Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Régimes de genre'
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Boni-Le, Goff Isabel. "Le sexe de l'expert : régimes de genre et dynamique des inégalités dans l'espace du conseil en management." Phd thesis, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00877764.
Full textNicole-Drancourt, Chantal. "DONNER DU SENS AUX REFORMES : de l'équation sociale fordiste à la nouvelle équation sociale, l'enjeu des réformes dans l'ordre du genre." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Conservatoire national des arts et metiers - CNAM, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00637699.
Full textGiraud, Isabelle. "Mouvements des femmes et changements des régimes genrés de représentation politique au Québec et en France (1965-2004)." Thèse, Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/17451.
Full textLaflamme, Mathieu. "Le genre au tribunal : l'hermaphrodisme devant la justice de la France d'Ancien Régime." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/35177.
Full textEymeoud, Juliette. "Le célibat dans la noblesse française d'Ancien Régime." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020EHES0149.
Full textThis work is about noblemen and noblewomen who remained single to fulfill their social and familial roles. Their celibacy is mostly due to economic or political choices made by their family. In the 17th century, singlehood appears as a demographic phenomenon. About half of the noblemen and noblewomen of this time never got married. Moreover, a special kind of feminine singlehood came to life, the « fille majeure, usant et jouissant de ses droits ». This proportion of singlemen and women, both in the Church (nuns, abbess, abbots, bishops) and in the secular life, shows a specific order created by the French nobility. One of the purposes of this order is to protect the family’s properties and to have a hold on the inheritance system. The other purpose is to rarefy the matrimonial alliances so that those alliances would be more prestigious and strictly endogamous. Singlemen and singlewomen also have a positive role in the properties’ preservation. They pass on their valuables, their money and sometimes lands to the next generation (nephews and nieces). Far from being stigmatized, they are valued relatives of their kinship. Moreover, religious celibacy enables clerics to gain benefits which they endeavour to keep into their family. This create new singlemen in each new generation whose responsibility is to take over the abbeys and bishoprics. And this is also true for women, as feminine abbeys are passed down in some sorts of nepotic lines. This thesis tends to prouve that marriage is not the supreme status of the Old Regime society and that singlehood does not automatically imply sacrifice and suffering from the lack of legitimate children. More broadly, this work must lead to question the birth of the derogatory image of singlehood that remains vivid in our modern culture. This image, mostly linked to old maids and old bachelors (archetypes that came to life during the 18e century), is inherited from the European Enlightenment and the French Revolution. At the time, natalist concerns and the promotion of the family model (marital life and motherhood and fatherhood) made every other forms of existence less valid or even dangerous
Zhukova, Olga. "Agenda politique et régime de genre : comparaison sociohistorique des évolutions en Russie et en France." Phd thesis, Université Montesquieu - Bordeaux IV, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00869392.
Full textAlvarez, Nadir. "Plantes-hôtes et organisation de la diversité des insectes phytophages, des radiations évolutives aux processus populationnels : Le cas des bruches du genre Acanthoscelides Schilsky (Coleoptera : Bruchidae)." Montpellier 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON20127.
Full textZhukova, Olga. "Agenda politique et régime de genre : comparaison socio historique des évolutions en Russie et en France." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR40020/document.
Full textThis thesis discusses the gender order of two national cases studies – Russia and France. The current situations with regards to gender order are specific to each country and have evolved from differing contexts. However, this thesis proposes that the development of gender order has passed through similar stages, both in Russia and France, despite different historical backgrounds and political systems. In addition, it is proposed that resemblances in the development of gender order are primarily affected by public policy in both countries which supports an order of gender equality. This politically-influenced gender inequality is reflected by the political structure which forms a pyramid structure. The gender order model provides a heuristic theoretical framework in which to analyse gender-relations in the contemporary societies and institutions of each country; along with the opportunity to examine gender-relations from an historical perspective. The aim of this research is to investigate the different facets of the development of gender-relations within a political context in Russia and France. The research methodology incorporates a consideration of the theoretical background to gender-relations, the impact of each country’s development on gender order from an historical viewpoint, and reviews of contemporary case studies. Importantly, a comparative study of this kind allows the idea of national identity to be appraised from an objective viewpoint
Carpentier, Fantin. "Evolution des régions non-recombinantes sur les chromosomes de types sexuels chez les champignons du genre Microbotryum." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS428/document.
Full textIn sexual organisms, recombination suppression can evolve in specific genomic regions to protect beneficial allelic combinations, resulting in the transmission of multiple genes as a single locus, which is called a supergene. Supergenes determine complex phenotypes, such as gender in organisms with sex chromosomes. Some sex chromosomes display successive steps of recombination suppression known as “evolutionary strata”, which are commonly thought to result from the successive linkage of sexually antagonistic genes (i.e. alleles beneficial to one sex but detrimental to the other) to the sex-determining region. There has however been little empirical evidence supporting this hypothesis. Fungi constitute interesting models for studying the evolutionary causes of recombination suppression in sex-related chromosomes, as they can display non-recombining mating-type chromosomes not associated with male/female functions. Here, we studied the evolution of recombination suppression on mating-type chromosomes in the Microbotryum plant-castrating fungi using comparative genomic approaches. In Microbotryum fungi, mating occurs between gametes with distinct alleles at the two mating-type loci, as is typical of basidiomycete fungi. We showed that recombination suppression evolved multiple times independently to link the two mating-type loci from an ancestral state with mating-type loci on two distinct chromosomes. Recombination suppression either linked the mating-type genes to their respective centromere or linked mating-type loci after they were brought onto the same chromosome through genomic rearrangements that differed between species. Both types of linkage are beneficial under the intra-tetrad mating system of Microbotryum fungi as they increase the odds of gamete compatibility. Recombination suppression thus evolved multiple times through distinct evolutionary pathways and distinct genomic changes, which give insights about the repeatability and predictability of evolution. We also reported the existence of independent evolutionary strata on the mating-type chromosomes of several Microbotryum species, which questions the role of sexual antagonism in the stepwise extension of non-recombining regions because mating-types are not associated with male/female functions. Previous studies reported little phenotypic differences associated to mating-types, rending unlikely any antagonistic selection between mating types (i.e. “mating-type antagonism”, with genes having alleles beneficial to one mating-type but detrimental to the other). The genes located in non-recombining regions on the mating-type chromosomes can be differentially expressed between mating types, but our analyses indicated that such differential expression was more likely to result from genomic degeneration than from mating-type antagonism. Deleterious mutations are indeed known to accumulate in non-recombining regions resulting in modifications of gene expression or of protein sequence. We concluded that antagonistic selection cannot explain the formation of evolutionary strata in Microbotryum fungi. Alternative mechanisms must be therefore be considered to explain the stepwise expansion of non-recombining regions, and they could also be important on sex chromosomes. This work thus prompts for future studies to identify further evolutionary strata not associated with male/female functions as well as to elucidate their evolutionary causes and consequences in terms of genomic degeneration
Jiménez, Salcedo Juan Ramón. "Représentations des incertitudes sexuelles dans la littérature française de la fin de l'Ancien régime." Tours, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOUR2019.
