Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Refuse as fuel – Ontario'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Refuse as fuel – Ontario.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Refuse as fuel – Ontario.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Wu, Aiping. "Controlled Oxidation Studies of Coal/Refuse Fuel Blends." TopSCHOLAR®, 1994. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/956.
Full textAbstract:
A study of the controlled combustion of blends of biomass materials and coals was conducted. Crushed limestone was added to the blends as an absorbent for sulfur oxides. The samples were combusted in quartz-fiber crucibles in a forced air furnace. Combustion at different times and temperatures were studied. The amount of carbon, hydrogen, and sulfur in the residues, as well as the amount of ash formed, were used as measures of combustion efficiency. The optimum temperature for combustion of most blends was found to be in the 700 - 800°C range. A study of methods for determining the amounts of inorganic and organic carbon in combustion residues was performed. The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Method D 1756 for inorganic carbon yielded accurate results but is tedious and requires a great deal of skill. An alternative method for determining inorganic carbon in combustion residues was developed.
2
Attili, Bassam Saleem. "Manufacturer [Sic] of Densified-Refuse Derived Fuel (d-RDF) Pellets and Methods for the Determination of d-RDF Pellet Densities." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1986. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500977/.
Full textAbstract:
There are 150 million tons of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) annually produced in the United States, which is approximately equivalent to 150 million barrels of oil. MSW production is inexhaustible, and is increasing on an annual per capita basis of approximately three per cent. After controlling the moisture and adding a binder, the combustible portion of MSW was converted to pellets. The objects of this project were to 1) evaluate the binder, 2) prepare the pellets, and 3) evaluate the pellets with regard to density. The manufacture of pellets was conducted at the Naval Air Station, Jacksonville, Florida. The evaluation of the binders and the pellets was done at North Texas State University (NTSU). There were three procedures for measuring the density. The first, using water displacement, was from the American Society for Testing and Material (ASTM). The second, using wax coating, was also from ASTM. The third, using sharply-cut cylindrical pellets, was developed at NTSU.
3
Waite, Ian Vowles. "Refuse-derived fuel for electricity generation in the UK." Thesis, London South Bank University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.323891.
Full text
4
Brännvall, Evelina. "Accelerate ageing of refuse-derived-fuel (RDF) fly ashes." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Geovetenskap och miljöteknik, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-17584.
Full textAbstract:
Ashes have properties that can be exploited in various applications, e.g. some ashes can be used in the construction of barriers in a landfill final top cover. A landfill top cover is a multilayer construction that protects the environment in several ways, for instance hindering gas emissions from the landfill body and water infiltration into the waste.Impervious natural materials like clay, synthetic materials like geomembranes or bentonite carpets, geosynthetic clay liners or combinations of such materials are commonly used in landfill top cover constructions. Since differential settlement may occur and the lifetimes of the synthetic materials are uncertain, it is advantageous to use thick mineral constructions. There is a great need for these materials, and substantial savings of resources can be made if alternative waste materials, like ashes, are used. Currently, ashes are either landfilled or used as construction materials. They are subject to weathering processes, including physical, chemical and mineralogical changes caused (inter alia) by fluctuations of temperature and humidity, atmospheric gases or acid rain. Ashes contain various potentially hazardous and non-hazardous chemical compounds. Therefore, precautions must be taken to avoid leaching of substances such as heavy metals into the surrounding environment. Mineral phases that are initially present and/or that form during the ageing are primarily responsible for the immobilization or leaching of diverse metals and salts. Newly formed mineral phases like clay minerals are of main interest, because of their very high cation exchange capacity, swelling and expansion properties.The conditions found in a landfill environment are likely to favour clay mineral formation. This thesis is based on studies on the effects of accelerated ageing on refuse-derived-fuel (RDF) fly ashes, in experiments under controlled laboratory conditions, intended to derive models to predict the stability of RDF fly ashes used in a landfill liner and the mineralogical changes that occur in them. A reduced factorial design was applied, followed by multivariate data analysis, to evaluate the effects of five factors - carbon dioxide (CO2) levels, temperature, relative air humidity (RH), time and the quality of added water - on mineral transformations within the ashes, and their acid neutralization capacity (ANC) and leaching behaviour.Minerals (ettringite and hydrocalumite) promoting the immobilization of hazardous compounds were found in both fresh ash and ash aged under atmospheric conditions, but these minerals disappeared upon carbonation. The main phases in ash at 20% and 100% CO2 were calcite, gypsum/anhydrite and vaterite. The abundance of gypsum and anhydrite was directly related to the temperature at which ashes were aged. The major mineral phases detected in ashes aged under 20% CO2, 65% RH and 30°C (corresponding to conditions generally found in a landfill cover) were calcite and gypsum/bassanite. The pH values of these ash specimens ranged from 7.2 to 7.6, indicating advanced carbonation. Ageing decreased pH values from 12.4 to 7.2, consequently affecting the leaching behaviour of most chemicals measured in the leachates. Levels of Ba, Ca, Cl, Cr, Cu, Pb, K and Na decreased over the study period while those of Mg, Zn and SO4 increased. No clay minerals were detected by XRD and SEM analysis in either fresh or aged ashes. However, geochemical modelling indicated that such minerals may precipitate. The modelling also indicated that clay minerals like saponite, vermiculite, chrysotile and hydrotalcite were likely to precipitate in most leachates from ash aged for 3, 10 and 22 months. Smectite, montmorillonite and illite may precipitate in leachates of ash aged for 31 months. The formation of smectite, montmorillonite and vermiculite would be advantageous due to their very high cation exchange capacities, which would favour the stabilization/immobilization of heavy metals in the mineral phases.Askor har egenskaper som kan användas, en del askor kan t ex användas vid konstruktion av tätskikt i en deponisluttäckning. En deponisluttäckning är en flerskiktskonstruktion som skyddar miljön från t.ex. växthusgaser från deponin och hindrar vatteninträngning till avfall. Naturliga täta material som lera, syntetiska som geomembraner eller bentonitmattor eller en kombination av dessa är vanligt förekommande i sluttäckningskonstruktioner på deponier. Eftersom differentialsättningar kan uppkomma och de syntetiska materialens livslängd är osäker, är det en fördel om tjocka mineraliska konstruktioner kan användas. För dessa är materialbehovet stort och det är en stor resursbesparing om alternativa material, som aska, kan användas.Aska utsätts för åldringsprocesser både när den deponeras eller användas som byggmaterial. Materialet genomgår fysiska, kemiska och mineralogiska förändringar orsakade av t.ex. variationer av temperatur och luftfuktighet, atmosfäriska gaser eller surt regn. Aska innehåller olika farliga och ofarliga kemiska föreningar. Därför måste försiktighetsåtgärder vidtas för att undvika läckage av tungmetaller i miljön. Befintliga och nybildade mineralfaser är främst ansvariga för immobilisering eller utlakning av olika metaller och salter. Nybildade mineralfaser som lermineraler är av stort intresse på grund av deras mycket höga katjonutbyteskapacitet, svällnings- och expansionsegenskaper. Förhållandena som råder i en deponisluttäckning förväntas gynna lermineralbildning.Denna avhandling är resultatet av studier av effekten av accelererad åldring på flygaska från energiutvinning. För att förutsäga stabiliteten i flygaska som används i ett deponitätskikt har laboratorieexperiment utförts för att studera effekterna av accelererad åldring under kontrollerade förhållanden. Ett reducerat faktorförsök har gjorts för att utvärdera påverkan av fem faktorer: koldioxid (CO2), temperatur, relativ luftfuktighet (RH), tid och kvalitet på tillsatt vatten. Inflytandet av dessa faktorer på mineralomvandlingen i askan, askans syraneutraliserande förmåga (ANC) och urlakningsbeteendet har analyserats och utvärderats med hjälp av bl a multivariat dataanalys. Mineraler (ettringit och hydrocalumit) som främjar fixeringen av farliga ämnen finns i både färsk aska och prover som åldrats under atmosfäriska förhållanden men försvann efter karbonatisering. Aska som åldrats under 20 % och 100 % CO2 hade kalcit, gips / anhydrit och vaterit som huvudmineraler. Förekomsten av gips och anhydrit var direkt relaterad till temperaturnivån som askan hade åldrats i. Aska som åldrades under 20 % CO2, 65 % RH, 30 °C temperatur (motsvarande förhållandena i en deponitäckning) hade kalcit och gips/bassanit som huvudmineraler. pH-värdena i proverna varierade från 7,2 till 7,6 vilket indikerar en långt fortskriden karbonatisering. Åldrandet sänkte pH-värdena från 12,4 till 7,2 och påverkar därmed urlakningsbeteendet för många lakvattenkomponenter. Barium, Ca, Cl, Cr, Cu, Pb, K och Na minskade under tiden, medan Mg, Zn och SO4 ökade jämfört med den färska askan. Inga lermineraler upptäcktes med hjälp av XRD och SEM i varken färsk eller åldrad aska. Geokemisk modellering visade dock möjligheten för dessa mineraler att bildas och fällas ut. Lermineraler som saponit, vermikulit, krysotil och hydrotalcit kunde enligt beräkningarna bildas i lakvatten från de flesta proverna som åldrades i 3, 10 och 22 månader. Smectit, montmorillonit och illit kan bildas i lakvatten från 31 månaders åldrad aska. Bildning av smectit, montmorillonit och vermikulit skulle var värdefull på grund av deras mycket höga katjonutbyteskapacitet, vilket gynnar stabilisering / immobilisering av tungmetaller i askan.
