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Journal articles on the topic 'Regenerative brake'

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Author: Grafiati
Published: 14 March 2023

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1

Sathe, Sanket Rajendra, Saurabh Sharad Masal, Samadhan Laxman Kakade, Suyash Yelatwar, and Prof S. J. Jagtap. "Regenerative Braking System: A Review." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 5 (May 31, 2022): 1390–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.42551.

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Abstract: Electric cars square measure associate interest within the market. Today, existing braking technologies are used. This braking technology consumes tons of energy throughout braking within the style of heat. Therefore, regenerative braking is that the most significant methodology of focusing as a result of it's associate energy saving methodology. Increase the potency of electrical vehicles by reducing waste of energy. In electrical vehicle regenerative braking mode, the K.E. of the wheels is bornagain into electricity and keep within the battery or electrical condenser. This methodology has been improved mistreatment flywheels, DC-DC converters. Once a quick moving vehicle is applied a brake the momentum energy is wasted. The brake energy converter could be a compact system mounted in cylinder that absorbs this power and converts it to electricity that may be keep in battery for more use. Compact, efficient, low value and recycles energy nicely, prevents wastage. This method fits within the vacant house of the drum brakes of auto as a result of currently day's disk brakes square measure used. Low weight, compact size and power is made altogether four wheels of the vehicle. Straightforward construction, low value and straightforward to use. Absorbs brake power that the load on the hydraulic brakes is reduced thus less wear of brakes. Motor is within the earlier models with a centralized battery unit, system power to weight magnitude relation is extremely low, i.e., low power is made as compared to the burden of the system. Braking potency is low and tends to explosive brake in emergency conditions. Keywords: Energy, Brake, Electricity, Flywheel, Vehicle.
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2

Zhang, Junzhi, Chen Lv, Jinfang Gou, and Decong Kong. "Cooperative control of regenerative braking and hydraulic braking of an electrified passenger car." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 226, no. 10 (April 25, 2012): 1289–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407012441884.

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With the aims of regeneration efficiency and brake comfort, three different control strategies, namely the maximum-regeneration-efficiency strategy, the good-pedal-feel strategy and the coordination strategy for regenerative braking of an electrified passenger car are researched in this paper. The models of the main components related to the regenerative brake and the frictional blending brake of the electric passenger car are built in MATLAB/Simulink. The control effects and regeneration efficiencies of the control strategies in a typical deceleration process are simulated and analysed. Road tests under normal deceleration braking and an ECE driving cycle are carried out. The simulation and road test results show that the maximum-regeneration-efficiency strategy, which causes issues on brake comfort and safety, could hardly be utilized in the regenerative braking system adopted. The good-pedal-feel strategy and coordination strategy are advantageous over the first strategy with respect to the brake comfort and regeneration efficiency. The fuel economy enhanced by the regenerative braking system developed is more than 25% under the ECE driving cycle.
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3

Bondorf, Linda, Lennart Köhler, Tobias Grein, Fabius Epple, Franz Philipps, Manfred Aigner, and Tobias Schripp. "Airborne Brake Wear Emissions from a Battery Electric Vehicle." Atmosphere 14, no. 3 (March 1, 2023): 488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14030488.

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Although traffic exhaust emissions in Europe have been drastically reduced, airborne particle emissions caused by brakes and tires are still increasing with the number of vehicles. The measurement of non-exhaust emissions is an emerging technological challenge. We present a custom measurement setup to investigate the brake- and tire-wear emissions of an in-use battery electric vehicle. A separate brake housing and HEPA ventilation enabled airborne brake wear emissions to be measured under realistic conditions without external influences. The emission tests on a chassis dynamometer included particle number concentrations and particle size distribution for diameters of 4 nm to 10 μm. Emission indices were determined for three driving cycles: WLTC Class 3b, WLTC Brake Part 10, and a real driving cycle. Further investigations focused on emission control through regenerative braking and brake coating. Driving with regenerative braking reduced emissions by up to 89.9%, which related to the concentration of particles in the ultrafine/fine size range. Hard-metal brake coating led to a further significant reduction in emissions of up to 78.9%. The results point the way to future RDE measurement of non-exhaust emissions and show the potential of regenerative braking and brake coating to reduce airborne brake wear emissions.
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4

Ji, Fen Zhu, Xiao Xu Zhou, and Wen Bo Zhu. "Coordinate Control of Electro-Hydraulic Hybrid Brake of Electric Vehicles Based on Carsim." Applied Mechanics and Materials 490-491 (January 2014): 1120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.490-491.1120.

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Motor of electric vehicle is able to be used to brake regeneratively, so braking energy can be recycled. Braking stability of electric vehicles with electro-hydraulic hybrid braking system can be influenced by braking force distribution between hydraulic braking force and regenerative braking force. In order to research on braking stability and braking energy recovery, simulation platform of electro-hydraulic hybrid brake system based on Carsim and Matlab/Simulink is built, and a control strategy of electro-hydraulic hybrid brake were proposed. The vehicle simulation models with electro-hydraulic hybrid brake system and with conventional hydraulic braking system were applied the brake on different adhesion coefficient separately. The simulation results show when electric vehicle is in the conditions of low braking intensity, all vehicle braking force is provided by regenerative braking force, and braking energy can be not only recycled, but brake performance requirement can also be satisfied; when electric vehicle is in the conditions of moderate braking intensity, regenerative braking and hydraulic braking are coordinated with each other, electro-hydraulic hybrid brake can not only satisfy the same and better brake performance, but also braking energy can be recycled and demand of hydraulic pressure can be reduced.
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5

Wang, Guo Ye, Juan Li Zhang, and Hang Xiao. "Energy Regenerative Braking Feedback Lockup Electromechanical Integrated Brake System for Vehicles." Applied Mechanics and Materials 130-134 (October 2011): 332–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.130-134.332.

