFR genes was increased. Surprisingly, one mutant promoter, deleted for sequences between -39 and -177, lost the ability to respond to the EIa region on passage of cells, although deletions in any part of the region still retained this ability. These results demonstrate that multiple elements residing between -39 and -177 in the EIV promoter are necessary to maintain susceptibility of the integrated promoter to regulation.
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Nishigaki, T., S. Hanaka, R. E. Kingston, and H. Handa. "A specific domain of the adenovirus EIV promoter is necessary to maintain susceptibility of the integrated promoter to EIA transactivation." Molecular and Cellular Biology 8, no. 1 (January 1988): 353–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.8.1.353-360.1988.
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We constructed a series of mutations that delete sequences in the promoter region of the early-region IV (EIV) promoter of adenovirus type 5. We fused these promoter mutations to the coding sequences of either the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase or the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene and tested the ability of a cotransfected EIa gene to stimulate EIV expression. All of the mutations tested were stimulated in these assays, implying that no specific sequence is required for stimulation. Two mutant promoters, deleted for either the TATA box or the region residing between -39 and -177 upstream from the cap site of EIV mRNA, did show a reduced level of stimulation by the EIa products. To assess the effects of the EIA gene products on expression from an EIV promoter integrated into the chromosome, we isolated CHO cell lines containing EIV-DHFR chimeric genes. After introduction of the EIa gene with a second selectable marker, expression from all mutant EIV-DHFR genes was increased. Surprisingly, one mutant promoter, deleted for sequences between -39 and -177, lost the ability to respond to the EIa region on passage of cells, although deletions in any part of the region still retained this ability. These results demonstrate that multiple elements residing between -39 and -177 in the EIV promoter are necessary to maintain susceptibility of the integrated promoter to regulation.
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Rama Rao, P. V. S., S. Gopi Krishna, K. Niranjan, and D. S. V. V. D. Prasad. "Temporal and spatial variations in TEC using simultaneous measurements from the Indian GPS network of receivers during the low solar activity period of 2004–2005." Annales Geophysicae 24, no. 12 (December 21, 2006): 3279–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-24-3279-2006.
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Abstract. With the recent increase in the satellite-based navigation applications, the ionospheric total electron content (TEC) and the L-band scintillation measurements have gained significant importance. In this paper we present the temporal and spatial variations in TEC derived from the simultaneous and continuous measurements made, for the first time, using the Indian GPS network of 18 receivers located from the equator to the northern crest of the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) region and beyond, covering a geomagnetic latitude range of 1° S to 24° N, using a 16-month period of data for the low sunspot activity (LSSA) years of March 2004 to June 2005. The diurnal variation in TEC at the EIA region shows its steep increase and reaches its maximum value between 13:00 and 16:00 LT, while at the equator the peak is broad and occurs around 16:00 LT. A short-lived day minimum occurs between 05:00 to 06:00 LT at all the stations from the equator to the EIA crest region. Beyond the crest region the day maximum values decrease with the increase in latitude, while the day minimum in TEC is flat during most of the nighttime hours, i.e. from 22:00 to 06:00 LT, a feature similar to that observed in the mid-latitudes. Further, the diurnal variation in TEC show a minimum to maximum variation of about 5 to 50 TEC units, respectively, at the equator and about 5 to 90 TEC units at the EIA crest region, which correspond to range delay variations of about 1 to 8 m at the equator to about 1 to 15 m at the crest region, at the GPS L1 frequency of 1.575 GHz. The day-to-day variability is also significant at all the stations, particularly during the daytime hours, with maximum variations at the EIA crest regions. Further, similar variations are also noticed in the corresponding equatorial electrojet (EEJ) strength, which is known to be one of the major contributors for the observed day-to-day variability in TEC. The seasonal variation in TEC maximizes during the equinox months followed by winter and is minimum during the summer months, a feature similar to that observed in the integrated equatorial electrojet (IEEJ) strength for the corresponding seasons. In the Indian sector, the EIA crest is found to occur in the latitude zone of 15° to 25° N geographic latitudes (5° to 15° N geomagnetic latitudes). The EIA also maximizes during equinoxes followed by winter and is not significant in the summer months in the LSSA period, 2004–2005. These studies also reveal that both the location of the EIA crest and its peak value in TEC are linearly related to the IEEJ strength and increase with the increase in IEEJ.
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Hosoda, K., H. Eguchi, T. Nakamoto, T. Kubota, H. Honda, S. Jindai, R. Hasegawa, M. Kiyoki, T. Yamaji, and M. Shiraki. "Sandwich Immunoassay for Intact Human Osteocalcin." Clinical Chemistry 38, no. 11 (November 1, 1992): 2233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/38.11.2233.
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Abstract To overcome the problems of limited-region specificity associated with conventional radioimmunoassay (RIA), we developed a sandwich enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for intact human osteocalcin (hOC). For this EIA we used antibodies to the N- and C-terminal regions of hOC that were raised against an N-terminal 20-residue peptide and a C-terminal 7-residue peptide, both synthetic. Immunoassay profiles of tryptic digests of hOC and serum from patients with renal failure, fractionated by reversed-phase HPLC, facilitated direct demonstration of the region specificity of this method. A preliminary study of serum osteocalcin concentrations in patients with renal failure further confirmed this specificity, showing lower positive rates obtained by this method than by conventional RIA. The cross-reactivity data of hOC with bovine and rat osteocalcins by the sandwich method indicated its species specificity. These studies demonstrate the superior specificity of this sandwich EIA compared with conventional RIA and thus confirm its potential diagnostic superiority.
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DE VILLIERS, CHARL C., and RICHARD C. HILL. "ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORKS AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO FARM-LEVEL EIA IN A GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT: A PROPOSAL FROM THE CAPE FLORISTIC REGION, SOUTH AFRICA." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 10, no. 04 (December 2008): 333–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333208003172.
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Cultivation has been the primary driver of habitat transformation in South Africa. This paper explores the effectiveness of agricultural and, latterly, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) authorisation procedures in stemming biodiversity loss resulting from cultivation in the lowlands of the Cape Floristic Region, a global biodiversity hotspot. Owing to an activity-based focus, agri-environmental regulation has been largely unable to mitigate the cumulative effects of large-scale land clearance in threatened ecosystems. Case studies in the Sandveld and Slanghoek districts are used to argue that revised EIA regulations published in 2006 partly perpetuate the structural shortcomings of activity-based EIA. An ecosystem-based strategy for agri-environmental screening in biodiversity hotspots is introduced, drawing on conservation plans, the agricultural LandCare programme and the provision for Environmental Management Frameworks (EMF) in the 2006 EIA regulations. "Agri-EMFs", as a collaborative initiative that involves government, agricultural and non-governmental representatives, may present an effective alternative to the inefficiencies of project-level EIA.