Full textPépin, Karine. "Mariage et altérité : les alliances mixtes chez la noblesse canadienne après la Conquête (1760-1800)." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/8929.
Full textGiorgi, Dominique. "Regulation de l'adaptation du pancréas exocrine au régime alimentaire chez le rat." Aix-Marseille 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989AIX22026.
Full textDijoux, Elisabeth. "Accès des femmes au foncier et changement des comportements de procréation dans le Sud-Bénin." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001IEPP0017.
Full textZhu, Tengfei. "Rôle des microARNs dans la régulation du métabolisme du cholestérol chez la truite arc-en-ciel alimentée avec des régimes à base de végétaux." Thesis, Pau, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PAUU3036/document.
Full textAquaculture has been subjected to a huge development during the last decades. Due to limiting availabilities, fishmeal and fish oil, the traditional ingredients of fish feed, have been widely replaced with vegetable ingredients in order to support the sustainable development of aquaculture. This evolution of aquafeeds has resulted in a reduction of the cholesterol content of the diets. In this context, the major objective of the thesis was to decipher the physiological changes related to cholesterol metabolism occurring in fish fed the plant-based diet. We furthermore analyzed the mechanisms underlying the regulation of cholesterol metabolism, focusing on transcription factors and microRNAs. Additionally, the possibility of utilizing miRNA as potential noninvasive biomarker was also investigated in the thesis. Our studies have shown that utilization of plant-based diet resulted in hypocholesterolemia and modified the expression of genes involved in cholesterol synthesis and efflux as well as that of their corresponding transcriptional factors SREBP-2 and LXRα. We also observed a lower expression of miR-223 in the liver of trout fed the plant-based diet suggesting the involvement of posttranscriptional mechanisms in the regulation of cholesterol synthesis. We then carried out another experiment using a line of rainbow trout selected for better growth performance on plant-based diet. We found that the hepatic expression of miR-33a increased in trout fed the plant-based diet, while the expression of miR-122 and miR-128 was much higher in the selected line regardless of the diet. By analyzing the expression of putative target genes of miR-33a, 122 and 128, we noticed consistent regulations between miR-33a and 128 and their respective putative targets, which were caspase 6 apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase like 2 (casp612) and cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase 4B a (pde4ba). These results highlighted two new molecular pathways affected by the plant-based diet. Through the combination in vivo and in vitro approaches, we demonstrated that the expression of the genes involved in cholesterol synthesis and that of the transcription factor SREBP-2 and the miR-33a increased in trout fed plant-based diet devoid of cholesterol while conversely decreased in rainbow trout primary cell culture of hepatocytes stimulated by 25-hydroxycholesterol. These data indicate that SREBP-2 and miR-33a act synergistically to control cholesterol synthesis. Finally, we successfully detected miR-1, miR-33a, miR-122, miR-128 and miR-223 in trout plasma. We observed similar postprandial changes between plasma levels of miR-128 and miR-223 and their hepatic counterparts. Significant correlations were observed between hepatic and plasma levels of miR-128 and miR-223. Other correlations appeared between miR-122, 128 and 223 and the expression of genes related to synthesis and efflux of cholesterol. Altogether, these results indicate that plasma microRNAs 122, 128 and 223 are potential non-invasive biomarkers of cholesterol metabolism in rainbow trout
Dufour, Claire. "Écologie de la divergence et de la coexistence : étude empirique chez deux espèces du genre Rhabdomys." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20233.
Full textUnderstanding how evolutionary processes allow populations persistence facing environmental changes is a primary goal for both scientists and society. Studying i) species divergence in contrasted environments and ii) species co-existence gives us a better understanding of such processes. Indeed, species co-existence, and thus their persistence, depends on their degree of ecological or reproductive divergence. In this PhD, I developed a range of empirical studies aimed at understanding the divergence of two sister species: Rhabdomys bechuanae and Rhabdomys dilectus dilectus. In the area in which the two distributions of these species abut, I was able to design empirical protocols to more thoroughly understand mechanisms involved in both divergence and coexistence at a fine scale. The species responses to the heterogeneity of the environment and the species interference were studied on four niche dimensions i) habitat selection, ii) spatial behavior, iii) diet and iv) sociality, as well as the sexual recognition system. The emerging results point out that accounting for several niche dimensions and their interactions is pivotal to understand the mechanisms underlying both divergence and coexistence. Indeed, while species divergence is determined by the allopatric evolution of habitat selection and sexual recognition system, the plasticity of the diet and social behaviors reflects the response of the organisms to the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of the environment. Species' response to interspecific competition is mainly due to plasticity in spatial behaviors (home range size and overlap). I discuss the complexity of the evolutionary mechanisms leading to the divergence and coexistence of sister species and the contribution of these micro-evolutionary studies to the understanding of more general evolutionary processes such as ecological radiation
Tsigenopoulos, Constantinos. "Phylogéographie du genre "Barbus" (Téléostéens, Cyprinidae) dans les régions péri-méditerranéennes. Reconstitution des grandes lignées de migration au moyen des marqueurs nucléaires et mitochondriaux." Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20085.
Full textWong, Jennifer. "Inactivation et activation de régions chromosomiques par des modifications épigénétiques. Mécanismes impliqués et rôle dans la progression tumorale dans les cancers de la vessie." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS484.
