Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Régime riche en amidon'
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Laroche, Noémie. "Etude de l’effet de l’alimentation sur les helminthes, le microbiote intestinal et l’immunité du gros intestin du cheval." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UBFCK034.
Full textWith the increasing development of strongyle strains resistant to chemical anthelmintics and their negative impact on the digestive health of horses and the environment, the need to find alternative ways to control strongyle infections in horses is now a key research question. Nutritional adjustments resulting in the maintenance of a stable and healthy intestinal ecosystem, could be a natural and sustainable way to control helminth infections, by promoting host tolerance. This thesis aimed to investigate the direct and indirect effects of modulating the composition of the equine diet and including dehydrated granules of sainfoin (Onobrychis Viciifolia), a polyphenol-rich plant known to have anthelmintic properties in other herbivorous species. The results showed that strongyles egg excretion increased when horses were fed a high starch diet compared to ahigh fiber diet. At the same time, a dysbiosis of the equine colonic microbiota was observed, suggesting indirect effects mediated by the latter. The anthelmintic effect of sainfoin granules was variable and appeared to be influenced by their polyphenolic composition. The study of several dehydrated sainfoin granules in vitro, in parallel with the metabolomic analysis of their polyphenolic profiles, opened the possibility of an antiparasitic polyphenolic profile of interest. In conclusion, the results of this work show that nutritional interventions could be a good alternative for the control of strongyles infections in horses, and that providing horses with a diet that preserves the balance of the helminth-microbiota-immunity tryptic could be the first key step
Khallou, Jamila. "Biodynamique du cholestérol chez le hamster lithiasique : influence d'un amidon de maïs riche en amylose." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112176.
Full textBy using an isotopic equilibrium method, the rates of cholesterol turnover processes, i. E. Dietary cholesterol absorption, cholesterol synthesis, cholesterol excretion in the faeces and urine, and bile acid synthesis, were determined in hamsters ingesting a control diet (T) or a lithogenic diet (L). Dietary cholesterol absorption was reduced by 30 %, cholesterol synthesis and cholesterol fecal excretion were twice higher in the L group than in the T group. The increase of cholesterogenesis in lithiasic animals took place essentially in the liver. Bile acids biosynthesis did not differ in the two groups, but represented only 35 % of cholesterol output in L group versus 52 % in the T group. The lithogenic diet prevented the acidic transformation of cholesterol. The specific activity of cholesterol at the isotopic equilibrium were of the same order in the liver, plasma, bile, and gallstones. This suggests that the novo hepatic synthesised cholesterol were rapidely mixed with plasma cholesterol before biliary secretion. The replacement of sucrose in the lithogenic diet by an amylomaize starch, autoclaved (E group) prevented gallstones formation and reduced by 54 % plasma cholesterol mainly in the HDL. In the E group compared with L group, bile acid biosynthesis and pool were doubled but the HMG-coA reductase activity was not modified. This starch stimulates the acidic transformation of cholesterol input which become similar to that of control hamster. The concentration and the secretion of bile acids. Lnto the bile were enhanced whereas those of biliary cholesterol were diminished. Thus, the lithogenic index strongly decreased. This starch strongly reduced microbial degradation of bile acids. An autoclaved amylomaize starch is, thus able to desaturate the bile, to lower the level of plasma cholesterol and to reduce microbial effects
Lerdu, Ophélie, and Ophélie Lerdu. "Impact d'un régime riche en gras sur la pathologie tau de type maladie d'Alzheimer." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/36966.