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Vidić, Branka, Sara Savić, Živoslav Grgić, Dejan Bugarski, Diana Lupulović, Nadežda Prica, and Doroteja Marčić. "SEROSURVEILLANCE OF EQUINE INFECTIOUS ANAEMIA IN A REGION OF VOJVODINA." Archives of Veterinary Medicine 7, no. 2 (January 21, 2015): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.46784/e-avm.v7i2.127.
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Equine infectious anemia is a consequence of a persistant infection of the horses with Lentivirus. Pathogenesis of the disease is very variable, what can bee seen through a wide range of clinical forms of the disease – from inaparrent infection to death. Diagnostics of EIA is based on clinical symptoms, detection of antibodies and virus. Antibodies can be identified with Hi, VN, CFIT, cELISA, SA-ELISA and AGID test. RT-PCR technique enables the detection of and/or quantifi cation of viral RNA level in blood of infected animal. First reliable serological test for EIA was AGID test. Modified AGID test is considered today as aknowledged, international standard for the detection of antibodies against EIA virus and it enables detection of more then 95% of ll positive animals. Horses with positive fi ndings with this test are considered infected and should be euthanized or placed in strict isolation. Further measures to control the spread of this disease are insectvector control and disinfection of surgical and other equipment in use on successive animals. Th e results of a study during a twenty year period, in the region of AP Vojvodina show that from the total of 11.972 horses blood samples, with te use of AGID test, positive results were found in 21 or 0,17% of horses.
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Mo, X. H., D. H. Zhang, L. P. Goncharenko, Y. Q. Hao, and Z. Xiao. "Quasi-16-day periodic meridional movement of the equatorial ionization anomaly." Annales Geophysicae 32, no. 2 (February 18, 2014): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-121-2014.
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Abstract. Based on the daytime location of the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) crest derived from GPS observations at low latitude over China during the 2005–2006 stratospheric sudden warming (SSW), a quasi-16-day periodic meridional movement of EIA crest with the maximum amplitude of about 2 degrees relative to the average location of EIA crest has been revealed. In addition, periodic variations that are in phase with the meridional EIA movement are also revealed in the equatorial electrojet (EEJ) and F2 layer peak height (hmF2) over Chinese ionosonde stations Haikou and Chongqing. The quasi-16-day periodic component in Dst index is weak, and the 16-day periodic component does not exist in F10.7 index. Such large-scale periodic meridional movement of EIA crest is likely related to the globally enhanced stratospheric planetary waves coupled with anomalous stratospheric zonal wind connected with SSW. In addition, such large-scale periodic movement of EIA should be global, and can affect the ionospheric morphology around the low-latitude belt near the EIA region. Further case analysis, simulation and theoretical studies must proceed in order to understand the periodic movements of EIA connected with the different periodic atmospheric variations.
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Mungufeni, Patrick, John Bosco Habarulema, Yenca Migoya-Orué, and Edward Jurua. "Statistical analysis of the correlation between the equatorial electrojet and the occurrence of the equatorial ionisation anomaly over the East African sector." Annales Geophysicae 36, no. 3 (June 13, 2018): 841–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-841-2018.
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Abstract. This study presents statistical quantification of the correlation between the equatorial electrojet (EEJ) and the occurrence of the equatorial ionisation anomaly (EIA) over the East African sector. The data used were for quiet geomagnetic conditions (Kp ≤ 3) during the period 2011–2013. The horizontal components, H, of geomagnetic fields measured by magnetometers located at Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (dip lat. ∼1∘ N), and Adigrat, Ethiopia (dip lat. ∼6∘ N), were used to determine the EEJ using differential techniques. The total electron content (TEC) derived from Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals using 19 receivers located along the 30–40∘ longitude sector was used to determine the EIA strengths over the region. This was done by determining the ratio of TEC over the crest to that over the trough, denoted as the CT : TEC ratio. This technique necessitated characterisation of the morphology of the EIA over the region. We found that the trough lies slightly south of the magnetic equator (0–4∘ S). This slight southward shift of the EIA trough might be due to the fact that over the East African region, the general centre of the EEJ is also shifted slightly south of the magnetic equator. For the first time over the East African sector, we determined a threshold daytime EEJ strength of ∼ 40 nT that is mostly associated with prominent EIA occurrence during a high solar activity period. The study also revealed that there is a positive correlation between daytime EEJ and EIA strengths, with a strong positive correlation occurring during the period 13:00–15:00 LT. Keywords. Ionosphere (equatorial ionosphere)
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Mo, Xiaohua, and Donghe Zhang. "Quasi-10 d wave modulation of an equatorial ionization anomaly during the Southern Hemisphere stratospheric warming of 2002." Annales Geophysicae 38, no. 1 (January 3, 2020): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-9-2020.
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Abstract. The present paper studies the perturbations in an equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) region during the Southern Hemisphere (SH) sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) of 2002, using the location of EIA crests derived from global positioning system (GPS) station observations, the total electron content (TEC) obtained by the International GNSS (global navigation satellite system) Service (IGS) global ionospheric TEC map (GIMs) and the equatorial electrojet (EEJ) estimated by the geomagnetic field in the Asian sector. The results indicate the existence of an obvious quasi-10 d periodic oscillation in the location and TEC of the northern and southern EIA crest. An eastward phase progression of the quasi-10 d wave producing the SH SSW of 2002 is also identified in polar stratospheric temperature. Previous studies have shown that a strong quasi-10 d planetary wave with zonal wave numbers s=1 extended from the lower stratosphere to the mesosphere and lower thermosphere during the SH SSW of 2002 (Palo et al., 2005). Moreover, the EEJ driven by the equatorial zonal electric field exhibits quasi-10 d oscillation, suggesting the enhanced quasi-10 d planetary wave associated with SSW penetrates into the ionosphere E region and produces oscillation in the EIA region through modulating the E-region electric fields. Our results reveal some newer features of ionospheric variation that have not been reported during Northern Hemisphere (NH) SSWs.
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VALDEZ, Amiel Ian. "Beyond the Arbitral Ruling: A Transboundary Environmental Impact Assessment in the South China Sea." Asian Journal of International Law 9, no. 2 (May 9, 2019): 251–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2044251319000031.
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AbstractThe South China Sea is a common resource where ASEAN Member States derive multiple uses. Nevertheless, the competing claims and conflicting interests of ASEAN nations and other claimants, such as China, raise the issue of transboundary harm within this sea and the sustainability of its resources. This paper argues that, despite the absence of a region-based transboundary environmental impact assessment [EIA] regime covering the South China Sea, ASEAN Member States are bound by their commitments under the Law of the Sea Convention and other binding agreements, as complemented by customary international law, which provide guidance in applying a transboundary EIA over a shared resource. TheSouth China Sea Arbitrationparticularly sets the minimum requisites of not only preparing an EIA, but also communicating the EIA results to relevant international organizations. Here, ASEAN can play a vital role as a platform through which where EIA communication can be channelled.