Godkänd; 2010; 20101020 (evebra); LICENTIATSEMINARIUM Ämnesområde: Avfallsteknik/Waste Science and Technology Examinator: Professor Anders Lagerkvist, Luleå tekniska universitet Diskutant: Professor Britt-Marie Steenari, Chalmers tekniska högskola Tid: Onsdag den 17 november 2010 kl 09.30 Plats: F1031, Luleå tekniska universitet
5
Brooks, Cheryl L. (Cheryl Leigh). "An Analysis of Refuse Derived Fuel as an Environmentally Acceptable Fuel Alternative for the Cement Industry." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1991. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc504331/.
Full textAbstract:
Resource recovery is an attractive alternative to the waste disposal problem. The chief by-product of this process, refuse derived fuel (RDF) can be co-fired in traditional coal burning facilities. The cement industry is a potential user of RDF. This study, based on a test burn done at Texas Industries Inc. in Midlothian, Texas, demonstrated the technical, environmental, and economic feasibility of using RDF fuel in a cement kiln. Technically, the cement showed no deleterious effects when RDF was substituted for coal/natural gas at 20% by Btu content. Environmentally, acid rain gases were reduced. Economically, RDF was shown to be a cost effective fuel substitute if a resource recovery facility was erected on site.
6
Robinson, Travis. "Bubbling Fluidized Bed Gasification of Biomass and Refuse Derived Fuel." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/33157.
Full textAbstract:
In Canadian remote northern communities most electricity is generated by burning diesel fuel. However, because it is expensive to import fuel into remote communities the cost of electricity is very high. Waste management is also difficult in remote northern communities. The goal of this thesis was to investigate the co-gasification of refuse waste materials and biomass as a means of reducing solid waste volumes while also using locally available materials for power generation.
As part of this research, thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) was investigated as a potential means of characterizing refuse derived fuels (RDF). Laboratory sample preparation of RDF for TGA had not been thoroughly considered. Laboratory sample preparation is important since RDF is very heterogeneous compared to other solid fuels and since TGA typically requires a very small sample size. A TGA method was applied to a variety of materials prepared from a commercially available RDF using a variety of procedures. The repeatability of the experimental results was related to the sample preparation methods. Cryogenic ball milling was found to be an appropriate means of preparing RDF samples for TGA. Applicability of the TGA method to the determination of the renewable content of RDF was considered.
Air-blown auto-thermal gasification experiments using materials representative of waste and biomass were performed at 725°C, 800°C, and 875°C, using a 0.15 m internal diameter bubbling fluidized bed gasifier located at NRCan CametENERGY in Ottawa, Ontario. Commercially prepared RDF and PET scrap were used to represent waste materials. Commercially produced hardwood pellets were used to represent biomass. The co-gasification of hardwood pellets and commercially produced RDF indicated that each fuel make a contribution to the results which is proportional to its fraction in the feed mixture. Inclusion of the RDF in the fuel mixture led to bed agglomeration at the 875°C temperature condition. Higher temperatures were found to provide better conversion of the fuel to gas, and the limitation which inclusion of RDF places on the operating temperature of the gasifier negatively affects conversion of biomass.
Results obtained with RDF suggested that utilization of mixed waste for a thermal conversion process located in a Canadian remote northern community is probably not a viable option. It was then decided to target plastic waste in particular. Plastic could be source-separated, collected, and gasified alongside biomass. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), which is often used for food and beverage containers, was chosen to represent plastic. Initially, attempts were made to co-gasify mixtures of PET pellets and hardwood pellets. These attempts failed due to the formation of coke above the bed. To alleviate these problems hardwood-PET composite pellets were manufactured and these were gasified at 725°C, 800°C, and 875°C. Inclusion of PET in the pellets dramatically increased the amount of tar produced during gasification.
7
Haj-Mahmoud, Qasem M. (Qasem Mohammed). "Pyrolysis Capillary Chromatography of Refuse-Derived Fuel and Aquatic Fulvic Acids." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1989. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc331124/.
Full textAbstract:
Pyrolysis-capillary gas chromatography combined with FID, ECD and MS detection were used to characterize refuse-derived fuel and aquatic fulvic acids. Different pyrolysis methods and programs were evaluated. Pyrolysis temperatures of 700-800°C produced the strongest signal for organics present in RDF and fulvic acid. Cellulose and fatty acids pyrolyzates were identifiable by GC-MS following preparative pyrolysis fractionation. At organic chloride content of 0.023%, only three halogenated compounds were detected in the GC-MS of the fractions. None of the priority pollutants were detected at lower detection limit of 0.72 to 24 mg/ kg RDF. Selective solvent extraction improves the reproduciblities of the technique and allows the detection of polymeric structures. Pyrograms of polyvinyl chloride and regular typing paper showed some common peaks that are present in the RDF pyrogram. About 65% of the peaks in the RDF pyrogram might be of paper origin. The organic chloride content of the RDF was evaluated by ion chromatography of the trapped pyrolyzates in 2% NaOH trap and it was found to be 221 mg Cl/ kg dry RDF.
Pyrolysis conditions and temperature programs for FA were systematically evaluated. Samples included purified FA, methylated FA and HPLC separated fractions. Characteristic pyrograms were developed. Profiles of benzene, toluene, phenol, m-cresol and biphenyl from FA were evaluated. The production of phenol was the largest at 800°C, at concentration of 1.61 mg per gram of FA pyrolyzed. The profiles of benzene and toluene followed the same pathways. Both pyrolyzates had at least two precursors. HPLC fractions of FA showed some regular retention patterns characteristic of polymeric material. DL-proline, seriene and vanillic acid pyrograms showed some peaks with the same retention times as those in FA pyrogram under the same conditions. A reproducibility of 6% relative standard deviation was achieved in the pyrolysis of RDF and 0.91% in the case of FA.
8
Adefeso, Ismail Babatunde. "Techno-economic analysis of a gasification system using refuse-derived fuel from municipal solid waste." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2753.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Doctor of Engineering in Chemical Engineering)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.The search for alternatives to fossil fuel is necessary with a view to reducing the negative environmental impact of fossil fuel and most importantly, to exploit an affordable and secured fuel source. This study investigated the viability of municipal solid waste gasification for a fuel cell system. Potential solid fuels obtained from the study in the form of refuse-derived fuel (RDF) had high heating value (HHV) between 18.17 MJ/Kg - 28.91 MJ/Kg with energy density increased from 4142.07 MJ/m3 to 10735.80 MJ/m3. The molecular formulas of RDF derived from Ladies Smith drop-off site, Woodstock drop-off site and an average molecular formula of all thirteen municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal facilities were CH1.43O1.02, CH1.49O1.19, and CH1.50O0.86 respectively. The comparative ratios of C/H were in the range of 7.11 to 8.90. The Thermo Gravimetric Analysis showed that the dehydration, thermal decompositions, char combustions were involved in the production of gaseous products but flaming pyrolysis stage was when most tar was converted to syngas mixture. The simulation of RDF gasification allowed a prediction of the RDF gasification behaviour under various operating parameters in an air-blown downdraft gasifier. Optimum SFR (steam flowrate) values for RDF1, RDF2 and RDF3 were determined to be within these values 2.80, 2.50 and 3.50 and Optimum ER values for RDF1, RDF2 and RDF3 were also determined to be within these values 0.15, 0.04 and 0.08. These conditions produced the desired high molar ratio of H2/CO yield in the syngas mixture in the product stream. The molar ratios of H2/CO yield in the syngas mixture in the product stream for all the RDFs were between 18.81 and 20.16. The values of H2/CO satisfy the requirement for fuel cell application. The highest concentration of heavy metal was observed for Al, Fe, Zn and Cr, namely 16627.77 mg/Kg at Coastal Park (CP), 17232.37 mg/Kg at Killarney (KL), 235.01 mg/Kg at Tygerdal (TG), and 564.87 mg/Kg at Kraaifontein (KF) respectively. The results of quantitative economic evaluation measurements were a net return (NR) of $0.20 million, a rate of return on investment (ROI) of 27.88 %, payback time (PBP) of 2.30 years, a net present value (NPV) of $1.11 million and a discounted cash flow rate of return (DCFROR) of 24.80 % and 28.20 % respectively. The results of the economic evaluations revealed that some findings of the economic benefits of this system would be viable if costs of handling MSW were further quantified into the costs analysis. The viability of the costs could depend on government responsibility to accept costs of handling MSW.