Full textIn cancers, gene transcription can be altered by genetic or epigenetic mechanisms. In 2011, my laboratory showed that the progression of bladder cancer could be linked to an epigenetic mechanism called MRES ("Mutiple Regional Epigenetic Silencing"). Tumors with this phenotype exhibit simultaneous inactivation of neighboring genes in 7 regions of the genome. Using a new bioinformatics approach: "SegCorr", we have identified more than 400 genomic regions in which gene expression is correlated. These regions fall into 7 groups and are associated with 6 phenotypes of bladder cancer. In addition, the extinction of gene expression from a small proportion of regions is associated with DNA methylation and / or loss of histone marks associated with active transcription: H3K9ac and H3K4me3 or gains of histone marks associated with transcription repression: H3K27me3 and H3K9me3. Using a new algorithm “Musette”, I have shown that the MRES phenotype is probably not due to genetic alterations. Finally, to understand at which stage of tumor progression of bladder cancer the MRES phenotype might appear, I have shown that bladder cancer tumors induced in mice by ingestion of a carcinogen (N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine) could be a good model
Salcedo, Robledo Manuela. "Amours suspectes : couples binationaux de sexe différent ou de même sexe sous le régime de I'« immigration subie »." Paris, EHESS, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EHES0171.
Full textFrench immigration policy is not limited to the control of foreigners; it also targets French citizens who choose to marry or enter civil unions with a foreign national. Based on research conducted in the lle-de France region, this dissertation studies the experiences of same-sex and different-sex bi-national couples. First, it analyzes how state policies against "inflicted immigration" frame bi-national couples as suspect. In France, since the 2000s, policymakers and bureaucrats created an apparatus of suspicion through categories such as sham marriages [manages blancs] and quasi-sham marriages [mariages gris], the genealogies of which this research traces. These categories have been accompanied by love policing practices in which couples must perform like "real" couples. To prove the authenticity of their love, they reproduce the dominant normative distinction at the heart of relationship discourse between convenience and love. Second, based on ethnographic fieldwork, composed of interviews and observation at organizations helping bi-national couples (Ardhis for same-sex couples and Amoureux au ban public for different sex couples), this dissertation proposes a sociology of bi-national couples drawing on their experiences, demands, and social characteristics (age, nationality, sex, and socioeconomic status). This analysis reveals that, contrary to governmental portrayals of "emotional cheating" on the one hand, and association representations of love unadulterated by economic interests on the other, their relationships are often based on material domination and emotional dependency-between men and women as well as between French citizens and foreigners. Conceptualized as exchanges, the circumstances of these bi-national couples make the mechanisms of these dependencies clear and reveal how they also operate in the relationships of ordinary couples
Legeais, Benoite. "Le pilocentrisme de la France d’Ancien Régime. Évolution des représentations de la pilosité de François 1er à Louis XVI." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCA185.
Full textBoth natural and cultural phenomenon, human hair condenses a wide array of symbolic issues relating to notions of identity, religion, science, etc. The analysis of discourses and practices concerning hair affords the historian a window to the evolution of a given society’s attitudes towards the self and others. Following the historiographical current of the history of the body, this thesis examines the “trichological systems” of modern France (16th to 18th centuries). It is based on the survey of a wide variety of sources, allowing the comparison of different types of hair-related discourses: the scientific point of view of physicians, physiognomonists and historians; the prescriptive point of view of education and civility treatises; the exotic counterpoint of travel narratives and other writings on “curiosities”, as well as a review of the etymological evolution of relevant words in dictionaries and encyclopedia. The central question in this dissertation concerns the role of hair in the construction of representations used in identifying, distinguishing and hierarching social groups; and how these representations evolve along other historical transformations. The first chapter highlights hair’s role as marker of individual differences. A “language of hair” is exposed, inventorying meanings and connotations attached to the various factors of hairy manifestations: color, length, affluence, shape. The importance of hair in the staging of the self and the reading of others is highlighted. The second chapter explores the contribution of hair in the construction of gendered identities. Hair is interpreted as an outward sign of the sexes’ different natures and the confirmation of their respective social roles. As such, it is a tool in the negotiation of power between and within genders. The third chapter examines hair as it is used in the demarcation of social classes. It is seen as participating in the process of body discipline of the French elite. The use of wigs alongside refined hair care emphasized their distinction from lower classes beyond the traditional means of clothing. Direct state regulations on the hair of its subjects also show that trichological politics don’t limit themselves to the gaze. The finale chapter highlights the instrumentalization of hair in the construction of faraway and abnormal “other”: the oversea savage, the wolf child, the natural aberration. By characterizing the hair of beings at the frontier of humanity, Ancien Régime French expose their own presuppositions on normality and civilization
Gabano, Jean-Denis. "Etude dans une chambre fermée du régime de combustion vibratoire s'apparentant au cliquetis des moteurs alternatifs à allumage commandé." Poitiers, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988POIT2293.
Full textMarly, Mathieu. "L’âme des régiments : le corps des sous-officiers : promotion, recrutement et discipline dans les rangs de l’armée française (1872-1914)." Thesis, Lille 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL30037.
Full textFrom 1872 to 1914, the French Army kept incorporating a growing number of young men who came to perform their military service. Thus, the Army became a « National Army » , associating the Nation and the military institution through the figure of the « citizen-soldier ». Beyond words and ideological postures, the point of this research is to comprehend how the military institution and the French society have been transformed by compulsory military service. To this end, a socio-historical approach focusing on non-commissioned officers, allows us to explore the features of hierarchical promotion and military discipline. This research reveals how the defense of the « military specifics» was a way of strengthening the symbolic domination of officers. A notice to military promotion also reveals the crucial part of meritocracy which transformed social and hierarchical relations in the French Army. Finally, the analysis of disciplinary rules give reasons for military obedience into the barracks. These elements enlighten how the criteria for recruitment, promotions and disciplinary procedures developed during peacetime did not disappear after 1914
Puget, Nadine. "Prédisposition génétique au cancer du sein : recherche de mutations dans les régions régulatrices et de réarrangements structuraux du gène BRCA1." Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO1T093.
Full textTriquenaux, Maxime. "Des aristocrates de papier. Trois figurations littéraires de nobles à la fin de l’Ancien Régime (Besenval, Polignac, Richelieu)." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSE2058.