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Luo, Xiaowen, Di Wang, Jinling Wang, Ziyin Wu, Jinyao Gao, Tao Zhang, Chunguo Yang, Xiaoming Qin, and Xiaolun Chen. "Study of the Spatiotemporal Characteristics of the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly Using Shipborne Multi-GNSS Data: A Case Analysis (120° E–150° E, Western Pacific Ocean, 2014–2015)." Remote Sensing 13, no. 15 (August 3, 2021): 3051. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13153051.
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Ground-based GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) reference stations lack the capacity to provide data for ocean regions with sufficient spatial-temporal resolution, limiting the detailed study of the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA). Thus, this study collected kinematic multi-GNSS data on the ionospheric Total Electron Content (TEC) during two research cruises across the equator in the Western Pacific Ocean in 2014 (31 October–8 November) and 2015 (29 March–6 April). The purpose of the study was to use sufficient spatial–temporal resolution data to conduct a detailed analysis of the diurnal variation of the equatorial ionization anomaly in different seasons. The two-year data collected were used to draw the following conclusions. During the test in 2014, the EIA phenomenon in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres was relatively obvious. The maximum values occurred at local time (LT) 15:00 (~136TECu) and LT22:00 (~107TECu) in the Northern Hemisphere and at LT14:00 (100TECu) and LT22:00 (80TECu) in the Southern Hemisphere. During the test in 2015, the EIA in the Southern Hemisphere reached its maximum level at LT14:00 (~115TECu) and LT20:00 (~85TECu). However, the EIA phenomenon in the Northern Hemisphere was weakened, and a maximum value occurred only at LT 15:00 (~85TECu). The intensity contrast was reversed. The EIA phenomenon manifests a strong hemisphere asymmetry in this region.
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RETIEF, FRANCOIS, and BENNETT CHABALALA. "THE COST OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) IN SOUTH AFRICA." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 11, no. 01 (March 2009): 51–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333209003257.
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The wide adoption of EIA internationally is implicitly or explicitly based on the assumption that the benefits of EIA outweigh the costs. However, there has been surprisingly little empirical research conducted on the "cost" of EIA. The latter has been mostly because of the difficult methodological challenges it presents, which include the difficulties associated with clarifying terminology and disentangling what is meant by "cost". South Africa has been a leading developing country in terms of the introduction of EIA. However, almost a decade of mandatory EIA practice has raised serious questions about unjustified and unnecessary time delays and monetary costs and a desperate need for improved efficiency and effectiveness. In light of the latter the urgent need to gain a better understanding of the "cost" of EIA is evident. This paper presents preliminary results of an empirical study on the "direct EIA cost" in relation to "overall project cost" in South Africa. The data was obtained from a detailed survey of 148 EIAs conducted in the Free State, North West and the Northern Cape Provinces. The research suggests that the average direct cost of EIA within this region of South Africa is particularly low compared to international EIA systems. However, as a percentage of total project cost, EIA in South Africa compares with the higher spectrum of international practice. The latter suggests that within the South African context a large number of EIAs are being conducted for relatively small scale projects and that the main cost burden is placed on small and medium economic enterprise. In conclusion the overall profile of EIA cost in the South African context is described in relation to four broad project categories. To take the debate forward and to allow for regional comparative analysis, it is proposed that the research be expanded to include other provinces.
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Andrade, Débora Roque de Freitas, Adalgiza Souza Carneiro Rezende, Sandra Aparecida Santos, Márcia Furlan Nogueira, Juliano Martins Santiago, Jéssica Lage, Marília Martins Melo, Jenner Karlisson Pimenta Reis, and Pablo Trigo. "Equine infectious anemia affects the athletic performance of equines from the Brazilian Pantanal region." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 53, no. 10 (October 2018): 1184–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2018001000012.
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Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of equine infectious anemia (EIA) on the physical performance of equines from the Brazilian Pantanal region. A total of 16 males were evaluated, divided into two groups: 8 seronegative (G1) and 8 seropositive (G2) for EIA. Two graded exercise tests were carried out before (T1) and after (T2) 42 days of training. Heart rate, lactate concentration, distance covered, and hematocrit level were recorded. In both tests, G1 covered a greater distance. In T2, G2 had lower hematocrit levels and lower speeds reached at different lactate concentrations and heart rates. The athletic performance of the evaluated equines is affected by equine infectious anemia.
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Gamman, John K., and Scott T. McCreary. "Suggestions for integrating EIA and economic development in the Caribbean region." Environmental Impact Assessment Review 8, no. 1 (March 1988): 43–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0195-9255(88)90059-5.
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Yanko, Nataliia Valentinovna, Andrij Vladislavovich Artemyev, and Lyudmyla Fedorivna Kaskova. "Frequency of dental caries in children in the Early Iron Age and the Medieval populations from Ukraine." Anthropological Review 80, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 415–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/anre-2017-0030.
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AbstractIn this paper we determine the caries frequency in children of the Early Iron Age (EIA) (the 9th - the 3d centuries BC) and the Medieval populations (the 8th - the beginning of the 15th century AD) from the Ukraine area, and compare the results with the data from several European populations who lived at the same time. The EIA is presented by 41 children skeletons, three of which were Cimmerian (the 9th - the 7th centuries BC) from the territory of contemporary Poltava region; 38 skulls from the territory of contemporary Poltava region and Crimea represented Scythian period (the 7th - the 3d centuries BC). Remains of 24 children from the Medieval populations were also examined, three of which were the ancient Hungarians from the Poltava region (the 8th - the 9th centuries AD), 6 Khazars from the Kharkiv region (the 8th - the 9th centuries), 1 child related the Old Rus culture from the Kyiv region (the 9th century), and 14 representatives of the nomadic populations in the Golden Horde period (the 13th - the beginning of the 15th century) from the Poltava and Zaporizhzhya regions. Taking in consideration the letter archaeobotanical studies we suggest that there were no major changes in the plants exploited during all the studied periods. The frequency of carious lesions in children from the Medieval populations (8.3% in individuals, 0.5% in deciduous teeth, and 0.4% in permanent teeth) is only slightly higher than those from the EIA period (2.4% in individuals and 0.2% in deciduous teeth). These indexes were not larger those of majority of European populations dated to the same historic period. Further isotopic, chemical and palaeobotanical studies of the additional sites, with sufficient sample sizes, allow us to learn so much more of the cariogenic factors in children of the past populations from the Ukraine area.
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Devaux, B., G. Albrecht, and C. Kedinger. "Identical genomic footprints of the adenovirus EIIa promoter are detected before and after EIa induction." Molecular and Cellular Biology 7, no. 12 (December 1987): 4560–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.7.12.4560.
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Genomic DNase I footprinting was used to compare specific protein binding to the adenovirus type 5 early, EIa-inducible, EIIa promoter. Identical protection patterns of the promoter region were observed whether EIIa transcription was undetectable or fully induced. These results suggest that EIa-mediated transcriptional induction does not increase binding of limiting transcription factors to the promoter but rather that transactivation results from the proper interactions between factors already bound to their cognate sequences.