9
Guyemat, Mbourou Sarah Marielle. "Plastic waste gasification using a small scale IR reactor : experimental and modelling analysis." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2480.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MTech (Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016.The generation of municipal solid waste has increased significantly due to the exponential population growth and it has become a global issue. Gasification technology, an alternative method for waste treatment is a thermochemical process where carbon-based material are exposed to an environment deprived in oxygen, was used for this project. The aim of this thesis is to study the gasification of plastic waste which is a potential alternative energy source using infrared heaters. To achieve this goal, fundamental studies have been numerically and experimentally conducted for an infrared gasifier and subsequently establishing the temperature profile for gasification using a small scale reactor. A detailed study on low density polyethylene was conducted using Infrared Spectrometry and thermal decomposition techniques such as Thermogravimetry and Differential Scanning Calorimetry were performed to establish the temperature at which plastic pellets sample used for this research gasify. The gasification behaviour of pelletized low density polyethylene (plastic pellets) was tested and three case studies were done to evaluate the most suitable temperature profile for the reactor to gasify the low density polyethylene at high temperature for less amount of time. Subsequently, the reactor model was simulated and results validate the use of reactor at an optimum temperature of 800 °C for a gasification process with less residue content. The reactor designed for this research is fully functional and validates the temperature behaviour predicted during simulation. The experimental results show infrared heaters are suitable for gas production using this gasification process.
10
Gokhale, Bhushan. "Application of landfill gas as a liquefied natural gas fuel for refuse trucks in Texas." Texas A&M University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4704.
Full textAbstract:
The energy consumption throughout the world has increased substantially over the past
few years and the trend is projected to continue indefinitely. The primary sources of
energy are conventional fuels such as oil, natural gas and coal. The most apparent
negative impacts of these conventional fuels are global warming, poor air-quality, and
adverse health effects. Considering these negative impacts, it is necessary to develop and
use non-conventional sources of energy. Landfill gas (LFG) generated at landfills can
serve as a source of cleaner energy. LFG has substantial energy generation potential and,
if cleaned of certain impurities, can be used for several applications such as electricity
generation and conversion to high Btu gas. This thesis considers another application of
LFG, which consists of using it as a vehicular fuel for refuse trucks. Currently, limited
research has been performed on the development of such a methodology to evaluate the
application of LFG as a vehicular fuel for refuse truck operations.
The purpose of this thesis is to develop a methodology that can be used to evaluate the
use of LFG generated at landfills as a Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) fuel source for
refuse trucks in Texas. The methodology simulates the gas generation process at a
landfill by using standard models developed by the Environmental Protection Agency.
The operations of a refuse truck fleet are replicated by using generic drive cycles
developed as part of this research. The economic feasibility is evaluated by estimating
the costs required for cleaning the LFG and converting the truck fleet from diesel to
LNG as well as quantifying the benefits obtained due to change in fuel consumption and
emission generation by the refuse trucks. The methodology was applied to a potential landfill in Texas. The results show that the methodology offers an innovative tool that
allows the stakeholders to evaluate the economic feasibility of using LFG for refuse
truck operations. The methodology also provides a flexible framework wherein each
component can be changed or tailored to meet the specific needs of the stakeholders.
11
Lai, Wei-Chuan. "Reaction engineering of heterogeneous feeds : municipal solid waste as a model /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9849.
Full text
12
Liu, Yi. "Modelling and characterisation of the pyrolysis of secondary refuse fuel briquettes and biomass materials." Thesis, University of South Wales, 2010. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/modelling-and-characterisation-of-the-pyrolysis-of-secondary-refuse-fuel-briquettes-and-biomass-materials(b5b30d2e-92ca-4e2a-926e-81e09898f5b8).html.
Full textAbstract:
This research was established due to an increase of interest in renewable energy sources and utilisation of various wastes and biomass. Gasification is currently one of the most promising thermal-chemical conversion techniques for recovering energy from waste, and the pyrolytic behaviour of secondary refuse fuel (SRF) briquettes and biomass-derived fuels is the starting point for the process. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pyrolytic characteristics of SRF briquettes and biomass materials, suggest a kinetic model for simulating the pyrolytic process and obtaining the kinetic parameters, and then predict the yield of volatile products in pyrolysis. Knowledge of the chemical composition, the thermal behaviour and the reactivity of SRF briquettes and their blends with other materials, such as biomass and plastic during pyrolysis is very important for the effective design operation of gasification units. The kinetics of the pyrolysis of simulated SRF briquettes, SRF briquettes and pulverised biomass samples was successfully modelled by a scheme consisting of two independent general order parallel reactions of the main components which were hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin and plastic. The kinetic parameters estimated through the model were comparable with those reported in the literature. In this research, activation energy values varied between 30 – 70 kJ/mol for lignin pyrolysis, 96 – 137 kJ/mol for hemicellulose and cellulose pyrolysis, and about 260 kJ/mol for plastic pyrolysis. Biomass has a very high volatile content. Adding biomass into SRF briquettes could increase the volatile yield. Increasing the plastic content of SRF briquettes could increase the volatile yield, the derivative thermogravimetric (DTG) peak height and the repeatability of pyrolysis. Inorganic component could shift the cellulose pyrolysis to a lower temperature and cause the hemicellulose pyrolysis and the cellulose pyrolysis highly overlapped, but it could have a positive effect by acting as catalysts and lower the activation energy in the pyrolysis of hemicellulose and cellulose. Molasses used as a binder could improve the DTG peak height and restrain the curve shifting effect of inorganic component on the hemicellulose and cellulose pyrolysis, but couldn’t restrain the lignin pyrolysis at low temperatures during the hemicellulose and cellulose pyrolysis. Molasses could restrain the effect of the lignin pyrolysis at high temperatures on the plastic pyrolysis. Mechanical biological treatment (MBT) process could highly improve the volatile yield and improve the DTG peak height of SRF briquettes.
13
Jahani, Aghamolla. "Comparative Toxicity of Refuse-Derived Fuel Fly Ash on Two Species of Earthworms, Lumbricus terrestris and E. foetida, Using an Artificial Soil Exposure Protocol." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1991. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc504583/.
Full textAbstract:
Research estimated toxicity of refuse-derived fuel fly ash (RDF-FA) on two earthworms species, Lumbricus terrestris and Eisenia foetida. Specific objectives were to: (1) Compare their 14-day LC50s under light and dark conditions; (2) separate toxicity due to osmotic, pH and physical factors from that of heavy metal contaminants; (3) compare relative differences of artificial soil and commercial soil as exposure media for evaluating toxicity to earthworms. The 14-d LC50s for L. terrestris in dark and light were 57.0 and 48.34 % RDF-FA, and 59.25 and 41.00 % RDF-FA for E. foetida using artificial soil. All of the toxicity resulted from heavy metals within the RDF-FA. Using L. terrestris, the LC50s for artificial soil and commercial soil were 52.30 and 64.34%.
14
Blanco, Sanchez Paula Helena. "Nickel based catalysts for hydrogen production from the pyrolysis/gasification of refuse derived fuel (RDF)." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2014. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/7414/.
Full textAbstract:
Hydrogen can be used as fuel for power generation; however current hydrogen production processes are not sustainable as they involve considerable CO2 emissions, and are mostly based on production from fossil fuels. Municipal solid waste (MSW) in the form of refuse derived fuel (RDF) can be subjected to thermal processes such as pyrolysis and/or gasification to produce a hydrogen rich syngas. Nevertheless some operational problems associated with tar formation arise, which significantly reduces the overall process yield. In this work a two-stage reaction system was used for hydrogen production and tar reduction, during the pyrolysis/gasification of RDF, using different types of catalysts. Firstly RDF was pyrolyzed at 600ºC, the pyrolysis gases were then passed through a second gasification stage where the catalytic steam reforming process took place at 800ºC, in order to generate hydrogen and promote tar cracking reactions. Different analytical techniques were used in this work to characterise RDF, product gases, tars/oils, and fresh/reacted catalysts. Initially two different Ni/Al2O3 catalysts were prepared, and their catalytic activity towards hydrogen production and tar reduction were assessed during the pyrolysis/gasification of RDF. The results were compared with those obtained using a bed of sand. Using a 10 wt.% Ni/Al2O3 catalyst, about 45 vol.% of hydrogen in the syngas was obtained together with other gases: CO2, CO, CH4, C2-C4. Also the condensed tar fraction was analysed and was found to contain polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) constituents included naphthalene, fluorene and phenanthrene as the major components. Additionally, diverse Ni/SiO2 catalysts were prepared using different synthesis methods, including sol-gel,impregnation and homogenous precipitation. Among the catalysts tested for tar reduction, a 20wt.% Ni/SiO2 catalyst presented the highest activity resulting in a tar concentration of 0.15mgtar g-1RDF; PAH and oxygenated tar compounds were also identified within the analysed samples. For the catalysts tested in relation to hydrogen production, using a 10wt.% Ni/SiO2 catalyst prepared by homogeneous precipitation-sol-gel based method, resulted in a H2 concentration of 59 vol.%. Finally different Fe/SiO2 and Ni/SiO2 catalysts were prepared using nano-porous silica as the oxide support. Better catalyst activity in relation to H2 production was observed for the Ni/SiO2 catalysts. However the maximum H2 concentration obtained was around 44 vol.%. It was found that using calcination temperatures higher than 700ºC, both the surface area and the catalytic activity for hydrogen production was diminished for this series of catalysts.