Full textIf, with the Revolution, the nobility loses its predominant position from a political and social point of view, symbolically the situation is different. The nobility continues to exercise, at least for a long nineteenth century, a real fascination that allows it to maintain its influence and prestige. This thesis intends to examine the modalities of this paradoxical situation by looking at the social imaginary of the nobility at the end of the Ancien Régime. This is a question of studying the object from a literary point of view, starting from the development of three characters of nobility at the end of the eighteenth century: the Baron de Besenval, the Duchess de Polignac and the Marshal de Richelieu. The literary depictions follow largely different trajectories for the three cases. While one chooses to take up the pen to write one’s own Memoirs (Besenval), another is only seen in texts written by others, those texts being more or less ill-intentioned (Polignac). For the third, the situation is even more complex since a number of competing editorial projects are launched at the time of his death, some protected by his family and others not, resulting in a particularly polarized corpus. Between Memoirs, pseudo-Memories and pamphlets nourished by pornographic or romantic intertextuality, the spectrum of literary genres represented is thus very broad – as are the generic and formal constraints that play a role in the process of figuration.Drawing on this vast corpus, the thesis examines certain modalities of representation of these characters, focusing on three themes that seem particularly important: homosexuality, the collective anguish of women's seizure of power (gynecocracy), and dehumanization. These different points of entry, which also imply the use of a conceptual apparatus derived from gender studies, make it possible to account for the constitution of an imaginary enemy figure, the aristocrat, which takes on its full importance at the time of the Revolution by embodying the archetypal enemy. They also provide an opportunity to deploy a discourse of exceptionality in favor of the nobility. Finally, this work constitutes a contribution concerning the study of a formal element characteristic of the social imaginary of the nobility: the anecdote. Whether serving to nourish a historiographical renewal of critical history or as a bargaining chip in the court system, the anecdote is an essential unit of the narrative culture of the time. Rewritten particularly in forms that borrow from the biographer, it can also be used to produce a true memorial to the nobility of the Ancien Régime, which, after the Revolution, helps to maintain its power of fascination
Sallé, Guillaume. "Détection et validation fonctionnelle de régions du génome affectant la résistance aux strongles gastro-intestinaux chez le mouton." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012INPT0154/document.
Full textGastro-intestinal nematodes, among which Haemonchus contortus are a major threat to the meat sheep industry. They are responsible for production losses and the apparition of worm populations resistant to drugs limits their use as worm control strategy. Breeding more resistant sheep is among the most practicable alternative strategy. However its implementation requires a deeper understanding of underlying mechanisms. This PhD aims at identifying regions of the ovine genome affecting resistance to gastro-intestinal nematodes. A statistical analysis of existing associations between genetic markers and resistance traits of a Martinik Black-belly x Romane cross-bred sheep flock unraveled a limited number of key players. Among these, a fragment of the chromosome 12 was chosen to perform marker-assisted matings and to validate its role in resistance to H. contortus. The effect of this region was validated in the progenies born from matings. It seems this chromosomic fragment limits female worms fertility and is associated to a stronger immune response. The putative role played by a fragment of the chromosome 21 in plasmatic pepsinogen concentration (a biomarker of abomasal lesions) was also confirmed in this work. A candidate gene underlying this region has been sequenced and the analysis of the detected polymorphisms should confirm its role. Further, two other genes in its vicinity could also play a role in this biological phenomenon and they should also deserve future considerations. This work illustrated both the existing genetic variation for resistance to H. contortus and the associated complexity of underlying mechanisms. Additional sequencing and gene expression sequencing studies should help understanding gene functions and interactions
Dauchy, Adèle. "Écosystèmes microbiens des poissons tropicaux, Thunnusalbacareset Sciaenopsocellatus, après abattage et incidence sur la qualité des produits." Thesis, Antilles, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ANTI0146.
Full textFish is a highly perishable product and spoilage is mainly due to the bacterial growth. Compared to temperate regions, few studies examined the spoilage microbiota of tropical fish. In Martinique, yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) and red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) are essential fish of fisheries and aquaculture sectors. For a better characterization of the microbial ecosystem, culture-dependent and culture-independent (next-generation sequencing of 16S rRNA amplicons, Illumina MiSeq) methods were carried out.A wide diversity of species was found in freshly caught tuna and red drum (104 and 887 OTUs, respectively) and most of them are commonly isolated from fish (Chryseobacterium, Burkholderia, Flavobacterium, Psychrobacter, Arthrobacter, Staphylococcus). Others, such as Ralstonia sp. and Rhodanobacter terrae, largely present in fresh tuna, are less familiar. During the ice-storage of tuna, Pseudomonas and Brochothrix became dominant. The modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) and vacuum packaging (VP) clearly leaded to the selection of Brochothrix in one case and to a mixture of Brochothrix, lactic acid bacteria (Lactococcus piscium, Carnobacterium maltaromaticum) and enterobacteria (Hafnia paralvei) in the other case, and not conduct to a significant increase of the shelf-life. For red drum fillets, few differences were observed between MAP and VP with a microbiota essentially composed by lactic acid bacteria (Carnobacterium spp., Vagococcus spp., Lactococcus spp., Leuconostoc spp.). The shelf-life was extended by 15 days compared to the whole fish ice-stored.The inoculation of different bacterial species into the pauci-microbial flesh of tuna or red drum showed that Hafnia paralvei and Serratia spp. were the most spoiling bacteria. Brochothrix thermosphacta and Carnobacterium spp. produced more moderate undesirable odors. Among the Pseudomonas genus, not all species induced spoiling effects and some of them are even able to prevent the development of unpleasant odors from other bacteria (Pseudomonas psychrophila/fragi) and to degrade histamine (Pseudomonas cedrina, Pseudomonas plecoglossicida/monteilii).At the same time, sensory tests and physico-chemical assays were performed to understand the consequences of the bacterial growth and to identify reliable indices for the evaluation of the spoilage degree of the products
Ag, Atteynine Solimane. "Changement climatique et rongeurs ravageurs des cultures : effet attractif des cultures de saison sèche sur les espèces du genre Arvicanthis au Mali." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0130.
Full textIn Mali, during the dry season, there is the issue of the attractive effect of dry season crops on rodent pests, which would be all the more marked in the latitudinal gradient of Sudan-Sahel aridity GECS (1100 mm to 200 mm). These hypotheses are tested in the genus Arvicanthis (A.ansorgei, A. niloticus). The results of the previous cytogenetic survey 1994-1999 and an expanded survey 2009-2014 reveal recent changes in the distribution areas of both species; suggesting a strong role of their chronobiological adaptation in the determinism of their distribution. This horizontal approach followed by a vertical approach (2009-2016) compares four indicators of the attractiveness of the CSS vs. the MNC in the five climatic regions of GECS (Sikasso, Koulikoro, Ségou, Mopti, Gao). The population densities of both species are higher in the CSS vs. the MNC; and this attractiveness of the CSS increases with aridity in the area of A. niloticus. The ratio of "migratory strategists" within populations demonstrates the buffering effect of the CSS and confirms the frequency of these episodes. The diet study confirms their phytophagous diet. In a natural environment, aridity induces a decrease in the consumption of plants compensated by that of non-orthopterous Arthropods; and the diversity of plants consumed decreases with aridity in A.ansorgei vs increases with aridity in A. niloticus. The buffering effect of CSS "neutralizes" inter-specific differences, and in both species, in the CSS, the diversity of weeds consumed decreases to the detriment of crops, especially rice and the consumption in the Orthoptera increases
Goulet, Emmanuelle. "Pouvoir féminin à la cour de Louis XV." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/40980.