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Project the energy regenerative braking feedback lockup electromechanical integrated brake system for vehicles. Integrate EMB and friction brake system, and design the regenerative brake system, further choose the generator types respectively for the common gas engine car and electric car. Set up the system dynamic model. Based on the Matlab/Simulink, establish the simulation test system of the vehicles regenerative braking system. Using the simulation model for the Chery A3 car, we respectively simulate and analyse the braking and energy reusing performances of the low-brake strength and the high-brake strength regenerative braking models to the two brake systems. The study results indicate that the energy regenerative braking feedback lockup electromechanical integrated brake system for vehicles can satisfy the regenerative braking performance requirements of different vehicles according to the braking energy feedback quantity and the regenerative braking efficiency needed by the different vehicles, so the application is wider. The brake system does not only have higher regenerative braking efficiency, but also can guarantee the vehicles braking safety.
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6

Han, Zhao Lin, and Yang Yang Wang. "On the Study of Electric Vehicle Regenerative Braking." Applied Mechanics and Materials 33 (October 2010): 273–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.33.273.

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Based on the importance of regenerative braking system (RBS) to EV’s sustained travel mileage and prolonging life of mechanical brake. This paper introduces the characteristic and principle of regenerative braking system, at the same time analyses regenerative braking pattern and brake energy recovery, emphasize on the distribution of brake force. At last, this paper provides good base for developing specific regenerative braking system and control strategy.
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7

Yang, Yi, Liang Chu, Liang Yao, and Jing Wen. "Coordination Control for RBS and ABS." Applied Mechanics and Materials 423-426 (September 2013): 2859–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.423-426.2859.

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This paper puts forward 3 new coordination control states based on the analysis of the control logic of pure hydraulic ABS during braking .In order to reduce the regenerative brake force, we make the logic conversion according to the present coordination control method and the hydraulic brake force can compensate the regenerative brake force. The simulation results show that the 3 states proposed in this paper combine the present coordination control method and optimize the coordination control of the regenerative brake force and the hydraulic brake force under the anti-lock braking condition.
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8

Cai, Jian Wei, Liang Chu, Zi Cheng Fu, and Li Peng Ren. "Regenerative Braking System for a Pure Electric Bus." Applied Mechanics and Materials 543-547 (March 2014): 1405–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.543-547.1405.

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A design of regenerative braking system (RBS) for a pure electric bus was presented in this paper. A design of regenerative braking system for a pure electric bus was presented in this paper The control of regenerative braking was achieved by Pneumatic ABS and improve braking energy recovery under the premise of ensure braking performance. Regenerative braking control algorithm was mainly composed of two parts for the identification of the drivers intention and the brake force distribution. The regenerative brake control model was built in the matlab/simulink environment, rapid prototyping control was achieved by Autobox and vehicle test was carried on. Result shows that the control strategies can effectively make the pneumatic brake system and motor brake system work harmoniously.
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9

Zhao, Xun, Liang Li, Xiangyu Wang, Mingming Mei, Congzhi Liu, and Jian Song. "Braking force decoupling control without pressure sensor for a novel series regenerative brake system." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 233, no. 7 (July 25, 2018): 1750–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407018785740.

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Regenerative braking can save energy consumption greatly for electric vehicles. For a series regenerative brake system, it is foundational to make the hydraulic braking torque and braking force decoupled and to provide the same pedal feeling as conventional braking system. In this paper, a high-performance and low-cost solution of series regenerative brake system is designed, which consists of a conventional anti-lock brake system and a motor-driven electromechanical booster (E-booster). Based on the series regenerative brake, a braking force decoupling control scheme without pressure sensor is proposed. First, a dynamic model of vacuum booster is established to calculate the desired brake pedal feeling in real time. Then, a sliding mode observer is used to estimate the load torque of the E-booster so that the expensive pressure sensors are eliminated. Finally, a sliding mode controller is developed to work with a robust threshold–controlled anti-lock brake system hydraulic control unit adjusting the pedal feeling and the wheel cylinder pressure simultaneously. Simulations and experiments were conducted in MATLAB/SIMULINK and on a test bench, respectively. The results show that the tracking ability of wheel cylinder pressure and quality of braking pedal feeling in different conditions are both good, providing a practical method to realize fully series regenerative brake.
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10

Nanda Kumar, CS, and Shankar C. Subramanian. "Brake force sharing to improve lateral stability while regenerative braking in a turn." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 233, no. 3 (December 26, 2017): 531–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407017747373.

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In electric and hybrid vehicles, regenerative braking is applied only at the driven wheels by the electric drive, whereas the non-driven wheels are not subjected to brake force during the pure regenerative braking mode. The application of pure regenerative brake may affect the vehicle’s lateral stability during a turn. The impact could be more severe when the pure regenerative brake is applied at the turn on the rear wheels (for a rear wheel drive vehicle) over a low friction road surface. As part of a solution to reduce this impact, a brake force sharing (BFS) strategy between regenerative and friction brake has been proposed in this paper, which improves the brake force distribution between front and rear wheels to ensure a stable turn. The vehicle model and the BFS strategy were developed, and the IPG Car Maker® software was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy. The simulation results on BFS strategy have been corroborated using experimental data collected from a test vehicle. Further, a closed loop control structure was developed for implementing the proposed BFS strategy in electric and hybrid vehicles.
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11

bin Peeie, Mohamad Heerwan, Hirohiko Ogino, and Yoshio Yamamoto. "Skid Control of Small Electric Vehicles with In-Wheel Motors (Effect of ABS and Regenerative Brake Timing Control on Emergency Braking)." Applied Mechanics and Materials 789-790 (September 2015): 927–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.789-790.927.

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This paper presents an active safety device for skid control of small electric vehicles with in-wheel motors. Due to the space limitation on the driving tire, a mechanical brake system was installed rather than hydraulic brake system. For the same reason, anti-lock brake system (ABS) that is a basic skid control method cannot be installed on the driving tire. During braking on icy road or emergency braking, the tire will be locked and the vehicle is skidding. To prevent tire lock-up and vehicle from skidding, we proposed the combination of ABS and regenerative brake timing control. The hydraulic unit of ABS is installed on the non-driving tire while the in-wheel motors on the driving tire will be an actuator of ABS to control the regenerative braking force. The performance of the ABS and regenerative brake timing control on the emergency braking situation is measured by the simulation. The simulation result shows that the combination of ABS and regenerative brake timing control can prevent tire lock-up and vehicle from skidding.
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12

Wager, Guido, Jonathan Whale, and Thomas Braunl. "Performance evaluation of regenerative braking systems." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 232, no. 10 (November 17, 2017): 1414–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407017728651.