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Devaux, B., G. Albrecht, and C. Kedinger. "Identical genomic footprints of the adenovirus EIIa promoter are detected before and after EIa induction." Molecular and Cellular Biology 7, no. 12 (December 1987): 4560–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.7.12.4560-4563.1987.
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Genomic DNase I footprinting was used to compare specific protein binding to the adenovirus type 5 early, EIa-inducible, EIIa promoter. Identical protection patterns of the promoter region were observed whether EIIa transcription was undetectable or fully induced. These results suggest that EIa-mediated transcriptional induction does not increase binding of limiting transcription factors to the promoter but rather that transactivation results from the proper interactions between factors already bound to their cognate sequences.
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Pham, Minh Tuyen, Nguyen Khanh Bui, and Roman Puzirevsky. "Legal framework for environmental impact assessment in Vietnam: the challenges between the regulations and practice." E3S Web of Conferences 164 (2020): 11008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016411008.
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After 30 years of economic reforms since the launch of Đổi Mới in 1986, Vietnam has recorded significant and historic achievements. From a poor, war-ravaged, centrally planned economy, which was closed off from much of the outside world, Vietnam has become a middle-income country with a dynamic market economy that is deeply integrated into the global economy. But growth has to a large extent come at the cost of the environment. Vietnam’s greenhouse gas emissions have grown the fastest in the region, while the environmental quality of its air, land, and water has deteriorated considerably. Water and air pollution have reached serious levels, especially near Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, posing major health risks. As the most important environmental management tool, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is recognized by Vietnamese Government and international organizations in the management of the impacts of future development on the country’s natural resource base. EIA is the important Chapter of Law on environmental protection 2014 of Vietnam (which was passed by the 13 National Assembly at the 7th session on June 23, 2014). This article argue that while significant improvements have been achieved in the EIA legal framework, the challenges remains between the EIA regulations and practice. This article contend that the current EIA legal framework is poor and facing with challenges and that future developments of the EIA regulations in Vietnam should focus not only on legislative documents but also on improving capacity of EIA practitioners with strictly sanctions.
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Wang, Xiuying, Wanli Cheng, Zihan Zhou, Dehe Yang, Jing Cui, and Feng Guo. "Stratification observed by the in situ plasma density measurements from the Swarm satellites." Annales Geophysicae 38, no. 2 (April 20, 2020): 517–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-517-2020.
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Abstract. The stratification phenomenon is investigated using the simultaneous in situ plasma density measurements obtained by the Swarm satellites orbiting at different altitudes above the F2 peak. For the first time, the continuous distribution morphology and the exact locations are obtained for the nighttime stratification, which show that the stratification events are centered at the EIA (equatorial ionization anomaly) trough and extend towards the two EIA crests, with the most significant part being located at the EIA trough. Another new discovery is the stratification in southern mid-latitudes; stratification events in this region are located on a local plasma peak sandwiched by two lower density strips covering all the longitudes. The formation mechanism of the stratification for the two latitudinal regions is discussed, but the stratification mechanism in southern mid-latitudes remains an unsolved problem. Highlights. This paper addresses the following: first application of in situ plasma densities for the direct analysis of the stratification in F2 layer, refined features of the exact location and continuous morphology for the stratification phenomenon, a new discovery of stratification covering all longitudes in southern mid-latitudes.
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Eugene-Ruellan, Geneviève, François Freymuth, Chokri Bahloul, Hassan Badrane, Astrid Vabret, and Nöel Tordo. "Detection of Respiratory Syncytial Virus A and B and Parainfluenzavirus 3 Sequences in Respiratory Tracts of Infants by a Single PCR with Primers Targeted to the L-Polymerase Gene and Differential Hybridization." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 36, no. 3 (1998): 796–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.36.3.796-801.1998.
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A reverse transcription-PCR and hybridization-enzyme immunoassay (RT-PCR-EIA) has been developed to identify the major agents of bronchiolitis in infants: respiratory syncytial viruses A and B (RSVA and RSVB) and parainfluenzavirus 3 (PIV3). Two primer sets (P1-P2 and P1-P3) were selected in a conserved region of the polymerase L gene. In infected cell cultures, this method detected RSVA (n = 14), RSVB (n = 13), and PIV3 (n = 13), with the exclusion of PIV1 (n = 4), PIV2 (n = 3), measles virus (n = 6), mumps virus (n = 4), influenza A virus (n = 11), and influenza B virus (n = 4). The differentiation of the amplicons by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) showed a PvuII site for PIV3 strains and an AvaII site for RSV strains, with RSVA distinguished from RSVB by BglII. The hybridization-EIA, using three internal probes specific for each virus, correlated with the immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and RFLP results. Clinical aspirates from 261 infants hospitalized with bronchiolitis were tested by IFA, viral isolation technique (VIT), and RT-PCR-EIA. RT-PCR-EIA detected RSV sequences in 103 samples (39.4%), and IFA-VIT detected RSV sequences in 109 cases (41.7%). A few samples (2.6%) were IFA-VIT positive but PCR negative, and one sample was RT-PCR-EIA positive only. RT-PCR-EIA detected PIV3 sequences in 14 of the 15 IFA-VIT-positive isolates. The two methods showed very good correlation (96.9%), but RT-PCR-EIA was clearly more efficient in typing, leaving 5% non-A, non-B isolates, while IFA failed to resolve 23% of the isolates. The two methods contradicted each other for <5% of the isolates.
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Xiao, Yijia, Yanming Chen, Xiaoqiang Liu, Zhaojin Yan, Liang Cheng, and Manchun Li. "Oil Flow Analysis in the Maritime Silk Road Region Using AIS Data." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, no. 4 (April 20, 2020): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9040265.
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Monitoring maritime oil flow is important for the security and stability of energy transportation, especially since the “21st Century Maritime Silk Road” (MSR) concept was proposed. The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) provides public annual oil flow data of maritime oil chokepoints, which do not reflect subtle changes. Therefore, we used the automatic identification system (AIS) data from 2014 to 2016 and applied the proposed technical framework to four chokepoints (the straits of Malacca, Hormuz, Bab el-Mandeb, and the Cape of Good Hope) within the MSR region. The deviations and the statistical values of the annual oil flow from the results estimated by the AIS data and the EIA data, as well as the general direction of the oil flow, demonstrate the reliability of the proposed framework. Further, the monthly and seasonal cycles of the oil flows through the four chokepoints differ significantly in terms of the value and trend but generally show an upward trend. Besides, the first trough of the oil flow through the straits of Hormuz and Malacca corresponds with the military activities of the U.S. in 2014, while the second is owing to the outbreak of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome in 2015.
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Pallam Raju, D., R. Sridharan, S. Gurubaran, and R. Raghavarao. "First results from ground-based daytime optical investigation of the development of the equatorial ionization anomaly." Annales Geophysicae 14, no. 2 (February 29, 1996): 238–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-996-0238-9.