Full textDerex, Anne Juliette Hélène. "Angelo Costantini (1654-1729), Mezzetin de la Comédie Italienne. : héritier d'une tradition ou précurseur d'un nouveau modèle de comédien ?" Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMC041/document.
Full text.We know the character of Mezzetino thanks to Watteau. He is without doubt the character of the Commedia dell'arte the most painted in the 17th and 18th century iconography. It was Angelo Costantini who made him famous. But what do we know exactly about this comedian and his character? Born in Verona in 1654, son of an italian comedian and musician, he starts to play the theater in Italy before coming in France in the royal troupe. To emphasize, he invents a new type adventurer and servant, but mostly musician : Mezzetino, short for mezzetta, which means half portion. This new zanni between Scapino and Brighella made Costantini famous in Paris. The audience liked him very much and forced him to play without a mask because he was handsome. But the character is it really his invention? In this thesis, we attempt to thwart the prejudices which accompany traditionally the papers on the actor. Costantini marked his time, he was called to play in the biggest european courts (Varsovia, Dresden, Madrid or London). We followed his tracks in a first part to study then the character of Mezzetino and his peculiarities. Were both inseparable?
Scagnetti, Matteo. "Il Tieste di Ugo Foscolo e l’estetica teatrale di Melchiorre Cesarotti. Per la storia e le implicazioni di un’inconciliabilità ideologica e filosofica." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019USPCA044.
Full textThis work analyzes the tragedy written by Ugo Foscolo (1778-1827) at the end of his adolescence : Tieste. The drama has not been sufficiently studied yet, but presents various and important elements of interest. The idea of literature emerging from it is definitely new, and Tieste tries untrodden ways, incompatible with the dominant idea of tragedy at its epoch.Most of all, Tieste marks a rebellion against the aesthetic canons of Melchiorre Cesarotti (1730-1808), a well-known philosopher who had a deep influence in the theatrical field and who had established the standards of a good tragedy. Cesarotti‟s parameters were still those of the Enlightenment, and imposed a moral message to every tragedy, whose characters should be rewarded or punished on the basis of their goodness or their wickedness. For Cesarotti, a character would have encountered an unfavourable fate only as a consequence of a moral crime. His virtue, instead, would have avoided any danger.In Foscolo, on the contrary, there is no providence, and the destiny of human beings doesn‟t depend on their behaviour. Virtuous characters are powerless and succumb without even understanding why, while the evil tyrant triumphs, moved only by his sadism.The evil is ineffable and inexplicable, and Reason, which solves every problem in Cesarotti‟s Weltanschauung, is now helpless and meaningless. Foscolo‟s first tragedy therefore represents the transition from an Ancien Régime world view to the phantoms and the nightmares of the contemporary age, when no certitude is possible anymore
Liu, Ruie. "Functional analysis of active DNA demethylation in tomato." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0273/document.
Full textDNA methylation is one of the epigenetic mechanisms that lead to stable and heritable changes in gene expression without alteration on DNA sequence. DNA methylation refers to the addition of a methyl group to the fifth position of the cytosine ring. In recent years, DNA methylation is becoming more and more widely studied, because of its importance in mammals and plants. Methylated cytosines distribution can be determined across the genome at single-nucleotide resolution, that is methylome, using whole genome bisulfite-sequencing (BS-seq) approaches. [ ] Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) is an important agronomic crop and the main model to study the development and ripening process of climacteric fleshy fruit. Recent studies have now shown that the development and ripening of fleshy fruits relies on the establishment and maintenance of differential transcription patterns and complex regulatory pathways that involve both genetic and hormonal controls are operating at these developmental phases. However, it appears that a full understanding of fruit development and ripening will not be achieved based only on genetic models as suggested by recent studies, which showing an important decrease in global methylation level and demethylation at specific promoters during fruit ripening. [ ] In conclusion, the observations presented in this work provide a framework for analysis of the molecular mechanism of DNA demethylation during fruit ripening of tomato. Here, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the knock down SlDML2 on the trancriptome, metaoblom and DNA methylation in the promoter analysis. The large transcriptional reprogramming that occured in mutant during fruit ripeing was correlated alterations in DNA methylation. Here we highlight the central role of active DNA demethylation during tomato fruit ripening. In addition to a general role in the regulation of genes directly involved in several metabolic pathways, we also found that several transcription factors as well as epigenetic regulators are also likely under direct methylation control. However, we could not establish a district relationship between DNA reduction of DNA methylation and induction of gene expression, as not all DEGs containing a type-a DMRs (decreased DNA methylation during fruit ripening) do not correspond to genes normally induced in WT and repressed in transgenic plants. Some were corresponding to an opposite situation and in a few cases more complex methylation pattern (several DMRs) were also found. Indeed these conclusions are based on methylation analysis obtained in another variety. They might however reflect the situation of WVA106 fruits, although some variations are expectable when the methylome of DML RNAi fruits will be analyzed. Hence the relationship between DNA demethylation and gene expression might be more complex than expected, and not limited to the starting hypothesis of this work: DNA demethylation is an absolute requirement for the expression of critical ripening induced genes. This is indeed clearly in this study, but the analysis presented here also suggest that DNA demethylation might also be necessary for the repression of several genes as well. In addition, from the rencent study in Arabidopsis, ROS1 were found preferentially targets transposable elements (TEs) which are closer to protein coding genes and intergenic regions, which suggesting that ROS1 may prevent DNA methylation spreading from TEs to nearby genes. While in tomato, as our analysis, we found the methylation level of promoter of a number of genes was altered during fruit ripening, therefore, through methylome analysis, we will also get the preference of DNA methylation on TE, this analysis will give us idea that demethylation in fleshy fruit may has other distinct function as it is in Arabidopsis
Jolicoeur, Martin. "La parole politique entre stratégies et contraintes : analyse interactionniste des genres de l'entrevue politique à la télévision québécoise." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69379.