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This research evaluates the energy gain from a regenerative braking system (RBS) in a commercial electric vehicle (EV), the OEM Mitsubishi i-MiEV. Measurements were conducted in a controlled environment on a commercial chassis dynamometer using international drive cycle standards. The energy recovery of the vehicle was modelled and the output of the model was compared with results from the chassis dynamometer driving. The experiments were original as they coupled changes in energy recovered and driving range due to the RBS settings with investigations into the time of use of the friction brake. Performance tests used two different drive cycle speed profiles and various RBS settings to compare energy recovery performance for a broad range of driving styles. The results show that due to reduced energy consumption, the RBS increased the driving range by 11–22% depending on RBS settings and the drive cycle settings on the dynamometer. The results further showed that driving an EV with a RBS uses the friction brakes more efficiently, which will reduce brake pad wear. This has the potential to improve air quality due to reduced brake pad dust and reduces the maintenance costs of the vehicle. The findings were significant since they showed that friction time of use, a parameter neglected in RBS testing, plays an important part in the efficient operation of an EV. The overall results from the vehicle energy recovery modelling showed good agreement with the data from drive cycle testing and the model has potential to be further developed to gain greater insight into vehicle RBS braking behaviour for EVs in general.
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13

Yeo, H., and H. Kim. "Hardware-in-the-loop simulation of regenerative braking for a hybrid electric vehicle." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 216, no. 11 (November 1, 2002): 855–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440702321031405.

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A regenerative braking algorithm and a hydraulic module are proposed for a parallel hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) equipped with a continuous variable transmission (CVT). The regenerative algorithm is developed by considering the battery state of charge, vehicle velocity and motor capacity. The hydraulic module consists of a reducing valve and a power unit to supply the front wheel brake pressure according to the control algorithm. In addition, a stroke simulator is designed to provide a similar pedal operation feeling. In order to evaluate the performance of the regenerative braking algorithm and the hydraulic module, a hardware-in-the-loop simulation (HILS) is performed. In the HILS system, the brake system consists of four wheel brakes and the hydraulic module. Dynamic characteristics of the HEV are simulated using an HEV simulator. In the HEV simulator, each element of the HEV powertrain such as internal combustion engine, motor, battery and CVT is modelled using MATLAB SIMULINK. In the HILS, a driver operates the brake pedal with his or her foot while the vehicle speed is displayed on the monitor in real time. It is found from the HILS that the regenerative braking algorithm and the hydraulic module suggested in this paper provide a satisfactory braking performance in tracking the driving schedule and maintaining the battery state of charge.
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14

Nadeau, Jonathan, Philippe Micheau, and Maxime Boisvert. "Collaborative control of a dual electro-hydraulic regenerative brake system for a rear-wheel-drive electric vehicle." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 233, no. 4 (February 16, 2018): 1035–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407018754678.

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Within the field of electric vehicles, the cooperative control of a dual electro-hydraulic regenerative brake system using the foot brake pedal as the sole input of driver brake requests is a challenging control problem, especially when the electro-hydraulic brake system features on/off solenoid valves which are widely used in the automotive industry. This type of hydraulic actuator is hard to use to perform a fine brake pressure regulation. Thus, this paper focuses on the implementation of a novel controller design for a dual electro-hydraulic regenerative brake system featuring on/off solenoid valves which track an “ideal” brake force distribution. As an improvement to a standard brake force distribution, it can provide the reach of the maximum braking adherence and can improve the energy recovery of a rear-wheel-drive electric vehicle. This improvement in energy recovery is possible with the complete substitution of the rear hydraulic brake force with a regenerative brake force until the reach of the electric powertrain constraints. It is done by performing a proper brake pressure fine regulation through the proposed variable structure control of the on/off solenoid valves provided by the hydraulic platform of the vehicle stability system. Through road tests, the tracking feasibility of the proposed brake force distribution with the mechatronic system developed is validated.
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15

Chueprasert, Warunchit, and Danai Phaoharuhansa. "Study of Regenerative Braking System and Brake Force using Pulse Width Module." MATEC Web of Conferences 306 (2020): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202030601004.

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This paper aims to develop regenerative braking using pulse width module (PWM) control. It concerns frequency of regenerative braking period which is used to control regenerative braking. It is usually restricted by the electric power generation of AC synchronous axial motor. It is measured by motor bench tester. It indicates electronic brake torque and regenerative current. The resistance torque and regenerative current characteristics are expressed as second order polynomial equation. The results present the comparison between pulse signal and full period signal. The maximum deceleration is 10 Hz signal at 2.14 m/s2, which is not exceed deceleration of brake comfort. The harvest energy at 10 Hz PWM control is 1.40 Wh. It is closely to use full period regenerative brake, but 10 Hz PWM control has comfortable than other frequencies and efficiency is 54.3 percent.
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16

Shrivastav, Sneha, and Surabhi Patel. "ENERGY ENHANCEMENT OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES THROUGH REGENERATIVE BRAKING SYSTEM." International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology 7, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 258–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2022.v07i02.040.

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Electric Vehicles (EVs) and Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) have been attracting a lot of attention for environmental issues and energy crisis. One of advantage of using foregoing vehicles is charging energy by regenerative brake. Regenerative braking systems (RBS) are a useful way to capture the energy lost while braking and at the same time lowering exhaust and brake emissions. The idea behind this process is to transform mechanical energy from a motor's kinetic energy into electrical energy. This paper, gives comprehensive information about regenerative energy system. Later, a case study of an electric vehicle conversion's electrical energy use in a real-world setting has been looked at. Such tests assess the energy usage of a vehicle's overall system whether it has regenerative braking or not. The absorbed capacity of regenerative energy is limited because of motor capacity and current limit of battery. This becomes serious issues the heavy weight vehicle such as bus and truck. To increase regenerative energy, large motor and battery are requested, which is difficult because of cost and limit of inverter capacity. With the advancement of energy regeneration technologies, the driving range of electric vehicles can be enhanced. Two boost approach, a unique energy regeneration strategy, is suggested in this paper for electric vehicles powered by brushless DC motors. Additionally, since this approach regenerates more energy than the single boost method, this method's energy regeneration efficiency has been greatly improved.
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17

Liu, Shang-Ming, Chia-Hung Tu, Chun-Liang Lin, and Van-Tsai Liu. "Field-Oriented Driving/Braking Control for Electric Vehicles." Electronics 9, no. 9 (September 10, 2020): 1484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9091484.