Full textLa maladie d’Alzheimer est la forme de démence la plus répandue dans le monde. Il existe de nombreux facteurs de risque dont le principal est l’âge mais également le diabète et l’obésité. Les principales affections neuropathologiques de la maladie d’Alzheimer sont l’atrophie cérébrale, les plaques amyloïdes et les dégénérescences neurofibrillaires formées de la protéine tau hyper- et anormalement phosphorylée. Cette altération dans la phosphorylation de tau peut s’expliquer par un déséquilibre entre les kinases et les phosphatases. Une altération du métabolisme du glucose et une résistance à l’insuline sont aussi observées chez les patients atteints de la maladie d’Alzheimer. De plus, une atrophie cérébrale et des dégénérescences neurofibrillaires ont été observées chez des patients souffrant d’obésité et de diabète. Il semble donc qu’il y ait un lien étroit entre la pathologie tau, l’obésité et le diabète. Différentes études ont cherché à déterminer l’impact d’un régime riche en gras sur la pathologie tau mais les résultats sont controversés. Etant donné que l’obésité est un facteur de risque pour la maladie d’Alzheimer, mon hypothèse est qu’un régime riche en gras peut induire une hyperphosphorylation de tau. Cependant nous aimerions voir si l’obésité peut être un facteur de risque sans être accompagnée d’une résistance à l’insuline. En effet, jusqu’à présent, les études montrent principalement le rôle de la résistance à l’insuline comme facteur de risque pour la maladie d’Alzheimer. Mon objectif est donc d’étudier l’impact d’un régime riche en gras sur la protéine tau, dans un modèle de souris sauvages et de souris hTau (un modèle qui exprime la protéine tau humaine sans mutations) et de déterminer les mécanismes impliqués. Après un régime riche en gras, nous n’avons pas observé de modifications significatives de la phosphorylation de tau chez les souris hTau, seulement une augmentation significative chez les mâles sauvages et une diminution significative chez les femelles sauvages. Ces résultats nous poussent à penser que les souris hTau pourraient être résistantes à l’impact d’un régime riche en gras, contrairement aux souris sauvages.
Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia in the world. There are many risk factors, the most important of which are age, but also diabetes and obesity. The main neuropathological disorders of Alzheimer's disease are cerebral atrophy, amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles formed by hyper- and abnormally phosphorylated tau protein. This alteration in the phosphorylation of tau can be explained by an imbalance between the kinases, and the phosphatases. Impaired glucose metabolism and insulin resistance is also observed in brain of patients with Alzheimer’s disease. On the other hand, brain atrophy and neurofibrillary tangles have been observed in patients suffering from obesity and diabetes. It therefore seems that there is a close link between tau pathology, obesity and diabetes. Different studies have sought to determine the impact of a high-fat diet on tau pathology but the results are controversial. Since obesity is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease, my hypothesis is that a high-fat diet can induce hyperphosphorylation of tau without being accompanied by insulin resistance. However, we would like to see if obesity can be a risk factor without insulin resistance. Indeed, so far, studies have mainly shown the role of insulin resistance as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. My goal is to study the impact of a high-fat diet on tau protein, in a model of wild-type mice and hTau mice (a model that expresses human tau protein without mutations) and to determine the mechanisms involved. Following a high-fat diet, we did not observe any significant changes in tau phosphorylation in hTau mice, only a significant increase in wild-type males and a significant decrease in wild-type females. These results lead us to believe that hTau mice appear to be resistant to the impact of a high-fat diet, unlike wild-type mice.
Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia in the world. There are many risk factors, the most important of which are age, but also diabetes and obesity. The main neuropathological disorders of Alzheimer's disease are cerebral atrophy, amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles formed by hyper- and abnormally phosphorylated tau protein. This alteration in the phosphorylation of tau can be explained by an imbalance between the kinases, and the phosphatases. Impaired glucose metabolism and insulin resistance is also observed in brain of patients with Alzheimer’s disease. On the other hand, brain atrophy and neurofibrillary tangles have been observed in patients suffering from obesity and diabetes. It therefore seems that there is a close link between tau pathology, obesity and diabetes. Different studies have sought to determine the impact of a high-fat diet on tau pathology but the results are controversial. Since obesity is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease, my hypothesis is that a high-fat diet can induce hyperphosphorylation of tau without being accompanied by insulin resistance. However, we would like to see if obesity can be a risk factor without insulin resistance. Indeed, so far, studies have mainly shown the role of insulin resistance as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. My goal is to study the impact of a high-fat diet on tau protein, in a model of wild-type mice and hTau mice (a model that expresses human tau protein without mutations) and to determine the mechanisms involved. Following a high-fat diet, we did not observe any significant changes in tau phosphorylation in hTau mice, only a significant increase in wild-type males and a significant decrease in wild-type females. These results lead us to believe that hTau mice appear to be resistant to the impact of a high-fat diet, unlike wild-type mice.
Tobin, Vanessa. "Rôle du transporteur-détecteur GLUT2 dans l'adaptation de l'intestin à un régime riche en sucre." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066057.