Full textLe, Gac Julie. "Splendeurs et misères du Corps Expéditionnaire Français en Italie : (novembre 1942 - juillet 1944)." Thesis, Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011DENS0061.
Full textBy fighting under the tricolour flag for the first time on European soil since the defeat of 1940 the French Expeditionary Corps (FEC) made an important symbolic gesture towards national recovery. The symbolism of this historical moment should not, however, obscure the difficulties behind it. This thesis presents a wide-ranging study of the FEC from the Allied landings in North Africa in November 1942 to the FEC’s withdrawal from Italy in July 1944. It not only examines military operations but also highlights the political and diplomatic difficulties faced during the FEC’s creation: the lukewarm public response to the levée en masse in French North Africa, the problematic amalgamation of Vichy’s Army of Africa with the Free French Forces and the uneasy relationship between French and Allied leaders, French diplomacy impeded by dependence on U.S. arms. French participation in the Italian campaign is also examined in the light of Allied debates on military strategy in the Mediterranean Theatre. Though a peripheral war zone, the Italian peninsula was the scene of a gruelling struggle. This thesis offers a detailed analysis of the combat experience: the violence of the war of attrition in the winter of 1943-44, the suffering of the combatants and the physical and psychiatric casualties. It also examines questions relating to soldiers’ leisure, discipline and colonial relations within the army. It then evaluates the role of the FEC in the liberation of Rome in June 1944, a victory tarnished by incidents of rape and looting. Ultimately, while the FEC marks a decisive step in the reconstruction of the French Army, it also reveals a growing rift between France and its Empire
Leblanc-Martineau, Béatrice. "Une paternité incertaine : les femmes et la filiation dans les Causes célèbres de François Gayot de Pitaval, 1734-1743." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/42645.
Full textGuyard, Lucie. "Itinérance féminine et institutions : le vagabondage féminin dans la généralité de Rouen au XVIIIe siècle." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMR140.
Full textThis research aims to approach the crime of female vagrancy by observing it as it is constructed by different currents of thought, and as it is experienced by the people and the vagrants themselves. The aim here is to promote an analysis of the women's movement outside any legal framework, and before its arrest. This practice is part of a daily life practiced by men and women, but which the law seeks to define in order to better punish it. The monarchy in the 18th century reorganized its maréchaussée, and established a general police maintenance, particularly in Rouen. These two institutions and their coexistence until the Revolution gave rise to the archives essential to our study, and their scope, extended to the Rouen generality, defined the geographical area. The image of the homeless woman is shaped at the crossroads of several analyses. It emanates from more general reflections on women in society, their place and the role they are assigned at a time when the monarchy is trying to stabilise individuals. In addition to these ideas, there is the perception of indigence and what it represents in the minds of contemporaries. Finally, the image of the femal vagrant is also built around the conception of the transient, and what it represents for the communities residing in the places where she passes. These conceptions are confronted with a reality that repressive policies fail to eradicate: women wander alone or with support. Through their words transcribed in the archives of the institutions that have to call them out, their own explanations of their movement can be seen. And these last ones give us some information about their reality
Barut, Benoît. "Un Spectacle dans un fauteuil. Poétiques et pratiques didascaliques d'Axël à Zucco." Thesis, Paris 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA030134.
Full textBecause they seemingly have to make the dialog work as well as to construct theperformance, because they seem to encroach upon the director’s grounds and yet cannot level with the magic of the actual staging, because they are not a real piece of literature nor do they belong to the show, the stage directions have long been overlooked by theater studies. In the past few years, a mild interest has arisen. On the one hand, linguists describe in a synchronic fashion the generic features of this particular type of discourse. On the other hand, critics wish to seize the specificity of each author’s stage directions, with an emphasis on the breaches of their theoretical functional purity.In this thesis, we intend to go beyond this fragmented approach by offering an overall poetics of stage directions and, in order for it to carry meaning, weight and nuance, we choose to base it on history and, specifically, on XXth century theater, from Villiers to Koltès, an enlarged century, deeply rooted in the XIXth and already glancing at the XXIst. It is then that stage directions redefine themselves as a result of the advent of the director and his coming to power ;it is then that they spectacularly travel out of joint but appear, nonetheless, incapable or unwilling to get rid altogether of their fundamental usefulness. Unequivocally, they prove to be a form of speech limping “one foot in duty, on foot in desire”, an icarian discourse reconciling what is theoretically opposed.This study starts with the format of the stage directions, their territory, their enunciation (i.e. the exact role they play in the dramatic communication), their graphic characteristics (punctuation, typography, lay-out). Then, we investigate the very fabric of stage directions writing, the perpetual tension between the pact that rules them (clarity, economy) and a fundamental drive to become something else (to become stage, to become poem, to become novel…)
Ndiade, Bourobou Dyana. "Dynamique spatiale et temporelle de la diversité génétique d’une espèce rare en Afrique Centrale : baillonella toxisperma Pierre (le Moabi)." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20045/document.
Full textIf genetic diversity patterns of gregarious rainforest forest trees are well known, few knowledges are available about low density tree species. Does those last one follow the same genetic distribution pattern? Which biotic and abiotic factors underline the spatial structure and evolution of the genetic diversity of such species? In order to improve the knowledge of the biology of such species, we have propose through nuclear microsatellite(nuc) and chlorosplastic (cp) markers to (i) analyse the reproductive system of a low density tree species, (ii) assess its dispersal capacity through seeds and pollen, and finally to (iii) describe the spatial genetic structure at a fine and large scale. We have addressed those questions with Baillonella toxisperma Pierre (commonly named Moabi), a commercial tree of many uses, known to be rare (1 ind/15ha à 20 ha) and distributed through different ecologicals areas of Congo basin. Three main results rise from our study: (i) Despite a strong isolation of the adults, B. toxisperma has a dominant allogamous reproductive system (tm ≈ 98%) with a reduce rate of self-pollination (1- tm< 3%) which is probably due to occurrence of protandry. (ii) As expected in the case of low density trees, the spatial statistic (Sp) of the fine spatial genetic structure is very low [Spnuc = 0.003 ; Spcp = 0.015]. Those reflected a very high gene flow mediated through pollen [σp = 9.8 km à 10.8 km] and seeds [σs = 4.0 km à 6.3 km], that probably mediated by efficient dispersal vectors like bats, human and elephant. At a large scale, a phylogenetic signal has been detected between individuals located in both side of the thermic equator, mainly between those from the block forest of Cameroon and Gabon [RST = 0.313 > RSTp = 0.115, P < 0.001]. Two discretes genetics units from the Gabon block forest which separate individuals of the West coastal forests from the lowland forest ones (in the inland) have also been detected and showed a moderate genetic differentiation [FST = 0.068, P < 0.001]. The genetic differentiation between these three units could be explained by a geographical isolation during past climatic disturbances in the African rainforest, occurred in the Pleistocene and Holocene, and which will be still maintained up to date by a reproductive isolation caused by flowering asynchrony periods among individuals. The occurrence of these three genetic units suggests a biogeographical repartition of B. toxisperma in the Congo basin that is mainly due to the past and current climate. Our conclusions may lead to implement conservation strategies and sustainable management programm for biodiversity in Central Africa
Bernardet, Coralie. "Physiologie des transports ioniques et moléculaires chez les coraux, implications environnementales." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2019SORUS496.pdf.