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Abstract. A meridional scanning OI 630.0-nm dayglow photometer was operated from Ahmedabad (17.2°N dip lat.) scanning a region towards the south in the upper atmosphere extending over ~5° in latitude from 10.2°N to 15.2°N dip latitude. From the spatial and temporal variabilities of the dayglow intensity in the scanning region we show for the first time, evidence for the passage of the crest of the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) in the daytime by means of a ground-based optical technique. The relationship between the daytime eastward electric field over the dip equator in the same longitude zone as inferred from the equatorial electrojet strength and the evolutionary pattern of EIA is clearly demonstrated. The latter as inferred from the dayglow measurements is shown to be consistent with our present understanding of the electrodynamical processes in the equatorial region. The present results reveal the potential of this ground-based optical technique for the investigation of ionospheric/thermospheric phenomena with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution.
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Cherian, Thomas, M. K. Lalitha, Anand Manoharan, Kurien Thomas, Robert H. Yolken, and Mark C. Steinhoff. "PCR-Enzyme Immunoassay for Detection ofStreptococcus pneumoniae DNA in Cerebrospinal Fluid Samples from Patients With Culture-Negative Meningitis." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 36, no. 12 (1998): 3605–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.36.12.3605-3608.1998.
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A PCR-based assay was developed to amplify a conserved region of the pneumococcal autolysin gene. The amplified product was labelled with digoxigenin-labelled dUTP and was detected with a biotin-labelled probe in an enzyme immunoassay (EIA). The assay was initially tested with suspensions of various serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae and other gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and was then applied to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens from patients with meningitis and those with other neurological disorders. The assay detected all the serotypes of S. pneumoniae tested, whereas all the other bacterial strains tested were negative. Seven of the 8 CSF specimens positive for pneumococcus by culture or latex agglutination (LA) were positive by PCR-EIA, whereas all 10 specimens positive for other organisms were negative. Among 11 patients with clinically diagnosed meningitis but with negative culture and LA results, 5 were positive by PCR-EIA. The assay was negative for all but one patient without meningitis; it was positive with the CSF from a child with immunodeficiency and pneumococcal abscesses on the scalp. PCR-EIA is a useful tool for the diagnosis of meningitis, especially when culture and LA are negative because of prior antibiotic treatment.
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Jayachandran, P. T., P. Sri Ram, V. V. Somayajulu, and P. V. S. Rama Rao. "Effect of equatorial ionization anomaly on the occurrence of spread-F." Annales Geophysicae 15, no. 2 (February 28, 1997): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-997-0255-3.
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Abstract. The unique geometry of the geomagnetic field lines over the equatorial ionosphere coupled with the E-W electric field causes the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) and equatorial spread-F (ESF). Ionosonde data obtained at a chain of four stations covering equator to anomaly crest region (0.3 to 33 °N dip) in the Indian sector are used to study the role of EIA and the associated processes on the occurrence of ESF. The study period pertains to the equinoctial months (March, April, September and October) of 1991. The ratios of critical frequency of F-layer (ƒ0F2) and electron densities at an altitude of 270 km between Ahmedabad (33 °N dip) and Waltair (20 °N dip) are found to shoot up in the afternoon hours on spread-F days showing strengthening of the EIA in the afternoon hours. The study confirms the earlier conclusions made by Raghava Rao et al. and Alex et al. that a well-developed EIA is one of the conditions conducive for the generation of ESF. This study also shows that the location of the crest is also important in addition to the strength of the anomaly.
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Driml, Sally, Roy Ballantyne, and Jan Packer. "How Long Does an Economic Impact Last? Tracking the Impact of a New Giant Panda Attraction at an Australian Zoo." Journal of Travel Research 56, no. 5 (July 18, 2016): 613–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047287516656916.
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A concerning issue with Economic Impact Analysis (EIA) is that many EIAs give results for one year, without being explicit about how long impacts are expected to last. New tourism attractions should not be assumed to provide continuing positive impacts into the future. For instance, the Giant Pandas at Adelaide Zoo generated a positive economic impact in their first year of residence (22% of a sample of tourists visited Adelaide “due to pandas,” additional tourism expenditure in the region was $27.7 million, with $2.3 to $4.6 million captured by the zoo); however, increased numbers visiting to see the pandas lasted only two years. Investment decision makers expected larger, longer-term economic benefits than eventuated, and the zoo experienced financial difficulties. This study provides advice for predictive EIA of new tourism attractions and prompts a call for tourism EIA studies to be explicit about the time period for which results are relevant.
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Ayyagari, Deepthi, Sumanjit Chakraborty, Saurabh Das, Ashish Shukla, Ashik Paul, and Abhirup Datta. "Performance of NavIC for studying the ionosphere at an EIA region in India." Advances in Space Research 65, no. 6 (March 2020): 1544–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2019.12.019.
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Lee, Sanghwa, Kyunghee Lee, and Jongcheol Jeong. "The vegetation analysis of Northern region at Jungnang riverside - Between two bridges of Wallgae 1 and Sangdo -." Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment 23, no. 4 (August 31, 2014): 315–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14249/eia.2014.23.4.315.
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Church, Deirdre, Karena Miller, Angelika Lichtenfeld, Heather Semeniuk, Brenda Kirkham, Kevin Laupland, and Sameer Elsayed. "Screening for Giardia/Cryptosporidium Infections Using an Enzyme Immunoassay in a Centralized Regional Microbiology Laboratory." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 129, no. 6 (June 1, 2005): 754–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2005-129-754-sfciua.
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Abstract Context.—Stool parasitologic testing for Giardia and Cryptosporidium (G/C) previously relied on staining (ie, modified iron hematoxylin-kinyoun), ethyl acetate concentration procedures, and microscopy (the stool ova and parasite method). In April 1999, a microplate enzyme immunoassay (EIA) (ProSpecT G/C, Remel, Inc, Lenexa, Kan) for routine screening of all stool specimens was implemented. Objective.—To determine the clinical and laboratory impact of this service change. Design.—Changes were made to the regional microbiology requisition so that physicians could order either a G/ C EIA screen or stool ova and parasite examination. During a 3-year period (May 1999 through April 2002), changes in physician ordering practice, the rate of detection of G/ C infections, and test turnaround times were monitored. The economic outcomes have also been studied and compared annually since implementation and up to the current fiscal year (2004). Results.—The following effects have been noted since G/ C EIA screening was implemented: (1) 70% of all stool parasite tests ordered were converted to G/C EIA screens versus stool ova and parasite tests, (2) stool parasitologic volumes decreased by up to 30% because of physicians ordering a single test per patient, (3) most stool parasite results (70%–80%) were reported within 24 hours of specimen receipt, and (4) the screening assay has improved detection of cryptosporidiosis cases. Although the G/C EIA tests cost more than stool ova and parasite examination, the equivalent of 1.8 full-time employees have been freed up to perform other duties. Conclusions.—Routine stool G/C EIA screening in our region is not only clinically relevant but also improves the timeliness and efficiency of detection of these important enteric parasite infections.