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Most electric vehicles use regenerative brakes, since this kind of braking system design recycles electromotive force to increase electric power endurance during braking. This research proposes a sensor-free, integrated driving and braking control system that uses a space-vector-pulse-width module to synthesize stator current by purpose. It calculates the rotor position angle of the motor by detecting variation in the stator current and completes a closed-loop control. When the motor receives a brake command, the controller changes the inverter-switching sequence to generate reverse torque and a magnetic field to complete the driving or braking function using field-oriented control (FOC). This provides a smoother and more accurate motor control than sinusoidal commands with Hall feedback. Compared to the regenerative brake and rheostatic brake, the proposed braking system has a powerful braking torque and shorter reaction time. Comparisons of reaction times for a modified four-wheel electric vehicle equipped with a permanent magnet synchronous motor under neutral-sliding-status, FOC based braking, and short-circuit braking were conducted.
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18

Zhang, J., D. Kong, L. Chen, and X. Chen. "Optimization of control strategy for regenerative braking of an electrified bus equipped with an anti-lock braking system." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 226, no. 4 (October 19, 2011): 494–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407011422463.

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This paper mainly focuses on the regenerative braking control of an electrified bus equipped with an anti-lock braking system (ABS). The regenerative braking works simultaneously with a pneumatic ABS, thus liberating the remaining energy of the vehicle while its wheels tend to lock under an extreme brake circumstance. Based on one representative pneumatic ABS strategy and optimum control theory, the optimization for regenerative braking control is proposed, in which the frictional and regenerative brake forces are controlled integrally to obtain maximal available adhesion. The simulation results indicate that brake stability and performance on different roads profit from the optimization. Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) tests are accomplished on the pneumatic braking system of an electrified bus. HIL tests validate the results of simulation and guarantee the advantage and reliability of the optimization. The adaptability of optimization to hardware and software of the brake controller is also ensured. The field in which further research could be carried out is proposed.
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19

Wang, Cong, Hong Wei Liu, Liang Yao, Yan Bo Wang, Liang Chu, and Yong Sheng Zhang. "Design of Brake Pedal Stroke Simulator for Hybrid Electric Car." Advanced Materials Research 694-697 (May 2013): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.694-697.73.

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A brake pedal stroke simulator is a key component of realizing a Regenerative Braking System. It provides a good pedal feeling to a driver, improves energy recovery and ensures braking security. This paper presents the hardware solution of the braking control system, the structure and key design parameters of a brake pedal stroke simulator. Through simulation, the energy recover rate and brake pedal feeling of drivers can be improved. The simulator can be used to realize the regenerative braking system in hybrid or electric vehicles.
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20

Pei, Yu Chun. "The Research of Magnetic Track Brake System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 427-429 (September 2013): 1342–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.427-429.1342.

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This paper introduces the braking system scheme of low floor light rail vehicle, applying the regenerative braking and magnetic track brake, realizes service braking, emergency braking, parking brake and holding brake, also adjusts the braking force according to the load change.
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21

Subramaniyam, Kesavan Valis, and Shankar C. Subramanian. "Analysis of cornering response and stability of electrified heavy commercial road vehicles with regenerative braking." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 234, no. 6 (December 6, 2019): 1672–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407019890157.

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Additional powertrain components and regenerative braking are two important factors that may affect the performance and stability of electrified vehicle cornering. The location of additional components affects the vehicle’s center of gravity (CG) position and thereby the stability of the vehicle. As regenerative braking is possible only on driven wheels, the brake force distribution between front and rear wheels may not follow the ideal brake force distribution curve. Hence, applying maximum regenerative braking during cornering may affect vehicle stability, and this has motivated the analysis presented in this paper. The scope of this research work includes obtaining a model for the regenerative brake system, which was then used to analyze the heavy commercial road vehicle lateral dynamic response during combined cornering and regenerative braking. A sensitivity study was carried out regarding variations in center of gravity, longitudinal speed, and tire–road traction coefficient [Formula: see text]. The IPG TruckMaker® vehicle simulation software running in a hardware-in-loop experimental system was used to study the heavy road vehicle cornering performance. The results showed that applying braking on a constant radius path required correction in the steering input to follow the desired path. However, the amount of steering correction required during regenerative braking was higher than that with conventional friction braking. Moreover, applying maximum regenerative braking at higher longitudinal speeds on snowy roads and split- µ roads has a higher impact on vehicle cornering performance compared with that on dry roads. Furthermore, a co-operative braking strategy with an optimum brake force sharing between regenerative braking and friction braking was developed to improve the electrified heavy commercial road vehicle’s cornering stability and handling performance during cornering and braking.
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22

SUN, Binbin, Tiezhu ZHANG, Song GAO, Wenqing GE, and Bo LI. "Design of brake force distribution model for front-and-rear-motor-drive electric vehicle based on radial basis function." Archives of Transport 4, no. 48 (December 31, 2018): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.8368.

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To achieve high-efficiency and stable brake of a front-and-rear-motor-drive electric vehicle (FRMDEV) with parallel cooperative braking system, a multi-objective optimal model for brake force distribution is created based on radial basis function (RBF). First of all, the key factors, which are the coefficient of brake force distribution between the front and rear shafts, the coefficient of brake force distribution at wheels, the coefficient of regenerative brake force distribution between front and rear axles, that influence the brake stability and energy recovery of the FRMDEV are analyzed, the fitness functions of brake stability and energy recovery are established. Secondly, the maximum allowed regenerative brake torque influenced by the state of charge of battery is confirmed, the correction model of the optimal distribution coefficient of regenerative brake force is created according to motor temperatures. Thirdly, based on HALTON sequence method, a two-factor database, vehicle velocity and brake strength, that characterizes vehicle operation is designed. Then an off-line response database of the optimal brake force distribution is established with the use of particle swarm optimization (PSO). Furthermore, based on hybrid RBF, the function model of the factor database and the response database is established, and the accuracy of the model is analyzed. Specially, the correlation coefficient is 0.995 and the predictive error variance is within the range between 0.000155 and 0.00018. The both indicate that the multi-objective distribution model has high accuracy. Finally, a hardware-in-loop test platform is designed to verify the multi-objective optimal brake force distribution model. Test results show that the real-time performance of the model can meet the demand of engineering application. Meanwhile, it can achieve both the brake stability and energy recovery. In comparison with the original brake force distribution model based on the rule algorithm, the optimized one proposed in this paper is able to improve the energy, recovered into battery, by 14.75%.
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23

Bian, Jindong, and Bin Qiu. "Effect of road gradient on regenerative braking energy in a pure electric vehicle." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 232, no. 13 (November 14, 2017): 1736–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407017735020.