Full textTropical reef-building corals are at the basis of extremely biodiverse ecosystems on which many species depend, including human beings. Today, climate change represents a threat for the future survival of corals, and it is becoming crucial to better understand the physiology of these key species and the mechanisms underlying their responses to environmental change. The work conducted during my PhD focused on the characterization of the processes affected by temperature changes in Stylophora pistillata. For this purpose, I used multiple approaches from the animal to the gene. My results showed that: 1) calcification, photosynthesis and respiration declined drastically at the extremes of the thermal performance window, 2) light-enhanced calcification occurs across the thermal performance window except at low temperature, 3) a group of genes involved in inorganic carbon transport is under-expressed when calcification is reduced (thermal stress and during night), 4) pH in the extracellular calcifying medium remains stable at low and high temperatures, 5) paracellular permeability is highest when calcification increases (25°C and during the day). Information gained from this lab-based study will be useful in guiding further research in the field in order to evaluate coral health and predict the future of coral reefs in a changing world
Diaconu, Adriana. "Les origines du logement social et collectif à Bucarest : architecture et idéologies politiques : 1910-1960." Paris 8, 2010. http://octaviana.fr/document/204599040#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0.
Full textFrom 1910 to 1960, Romania turns from an agricultural country dominated by the ideal of a « nation state » into a socialist republic controlled by the USSR, being in between a « nationalist » dictatorship allied to Nazi Germany. In this historical context this paper explores the evolution of the way political leaders, city planners and architects conceived the role played by the state and the tools that it can use in the field of public aids to housing. Which social categories are particularly privileged by these different political regimes? Are official ideologies really embedded in public policies, in city planning strategies and in architectural projects realized during these regimes? Moreover, by which means and to which extent do political discourses shape urban space? This paper puts into perspective the idea that the conceptions regarding the city and housing in Romania follow historical sequences that are completely distinct from each other and that are the product of political ideologies. Thus it investigates the emergence of a “socialist city”, made up of ruptures and of continuities, and produced by a multiplicity of actors and of divergent ideas
Lassu, Olivier. "Le film hybride : la voie d’un 3e genre." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/24304.
Full textThis Master’s memoir focuses on the border issue between documentary and fiction genres and its conception as a cinematic space for encounters, which could constitute a 3rd genre in itself. Genre that we propose to name hybrid. What justifies the persistence of the attachment to a reductionist binary system? Why do films that mix documentary and fiction approaches often meet with disapproval or negation of their duality? How to think about hybridity? What are the possible positive criteria and models for its election as a genre? This dissertation aims to analyze a rich corpus of films in order to identify how hybridity is constituted and also how it is perceived, both by film historians and thinkers, as well as by the media and the public. This study seeks to analyze cinematographic works grouped under four emblematic types, namely the mockumentary, the docufition, the docudrama and the so-called hybrid film, in order to identify the specific characteristics of these categories and to propose a model of hybrid film as a genre, in constructive and positive way. The creative component of this dissertation consists of a presentation file of a hybrid film project entitled The Legend of Tarō.
Legeais, Benoîte. "Le pilocentrisme de la France d’Ancien Régime : évolution des représentations de la pilosité de François 1er à Louis XVI." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/16021.
Full textÀ cheval entre nature et culture, le poil et la chevelure humaine condensent un grand ensemble d’enjeux symboliques relevant de questions identitaires, religieuses, scientifiques, et autres. L’étude des discours et des pratiques concernant le poil représente, pour l’historien, une fenêtre sur l’évolution des mentalités d’une société donnée en ce qui concerne les perceptions de soi et de l’autre. S’inscrivant dans le courant intellectuel de l’histoire du corps, cette thèse s’intéresse plus précisément aux « systèmes trichologiques » dans la France de l’époque moderne (soit du XVIe au XVIIIe siècle). Elle se fonde sur l’analyse d’une grande variété de sources permettant de recouper différents types de discours touchant au poil : point de vue scientifique des médecins, physiognomonistes et historiens, point de vue prescriptif des traités d’éducation et de civilité, contrepoint exotique des récits de voyage et autres témoignages de « curiosités » ainsi qu’un suivi de l’évolution étymologique des mots pertinents au sein de dictionnaires et encyclopédies. La question centrale de cette thèse est celle du rôle du poil dans le façonnement de représentations servant à identifier, démarquer et hiérarchiser les groupes sociaux; et comment celles-ci évoluent de concert avec d’autres transformations historiques. Le premier chapitre s’intéresse au poil comme marqueur de différences individuelles. On y retrace une sorte de « langage » du poil, recensant les significations et connotations rattachées aux diverses manifestations pileuses : couleur, longueur, abondance, forme. Il y apparaît clairement que le poil joue un rôle important tant dans la mise en scène de soi que dans la lecture de l’apparence physique de l’autre. Le deuxième chapitre s’intéresse au poil en tant que marqueur de « genre ». On y examine la contribution des représentations de la pilosité dans la construction des identités masculines et féminines. Le poil s’interprète comme une manifestation extérieure de la nature des différents sexes et de leurs rôles dans la société, ce qui en fait un enjeu dans les relations de pouvoir entre les sexes et entre les gens du même sexe. Le troisième chapitre aborde le poil en ce qu’il permet de délimiter et hiérarchiser les classes sociales. On le voit participer aux modes et au processus de discipline des corps qui permettent aux élites, avec les perruques et le raffinement des conduites et des pratiques d’embellissement, de se distinguer autrement que par les vêtements. On retrace également une politique du poil qui s’étend au-delà du regard, l’état s’accordant le droit d’agir directement sur les corps – les chevelures, les poils – de ses sujets. Le dernier chapitre explore l’instrumentalisation du poil dans la construction d’un « autre » lointain et anormal : le sauvage d’outre-mer, l’enfant-loup, l’aberration de la nature. En caractérisant les poils de cas qu’ils situent aux frontières de l’humanité, les Français de l’Ancien régime exposent leurs propres présupposés sur la normalité et la civilisation. Cette thèse aboutit à un principe qui réunit et organise les signes de reconnaissance du poil à partir du regard construit et normé de ses propres poils que j’ai nommé « pilocentrisme ». Permettant de mettre en lumière le rôle du système pileux dans les modèles d’identification et de hiérarchisation, le concept de pilocentrisme peut ainsi servir de nouvelle catégorie d’analyse pour étudier les rapports de pouvoir dans l’histoire.