Full textBonin, Michaël. "Réponses digestives du cerf de Virginie à l'île d'Anticosti face à un régime alimentaire riche en conifères." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25843.
Full textDigestive plasticity is recognized as an adaptive trait that enables individuals to cope with variations in the quality of food resources. We compared the digestive morphology and the digestibility of woody browse of introduced deer from Anticosti Island and deer from the mainland source population. Several measurements of the digestive organs of deer from Anticosti Island were larger compared to the continental deer. However, no clear differences were detected in plant digestibility between the two populations. Digestive plasticity, especially at the rumen-reticulum scale, appears to play a central role in the digestive response to low-quality food conditions faced by deer on Anticosti Island and probably contributes to improve digestive efficiency.
Gauvrit, Thibaut. "Conséquences d'un régime maternel riche en graisse durant la lactation chez la descendance dans un modèle murin de tauopathie." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2024. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/ToutIDP/EDBSL/2024/2024ULILS006.pdf.
Full textNumerous studies indicate that disruption of the perinatal environment contributes to the development of diseases in adult offspring. The most studied disturbance is malnutrition, which affects over 2 billion people worldwide. Studies have associated maternal malnutrition with short- and long-term alterations in offspring, particularly an increase in metabolic and cognitive disorders. Although most studies have focused on consequences at the peripheral level, a few have shown effects on the brain, which develops mainly during lactation in mice and late pregnancy in humans. Indeed, research suggests that a high-fat (HF) diet during the perinatal period causes alterations in the hippocampus (a structure essential to cognitive processes). Moreover, since metabolic alterations are a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), and cognitive impairment is a characteristic feature of the disease, it seems possible that maternal malnutrition may contribute to the development of AD. To date, few data are available, and no studies have applied the diet solely during lactation. Furthermore, no work has investigated the presence of a possible sexual dimorphism, despite the fact that AD affects women more than men. Thus, the main objective of my thesis work was to identify the effects of a maternal HF diet during lactation in adult male and female offspring in a mouse model mimicking the Tau pathology of AD (THY-Tau22 mice). To achieve this objective, C57Bl6/J females were crossed with THY-Tau22 males and subjected to a standard or HF (58% fat) diet during the 3-week lactation period. At weaning, THY-Tau22 offspring and their littermate were fed a standard diet until sacrifice at 4 (onset of Tau lesion) or 7 months of age (onset of cognitive decline). The results indicate that the HF maternal diet decreases maternal body weight during lactation and increases offspring body weight at weaning. In adulthood, the HF maternal diet induced glucose intolerance in male offspring only. The HF maternal diet also impaired spatial memory in male and female offspring, independently of genotype. In THY-Tau22 offspring, these disorders are accompanied by an increase in hippocampal Tau protein phosphorylation at 4 months of age in males and 7 months of age in females, highlighting a delay between the two sexes. Moreover, they are accompanied by an alteration in adult hippocampal neurogenesis, with increased proliferation in male C57Bl6/J offspring and mature neurons in female THY-Tau22 offspring. Furthermore, analyses reveal that the maternal HF diet modifies synapses, with a decrease in post-synaptic compartments in C57BL6/J females and in NR2B and SNAP25 proteins in THY-Tau22 males. Finally, using a multi-omics approach, we have shown that the maternal HF diet modifies the hippocampal transcriptome and proteome, affecting biological pathways associated with mitochondria, energy metabolism and translation, both in physiological and pathological conditions. However, the genes and proteins deregulated by maternal HF diet differ according to sex.Our data suggest that maternal malnutrition accelerates the onset of age-related alterations and tauopathy in offspring, and that its effects are sex-dependent. Our results confirm the importance of the perinatal environment as an opportune time for intervention in an attempt to stem the spread of metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases
Busserolles, Jérôme. "Contribution à l'étude du stress oxydant dans un modèle de syndrome métabolique : le rat recevant un régime riche en fructose." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002CLF1MM15.
Full textSmine, Selima. "Obésité induite par un régime riche en lipides (HFD) et effet protecteur d'un extrait polyphénolique de raisin (GSSE) : approche protéomique." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMR111/document.