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A regenerative brake system significantly improves the energy efficiency of electric vehicles, but road gradient can adversely affect fuel economy and vehicle control. This study seeks to explore the effects of road gradient on the regenerative brake system on the basis of driving information collected by global positioning systems (GPS) and inertial sensors, including road gradient and vehicle speed. Then optimization is made of conventional parallel control strategy, serial control strategy with fixed front–rear brake force allocation, and serial control strategy with optimal energy recovery. By calculating the contribution ratio to energy consumption reduction in each of the three strategies based on a model of pure electric vehicle’s energy flow, the roles that road gradient plays are carefully investigated. Simulation results show that our proposal for taking road gradient into account helps to design more efficient strategies of regenerative braking systems.
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24

Castillo Aguilar, Juan, Javier Pérez Fernández, Juan Velasco García, and Juan Cabrera Carrillo. "Regenerative Intelligent Brake Control for Electric Motorcycles." Energies 10, no. 10 (October 20, 2017): 1648. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en10101648.

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25

Lin, Chun-Liang, Hao-Che Hung, and Jia-Cheng Li. "Active Control of Regenerative Brake for Electric Vehicles." Actuators 7, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act7040084.

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Looking at new trends in global policies, electric vehicles (EVs) are expected to increasingly replace gasoline vehicles in the near future. For current electric vehicles, the motor current driving system and the braking control system are two independent issues with separate design. If a self-induced back-EMF voltage from the motor is a short circuit, then short-circuiting the motor will result in braking. The higher the speed of the motor, the stronger the braking effect. However, the effect is deficient quickly once the motor speed drops quickly. Traditional kinetic brake (i.e., in the short circuit is replaced by a resistor) and dynamic brake (the short circuit brake is replaced by a capacitor) rely on the back EMF alone to generate braking toque. The braking torque generated is usually not enough to effectively stop a rotating motor in a short period of time. In this research task, an integrated driving and braking control system is considered for EVs with an active regenerative braking control system where back electromagnetic field (EMF), controlled by the pulse-width modulation (PWM) technique, is used to charge a pump capacitor. The capacitor is used as an extra energy source cascaded with the battery as a charge pump. This is used to boost braking torque to stop the rotating motor in an efficient way while braking. Experiments are conducted to verify the proposed design. Compared to the traditional kinetic brake and dynamic brake, the proposed active regenerative control system shows better braking performance in terms of stopping time and stopping distance.
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Cai, Jian Wei, Liang Chu, Zi Cheng Fu, Yan Bo Wang, and Wen Hui Li. "Study on Regenerative Braking Control Algorithm." Advanced Materials Research 898 (February 2014): 873–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.898.873.

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Based on the traditional hydraulic unit of ESC, Jilin University developed a braking energy recovery system of uniaxial decoupled. A first-order hysteresis filtering method with filtering time factor adaptively corrected was used to calculate driver's braking demand based on pressure of the master cylinder. A series of fixed partition coefficient control strategy was developed, coordinated control of electrical regenerative braking and hydraulic braking was carried out. Vehicle test was carried out. Vehicle test results show that the brake pedal travel simulator and the braking control strategies can improve the energy recovery, and ensure that the brake pedal feel is consistent with the traditional vehicle.
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Peng, Ling, Qing He Liu, Qing Yang Xu, and De Qing Peng. "Design and Simulation of Hybrid Braking System Collaborative ABS." Applied Mechanics and Materials 740 (March 2015): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.740.83.

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This paper presents a creative profile of hybrid braking system (HBS) in order to resolve the collaboration between regenerative brake system (RBS) and ABS. Its mathematic model was set up and simulated in Matlab/Simhydraulic. The simulations show that it can collaborate with the control process of ABS and RBS and promote the efficiency of energy regeneration.
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RAKOV, V. A. "INFLUENCE OF BRAKE RECOVERY ON EMISSIONS OF SOLID PARTICLES FROM CARS." World of transport and technological machines 71, no. 4 (December 2020): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.33979/2073-7432-2020-71-4-61-68.

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The main objectives of the study are to establish the effect of regenerative braking on emis-sions of fine particles from the wear of brake mechanisms. The main objective is to develop assess-ment methods. In the experimental studies involved vehicles with a hybrid engine, which performed a series of acceleration and braking cycles with recovery, and then only mechanical braking. The presented results allow us to draw conclusions about the effect of regenerative braking on emis-sions from wear on brake linings.
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Wang, Jun, Hui Lv, Yang Yu, and Shuai Gao. "Evaluation Method of Regenerative Braking for Electric Vehicles." Advanced Materials Research 805-806 (September 2013): 1678–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.805-806.1678.

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Regenerative braking is one of the key technologies to improve the energy efficiency of electric automobile, but there is no available scientific method to evaluate the effectiveness of regenerative braking for electric automobile. The paper research regenerative system conformation and control strategy .An efficiency evaluation index of regenerative braking system is introduced based on brake energy flow model.
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Antanaitis, David B. "Effect of Regenerative Braking on Foundation Brake Performance." SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars - Mechanical Systems 3, no. 2 (October 10, 2010): 14–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2010-01-1681.

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Bae, Jae-Nam, Yong-Eun Kim, Young-Wook Son, Hee-Seok Moon, Chang-Hee Yoo, Tae-Chul Jung, Ju Lee, Kunsoo Huh, and Chang-Sung Jin. "Design and Analysis of a Regenerative Electromagnetic Brake." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 50, no. 11 (November 2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2014.2327621.

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Bujade, Nikhil L., Aditya G. Raut, Shivani A. Naware, and Prof Abhay Halmare. "Effective Energy Recovery System for E-Vehicle." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 4 (April 30, 2022): 1242–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41496.