15
Sukhtankar, Samir A. "Thermochemical conversion of biomass into fuels and chemicals /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p1418068.
Full text
16
Emerson, Charles W. "Hydrogen energy : a study of the use of anaerobic digester gas to generate electricity utilizing stand-alone hydrogen fuel cells at wastewater treatment plants /." Online version of thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/5474.
Full text
17
Ngai, Yuen-yi Helen, and 魏婉儀. "Soil genesis and vegetation growth in pulverized fuel ash and refuse landfills capped by decomposed granite." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31219780.
Full text
18
Ngai, Yuen-yi Helen. "Soil genesis and vegetation growth in pulverized fuel ash and refuse landfills capped by decomposed granite /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19471166.
Full text
19
Njenga, Beatrice Khamati. "Urban waste management : the potential of household refuse for use in food and fuel production in Nairobi." Thesis, University of Salford, 1998. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/26837/.
Full textAbstract:
Urban waste management poses problems in all cities of the world, but it also provides opportunities for innovative resource use. The Thesis begins by defining the waste management problem of Nairobi in context and then analytically reviews the international status of waste management, contrasting the circumstances in developed economies with those in Tropical Africa. An investigation of household refuse in Nairobi, exploring its embodied energy and its value for composting follows as the focus of the Thesis. Typical households were surveyed in relation to their waste management behaviour and agricultural activities. An attempt was made to analyse the physical and chemical composition of household refuse as well as its energy value. In addition to household surveys, a senior local government official and waste disposal crews were interviewed in order to ascertain current policies and management practices in the handling of waste. Particular attention was paid to the Eastlands area of the City. Ways in which refuse is incorporated into the food and energy cycles were identified. Among the important factors discerned are the role of family structure and the economic position of households. The validity of the research is discussed and recommendations are made for the future of waste management in relation to energy and food production in Nairobi. The findings of the research should have wide application in other African countries.
20
Moore, Paul 1962. "The Analysis of PCDD and PCDF Emissions from the Cofiring of Densified Refuse Derived Fuel and Coal." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1990. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc330690/.
Full textAbstract:
The United States leads the world in per capita production of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), generating approximately 200 million tons per year. By 2000 A.D. the US EPA predicts a 20% rise in these numbers. Currently the major strategies of MSW disposal are (i) landfill and (ii) incineration. The amount of landfill space in the US is on a rapid decline. There are -10,000 landfill sites in the country, of which only 65-70% are still in use. The Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) predicts an 80% landfill closure rate in the next 20 years. The development of a viable energy resource from MSW, in the form of densified Refuse Derived Fuel (dRDF), provides solutions to the problems of MSW generation and fossil fuel depletions. Every 2 tons of MSW yields approximately 1 ton of dRDF. Each ton of dRDF has an energy equivalent of more than two barrels of oil. At current production rates the US is "throwing away" over 200,000,000 barrels of oil a year. In order to be considered a truly viable product dRDF must be extensively studied; in terms of it's cost of production, it's combustion properties, and it's potential for environmental pollution. In 1987 a research team from the University of North Texas, in conjunction with the US DOE and Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), cofired over 550 tons of dRDF and bdRDF with a high sulfur Kentucky coal in a boiler at ANL. This work examines the emission rates of polychlorinated dioxins (PCDDs) and furans (PCDFs) during the combustion of the dRDF, bdRDF, and coal. Even at levels of 50% by Btu content of dRDF in the fuel feedstock, emission rates of PCDDs and PCDFs were below detection limits. The dRDF is shown to be an environmentally acceptable product, which could help resolve one of the major social and environmental problems facing this country today.
21
Mak, Hoi-ting, and 麥凱婷. "The prospect of waste-to-energy facilities in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B43784112.
Full text
22
Schütte, Renate. "The exploitation of methane from landfill." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1015949.
Full textAbstract:
A review of literature on the subject of methane exploitation from landfill is presented in conjunction with the results of experiments concerning landfill gas extraction at the Grahamstown Landfill Site. A description of the LFG extraction system and the utilisation of LFG at the Grahamstown Landfill Site is included. Data concerning LFG enhancement parameters, LFG compositions and flow rates, refuse composition, LFG modelling, LFG pumping trials and the economics of LFG extraction and utilisation are presented. The indication is that LFG can be economically extracted and utilised as a heating fuel in South Africa.
23
Leung, Kei, and 梁[Qi]. "Feasibility study of waste to energy (WTE) facilities in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/194584.
Full textAbstract:
Waste to energy (WTE) has been used in some Asian and European countries for decades. It has been re-considered in Hong Kong to solve the landfill space shortage problem since 2000. The consideration was planned for over 10 years but still has not been implemented due to political and social problem. Due to all landfills will be reaching their designated capacity before 2020, there is urgent need to explore other means of disposal.
Based on international experience in this study, three technologies are identified to have high potentials, moving grate incineration, anaerobic digestion and plasma gasification. Although moving grate incineration are the most widely used as core technology for large scale plant, anaerobic digestion and plasma gasification are more socially acceptable due to its technological difference. Plasma gasification is a newer technology on waste treatment that the government should explore on the integrated waste management facilities project.
The use of all technology variants will cause certain social impacts, and the best use of the facilities affects the benefit to society and influences the public’s view. In the study, the IWMF and OWTF are generally support by the public, but the public’s views are dispersed. Currently the public concerns about the site selection and health & safety problem of both government plan, and required the improvement of recycling and source separation system. Also public are lacking the knowledge of waste management option that Hong Kong could take to solve the waste problem, indicating the need of better government-general public communication mechanism.
The government has to do better planning for the use of WTE and engage the public on different level to minimise the social opposition voice in order to proceed with the WTE plan. Policy to gain public support and remove obstacle from private sector are the major works required instead of pure technical report on the choice of WTE facilities as the government has done in the last decade.published_or_final_version
Environmental Management
Master
Master of Science in Environmental Management
24
Yan, Binghua. "Enhanced methane gas generation by reutilization of acidogenic off-gas during two-phase anaerobic digestion of food waste." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2015. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/160.