Full textThe effects of GSSE (Grape seed and skin extract) extracted from grapes particularly rich in antioxidants have been studied to prevent metabolic and cardiovascular disorders related to obesity. Obesity is characterized by an ectopic accumulation of fat in non-adipose tissues such as the brain. This cerebral lipotoxicity induces chronic inflammation of the brain. In this work, using quantitative proteomic analysis, biochemical and bio-informatic tools allows us to identify actors of metabolic and biological pathways that were disregulated in brain of experimentally-induced obese rats and corrected by GSSE treatment. While our data are consistent with previous findings of obesity-induced brain lipotoxicity, such as enhancement of proteins belonging to the OXPHOS and calcium pathways, they also unveiled novel pathways including the up-regulation of HIF-signaling pathway in HFD brains. In the same context, GSSE abrogated HFD-induced signaling pathway elevation either by modulating several proteins or by inducing some others that were not affected by HFD
Zaman, Muhammad-Quaid. "Obésité et insulinorésistance chez des rats consommant des régimes enrichis en matières grasses ou en fructose : intervention nutritionnelle avec de l'EPA ou des flavanones." Nantes, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NANT2012.
Full textDjohan, Youzan Ferdinand. "Influence d’un régime riche en huile de palme sur le statut antioxydant, la fonction mitochondriale et les désordres métaboliques associés à l'obésité." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT035/document.
Full textPalm oil is the most consumed vegetable oil in the world. Because of its high content of saturated fatty acids (SFA), particularly palmitic acid, this oil is considered by some authors as potentially harmful to health. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of palm oil (red or olein), olive oil (considered good for health) and lard (rich in SFA), on health. To do this, 40 male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups of 8 rats each: 1 control group et 4 groups fed by high fat diet (HFD) containing respectively red palm oil, palm olein, olive oil or lard. After 12 weeks of diet, the rats were sacrificed and the tissues removed. Tissue tests have shown that palm oil (red or olein) induces an antioxidant status and a lipid profile superimposed on those of olive oil. All HFD contributed to weight gain, impaired mitochondrial function, and disturbance of carbohydrate metabolism by the induction of insulin resistance. The study shows that olive oil is more deleterious to the liver than palm oil (red or olein) and lard. Apart from red palm oil, palm olein, olive oil and lard negatively influence adipose tissue. Studies on the aorta have shown that the vascular effects of palm oil are less deleterious to the aorta than lard and olive oil.Overall, the results of this study show that harmfull effects of palm oil (red or olein) were not worse than that of olive oil on organ that were analyzed
El, Khayat El Sabbouri Hiba. "Impacts d'un pesticide, le chlorpyriphos (CPF), et d'un régime riche en graisses "High Fat Diet" sur l'activité contractile du muscle lisse digestif et strié diaphragmatique." Thesis, Amiens, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AMIE0040.
Full textChlorpyrifos (CPF) is an acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-inhibiting organophosphorus insecticide. CPF exposure is harmful during the perinatal period and adulthood. Such developmental perturbations are linked to disorders in adults. Maternal obesity associated to pesticides exposure can program children’s metabolism and promote obesity onset. The first model assessed the effects of CPF exposure for 6 weeks in adult rats on diaphragm function. The second examined the impacts of perigestational exposure of dams to CPF and/or high-fat diet (HFD) during 4 months before gestation till the end of the lactation. Respiratory and intestinal functions were studied in young adult pups at postnatal day 60. We showed that CPF exposure to adults increased diaphragm contractility and fatigability associated with lower AChE activity and altered hormonal regulation and myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms composition. Perigestational exposure to CPF and/or HFD increased the sleep apnea index and diaphragm contractility. These changes can be ascribed to prolonged cholinergic transmission, altered sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium release/uptake function, and elevated expression of MHC isoforms mRNA. Perigestational CPF exposure increased ileal muscles contractility through cholinergic and non-cholinergic mechanisms involving muscarinic m2 acetylcholine receptor and substance P. Exposure to CPF and/or HFD reduced ileal AChE activity. Despite the lack of direct exposure, perigestational exposure to CPF and/or HFD programs the risks for altered respiratory and intestinal functions in young adult offspring. Besides, CPF exposure in adults affects diaphragm physiological function
Gatineau, Eva. "Impact d'un régime riche en saccharose sur la sarcopénie chez le rat âgé ; Conséqences métaboliques au niveau hépatique et cérébral. Effets préventifs d'un mélange de micronutriments. Spécialité." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF1MM14/document.