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Abstract: To improve driving ability of electric vehicle. Regenerative braking system (RBS) are an effective method of recovering the energy released and at the same time reducing the exhaust and brake emissions of vehicle. This method is based on the principle of converting the kinetic energy created by mechanical energy of the motor into electrical energy and the converted electrical energy is stored in battery for later use. These system provide economic benefits via fuel saving. This use also contribute to a clean environment and renewable energy source. Keywords: Regenerative brake, Energy, Vehicle, Emission ,Fuel Saving ,Clean air, Power saving
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Liu, Ji Shun, Jun Li, Yong Sheng Zhang, Liang Chu, and Liang Yao. "Research on the Braking System Control Strategy of Hybrid Electronic Bus." Applied Mechanics and Materials 148-149 (December 2011): 1231–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.148-149.1231.

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As one of the key technologies of Hybrid Electronic Bus, regenerative braking technology can recover energy without changing the traditional bus braking habit. This is of vital importance in the research of regenerative braking system. Because the braking force distribution relationship between the front and rear axle of the vehicle has a remarkable influence in the braking stability,especially adding the regenerative braking force, the influence is even larger. So the anti-lock braking control strategy for the hybrid electronic vehicle is updated in this paper according to the condition of regenerative braking. The anti-lock braking control and regenerative braking control were integrated in one ECU (Electronic Control Unit) of braking control system, collecting signals of wheel rotate speed, vehicle speed, SOC and brake pedal position by CAN bus. And the output control commands are sent to the execution unit of anti-lock braking system and regenerative braking system. The effectiveness of energy regeneration and the braking stability of this strategy are tested on the off-line simulation platform.
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Gao, Pu, Jiageng Ruan, Yongchang Du, Paul D. Walker, and Nong Zhang. "The prediction of braking noise in regenerative braking system using closed-loop coupling disk brake model." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 233, no. 14 (March 1, 2019): 3721–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407019832766.

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Aiming at improving regenerative braking ability in electric vehicles without compromising any safety, two different regenerative braking strategies are proposed in this study. The impact of continuously varying braking force distributions between front/rear wheel and electric/friction corresponding in two different strategies on braking noise are investigated. Based on the closed-loop coupling disk brake model, the relationship between the contact coupling stiffness and the braking force is established by considering the stationary modal test, the nonlinear optimization, and the relationship between brake-line pressure and braking force. The continuously varying braking force is initially transformed to continuously varying contact coupling stiffness, then, the brake noise tendency at each frequency band is calculated in closed-loop coupled model. The predicted result shows good consistency with the result recorded in bench test, verifying the reliability and effectivity of the presented method. The comparison of the two different electric braking strategies shows that the second braking strategy is superior to the first braking strategy in terms of suppressing the brake noise tendency.
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Guo-Zhu, Zhao, Huang Xiang, and Peng Xing. "Adaptive Model Predictive Control Research on Regenerative Braking for Electric Bus Cruising Downhill." Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Systems 15, no. 03 (July 26, 2016): 133–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219686716500104.

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To use regenerative brake and mechanical brake co-operatively to maintain the constant speed and the braking energy can be regenerated as much as possible when vehicles travel downhill, the mathematical model of the braking system is established, and the adaptive model predictive control method is adopted to control the speed of vehicles. The recursive least square algorithm with the forgetting factor is used to identify the road gradient online. And then the control results of the adaptive model predictive control are compared with the results of PID control, simulation results show that the robustness and the stability of the adaptive model predictive control method are better. The speed can be maintained basic stability with the coordinated use of the regenerative braking and the mechanical braking. Meanwhile, the braking energy can be regenerated as much as possible as the regenerative braking system can be used as much as possible. Moreover, as the charge acceptance ability of the battery is restricted, the brake mode switching model is designed. The braking mode can be switched between the electro-mechanical braking system and mechanical braking system according to the SOC of the batteries.
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Vasiljević, S., B. Aleksandrović, J. Glišović, and M. Maslać. "Regenerative braking on electric vehicles: working principles and benefits of application." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1271, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1271/1/012025.

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Abstract The application of electric vehicles leads to a change in the principle of operation and functioning of some systems in the vehicle, which also lead to a change in the concept of the vehicle itself. One of those systems that has a new concept, which differs from vehicles powered by IC engines, is the braking system. The previous function of the braking system was to stop the vehicle, i.e. to reduce the speed of the vehicle in a safe way. In the case of electric vehicles, the friction brakes were retained, with the addition of a regenerative braking system that has the role of replenishing the vehicle's batteries. The regenerative braking system has the role of converting the vehicle's kinetic energy into electrical energy that recharges the batteries. This system is already used today on full electric and hybrid vehicles, i.e. on vehicles powered by an electric motor. The benefits of regenerative braking are reflected on the fact that the vehicle batteries are recharged during braking, vehicle maintenance costs are reduced, the service life of discs and drum brakes on the vehicle is extended, brake non-exhaust emission is reduced, and heat energy emission is reduced, too.
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37

Chu, Liang, Jian Chen, Liang Yao, Chen Chen, and Jian Wei Cai. "Regenerative Braking System Pressure Control Calculation Based on ABS Hydraulic Model." Applied Mechanics and Materials 201-202 (October 2012): 433–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.201-202.433.

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The main objective of this work is to present a methodology for development of regenerative braking system hydraulic model that can be used to estimate the master cylinder pressure, master cylinder travel position, normal open valve fluid flow, normal open valve cross-sectional area, normal close valve fluid flow, normal close valve cross-sectional area, accumulator fluid flow and brake caliper fluid flow. According to the above hydraulic model calculation, the cooperation between regenerative braking system generator and ABS hydraulic braking control will be smooth and the arbitration strategy can be designed. Through the simple hydraulic model, the entire brake circuit of ABS can be derived easily.
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Yun, Chi-Myeong, Gyu-Jung Cho, Hyungchul Kim, and Hosung Jung. "A Study on the Train Brake Position-Based Control Method for Regenerative Inverters." Energies 15, no. 18 (September 8, 2022): 6572. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15186572.