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Dorn, Jonathan, Silvina Masciotra, Chunfu Yang, Robert Downing, Benon Biryahwaho, Timothy D. Mastro, John Nkengasong, et al. "Analysis of Genetic Variability within the Immunodominant Epitopes of Envelope gp41 from Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Group M and Its Impact on HIV-1 Antibody Detection." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38, no. 2 (2000): 773–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.38.2.773-780.2000.
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The serodiagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection primarily relies on the detection of antibodies, most of which are directed against the immunodominant regions (IDR) of HIV-1 structural proteins. Among these, the N-terminal region of gp41 contains cluster I (amino acids [aa] 580 to 623), comprising the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitope (AVERYLKDQQLL) and the cysteine loop (CSGKLIC), and cluster II (aa 646 to 682), comprising an ectodomain region (ELDKWA). To delineate the epitope diversity within clusters I and II and to determine whether the diversity affects serologic detection by U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-licensed enzyme immunoassay (EIA) kits, gp41 Env sequences from 247 seropositive persons infected with HIV-1 group M, subtypes A (n = 42), B (n = 62), B′ (n = 13), C (n = 38), D (n = 41), E (n = 18), F (n = 27), and G (n = 6), and 6 HIV-1-infected but persistently seronegative (HIPS) persons were analyzed. While all IDR were highly conserved among both seropositive and HIPS persons, minor amino acid substitutions (<20% for any one residue, mostly conservative) were observed for all subtypes, except for B′, in comparison with the consensus sequence for each subtype. Most importantly, none of the observed substitutions among the group M plasma specimens affected antibody detection, since all specimens (n = 152) tested positive with all five FDA-licensed EIA kits. Furthermore, all specimens reacted with a group M consensus gp41 peptide (WGIKQLQARVLAVERYLKDQQLLGIWGCSGKLICTTAVPWNASW), and high degrees of cross-reactivity (>80%) were observed with an HIV-1 group N peptide, an HIV-1 group O peptide, and a peptide derived from the homologous region of gp41 from simian immunodeficiency virus from chimpanzee (SIVcpz). Taken together, these data indicate that the minor substitutions observed within the IDR of gp41 of HIV-1 group M subtypes do not affect antibody recognition and that all HIV-1-seropositive specimens containing the observed substitutions react with the FDA-licensed EIA kits regardless of viral genotype and geographic origin.
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Kolb, Michael J., and Sebastiano Tusa. "The Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age landscape of interior western Sicily." Antiquity 75, no. 289 (September 2001): 503–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00088657.
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The archaeology of complex societies in western Sicily has traditionally focused upon Greek and Phoenician colonization rather than the development of the indigenous peoples of the interior. The Salemi regional survey project in western Sicily was conceived as a means to track long-term landscape change of this interior ‘indigenous’ landscape. From 1998 to 2000, this survey has conducted an extensive survey of 150 sq. km of the Salemi region, an intensive survey of 8 sq. km around a nearby Late Bronze Age (LBA) hilltop settlement of Mokarta (Mannino & Spatafora 1995; Spatafora & Mannino 1992; Tusa 1992), and an intensive survey of 25 sq. km around the Early Iron Age (EIA) hilltop settlement of Monte Polizzo (FIGURE 1). Survey work is part ofthe Sicilian–Scandinavian archaeological project (Morris et al. in press; http://dig.anthro.niu.edu/sicily), an international team of scholars who are undertaking large-scale excavations at Monte Polizzo (FIGURE 2). Preliminary survey results reveal that these LBA and EIA peoples relied on an intricate valley hinterland around their hilltop residences. Moreover, marked differences exist between the LBA and EIA valley hinterlands.
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Jalinot, P., B. Devaux, and C. Kédinger. "The abundance and in vitro DNA binding of three cellular proteins interacting with the adenovirus EIIa early promoter are not modified by the EIa gene products." Molecular and Cellular Biology 7, no. 10 (October 1987): 3806–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.7.10.3806.
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Specific protein binding on the EIa-inducible adenovirus EIIa early (EIIaE) promoter was analyzed by the sensitive electrophoretic band-shift assay and by protection against DNase I digestion. Three factors were identified, and precise mapping of the cognate-binding sites revealed their correspondence to promoter elements essential for constitutive EIIaE transcription. One binds to the major upstream element located between -82 and -64 (with respect to the major EIIaE cap site), another appears to interact with sequences on either side of this region, and the last one binds to an element located further upstream. Comparison of the binding activities of the factors present in extracts from cells infected with wild-type adenovirus (adenovirus type 5) or with the EIa deletion mutant dl312 did not reveal striking differences. Not only were the general binding patterns indistinguishable, but the concentration of each of the identified factors as well as their affinity for the cognate-binding sites were unchanged. Our results suggest that the EIa-mediated activation of the EIIaE transcription complexes involves appropriate interactions between transcription factors, rather than their increased binding to DNA.
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Jalinot, P., B. Devaux, and C. Kédinger. "The abundance and in vitro DNA binding of three cellular proteins interacting with the adenovirus EIIa early promoter are not modified by the EIa gene products." Molecular and Cellular Biology 7, no. 10 (October 1987): 3806–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.7.10.3806-3817.1987.
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Specific protein binding on the EIa-inducible adenovirus EIIa early (EIIaE) promoter was analyzed by the sensitive electrophoretic band-shift assay and by protection against DNase I digestion. Three factors were identified, and precise mapping of the cognate-binding sites revealed their correspondence to promoter elements essential for constitutive EIIaE transcription. One binds to the major upstream element located between -82 and -64 (with respect to the major EIIaE cap site), another appears to interact with sequences on either side of this region, and the last one binds to an element located further upstream. Comparison of the binding activities of the factors present in extracts from cells infected with wild-type adenovirus (adenovirus type 5) or with the EIa deletion mutant dl312 did not reveal striking differences. Not only were the general binding patterns indistinguishable, but the concentration of each of the identified factors as well as their affinity for the cognate-binding sites were unchanged. Our results suggest that the EIa-mediated activation of the EIIaE transcription complexes involves appropriate interactions between transcription factors, rather than their increased binding to DNA.
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Zhu, Peng, Cong Xie, Chunhua Jiang, Guobin Yang, Jing Liu, Zhengqiang Li, and Zhengyu Zhao. "Ionospheric Behavior of foF2 over Chinese EIA Region and Its Comparison with IRI-2016." Universe 6, no. 8 (August 11, 2020): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe6080122.