Full textWith aging, several alterations occur, including a loss of muscle mass and function, called sarcopenia. Many factors are responsible for the development of sarcopenia, but some factors as inflammation, oxidative stress and insulin resistance, which have many deleterious effects during aging, can reduce meal-induced stimulation of muscle protein synthesis which was shown to partly explain age-related muscle mass loss. Those factors can be induced by a diet rich in added sugar, characteristic of current dietary habits. Although this kind of diet could accelerate aging features, little is known about combined effect of aging and high sugar diet, particularly on sarcopenia. Thus, the purpose of this work was to determine whether high chronic intake of added sugars could accelerate sarcopenia. We also interested in the combined effect of added sugars and aging on other exposed tissues: liver and brain. Finally, we assessed the preventive effects of a micronutrient supplementation both in vivo and in vitro.In order to do that, for 5 months, 16 month old rats were starch fed or sucrose fed (62% sucrose), with or without micronutrients supplementation (rutin, vitamin A, vitamin E, vitamin D, selenium and zinc). Additionally, an adult control group of 8 month old rats was included. Besides, anti-inflammatory effects of micronutrients were tested in vitro.We showed that high sucrose diet accelerated age-related muscle mass loss by impairing postprandial protein synthesis, likely through decreased insulin sensitivity since inflammation and oxidative stress were only slightly affected by high sucrose diet. This diet also resulted in fat mass gain and increased plasma and liver triglycerides, by modulating the activity of enzymes involved in liver lipid metabolism. In the brain, high sucrose consumption led to decreased protein concentration independently of protein synthesis alteration. Micronutrients supplementation only partially reversed high sucrose diet effects: it did not act on lean body mass but prevented fat mass gain, by inhibiting hepatic lipogenesis. It also restored brain protein synthesis, which was reduced by aging. In vitro, it reduced experimentally induced inflammation.Thus, this work showed that a high sucrose diet accelerates sarcopenia in old rats but also induces liver and brain alterations. Prevention by micronutrients remained limited
Lambert, Delphine. "Influence d’un régime riche en graisses sur un modèle de vieillissement « accéléré » : étude de la fonction et de la morphologie cardiaque, la fonction artérielle, le métabolisme et l’inflammation." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0266/document.
Full textObesity and being overweight have been described as a global pandemic. Both obesity and aging will lead to cardiovascular complications. In addition, it has been highlighted that obesity promotes premature cardiac aging in young adults. The hypothesis of this work is that a high fat diet begun before adulthood, pursued over a long period of time, could lead to “accelerated” cardiovascular and metabolic aging. We have demonstrated, in an aging mouse model, that an early high fat diet leads to metabolic disorders and to an increase in fat mass and a deterioration in metabolism of white adipose tissue. These disorders are associated with alterations in cardiac morphology and function, despite an absence of changes in blood pressure and heart rate. Ageing, in obese mice, leads to ventricular remodeling accompanied by systolic dysfunction. In cardiac tissue, aging and early diet lead to an increased expression of fibrosis genes confirming the hypertrophic phenotype. Aging associated with an early high fat diet led also to an up-regulation of GDF11. GDF11 may then be considered as a marker of accelerated cardiac aging. These results may suggest therapeutic or preventive pathways, where inhibition of GDF11 improves prognosis and survival in obese subjects with cardiovascular disease. The study of this model has allowed us to demonstrate that a high fat diet leads to accelerated aging at the level of the heart
Chalvon-Demersay, Tristan. "Rôle des acides aminés dans la limitation de l’adiposité sous régime hyperprotéique." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLA018/document.