Full textAbstract:
Mass balance analysis of two-phase AD indicated that off-gas (H2 and CO2) produced in acidogenic reactor represent up to 30% of the consumed substrate and under most circumstances, this part of energy was not utilized leading to low overall energy recovery. Hence, the objective of this study was to enhance overall energy recovery during two-phase AD of food waste through reutilization of acidogenic off-gas and to further optimize the processes through manipulating the metabolic pathways and controlling acidogenic off-gas production. In the first phase, feasibility of reutilizing acidogenic off-gas in methanogenic reactor and contribution of acidogenic off-gas to overall energy recovery was investigated. Acidogenic off-gas diversion increased the methane gas (CH4, 0.28 L/g VSadded) production up to 38.6%, of which ~8% was contributed by acidogenic off-gas. Both higher hydrolysis rate and COD production were also achieved with off-gas diversion. Metabolic pathway determines the distributions of intermediate soluble products, which constitute the quality of acidogenic leachate. Therefore, two experiments focusing on manipulating metabolic pathways were performed. Firstly, the effects of four levels of headspace pressures, 6-12 psi (T1), ~3-6 psi (T2), ~3 psi (T3) and ambient pressure (T4) were investigated. Mixed acids metabolic pathways prevailed in all the treatments with butyrate as the single major component. Then, four different levels of H2 partial pressure (PH2) were set the next experiment, self-generated PH2 (T1, control), 80% of H2 (T2), 60% of H2 (T3) and 0.04% of H2, while the headspace pressure was kept at 3.3 psi. Typical butyrate fermentation pathways dominated in T4 whereas mixed acid fermentation pathways were prevailing in the other three treatments. Because of the improved hydrolysis/acidogenesis and higher quality of acidogenic products, overall CH4 recovery in T4 (301.0 L/kg VSadded) was 44.6% higher than the control. In Phase III, strategies to enhance acidogenic off-gas production were investigated. First, four types of neutralization modes including daily pH adjustment of leachate to 6.0, methanogenic effluent recirculation, and initial addition of NaOH and lime separately at a dosage of 20.0 and 14.0 g/kg food waste, respectively, were investigated. Obviously, a H2 production rate of 3.0 and 2.1 L/d with lime and NaOH addition was much higher than 0.7 and 0.4 L/d with effluent recirculation and daily adjustment, respectively. Also, addition of alkali agents could enhance the COD leaching of food waste, especially with NaOH. A CH4 production of 11.24 L/d could be attributed to both the elevated leachate quality and the acidogenic off-gas with lime addition. Another experiment investigated the effect of different carbohydrate contents in the substrates on acidogenic H2 production. Anaerobic hydrolysis of wastes sourced from bakery (T1), Chinese-style restaurant (T2), western-style restaurant (T3) and wet market were performed in LBRs. Food waste collected from western-style restaurant with a carbohydrate content of 69.5% achieved the highest H2 production of 61.0 L/kg VSadded. The highest specific CH4 production rate at 0.42 L/gVSadded was also achieved with western restaurant food waste. Finally, the possible redirection of fluxes associated with shift of metabolic pathways from the experiment of PH2 was proposed. Significant increase in the production of butyrate in treatment T4 with PH2 of 3.3 psi × 0.04% indicated the channeling of electrons towards the production of butyrate. Dynamics of the microbial community were correlated with the distribution of metabolites. In T1 without external gas flushing, lactic acid fermentation was dominant during the initial 7-days. Accordingly, phylotypes affiliated to the genus Lactobacillus sp. were detected. A heterlatic fermentation pathway was observed in in both T2 and T4 during first four days, and thereafter the fermentation pathways shifted towards acetate and butyrate as dominant products, which were accompanied by changing the microbial community with phylotypes of Clostridium sp. and Bifidobacterium sp. becoming dominant. To conclude, reutilization of acidogenic off-gas by diversion to methanogenic phase is a promising strategy for enhancing overall energy recovery during two-phase AD of food waste. However, improvement of the short-lived acidogenic H2 production and H2/CO2 ratio needs further investigation.
25
Tai, Chia-Hui. "Trace Elemental Analysis of Ashes in the Combustion of the Binder Enhanced d-RDF by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1988. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc501168/.
Full textAbstract:
Incineration is an attractive solution to the problems of disposing of municipal solid wastes and supplying energy. Because up to 25 percent of the waste in refuse-derived-fuel systems is ash, the physical and chemical characteristics of ash become more and more important for its potential impacts and methods suitable for their disposal. Trace elements concentration in ash is of great interest because of its relationship to regulatory criteria under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) regarding toxicity and hazards. The applications of a microwave oven sample dissolution method has been tested on a variety of standard reference materials, with reproducible and accurate results. Fourteen trace elements, As, Ba, Be, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Tl, V, and Zn, from the dissolved ash samples were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry.
26
Serutla, Bokhabane Tlotliso Violet. "Potential for energy recovery and its economic evaluation from a municipal solid wastes landfill in Cape Town." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2463.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MTech (Chemical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016.Landfill gases, principally methane, CH4 are produced from the decomposition of the municipal solid wastes deposited on landfill sites. These gases can be captured and converted into usable energy or electricity which will assist in addressing energy needs of South Africa. Its capture also reduces the problems associated with greenhouse gases. The aim of this study is to estimate gases that can be produced from the Bellville landfill site in Cape Town. The landfill gas capacity was estimated using Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) model. The IPCC model showed that 48 447m3/year of landfill gas capacity was determined only in 2013. The LFGTE process plant is designed in a manner of purifying landfill gas, which at the end methane gets up being the only gas combusted. As a matter of fact 14 544kg/year of gases which consists mainly methane gets combusted. The average energy that can be produced based on the generated landfill gas capacity (methane gas) is 1,004MWh/year. This translates to R1. 05million per year at Eskom’s current tariff of R2.86 /kWh) including sales from CO2 which is a by-product from the designed process plant. A LFGTE process plant has been developed from the gathered information on landfill gas capacity and the amount of energy that can be generated from the gas. In order, to start-up this project the total fixed capital costs of this project required amounted up to R2.5 million. On the other hand, the project made a profit amounted to R3.9million, the Net profit summed up to R1. 3million and the payback time of Landfill Gas ToEnergy (LFGTE) project is 4years.The break-even of the project is on second year of the plant’s operation. The maximum profit that this project can generate is around R1. 1million. The life span of the plant is nine years. Aspen plus indicated that about 87% of pure methane was separated from CO2 and H2S for combustion at theabsorption gas outletstream. I would suggest this project to be done because it is profitable when by-products such as CO2 sales add to the project’s revenues.
27
Attili, Bassam Saleem. "Particle size distribution and qualitative/quantitative analysis of trace metals in the combustion gas and fly ash of coal/refuse derived fuel." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1991. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc332571/.
Full textAbstract:
This work includes two different areas of research. Both areas are related to the combustion of the binder-enhanced densified refuse derived fuel (bdRDF) with high sulfur coal and examining trace elements. The first area of this work involved studying the trace metals in the combustion gas of bdRDF/coal blend and the effect of the binder, CA(OH)2, on reducing the trace elements emissions. The second area of work involved studying the trace elements in the fly ash and the effect of the dRDF and the binder of trace metals.
28
Seres, Stephen. "The power generation sector's demand for fossil fuels : a quantitative assessment on the viability of carbon fees for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=31535.
Full textAbstract:
The demand for fossil fuels by Ontario's conventional steam power generation sector is examined. It is hypothesised that the enactment of a carbon fee policy will induce a change in the relative prices of the three fuels used in this sector (coal, natural gas and heavy fuel oil). This would lead to substantial interfuel substitution and greenhouse gas abatement. The demand share equations for the three fuels are derived from the translog functional form and set in a simulation model to estimate the value of a carbon fee necessary, to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in compliance with the Kyoto Protocol. Results suggest that a fuel specific carbon fee policy would be successful in achieving the desired emissions reduction at a negligible net cost to society.
29
Altare, Gabriele, Germano Franzoni, Jarmo Harsia, and Thomas Hickey. "Latest Technology Advancements in Hydraulic Systems for Refuse Vehicle Applications: The Case of an Automated Side Loader." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-200609.
Full textAbstract:
The present paper describes an innovative electro-hydraulic system developed for automated side loaders. The system is based on Intelligent Flow Control (IFC), a concept where open circuit electric displacement controlled pumps are coupled with EH directional control valves. IFC was selected in order to achieve the level of performance required, in terms of efficiency and productivity (i.e. cycle times), and also to provide the best possible control of the side loader arm. The paper describes the system layout and the basics of the controls: from the alghorithms of the arm actuators to the vehicle on board telemetry and diagnostic. The paper reports the comparison between the IFC system (implemented on the vehicle) and a more traditional approach based on a Load Sense Flow Sharing concept. The benefits of the IFC solution are highlighted focusing on the energy efficiency (very important especially in the case of CNG engines, where the torque available at idle is significantly lower than diesel engines), but also in terms of controlability and response (due to the lack of load sensing signal lines).
30
Paštěka, Michal. "Návrh roštového kotle na spalování tříděného odpadu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-241207.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of the master’s thesis is design of grade boiler for combustion refuse derived fuel. There are specified the steam parameters and the fuel-element analysis, based on this analysis are determined stoichiometric calculation. Furthermore is calculated heat balance of the boiler, heat losses and thermal efficiency of the boiler. From the parameters are design main dimensions and parameters heat-transfer surfaces and the boiler.
31
Ševčík, Martin. "NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY FOR REFUSE DERIVED FUEL : Classification of waste material components using hyperspectral imaging and feasibility study of inorganic chlorine content quantification." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-42376.
Full textAbstract:
This degree project focused on examining new possible application of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy for quantitative and qualitative characterization of refuse derived fuel (RDF). Particularly, two possible applications were examined as part of the project. Firstly, use of NIR hyperspectral imaging for classification of common materials present in RDF. The classification was studied on artificial mixtures of materials commonly present in municipal solid waste and RDF. Data from hyperspectral camera was used as an input for machine learning models to train them, validate them, and test them. Three classification machine learning models were used in the project; partial least-square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), support vector machine (SVM), and radial basis neural network (RBNN). Best results for classifying the materials into 11 distinct classes were reached for SVM (accuracy 94%), even though its high computational cost makes it not very suitable for real-time deployment. Second best result was reached for RBNN (91%) and the lowest accuracy was recorded for PLS-DA model (88%). On the other hand, the PLS-DA model was the fastest, being 10 times faster than the RBNN and 100 times faster than the SVM. NIR spectroscopy was concluded as a suitable method for identification of most common materials in RDF mix, except for incombustible materials like glass, metals, or ceramics. The second part of the project uncovered a potential in using NIR spectroscopy for identification of inorganic chlorine content in RDF. Experiments were performed on samples of textile impregnated with a water solution of kitchen salt representing NaCl as inorganic chlorine source. Results showed that contents of 0.2-1 wt.% of salt can be identified in absorbance spectra of the samples. Limitation appeared to be water content of the examined samples, as with too large amount of water in the sample, the influence of salt on NIR absorbance spectrum of water was too small to be recognized.FUDIPO
32
Poslusny, Matthew. "Analysis of PAH and PCB Emissions from the Combustion of dRDF and the Nondestructive Analysis of Stamp Adhesives." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1989. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc331998/.