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The ionograms, which were recorded by the ionosonde located at Pu’er station (PUR, 22.7° N, 101.05° E, Dip Latitude 12.9° N) in the Southwest of China in the year of 2016, were used to study the ionospheric behavior of the ordinary critical frequency of the F2 layer (foF2) in the region of the northern equatorial ionization anomaly. To verify the performance of the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) over the Southwest of China, a comparative study of the observed foF2 and the latest version of the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI-2016) was carried out. We found that the foF2 in equinox months is greater than summer and winter. Moreover, a higher frequency of the observed bite-out of foF2 in January and April than other months and the IRI-2016 cannot represent the bite-out of foF2 in diurnal variations. Compared to the observations at Pu’er Station, the IRI-2016 underestimated foF2 for most time of the year. The IRI with the International Radio Consultative Committee (CCIR) option overestimated foF2 is higher than that with the International Union of Radio Science (URSI) option. Furthermore, the normalized root mean square error of foF2 from the IRI-2016 with the CCIR option is less than that with the URSI.
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Oluwadare, Temitope Seun, Chinh Nguyen Thai, Andrew Oke-Ovie Akala, Stefan Heise, Mahdi Alizadeh, and Harald Schuh. "Characterization of GPS-TEC over African equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) region during 2009–2016." Advances in Space Research 63, no. 1 (January 2019): 282–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2018.08.044.
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Lee, Sang-Jae, Hee-Sung Park, and Kwang-Guk An. "Preliminary Environmental Impact Assessments on Fish Compositions and the Ecological Health of Jeokbyeok River on the Road Construction of Muju-Geumsan Region." Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment 26, no. 1 (February 28, 2017): 27–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.14249/eia.2017.26.1.27.
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GONÇALES, Neiva S. L., Fernando F. COSTA, José VASSALLO, and Fernando L. GONÇALES JR. "Diagnosis of hepatitis C virus in Brazilian blood donors using a reverse transcriptase nested polymerase chain reaction: comparison with enzyme immunoassay and recombinant protein immunoblot assay." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 42, no. 5 (October 2000): 263–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652000000500005.
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Screening blood donations for anti-HCV antibodies and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) serum levels generally prevents the transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) by transfusion. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficiency of the enzyme immunoassay (EIA) screening policy in identifying potentially infectious blood donors capable to transmit hepatitis C through blood transfusion. We have used a reverse transcriptase (RT)-nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to investigate the presence of HCV-RNA in blood donors. The prevalence of HCV-RNA positive individuals was compared with the recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA-2) results in order to assess the usefulness of both tests as confirmatory assays. Both tests results were also compared with the EIA-2 OD/C ratio (optical densities of the samples divided by the cut off value). ALT results were expressed as the ALT quotient (qALT), calculated dividing the ALT value of the samples by the maximum normal value (53UI/l) for the method. Donors (n=178) were divided into five groups according to their EIA anti-HCV status and qALT: group A (EIA > or = 3, ALT<1), group B (EIA > or = 3, ALT>1), group C (1<=EIA<3, ALT<1), group D (1<=EIA<3, ALT>1) and group E (EIA<=0.7). HCV sequences were detected by RT-nested PCR, using primers for the most conserved region of viral genome. RIBA-2 was applied to the same samples. In group A (n=6), all samples were positive by RT-nested PCR and RIBA-2. Among 124 samples in group B, 120 (96.8%) were RIBA-2 positive and 4 (3.2%) were RIBA-2 indeterminate but were seropositive for antigen c22.3. In group B, 109 (87.9%) of the RIBA-2 positive samples were also RT-nested PCR positive, as well as were all RIBA-2 indeterminate samples. In group C, all samples (n=9) were RT-nested PCR negative: 4 (44.4%) were also RIBA-2 negative, 4 (44.4%) were RIBA-2 positive and 1 (11.1%) was RIBA-2 indeterminate. HCV-RNA was detected by RT-nested PCR in 3 (37.5%) out of 8 samples in group D. Only one of them was also RIBA-2 positive, all the others were RIBA-2 indeterminate. All of the group E samples (controls) were RT- nested PCR and RIBA-2 negative. Our study suggests a strong relation between anti-HCV EIA-2 ratio > or = 3 and detectable HCV-RNA by RT-nested PCR. We have also noted that blood donors with RIBA-2 indeterminate presented a high degree of detectable HCV-RNA using RT-nested PCR (75%), especially when the c22.3 band was detected.
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Zhang, D. H., W. Zhang, Q. Li, L. Q. Shi, Y. Q. Hao, and Z. Xiao. "Accuracy analysis of the GPS instrumental bias estimated from observations in middle and low latitudes." Annales Geophysicae 28, no. 8 (August 25, 2010): 1571–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-28-1571-2010.
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Abstract. With one bias estimation method, the latitude-related error distribution of instrumental biases estimated from the GPS observations in Chinese middle and low latitude region in 2004 is analyzed statistically. It is found that the error of GPS instrumental biases estimated under the assumption of a quiet ionosphere has an increasing tendency with the latitude decreasing. Besides the asymmetrical distribution of the plasmaspheric electron content, the obvious spatial gradient of the ionospheric total electron content (TEC) along the meridional line that related to the Equatorial Ionospheric Anomaly (EIA) is also considered to be responsible for this error increasing. The RMS of satellite instrumental biases estimated from mid-latitude GPS observations in 2004 is around 1 TECU (1 TECU = 1016/m2), and the RMS of the receiver's is around 2 TECU. Nevertheless, the RMS of satellite instrumental biases estimated from GPS observations near the EIA region is around 2 TECU, and the RMS of the receiver's is around 3–4 TECU. The results demonstrate that the accuracy of the instrumental bias estimated using ionospheric condition is related to the receiver's latitude with which ionosphere behaves a little differently. For the study of ionospheric morphology using the TEC derived from GPS data, in particular for the study of the weak ionospheric disturbance during some special geo-related natural hazards, such as the earthquake and severe meteorological disasters, the difference in the TEC accuracy over different latitude regions should be paid much attention.
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Manfra, Loredana, Claudia Virno Lamberti, Silvia Ceracchi, Giordano Giorgi, Daniela Berto, Marina Lipizer, Michele Giani, et al. "Challenges in Harmonized Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Monitoring and Decommissioning Procedures of Offshore Platforms in Adriatic-Ionian (ADRION) Region." Water 12, no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 2460. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12092460.
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A harmonized and integrated approach for monitoring and assessment of contamination, including hydrocarbon exploitation one, is required both by Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) at EU level and by the Ecosystem Approach (EcAp) program of the Barcelona Convention at Mediterranean level. A broad review of protocols of environmental impact assessment (EIA) procedures, monitoring and decommissioning of offshore platforms adopted by EU and non-EU countries along the Adriatic-Ionian seas was carried out in the framework of the Interreg offshore platforms in Adriatic-Ionian (ADRION) project HarmoNIA (Harmonization and networking for contaminant assessment in the Ionian and Adriatic Seas). The comparison of information provided by six ADRION countries and the application of a harmonized and integrated approach has highlighted specific challenges for managing offshore platform impacts emerged at ADRION level: (i) need of the same legislative level (the Offshore Protocol of Barcelona Convention is not ratified by all countries); (ii) set up of a task force of ADRION experts for discussing critical issues related to impacts of offshore platforms; (iii) harmonization, at the regional level, of EIA procedures, monitoring and decommissioning; (iv) need of an agreed and common list of recommended parameters to monitor in water, sediment and biota for the assessment of impacts due to platform installations and PFW discharges.