Full textSeveral studies have reported that some kinases located in the liver respond to the availability of amino acids. These kinases are mammalian target of rapamycin '(mTOR), "adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase" (AMPK) and "general control non-depressible kinase 2" (GCN2).The aim of our study was to clarify the role of two of these signaling pathways, AMPK and GCN2 in the adaptations of energy and protein metabolism in response to the modulation of dietary protein content. Wild-type and liver AMPK-deficient or liver GCN2-deficient mice were fed either a low, a normal or high protein diet during three weeks. Analyzes showed that liver AMPK-deficient mice fed under a normo-protein diet exhibit an adapatation of liver metabolism and secret FGF21 which enables them to have normal postprandial oxidation profiles.In contrast, liver AMPK-deficient mice fed a low or a high protein diet exhibit an alteration in postprandial oxidation profiles. The deletion of GCN2 in the liver only has an effect under low protein diet as liver GCN2 deficient mice have a lower lipid oxidation and a higher carbohydrate oxidation linked to the absence of FGF21 secretion. Concerning protein metabolism, AMPK and GCN2 do not seem to be involved in protein synthesis rate in the posrprandial period in the liver and periphery in the postprandial muscle. In conclusion, these studies show that hepatic AMPK and GCN2 deletions affect energy metabolism, but not protein metabolism and that the consequences depend on diet composition
Cardinal, Pierre. "Rôle du récepteur aux cannabinoïdes de type 1 (CB1) hypothalamique dans la régulation de la balance énergétique et de l’homéostasie du glucose." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR22029/document.
Full textThe endocannabinoid system is a major player in energy balance regulation. However, a complete understanding of its role within the hypothalamus, a region critically involved in energy balance regulation, is still missing. The general aim of this PhD work was to dissect the specific role of the cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1) expressed on different hypothalamic neuronal populations in energy balance regulation and glucose homeostasis by characterizing three new mouse mutant lines with a conditional deletion of CB1. On standard diet, CB1 deletion within the hypothalamus induced an increase in energy expenditure and a decrease in body weight gain without modifying food intake, while CB1 deletion within the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMN-CB1-KO) decreased fat mass, increased fatty acid oxidation in vivo and sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity, and improved peripheral glucose metabolism. CB1 deletion within the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN-CB1-KO) decreased body weight gain without affecting food intake or body composition. When exposed to a high-fat diet, VMN-CB1-KO mice gained significantly more weight and fat mass than their WT, while PVN-CB1-KO mice were partly protected from diet-induced obesity thanks to increased energy expenditure. These results overall suggest that CB1 expressed on different hypothalamic neuronal populations have distinct roles in energy balance regulation, which in turn also depend on the diet consumed
Bensaid, Ahmed. "Rôle de l'aversion gustative conditionnée et de la satiété dans la dépression de la prise énergétique induite par les régimes hyperprotéiques chez le rat." Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 2003. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005716.
Full textLiu, Xinxin. "Effets d’un régime hyperprotéique sur l’écosystème intestinal et d’un mélange d’acides aminés sur la cicatrisation de la muqueuse intestinale." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AGPT0063/document.
Full textIn industrialized countries, protein intake is largely higher than the recommended dietary allowance (RDA). Furthermore, high protein diets are used for their slimming effect by obese or overweight people. However, little is known regarding to the consequences of a high protein diet on the large intestinal ecosystem. We thus study the influence of a high protein diet on the microbiota, on the endoluminal composition of the large intestine and on the butyrate metabolism by isolated colonocytes. Rats received during 15 days either a high protein diet (53% of proteins) or a normo protein diet (14% of proteins). We observed that the quantity of major bacterial groups Clostridium coccoides and Clostridium leptum, but also Faecalibacterium prausnitzii was reduced in the microbiota of the large intestine together with modifications of its biodiversity. In the same time, the quantities of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and branched-chain fatty acids, final products of bacterial fermentation of amino acids, were increased. However, the expression of monocarboxylic acid transporters and butyrate oxidation in colonocytes remained unchanged, in association with minor changes of the SCFA concentrations due to marked increase of the weight of the large intestine content. We then observed an increase in the amount of SCFA in the feces. These phenomena would allow homeostatic metabolism of butyrate in colonocytes, in relationship with its crucial role on the colonic epitheliumIn. In the second part of this thesis, we have tested the effects of a mixture of amino acids (Thr, Met and Glu) on the colonic mucosa healing after colitis induced by DSS (dextran sodium sulphate); a model to study intestinal inflammatory bowel diseases largely used. Optimization of intestinal mucosa healing is more and more considered as a therapeutic goal. Colitis was induced in rats by 5% (w/v) DSS during 6 days, then at the end of the treatment with DSS, animals received either the amino acid mixture or Ala as iso-nitrogenous control, during 3, 7 or 10 days. We observed that 10 days amino acid mixture supplementation was able to improve the colonic mucosal healing, with modification of the protein synthesis rate, without however changes in the resolution of inflammation. Our results suggest that the supplementation with the amino acid mixture improve the mucosal healing after experimental colitis
Hanna, Kazazian Noël. "Lupus autoimmunity and metabolic parameters are exacerbated in high fat diet-induced obesity due to TLR7 signalling." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0105.