Full textAbstract:
This work includes two unrelated areas of research. The first portion of this work involved combusting densified refuse derived fuel (dRDF) with coal and studying the effect that Ca(0H)2 binder had on reducing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) emissions. The second area of work was directed at developing nondestructive infrared techniques in order to aid in the analysis of postage stamp adhesives. With Americans generating 150-200 million tons a year of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) and disposing of nearly ninety percent of it in landfills, it is easy to understand why American landfills are approaching capacity. One alternative to landfilling is to process the MSW into RDF. There are technical and environmental problems associated with RDF. This work provides some answers concerning the amount of PAH and PCB emissions generated via the combustion of RDF with coal. It was found that the Ca(OH)2 binder greatly reduced both the PAH and the PCB emissions. In fact, PAH emissions at the ten-percent level were reduced more by using the binder than by the pollution control equipment. If the Ca(0H)2 binder can reduce not only PAH and PCB emissions, but also other noxious emissions, such as acid gases or dioxin, RDF technology could soon be the answer to the current landfill problems. The second portion of this work focused on developing a method to analyze stamp adhesives nondestructively. Using this method, it was fairly easy to differentiate among the three different types of adhesives that have been used by the United States Postal Service: gum arabic, dextrin, and polyvinyl alcohol. Differences caused by changes in chemicals added to the adhesives were also detected. Also, forgeries were detected with as much success, if not more, than by conventional methods. This work also led to the construction of equipment that allows large samples to be analyzed by reflectance infrared methods.
33
Myo, Min Win. "Thermochemical conversion characteristics of gas and tar generation from waste biomass and plastics." Kyoto University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/253264.
Full text
34
Mokriš, Lukáš. "Roštový kotel na spalování tříděného odpadu 70t/h,4MPa, 400°C." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-230882.
Full textAbstract:
The goal of this Master’s Thesis is to design a refuse derived fuel (RDF) fired steam boiler with 70 t/h processing ability. The assignment consists of requested output parameters of overheated steam and analysis of fuel components. This analysis was used for stoichiometric calculation of fuel. Furthermore, heat balance of the boiler was calculated, from which was determined the heat loss and the efficiency of the boiler. Individual designs and calculations of heating surfaces and boiler dimensions were carried out from requested output parameters.
35
Jen, Jen-Fon. "Analysis of Acid Gas Emissions in the Combustion of the Binder Enhanced d-RDF by Ion Chromatography." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1988. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc331848/.
Full textAbstract:
Waste-to-energy has become an attractive alternative to landfills. One concern in this development is the release of pollutants in the combustion process. The binder enhanced d-RDF pellets satisfy the requirements of environmental acceptance, chemical/biological stability, and being storeable. The acid gas emissions of combusting d-RDF pellets with sulfur-rich coal were analyzed by ion chromatography and decreased when d-RDF pellets were utilized. The results imply the possibility of using d-RDF pellets to substitute for sulfur-rich coal as fuel, and also substantiate the effectiveness of a binder, calcium hydroxide, in decreasing emissions of SOx.
In order to perform the analysis of the combustion sample, sampling and sample pretreatment methods prior to the IC analysis and the first derivative detection mode in IC are investigated as well. At least two trapping reagents are necessary for collecting acid gases: one for hydrogen halides, and the other for NOx and SOx. Factors affecting the absorption of acid gases are studied, and the strength of an oxidizing agent is the main factor affecting the collection of NOx and SOx. The absorption preference series of acid gases are determined and the absorption models of acid gases in trapping reagents are derived from the analytical results. To prevent the back-flushing of trapping reagents between impingers when leak-checking, a design for the sampling train is suggested, which can be adopted in sample collections. Several reducing agents are studied for pretreating the sample collected in alkali-permanganate media. Besides the recommendation of the hydrogen peroxide solution in EPA method, methanol and formic acid are worth considering as alternate reducing agents in the pretreatment of alkaline-permanganate media prior to IC analysis. The first derivative conductivity detection mode is developed and used in IC system. It is efficient for the detection and quantification of overlapping peaks as well as being applicable for non-overlapping peaks.
36
Sampaio, Raquel Paschoal. "Estudo de caso dos possíveis efeitos deletérios causados pelo combustível derivado de resíduos (CDR) em caldeiras voltadas a produção de energia elétrica queimando principalmente bagaço de cana." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18147/tde-20072015-152703/.
Full textAbstract:
O estado de São Paulo produz cerca de 58.700 t/dia de resíduos dividido pelos seus 645 municípios nas vizinhanças de aproximadamente 170 usinas de açúcar e álcool. Diante deste fato, é evidente o potencial para se fazer o uso consorciado destes dois combustíveis na geração de energia. Este trabalho investigou os possíveis efeitos deletérios que a presença de cloro, flúor, sódio e potássio possam trazer nas caldeiras voltadas para a produção de energia elétrica, utilizando bagaço de cana e combustível derivado de resíduo (CDR). Foi realizada uma busca criteriosa na literatura internacional a fim de possíveis efeitos deletérios em caldeiras de biomassa para a produção de energia em razão do uso consorciado de resíduo, no aspecto da integridade da caldeira, principalmente no papel desempenhado pelos elementos, cloro, flúor, sódio e potássio, e em seguida uma análise criteriosa dos resultados encontrados. Esta análise foi realizada através de um estudo de caso, considerando uma caldeira de leito fluidizado borbulhante (BFB) de 60MW, queimando bagaço e parte do resíduo de uma cidade de 600.000 habitantes. Verificou-se que o resíduo que a cidade produz pode ser transformado em CDR que irá alimentar a caldeira como combustível auxiliar, produzindo energia elétrica de forma limpa e sustentável. Um parâmetro utilizado para se definir a quantidade máxima de CDR queimada na caldeira, foi o cloro específico, calculado pela razão entre o teor de cloro e o poder calorífico inferior (PCI) do combustível. Com base na literatura encontrada, limitou-se o cloro específico em 40 mg/MJ, para que não haja danos a integridade do equipamento. A combustão consorciada de bagaço de cana e CDR pode ser uma alternativa para o estado de São Paulo reduzir o problema da falta de aterros para descarte de resíduos e uma possibilidade para as usinas de açúcar e álcool produzirem energia elétrica por um período mais extenso no ano, economizando bagaço de cana.The state of São Paulo produces about 58,700 tons/day waste divided by its 645 municipalities in the vicinity of about 170 sugar and alcohol mills. Given this fact, the potential is evident to make the consortium use of these two fuels in power generation. This paper investigated the potential deleterious effects that the presence of chlorine, fluoride, sodium and potassium can bring the boilers focused on the production of electric power using bagasse and refuse derived fuel (RDF). A thorough search in the international literature with the view to possible deleterious effects on biomass boilers for power generation because of consortium use of residue in the boiler integrity aspect, particularly the role played by the elements chlorine, fluorine, sodium and potassium, and then a careful analysis of the results. This analysis was conducted through a case study, considering a bubbling fluidized bed (BFB) boiler of 60 MW, burning bagasse and part of the residue of a city of 600,000 inhabitants. It was found that the residue that the city produces can be turned into RDF which will feed the boiler as an auxiliary fuel, producing electricity in a clean and sustainable manner. A parameter used to set the maximum amount of burned RDF in the boiler, was the specific chlorine, measured by the ratio between the chlorine content and the lower heating value (LHV) of the fuel. Based on the literature found, the specific chlorine was limited to 40 mg/MJ, so there is no damage to the integrity of the equipment. The consortium combustion of bagasse and RDF can be an alternative to the state of São Paulo reduce the problem of landfills for waste disposal and a possibility for the sugar and alcohol mills producing electric power for a longer period in the year, saving bagasse.
37
Basov, Mykhailo. "Návrh roštového kotle s přirozenou cirkulací na spalování RDF." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-319264.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis deals with a project of steam boiler to combustion of refused-derived fuel. Considering the required fuel and output parameters of the steam was made the thermal calculation of boiler with it design and an individual calculation of heat exchange surfaces; hydrodynamic and aerodynamic calculations of the steam boiler.