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The use an inverter is one of the representative ways to utilize regenerative braking energy in railway systems. Due to the nature of urban railways that generate a large amount of regenerative energy, the economic advantages are clear. However, in the case of the existing inverter operation method, a method of operating the inverter using the threshold voltage is used, which has a disadvantage in that power cannot be utilized between the no-load voltage and the threshold voltage. Therefore, in this paper, we propose an optimal location selection method and capacity calculation method for installing a regenerative inverter in an urban rail system, and a control method according to the train brake position to increase the regenerative energy utilization rate. First, the inverter capacity and location were selected by selecting the maximum regenerative energy generation for each substation section through the train performance simulation (TPS) based DC power simulation (DCPS). An inverter control method based on train brake position (BP method) is introduced. Finally, PSCAD/EMTDC, a power analysis program, was used to verify the proposed method. As a result, the use of regenerative energy by an inverter increased by about 62.6%, and more energy was saved at nearby substations through the BP method.
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Min, Kyunghan, Gyubin Sim, Seongju Ahn, Inseok Park, Seungjae Yoo, and Jeamyoung Youn. "Multi-Level Deceleration Planning Based on Reinforcement Learning Algorithm for Autonomous Regenerative Braking of EV." World Electric Vehicle Journal 10, no. 3 (September 16, 2019): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj10030057.

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A smart regenerative braking system, which is an advanced driver assistance system of electric vehicles, automatically controls the regeneration torque of the electric motor to brake the vehicle by recognizing the deceleration conditions. Thus, this autonomous braking system can provide driver convenience and energy efficiency by suppressing the frequent braking of the driver brake pedaling. In order to apply this assistance system, a deceleration planning algorithm should guarantee the safety deceleration under diverse driving situations. Furthermore, the planning algorithm suppresses a sense of heterogeneity by autonomous braking. To ensuring these requirements for deceleration planning, this study proposes a multi-level deceleration planning algorithm which consists of the two representative planning algorithms and one planning management. Two planning algorithms, which are the driver model-based planning and optimization-based planning, generate the deceleration profiles. Then, the planning management determines the optimal planning result among the deceleration profiles. To obtain an optimal result, planning management is updated based on the reinforcement learning algorithm. The proposed algorithm was learned and validated under a simulation environment using the real vehicle experimental data. As a result, the algorithm determines the optimal deceleration vehicle trajectory to autonomous regenerative braking.
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Suntharalingam, Piranavan, John T. Economou, and Kevin Knowles. "Kinetic energy storage using a dual-braking system for an unmanned parallel hybrid electric vehicle." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 231, no. 10 (November 13, 2016): 1353–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407016672591.

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In this paper a novel regenerative dual-braking strategy is proposed for utility and goods delivery unmanned vehicles on public roads, which improves their ability to recover regenerative energy and consequently improves the fuel use of parallel hybrid powertrain configurations for land unmanned vehicles where the priority is not comfort but extension of their range. Furthermore, the analysis takes into account the power-handling ability of the electric motor and the power converters. In previous research, a plethora of regenerative braking strategies have been reported; in this paper, the key contribution is that the vehicle electric regeneration is related to a fixed braking distance in relation to the energy storage capabilities specifically for unmanned utility-type land vehicles where passenger comfort is not a concern but pedestrian safety is of critical importance. Furthermore, the power converter capabilities of the vehicle facilitate the process of extending the braking time by introducing a variable-deceleration profile. The proposed approach has therefore resulted in a regenerative algorithm which improves the energy storage capability of the vehicle without considering the comfort since this analysis is applicable to unmanned vehicles. The algorithm considers the distance as the key parameter, which is associated with safety; therefore, it allows the braking time period to be extended, thus favouring the electric motor generation process while maintaining safety. This method allows the vehicle to brake for longer periods rather than for short bursts, hence resulting in more effective regeneration with reduced use of the dual system (i.e. the caliper–stepper motor brake system). The regeneration method and analysis are addressed in this paper. The simulation results show that the proposed regenerative braking strategy improved the ability of the hybrid powertrain configuration to recover energy significantly. The paper is also supported by experimental data that verify the theoretical development and the simulation results. The two strategies developed and implemented utilize a constant braking torque and a constant braking power. Both methods were limited to a fixed safety-based distance. Overall, the results demonstrate that the constant-braking-torque method results in better energy-based savings.
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41

Peeie, Mohamad Heerwan Bin, and Hirohiko Ogino. "G100023 Research on Skid Control of Small Electric Vehicle with Hydraulic-Mechanical Hybrid Brake System : Effect of Regenerative Brake on Turning Motion." Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Congress, Japan 2011 (2011): _G100023–1—_G100023–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecj.2011._g100023-1.

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42

Yamashita, Michihiro, Masamichi Ogasa, and Tomoki Watanabe. "Electric Brake Force Increase of Regenerative Brake in the High-Speed Range by Inserted Rheostats." IEEJ Transactions on Industry Applications 121, no. 1 (2001): 90–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejias.121.90.

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43

Fayad, Ahmad, Hussein Ibrahim, Adrian Ilinca, Sasan Sattarpanah Karganroudi, and Mohamad Issa. "Energy Recovering Using Regenerative Braking in Diesel–Electric Passenger Trains: Economical and Technical Analysis of Fuel Savings and GHG Emission Reductions." Energies 15, no. 1 (December 21, 2021): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15010037.

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Rail transport, specifically diesel–electric trains, faces fundamental challenges in reducing fuel consumption to improve financial performance and reduce GHG emissions. One solution to improve energy efficiency is the electric brake regenerative technique. This technique was first applied on electric trains several years ago, but it is still considered to improve diesel–electric trains efficiency. Numerous parameters influence the detailed estimation of brake regenerative technique performance, which makes this process particularly difficult. This paper proposes a simplified energetic approach for a diesel–electric train with different storage systems to assess these performances. The feasibility and profitability of using a brake regenerative system depend on the quantity of energy that can be recuperated and stored during the train’s full and partial stop. Based on a simplified energetic calculation and cost estimation, we present a comprehensive and realistic calculation to evaluate ROI, net annual revenues, and GHG emission reduction. The feasibility of the solution is studied for different train journeys, and the most significant parameters affecting the impact of using this technique are identified. In addition, we study the influence of electric storage devices and low temperatures. The proposed method is validated using experimental results available in the literature showing that this technique resulted in annual energy savings of 3400 MWh for 34 trains, worth USD 425,000 in fuel savings.
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44

Cai, Jian Wei, Liang Chu, Zi Cheng Fu, and En Fen Liu. "Brake Pedal Feel Verification of the Energy Recovery System." Advanced Materials Research 986-987 (July 2014): 1054–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.986-987.1054.