Full textSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients have increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) that detects single stranded-RNA plays a key role in antimicrobial host defence, but also contributes in the initiation and progression of SLE. However, the implication of TLR7 in MetS is unknown. The objective of my PhD project was to explore the novel idea that TLR7 signalling can lead not only to SLE but also to metabolic abnormalities. We found that high fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity led to exacerbation of lupus and metabolic parameters in TLR8ko mice, which develop spontaneous lupus-like disease due to increased TLR7 signalling by dendritic cells (DCs). In contrast, upon HFD TLR7/8ko mice did not develop SLE, and both TLR7ko and TLR7/8ko mice were protected from metabolic abnormalities including body weight gain and glucose intolerance. Interestingly, in wild-type mice HFD led to an increase of TLR7 expression and TNF production by hepatic and splenic DCs, and this phenotype was more profound in TLR8ko mice. My study uncovers the implication of TLR7 signalling in the interconnection of SLE and metabolic abnormalities, thus targeting TLR7 might be a novel approach as a tailored therapy in SLE and metabolic diseases
Baron, Stéphanie. "Insulino-résistance et vieillissement cardiovasculaire : un traitement chronique par le resvératrol peut-il les améliorer ?" Phd thesis, Université René Descartes - Paris V, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01002731.
Full textSanchez, Caroline. "Influences génétique et environnementale de la génération de thrombine." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX20658.
Full textIn this work, we studied genetic and environmental modulators of thrombin generation by endogenous thrombin potential (ETP).We showed that plasma levels of antithrombin (AT) can be considered as risk factors for thrombosis. ETP levels are higher in patients presenting a quantitative defect of AT. In addition, mutation AT Cambridge II is also associated with an increase of ETP. Besides the AT, we confirmed a positive effect of the prothrombin 20210A allele on thrombin generation, especially in presence of venous thrombosis antecedents. These contributions, we have confirmed the role of plasma fibrinogen and factor II, blood group and oral contraceptives on thrombin generation.In addition, our results also showed an effect of high fat diet on thrombin generation in rats. Conversely to the standard fat diet, high fat diet maintened high levels of ETP after weaning. High fat diet-induced effects persisted four weeks after switching to standard fat diet. This effect could be partially explained by higher rates of coagulation factors VII and did not follow classical changes in glucidolipidic metabolism.In conclusion our data suggest that ETP can be considered as an indicator of the prothrombotic state in patients, but require more explanation to predict a risk of venous thrombosis. The measurement of thrombin generation may be a useful tool for assessing the impact of changes in diet or medication to treat obesity on circulating procoagulant potential
Marziou, Alexandra. "Effet combiné de l’exercice physique et de la vitamine D en prévention tertiaire sur des souris c57bl/6j soumises à un régime riche en graisse et en sucre : aspects métaboliques de l’obésité et des désordres associés Vitamin D Supplementation Improves Adipose Tissue Inflammation and Reduces Hepatic Steatosis in Obese C57BL/6J Mice Artificial Sweeteners Impair Endothelial Vascular Reactivity: Preliminary Results In Rodents." Thesis, Avignon, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021AVIG0362.
Full textObesity is a pandemic disease arising from behavorial and social changes which are driven by modernization of actual society. These changes include an increase of physical inactivity and overconsumption of food rich in fat and sugar but also poor in micronutrients. In this context, the aim of this thesis was to evaluate physical exercise and vitamin D supplementation effects in tertiary prevention on an experimental model of obesity. First, obesogenic diet consumption led to obesity development characterized by increased adiposity, ectopic lipid accumulation in the liver as well as insulin resistance and inflammation. Firstly, we investigate vitamin D supplementation on these events occurring during obesity. While we did not observe modification of morphological parameters by vitamin D supplementation, we demonstrated that vitamin D supplementation decreased adipose tissue inflammation by limiting chemokine expression and hepatic lipid infiltration accompanied by decreased gene expression involved in lipogenesis.The second objective of this thesis was to investigate the combined effects of vitamin D supplementation and voluntary physical exercise. Unlike to what we observed by vitamin D supplementation alone, physical exercise induced a limitation in weight gain, accompanied by a reduction in adiposity mediated by decreased adipocyte hypertrophy. In addition, the double intervention restored insulin sensitivity and completely abolished hepatic lipid infiltration. This could be explained by decreased adipocyte inflammation and decreased macrophage infiltration found in both adipose tissue and liver. Thus, our results demonstrated for the first time the interest of combining physical exercise and vitamin D supplementation to fight obesity and associated metabolic disorders
Joshi, Anil. "Dopaminergic control of food choice preference and tVTA influence on learned helplessness." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021STRAJ109.