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Chuo, Yu-Jung. "Variations of Scale Height at F-Region Peak Based on Ionosonde Measurements during Solar Maximum over the Crest of Equatorial Ionization Anomaly Region." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/397402.
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Scale height is an important parameter in characterizing the shape of the ionosphere and its physical processes. In this study, we attempt to examine and discuss the variation of scale height,Hm, around the F-layer peak height during high solar activity at the northern crest of the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) region.Hmexhibits day-to-day variation and seasonal variation, with a greater average daily variation during daytime in summer. Furthermore, the diurnal variation ofHmexhibits an abnormal peak at presunrise during all the seasons, particularly in winter. This increase is also observed in the F2-layer peak height for the same duration with an upward movement associated with thermospheric wind toward the equator; this upward movement increases the N2/O ratio andHm, but it causes a decrease in the F2-layer maximum critical frequency during the presunrise period.
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Malossi, Camila Dantas, Eduardo Gorzoni Fioratti, Jedson Ferreira Cardoso, Angelo Jose Magro, Erna Geessien Kroon, Daniel Moura de Aguiar, Alice Mamede Costa Marque Borges, Marcia Furlan Nogueira, Leila Sabrina Ullmann, and João Pessoa Araujo. "High Genomic Variability in Equine Infectious Anemia Virus Obtained from Naturally Infected Horses in Pantanal, Brazil: An Endemic Region Case." Viruses 12, no. 2 (February 12, 2020): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12020207.
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Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) is a persistent lentivirus that causes equine infectious anemia (EIA). In Brazil, EIAV is endemic in the Pantanal region, and euthanasia is not mandatory in this area. All of the complete genomic sequences from field viruses are from North America, Asia, and Europe, and only proviral genomic sequences are available. Sequences from Brazilian EIAV are currently available only for gag and LTR regions. Thus, the present study aimed for the first time to sequence the entire EIAV genomic RNA in naturally infected horses from an endemic area in Brazil. RNA in plasma from naturally infected horses was used for next-generation sequencing (NGS), and gaps were filled using Sanger sequencing methodology. Complete viral genomes of EIAV from two horses were obtained and annotated (Access Number: MN560970 and MN560971). Putative genes were analyzed and compared with previously described genes, showing conservation in gag and pol genes and high variations in LTR and env sequences. Amino acid changes were identified in the p26 protein, one of the most common targets used for diagnosis, and p26 molecular modelling showed surface amino acid alterations in some epitopes. Brazilian genome sequences presented 88.6% nucleotide identity with one another and 75.8 to 77.3% with main field strains, such as EIAV Liaoning, Wyoming, Ireland, and Italy isolates. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis suggested that this Brazilian strain comprises a separate monophyletic group. These results may help to better characterize EIAV and to overcome the challenges of diagnosing and controlling EIA in endemic regions.
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Ekwunife, Ifunanya C. "Technology Focus: Natural Gas Processing and Handling (April 2021)." Journal of Petroleum Technology 73, no. 04 (April 1, 2021): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0421-0034-jpt.
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In 2020, the spot prices of natural gas hit a record low in the US, reaching the lowest annual average price in more than a decade. Based on US Energy Information Administration (EIA) data, the average annual spot price reported in 2020 was $2.05 per million British thermal units (MMBtu). In the first few months of the year, reports from the EIA showed that natural gas prices started declining amid mild winter temperatures that resulted in a decline in the demand for natural gas for space heating. In March 2020, following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the already declining natural gas prices plummeted further. This decline continued through the first half of the year. The EIA reported the average monthly Henry Hub spot price in the first 6 months at $1.81/MMBtu. June saw the lowest monthly natural gas price in decades (Henry Hub price aver-aged $1.66/MMBtu). Natural gas prices recovered in the second half of the year as natural gas production decreased and global exports of liquefied natural gas increased. Natural gas consumption in the residential, commercial, and industrial sectors declined in 2020, according to the EIA. Milder winter temperatures were a major contributor in the first quarter of the year, but overall declining consumption was attributed to reduced economic activities as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. On the other hand, the consumption of natural gas for electric power generation registered an overall increase of 2% more than the 2019 average. According to the EIA, citing S&P Global Platts, this increase was attributed to power producers switching to cheaper natural gas from coal to meet the increased demand for electric power for cooling as summer temperatures increased. The EIA in its Annual Energy Outlook 2021 projects that the industrial and electric power sectors and net exports will drive the growth in US energy consumption between 2020 and 2050. Natural gas consumption in other sectors is expected to increase steadily or remain flat. The EIA forecasts that natural gas production will increase as consumption increases and prices will stay low relative to past prices. The EIA expects continued growth in natural gas exports as natural gas production surpasses natural gas consumption. Globally, the International Energy Agency forecasts a recovery in global demand for natural gas in 2021 led by growth in the Asia Pacific region as emerging markets recover. The US will continue to play a significant role as one of the largest producers and contributors to natural gas supply growth. Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org. SPE 200300 - Overcoming Challenges in the Development of Underground Gas Storage by Ammar Alali, Saudi Aramco, et al. OTC 30602 - Offshore LNG and Gas Monetization by Femi Adeoye Alabi, Total SPE 200147 - Development of the Underground Gas Storage and Construction of the Salt Cavern Storage in China by Peng Chen, CNPC, et al.
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Freitas, Nayra F. Q. R., Carlos M. C. Oliveira, Rômulo C. Leite, Jenner K. P. Reis, Fernanda G. Oliveira, Henrique dos A. Bomjardim, Felipe M. Salvarani, and José Diomedes Barbosa. "Equine infectious anemia on Marajo Island at the mouth of the Amazon river." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 35, no. 12 (December 2015): 947–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2015001200002.
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Abstract: Equine infectious anemia (EIA) is a transmissible and incurable disease caused by a lentivirus, the equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV). There are no reports in the literature of this infection in Equidae on Marajo Island. The objective of this study was to diagnose the disease in the municipalities of Cachoeira do Arari, Salvaterra, Santa Cruz do Arari and Soure, on Marajó Island, state of Pará, Brazil. For serological survey samples were collected from 294 horses, over 5-month-old, males and females of puruca and marajoara breeds and from some half-breeds, which were tested by immunodiffusion in Agar gel (AGID). A prevalence of 46.26% (136/294) positive cases was found. EIA is considered endemic in the municipalities studied, due to the ecology of the region with a high numbered population of bloodsucking insect vectors and the absence of official measures for the control of the disease.