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Brake pedal feel is intuitive feelings for the driver and affected vehicle safety performance. Due to the participation of the motor, brake force distribution and the original pedal feel of the driver would be changed. Based on the traditional hydraulic unit of ESC, Jilin University developed a braking energy recovery system of uniaxial decoupled. A series of fixed partition coefficient control strategy was developed, coordinated control of electrical regenerative braking and hydraulic braking was carried out. Vehicle test was carried out for coordinated braking strategy, parallel strategy and traditional control strategy. Vehicle test results show that the brake pedal travel simulator and the coordinated braking strategy can improve the energy recovery, and ensure that the brake pedal feel is consistent with the traditional vehicle.
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45

Liu, Tao, Jincheng Zheng, Yongmao Su, and Jinghui Zhao. "A Study on Control Strategy of Regenerative Braking in the Hydraulic Hybrid Vehicle Based on ECE Regulations." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/208753.

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This paper establishes a mathematic model of composite braking in the hydraulic hybrid vehicle and analyzes the constraint condition of parallel regenerative braking control algorithm. Based on regenerative braking system character and ECE (Economic Commission of Europe) regulations, it introduces the control strategy of regenerative braking in parallel hydraulic hybrid vehicle (PHHV). Finally, the paper establishes the backward simulation model of the hydraulic hybrid vehicle in Matlab/simulink and makes a simulation analysis of the control strategy of regenerative braking. The results show that this strategy can equip the hydraulic hybrid vehicle with strong brake energy recovery power in typical urban drive state.
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46

Wang, Feng, and Yong Hai Wu. "Study of Regenerative Braking Model and Simulation of a Car." Advanced Materials Research 605-607 (December 2012): 384–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.605-607.384.

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A regenerative braking control strategy and the braking force distribution are putted forward based on the basic theory of automotive brake. The model of vehicle regenerative braking system and simulation under urban driving cycles are carried out taking a certain type of hybrid car as the research object. The simulation results show that, in circulation conditions of ECE + EUDC drive, the regenerative braking control strategy that this paper puts forward can ensure the reasonable distribution of vehicle braking force and realize the energy recovery of 15.7%.
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47

Mathews, Joel Abraham. "Designing & Analysis of Supercapacitor Hybrid Battery System with Regenerative Braking." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 11 (November 30, 2021): 894–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.38925.

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Abstract: This work implements the help of a super capacitor hybridized with a battery pack to power a motor to work an electric bike. The supercapacitor of specification is built in combination with the battery pack to work in pair at instances where more load in needed. For example in situations like accelerating, decelerating, and climbing a slope. The supercapacitor is recharged while in motion using two different technologies: 1. Regenerative Braking and 2. Generator incorporated into wheel hub. Regenerative braking is an energy recovery mechanism that slows down a moving vehicle or object by converting its kinetic energy into a form that can be either used immediately or stored until needed. In this mechanism, the electric traction motor uses the vehicle's momentum to recover energy that would otherwise be lost to the brake discs as heat. This contrasts with conventional braking systems, where the excess kinetic energy is converted to unwanted and wasted heat due to friction in the brakes, or with dynamic brakes, where the energy is recovered by using electric motors as generators but is immediately dissipated as heat in resistors. In addition to improving the overall efficiency of the vehicle, regeneration can significantly extend the life of the braking system as the mechanical parts will not wear out very quickly. The system uses Faradays Law of Electromagnetic Induction to induce an EMF and generate voltage by passing a current carrying conductor through a rotating magnetic field. Using this implementation, it has been noted that the battery life has been increased significantly and the total range of the bike has also increased considerably. Keywords: Batteries, Battery pack, Supercapacitor, Hybrid power system, Dynamo mechanism
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Wang, Guo Ye, Lu Zhang, Zhong Fu Zhang, and Guo Yan Chen. "EBD Step-up Control Research during Cornering Braking for Electric Vehicles on High Energy Regenerative Braking/Driving Integrated System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 220-223 (November 2012): 819–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.220-223.819.

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This paper sets up high energy regenerative braking and driving integrated system for electric vehicle and its dynamic model based on the wheel hub motor and friction brake integrated into electric vehicle braking system. Bend EBD hierarchical strategy of control is put forward, which is based on ABS system. Establish dynamic simulation system of electric vehicle integrated brake system and EBD control simulation system based on the Matlab /Simulink. Based on CheryA3 model car, the wheel hub motor drive system replaces the power system; carry out simulation and analyze the control performance of the integrated braking system during cornering braking. The results show that the bend EBD control performance of high energy regenerative braking/driving integrated system for electric vehicle is good, which has a high braking energy recovery rate, braking efficiency and braking stability.
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Zhu, Wen Bo, and Fen Zhu Ji. "Braking Energy Recovery Research for Electric Vehicles." Advanced Materials Research 1070-1072 (December 2014): 1672–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1070-1072.1672.

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For the electro-hydraulic braking system in the electric vehicles, a coordinated control strategy of the motor braking and hydraulic one was proposed, which includs electric vehicle braking intention recognition model contains the brake pedal and the accelerator pedal. The simulation mode was built by using Cruise and Matlab/Simulink. The braking stabilities were simulated at different adhesion coefficient and braking intensity. The simulation results show that: Regenerative braking strategy for electric vehicles under braking energy can be recovered under different conditions, braking energy recovery rate in the early 100km / h speed low intensity braking conditions can reach 73.2%. And regenerative braking results validate the feasibility of the effectiveness of coordinated strategies to match the vehicle's power to improve the electric car electric-hydraulic brake energy recovery efficiency.
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Ma, Zilin. "Parameters Design for a Parallel Hybrid Electric Bus Using Regenerative Brake Model." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 6 (January 1, 2014): 760815. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/760815.

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A design methodology which uses the regenerative brake model is introduced to determine the major system parameters of a parallel electric hybrid bus drive train. Hybrid system parameters mainly include the power rating of internal combustion engine (ICE), gear ratios of transmission, power rating, and maximal torque of motor, power, and capacity of battery. The regenerative model is built in the vehicle model to estimate the regenerative energy in the real road conditions. The design target is to ensure that the vehicle meets the specified vehicle performance, such as speed and acceleration, and at the same time, operates the ICE within an expected speed range. Several pairs of parameters are selected from the result analysis, and the fuel saving result in the road test shows that a 25% reduction is achieved in fuel consumption.
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