38
Krolák, Michal. "Roštový kotel na spalování tříděného odpadu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-378710.
Full textAbstract:
This master's thesis deals with design of steam grade boiler for burning refuse derived fuel with power output of 70 t/h. The assignment contain a requiered steam output parameters and composition of fuel. From this composition of fuel is calculated stoichiometric calculation, the heat loss and the efficiency of boiler. After that follows a design of the boiler with closer design of each of the heating surfaces.
39
Vítámvás, Zdeněk. "Parní kotel na spalování tříděného odpadu 85t/h." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-229411.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis deals with a project of steam boiler to combustion of refused-derived fuel. With respect of required fuel and output parameters of the steam was worked out stoichiometry, energy loss and boiler efficiency, heat flows was allocate to individual heat exchange surfaces. The heat exchange surfaces was calculate and project in detail.
40
Nobre, Catarina Pereira. "Thermochemical upgrading of Refuse Derived Fuel." Doctoral thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/77043.
Full textAbstract:
The main objective of this thesis was to study Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) upgrading by torrefaction and carbonization and to evaluate composition, fuel properties and adsorbent properties of the produced RDF chars
RDF is a solid fuel produced from non-hazardous wastes, such as municipal solid wastes, construc-tion and demolition wastes or regular industrial wastes, and it is destined for energy production through incineration or co-incineration. Despite the processing, RDF still exhibits unattractive fuel properties, namely high heterogeneity, high moisture and ash contents and low grindability.
In a first approach, torrefaction (200-300 ºC) and carbonization (350 and 400 ºC) were applied to an industrial RDF sample, at a laboratory scale, using residence times between 15 and 60 minutes. The produced chars were characterized for their proximate, elemental and mineral compositions, heating value and leaching behavior. The increase in temperature and residence time showed a positive effect on the decrease in volatile matter and increase in fixed carbon content, as well as carbon content and high heating value (HHV). Leaching tests of the produced chars showed that heavy metals are better retained by the char matrix than within the raw RDF. For temperatures in the torrefaction range, process energy yields were higher than 96.3 % and process energy efficiencies were higher than 85 %. Never-theless, the HHV of these RDF chars were lower than 19.4 MJ.kg-1. In the carbonization range, RDF chars presented HHV in the range of 20.1 to 26.2 MJ.kg-1, with energy yields from 84.5 to 91.7 % and process energy efficiencies from 70.8 to 79.2 %.
Torrefaction and carbonization tests were also carried out on a pre-pilot scale at 300 and 400 °C, and all products, namely char, condensates and permanent gases were collected and characterized. Chars showed high carbon contents (61.6 % and 80.2 %, 300 ° C and 400 ° C, respectively) and high calorific values (19.9 MJ.kg-1 and 23.5 MJ.kg-1, at 300 °C and 400 °C, respectively). Nevertheless, the ash content of the produced chars increased when compared to the raw RDF, reaching a maximum value of 28.8 wt.%. The thermal treatment caused the organic chlorine present in the RDF to be converted into inor-ganic species which could be removed by washing with water at room temperature. Gaseous emissions were mostly composed of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, with lower amounts of methane and hydrogen. The process condensates showed very high COD values and consisted mainly of oxygenated organic compounds, such as acids, furans and phenols.
Although the chars produced by torrefaction and carbonization have presented improved fuel prop-erties, hydrothermal carbonization was also tested in order to validate its potential in the production of hydrochars with reduced ash and chlorine contents. The effects of process temperature (250-300 °C), residence time (30 min and 120 min) and solid-to-water ratio (1:15 and 1:5) on the main characteristics of the hydrochars and process waters were evaluated. The hydrochars had a low ash content (3.3 % at 300 °C and 120 min) and good heating values (28.1 MJ.kg-1 at 275 °C and 120 min). The HTC process also revealed a maximum dechlorination efficiency of 55 % at 300 °C for 120 min. The energy efficiency calculations showed that the conditions of 275 °C, 30 minutes with a solid-to-water ratio of 1:5 had lower energy requirements (5.6 MJ), presenting a positive net energy (8.5 MJ) and a higher process efficiency (52.6 %). The process waters presented acid pH, high COD (maximum 27.2 gO2.L-1) and significant concentrations of total phenolic compounds and total reducing sugars. Several organic com-pounds have been identified in process waters, mainly organic acids, alcohols, furan derivatives, phe-nolic compounds and aromatic hydrocarbons. Remediation of the HTC process water was attempted through chemical precipitation and adsorption using activated carbon and RDF derived char. Although removal efficiencies for COD and phenolic compounds were higher for activated carbon, RDF char may be a more sustainable adsorbent to be used in the treatment of these liquid effluents, due to its availability and low cost when compared to activated carbon.
The evaluation of the energetic valorization of RDF char by gasification was carried out at a pre-pilot scale using pellets of pine waste fortified with 5 % and 10 % of RDF char. The gasification tests were carried out at the temperatures of 800 and 850 °C and equivalence ratios of 0.25 and 0.30. The product gas yield ranged from 1.5 to 2.5 m3.kg-1 and was higher for an equivalence ratio of 0.25. The carbon conversion efficiency and the cold gas efficiency ranged from 60.4 to 96.1 % and 42.2 to 73.5 %, respectively. The pellets with RDF char had a better gasification performance at 850 ºC and ER 0.25. The incorporation of RDF char increased the concentrations of heavy PAHs in the gasification tars.
Finally, the material valorization of the RDF char was tested through its use as a low-cost adsorbent for the removal of the dye methylene blue or the heavy metal chromium (VI) from aqueous effluents. The experiments were carried out in batch and column modes and process parameters were varied, namely, contact time, solution pH, adsorbent mass, contaminant concentration, test temperature or col-umn height. RDF char showed potential to remediate methylene blue, and it has been found that the adsorption may follow a chemical adsorption mechanism. Activation of the RDF char by extraction with aqueous KOH improved its removal efficiency towards both analytes.
41
Neves, José Luís Moreira. "Study of Refuse Derived Fuel Hydrogasification." Master's thesis, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/140759.
Full text
42
Sousa, Manuel Afonso Vidal de. "Production of methane via hydrogasification of Refuse Derived Fuel." Master's thesis, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/115404.
Full text
43
Sousa, Manuel Afonso Vidal de. "Production of methane via hydrogasification of Refuse Derived Fuel." Dissertação, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/115404.
Full text
44
Sousa, Manuel Afonso Vidal de. "Production of methane via hydrogasification of Refuse Derived Fuel." Dissertação, 2002. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/115404.
Full text
45
CHEN, KAI-CHI, and 陳凱齊. "Refuse Derived Fuel from Agricultural wastes and Oil Sludge." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/7pfz2p.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立高雄科技大學
環境與安全衛生工程系
107
The petroleum industry produces a lot of oil sludge during production process and storage, which contains amounts of hydrocarbons, is suitable for recycling and reuse as an available resource. Though the oil sludge contains high heating value, it is difficult to be ignited. In this study, waste mushroom bag with good combustion characteristics is added, and blended in different proportions to evaluate the feasibility of making refuse derived fuel (RDF). The blending ratio (weight ratio, g/g) is 8:2 (O8:M2), 7:3 (O7:M3), 6:4 (O6:M4), 5:5 (O5:M5). The results show that the combustibility(87.43, 87.37, 86.78, 86.75%) and heating value(9,176, 8,452, 7,871, 7,279 cal/g) of RDF decrease while the ratio of mushroom bag has increased. On the other hand, the results of the combustion characteristics analysis increase when the ratio of mushroom bag has increased, the comprehensive combustion characteristics are O5:M5 > O6:M4 > O7:M3 > O8:M2. According to the comprehensive evaluation and analysis results, the best ratio of oil sludge and waste mushroom bag is O6:M4(water 8.78%, ash 4.44%, combustibility 86.78%, heating value 7,871 cal/g), it can not only replace some fossil fuels as an energy source, but also assist in the treatment of agricultural waste, in line with the effective use of renewable resources, and achieves the goal of circular economy.
46
Wei-Cheng, Lin, and 林威呈. "Dehydrochlorination of Fuel Gas and Its Effect on Syngas for Refuse Derived Fuel Gasification." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/70493404756159647835.
Full text
47
Isaac, Kerina. "The co-combustion performance of South African coal and refuse derived fuel." Thesis, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/29052.