Both a natural and cultural phenomenon, human hair condenses a wide array of symbolic issues relating to notions of identity, religion, science, etc. The analysis of discourses and practices concerning hair affords the historian a window on the evolution of a given society’s attitudes towards the self and others. Following the historiographical current of the history of the body, this thesis examines the “trichological systems” of modern France (16th to 18th centuries). It is based on a wide variety of sources, allowing the comparison of different types of hair-related discourses: the scientific point of view of physicians, physiognomonists and historians; the prescriptive point of view of education and civility treatises; the exotic counterpoint of travel narratives and other writings on “curiosities”, as well as a review of the etymological evolution of relevant words in dictionaries and encyclopedias. The central question in this dissertation concerns the role of hair in the construction of representations used in identifying, distinguishing and ranking social groups; and how these representations evolve along with other historical transformations. The first chapter highlights hair’s role as marker of individual differences. A “language of hair” is exposed, inventorying meanings and connotations attached to the various factors of hairy manifestations: color, length, affluence, shape. The importance of hair in the staging of the self and the reading of others is highlighted. The second chapter explores the contribution of hair to the construction of gendered identities. Hair is interpreted as an outward sign of the sexes’ different natures and the confirmation of their respective social roles. As such, it is a tool in the negotiation of power between and within genders. The third chapter examines hair as it is used in the demarcation of social classes. It is seen as participating in the process of body discipline of the French elite. The use of wigs alongside refined hair care emphasized their distinction from lower classes beyond the traditional means of clothing. Direct state regulations on the hair of its subjects also show that trichological politics did not limit themselves to the gaze. The finale chapter highlights the instrumentalization of hair in the construction of faraway and abnormal “others”: the overseas savage, the wolf child, the natural aberration. By characterizing the hair of beings at the frontier of humanity, Ancien Régime French exposed their own presuppositions on normality and civilization. This dissertation develops the notion of “pilocentrism”, uniting and organizing the various modes of interpretation of hairs on the basis of the constructed and normed perception of one’s own. Shedding a new light on the role of hair representation systems on models of identification and hierarchisation, the notion of pilocentrism can serve as a new analytical category to study historical power dynamics.
Turcotte, Catherine. "Impacts de divers régimes d’élevage sur l’abondance des gènes de résistance et sur le microbiote cæcal de poulets de chair au Québec." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/24700.
Full textThe ever-increasing problem of antibiotic resistance makes routine use of antibiotics in animal production no longer considered as a reasonable and viable practice. Preserving the effectiveness of antibiotics represents a major challenge for public and animal health. The Chicken Farmers of Canada have developed and are implementing an Antimicrobial Use Reduction Strategy which ultimate goal is eliminating the preventive use of medically-important antibiotics in broiler chicken and turkey productions. While it is known that the reduction of antibiotics in broiler chicken farms is associated with an increase in the incidence of necrotic enteritis caused by Clostridium perfringens, to which a proportion of this bacterial population produces the enterotoxin who can also generates consequences for human health, very little is known about the real overall impact of an antibiotic use reduction strategy in complex ecosystems such as the bird intestine or the commercial broiler chicken farm. The main objectives of the present study were to quantify the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes, to assess the presence of Clostridium perfringens and his enterotoxin and to characterize the composition of the cæcal microbiota in broiler chicken flocks from six commercial farms located in Québec and submitted to either a short-term conventional or drug-free program (15 months) or a long-term conventional or judicious antibiotic use program (six years). Implementing an antibiotic-free program over a 15-month period did not reduce the abundance of many antibiotic resistance-encoding genes, whereas a judicious use of antibiotics over six years did. The short-term antibiotic withdrawal and the long-term judicious use strategy altered the cæcal microbiota composition, with Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae families being negatively impacted, in agreement with the lower production performance and with the increased C. perfringens populations observed for farms phasing out the use of antibiotics in a short-term antibiotic withdrawal. Adopting a long-term conventional rearing program on commercial broiler chicken farms selected for specific antibiotic resistance-encoding genes in many barns. This study highlights the potential impacts of different rearing programs in poultry production and will help guide future policies in order to reduce the use of antibiotics and ultimately reduce the phenomenon of antibiotic resistance.
Massé, Stéphanie. "Dynamique saisonnière des communautés nitrifiantes dans un petit lac oligotrophe." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/12479.
Full textSince the discovery that some archaea are able to oxidize ammonia aerobically, several studies have focused on measuring nitrification rates and identifying the diversity of planktonic ammonia oxidizers in marine systems. Despite the global importance of freshwater lakes, far fewer studies have done the same in these ecosystems. Here we investigated the importance of nitrification and characterize the microbial community catalyzing the first rate-limiting step of nitrification over an annual cycle in a temperate lake. The measurements of ammonia oxidation rates, using the 15NH4+ isotope tracer method, at two depths in the photic zone show that this process occurred throughout the entire year in the lake. Rates of ammonia oxidation ranged from undetectable to 333 nmol L-1 d-1 with a peak of activity during winter. Off all environmental variables measured, ammonium concentrations in the water-column seem to have the strongest effect on the magnitude of ammonia oxidation rates. We detected the presence of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays targeting part of the ammonia monooxygenase (amoA) gene. Both AOA and AOB were detected in the photic zone of the lake, although only AOA were omnipresent over the year. The sequencing of archaeal amoA genes reveals that most of the AOA in the lake are members of the Nitrosotalea cluster (also referred as SAGMGC-1 or group I.1a associated), which confirms the ecological relevance of this cluster in oligotrophic freshwaters. Altogether, our results indicate that winter may be a critical time for ammonia oxidation in temperate lakes and provide a baseline for the understanding of ammonia oxidation in small oligotrophic lakes.