Full textThis thesis investigated a rodent model of Parkinson’s disease, with a bilateral lesion of the substantia nigra, for the presence of motor and non-motor symptoms, with the latter covering aspects related to food intake, pain, and depression. We showed that a co-lesion of the tail of the ventral tegmental area (tVTA) is sufficient to reverse these parkinsonian-like symptoms. We next studied the influence of the dopaminergic system on food choice by selectively destroying dopamine neurons and their terminals and testing the animals with a free-choice high-fat high-sugar diet. We reported an increase in fat intake with the loss of dopaminergic transmission, or the blockade of D1 receptors, in the rostral part of the lateral nucleus accumbens. Finally, we showed an increased excitatory synaptic transmission in the tVTA associated with the development of learned helplessness in rats. Overall, this work has thus contributed to the progress of our knowledge of central dopaminergic systems’ influence on behavior, affecting motor skills, pain, food intake, and mood
Kaushal, Parvinder. "Analyse écophysiologique des effets de stress liés aux transplantations des arbres forestiers." Nancy 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NAN10299.
Full textAmamou, Asma. "Le récepteur minéralocorticoide : une cible potentielle dans la fibrose intestinale ? Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonisl improves inflammation and fibrosis in chronic DSS colitis mouse model Neutrophil gelatinas-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is a mineralocorticoid receptor target involved in intestinal inflammation and fibrosis Inflammatory bowel diseases and food additives : to add fuel on the flames Dietary salt activates intestinal fibroblasts, thereby contributing to exacerbation of intestinal fibrosis Dietary aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands have no anti-fibrotic properties in transforming growth factor-β1-stimulated human colonic fibroblasts Effet d'un régime riche en sel sur la fibrose intestinale dans un modèle murin de colite chronique Etude de l'interaction entre des dérivés du tryptophane et le récepteur aryl hydrocarbone dans un modèle in vitro de fibrose intestinale." Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMR079.
Full textInflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) occur in people with a genetic predisposition under the influence of environmental factors. Intestinal fibrosis is a common complication in IBD with no specific therapy which is characterized by an accumulative deposit of extra-cellular matrix produced by mesenchymal cells. Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) is the final effector of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). MR and all components of RAAS are expressed in the gastrointestinal tract and are up-regulated in the intestine from IBD patients. MR antagonism exerts beneficial properties in inflammation and fibrosis from extra-intestinal organs. We aimed to investigate whether MR antagonism had beneficial effects in intestinal fibrogenesis using murine chronic colitis and cellular models of intestinal fibrosis. MR antagonism was investigated by a dual approach using pharmacological inhibition and genetic invalidation. In the present study, we have demonstrated that pharmacological or genetic MR antagonism reduced inflammation and intestinal fibrosis in murine DSS chronic chemically-induced colitis. MR activation by aldosterone increased cell proliferation and TGF-β1 production in human colonic fibroblasts and human intestinal endothelial cells. Lipocalin associated with neutrophil gelatinase (NGAL) mediated pro-fibrotic effects via the activation of RM by aldosterone. Genetic invalidation of NGAL also reduced the SMAD-dependent TGF-β1 signaling pathway. In conclusion, we have demonstrated the MR involvement in intestinal fibrosis and these effects are mediated through NGAL. Thus, MR antagonism may represent a novel attractive approach in the treatment of intestinal fibrosis associated with IBD and may allow the repositioning molecules already available in the field of IBD
Garait, Blandine. "LE STRESS OXYDANT INDUIT PAR VOIE METABOLIQUE (REGIMES ALIMENTAIRES) OU PAR VOIE GAZEUSE (HYPEROXIE) ET EFFET DE LA GLISODIN®." Phd thesis, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00120861.
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