Full textAbstract:
School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering, November 2019This research focuses on the co-firing of low-quality coal with refuse derived fuel (RDF) as a means to utilise some of the abundant high-ash coal available in South Africa as a fuel co-fired with RDF in existing pulverised fuel boilers. The use of RDF is also a means to reduce the volume of waste dumped in landfill sites. The physicochemical characteristics of the RDF, run of mine coal (ROM) and discard coal were investigated, along with the co-combustion behaviour and kinetics of the RDFs, coal and their blends at different weight ratios. The blends tested contained 85%, 70%, 50% and 25% coal with the remaining proportion made up of RDF. The gaseous emissions and ash residue from the combustion of coal, RDF and coal/RDF blends were also analysed to determine the environmental impact of co-firing with RDF. The physicochemical analysis revealed that the run-of-mine and discard coal have relatively low calorific values of 21.7 MJ/kg and 16.7 MJ/kg, respectively. The RDF samples were comprised of plastic and paper, as well as smaller amounts of other materials. The RDF sample containing mostly plastic (PL) and the other containing mostly paper (PB) were found to have higher energy contents of 31.2 MJ/kg and 22.4 MJ/kg, respectively. The thermogravimetric analysis was performed in an atmosphere of air, over a temperature range of 25 – 850°C, and the results showed that the RDF samples had lower ignition, devolatilisation, and burnout temperatures compared to the coals. The ignition temperatures for the blended fuel occurs in the lower temperature region when RDF is added to the blend, likewise the peak temperatures and burnout temperatures shifted to a lower temperature zone. The activation energies (Ea) were determined using the Coats-Redfern method. The Ea for the ROM coal of 104.4 kJ/mol, was found to reduce to 31.4 kJ/mol for 75% PB + 25% coal and 35 kJ/mol for 75% PL + 25% coal blends, respectively. The discard coal which had an Ea of 109.9 kJ/mol was reduced to 30.9 kJ/mol with the (paper blend) and 33.5 kJ/mol with the (plastic blend) for the 75% RDF + 25% coal discard blends. The analysis of the ash for the chloride and alkali metal content in the RDFs, coal samples and their blends were determined with the use of ion chromatography and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) techniques. The co-combustion ash of discard coal and RDF showed a decrease in chloride and alkali metal content as the ratio of coal was increased in the blend. The calculated slagging and fouling indices showed that as the coal ratio in the blend increases, the propensity of the fuel to slag and foul the boiler surfaces decreases. The propensity to slag was found to be low for the ash obtained from the co-fired blends, while the propensity to foul decreased from high to medium range for all the blends with less than 75% of the RDF PB. The concentration of gases emitted from the combustion and co-combustion test was determined with the aid of an MGA 11 mobile gas analyzer connected online at 1 scan per second. The co-combustion of RDF with coal showed a decrease in SO2 emissions from (387 ppm) for the discard coal to within the legislated maximum emission for South African new coal fired plants. This was attained with samples containing ˃ 15% PL and ˃ 30% PB RDF. The lowest SO2 emission of 50 ppm was achieved for the blend of 25% discard coal (C2) + 75% PL. The RDF sample (PL) emitted the highest NOx emission of 143 ppm. The peak concentration of NOx emitted was increased with the addition of RDF during co-combustion, however, the duration of the emission was greatly reduced and all samples were within the South African standard limits. There was also an increase in the emissions of CO and CO2 which could be due to the high volatile matter content of the RDF. The lowest CO2 emissions was 6000 ppm and this was achieved with the blend of 85% C2 + 15% PB. It was established in this study that the most favourable fuel blend that could be used for power generation is that of discard coal (70%) and PL (30%). This was based on the activation energy obtained from this blend, with the lowest apparent activation energies of 55.8 kJ/mol and 54.2 kJ/mol for the volatile and char combustion, respectively. This makes this blend the preferred alternative fuel to be fired in the existing pulverised fuel boilers, or other type of industrial boilers, in South Africa.
PH2020
48
Chang, ChinCheng, and 張志誠. "The Research on Formability of Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF-5)." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/12736386351175225113.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立交通大學
機械工程系
91
RDF-5 is a fuel product recovered from combustible wastes. The producing processes of RDF-5 includes crushing, drying, separating and forming. This kind of product not only can solve the problem of municipal solid wastes but also have great advantage in recycling. This research focuses on the formability of RDF-5. After literatures survey, simplified material models such as continuum material and porous material were extruded numerically by FEM to obtain the basic relationships between extrusion pressure and extrusion parameters. On the bases of these relationships, extrusion experiments were conducted on wood saw dust and moisture contents of saw dust, extrusion ratios and half die angles were taken as controlled parameters to explore the formability of RDF-like saw dust. According to the results of experiments, the moisture content of saw dust was found to be the most significant effect on the formation of sound and solid extrusion product, while other extrusion parameters show inrelevant effect. Similar to results of metal extrusion, large extrusion ratio and higher half die angle require large forming pressure. Finally, straw, waste plastics and waste carton, which are typical ingredients in the RDF, were also extruded in the same experiment procedures to explore their formabilities. Similar results as those obtained from dust saw experiment were obtained.
49
Fong, Yen-Shou, and 馮彥碩. "The pellet research for rice straw in refuse derived fuel." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/25026957787957423322.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中央大學
機械工程研究所
95
The agriculture of Taiwan developed prosperity. The treatment of agricultural wastes has been failed to deal carefully with all the time. RDF technology was used as the main shaft in this research and the agricultural wastes of rice straw carries on the discussion. The expectation can bring a good contribution for the treatment which discards the rice straw. The influential parameter of pelleting includes moisture content, mold design and pelleting pressure. The rice straw that was just gathered in nearly had 70% extremely high moisture content and was not suitable for pelleting, so regard reducing moisture content of rice straw as the main goal. The result of study found that if shines the rice straw under the fine condition on day, spend about 2 days can reduced moisture content of rice straw under 14% suitable for pelleting. Because the rice straw is very fluffy, so the purpose of pelleting lies in convenient transportation. The best pelleting condition includes mainly: it makes the density higher than 1 g/cm3 that the packing amount needs reaching, the moisture content is in 8-14% of the ranges, but if over 20% will cause the rice straw it was unable to pellet and pelleting pressure was higher than 40 kg/cm2. The difference of the moisture content is the greatest reason for influencing the volume expansion of the finished product; it will cause the volume of the finished product to have inflation by a large margin very that the moisture content is more than 20%. This research also probes into the energy consumed in the course of making RDF. The main purpose is because RDF process needs to use energy made to it, and then burning and giving us energy, so energy benefit is an important topic.
50
張明益. "Analyses of Environmental and Economic Benefits of Refuse Derived Fuel System." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/69856040081130956506.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
環境工程學研究所
91
The refuse derived fuel (RDF) technique in our country has been stagnated in the stage of information collection and model test. In the assessment of energy, economic and environmental aspects regarding refuse derived fuel, we acquire relevant information through the statistic data obtained from the running plants in Japan. Yet, due to the deviation of some basic properties in the refuse origin, we cannot reach further exploring and study regarding the diverse benefits of refuse derived fuel that may possibly appear if it’s practically performed in Taiwan. Meanwhile, we are unable to predict actually if there is a sufficient economic-market-benefit for the refuse derived fuel plant operated in Taiwan. This study is mainly through the result of planning and design as well as beneficial assessment of real plants under operation to reach the following three purposes: 1. Analyze and compare the deviation of diverse benefits between the RDF plants in Taiwan and Japan, 2. Simulate various operation plans and find out the best plan and its incentive of investment through economic analysis, and then acquire the direction of market exploration, 3. Compare the contribution toward the environmental benefit (for example, take the reduction of greenhouse gases emission regarding the greenhouse effect) of RDF operation with other handling plans of refuse, to accommodate to the reduction of flue gas emission amount in regard of the greenhouse effect. The result of this study is abstracted as follows: in the aspect of energy input manufactured by RDF, if we use 1 kg refuse as the calculation base, then the requirements of power and fuel oil are 0.307 kwh and 0.07L respectively, which is higher than Japan case (0.17 kwh and 0.0435L), hence the energy recovery rate for Taiwan RDF is relatively lower than Japan. As a result of economic assessment, under the best operation mode, the net present value of investment in this study case is about 50,785,000 (the net present value rate is 84.55%), the retrieving period is 8.5 years and the internal rate of return to investment is 13.58%, which seems to be a sound investing plan. The analyzing result of plan sensitivity shows that the income of refuse treatment fee is the most significant factor influencing the feasibility of this plan. When the unit refuse- treatment cost is above 2,060/MT, the plan is feasible. In the analyzing result of environmental benefit with regard to the reduction of greenhouse gases emission amount corresponding to the greenhouse effect, it shows that there is 1.71 kg equivalent of carbon dioxide that can be reduced by producing one kwh electric power from the dealing of RDF in lieu of burning the refuse directly. If we estimate that we will handle 20% of national refuse generated using RDF process, then it will totally reduce approximately 2.06 million equivalent of carbon dioxide generated and emitted to the atmosphere annually. And the Eco-efficiency index of RDF method dealing with refuse is 1.94 times higher than the large-scale refuse incinerating plant as well.