Relevant bibliographies by topics / Refuse and refuse disposal – Germany

Academic literature on the topic 'Refuse and refuse disposal – Germany'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Refuse and refuse disposal – Germany"

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Mela Danjin, Henry O. Sawyerr, and Solomon O. Adewoye. "Association between malnutrition and some water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) factors among school children in Gombe State, Nigeria." World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences 5, no. 1 (January 30, 2021): 055–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjbphs.2021.5.1.0006.

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The state of the environment in which we live and certain hygienic practices we indulge in has been known to affect our nutritional status. This study was aimed at examining the association between malnutrition and some selected water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) practices among school children in Gombe State Nigeria. A cross sectional survey was conducted between March and June, 2019. A total of 745 pupils were selected from 12 public and 6 private schools across 6 LGAs in Gombe state, using multi-stage sampling technique. Anthropometric measurements of heights and weights of the study participants were done using standard instruments and procedures. Other relevant data (age, sex, some environmental variables etc) were collected using a structured template. Data analysis was done using IBM SPSS version 21 and key variables were presented using descriptive statistics, while associations were tested using Chi square. Odd ratio (OR) was used to estimate risks of malnutrition among the subjects and p-value was set at 0.05. The pupils had a mean age of 9.96±2.26 years, 50.9% of whom were males the rest being females. Though 84.6% of them had toilets in their residences not all of them (98.6%) put them to use. A good proportion (79.1%) dispose their refuse by dumping and slightly more than half of them (51.7%) have access to pipe borne water. And though only two (method of refuse disposal and source of drinking water) out of the eight WASH variables studied were found to be associated with underweight (Composite indicator of malnutrition), all the eight variables were found to be associated with stunting (chronic malnutrition). Overall, 20.8% and 22.4% of the subjects were underweight and stunted, respectively. The foregoing raises a germane concern about the role of WASH in malnutrition among school children and the need for a comprehensive and sustainable school feeding programme in the state and country at large. There should also be an integration of a WASH component in all nutrition intervention programmes.
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Goldstein, L. "Refuse disposal." Analysis 62, no. 3 (July 1, 2002): 236–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/analys/62.3.236.

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Horn, Marguerite E. "“Garbage” In, “Refuse and Refuse Disposal” Out." Library Resources & Technical Services 46, no. 3 (July 1, 2002): 92–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/lrts.46n3.92.

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Gifford-Gonzalez, Diane. "Constructing Community Through Refuse Disposal." African Archaeological Review 31, no. 2 (June 2014): 339–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10437-014-9159-2.

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NAGATA, Katsuya, Ryouhei KAIDUKA, Tomohide OSHIO, and Morihiro OSADA. "Life Cycle Assessment for the New Refuse Disposal Technology : Assessment for the Combination of New Refuse Disposal Technology." Proceedings of the Symposium on Environmental Engineering 2000.10 (2000): 188–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeenv.2000.10.188.

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Yola, I. A., and I. S. Diso. "Compost making from refuse sourced from Kano Metropolitan, Kano State, Nigeria." Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 12, no. 2 (February 8, 2021): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v12i2.5.

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Municipal-solid waste (MSW) in towns and cities of Nigeria are either allowed to rot or burnt which causes the release of greenhouse gases in the process. The heap of uncollected refuse in Kano municipal causes serious health hazards and menacing public disorder. This research investigated the Kano municipal refuse for compost making, instead of using waste disposal technique such as landfilling. Refuse samples from Dorayi/Zage and Rimin Kira refuse dumping sites Kano Municipal, Kano State Nigeria were collected. The refuse samples were sorted and all the non-biodegradables materials were removed. A compost was made from Sample N in 20 days while 9 days was required to produce a compost from sample P. Kjeldahl Nitrogen determination method and simple procedure for total carbon determination method were used to determine the percentages of nitrogen and carbon in the samples. The results have shown that, the percentages of nitrogen in the samples were found to be 1.64% for sample N and 1.71% for sample P. The percentages of carbon in the samples are 6.8% for sample N and 6.3% for sample P. The C/N ratio for sample N was 4.15:1 and that of sample P was 3.69:1.Kano municipal refuse contains a lot of organic wastes which are very difficult to incinerate. Therefore, Composting method is the best option for the disposal of the refuse rather than directly dumped in the streets.
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Sun, Xiaojie, Yingjie Sun, Youcai Zhao, and Ya-Nan Wang. "Leachate recirculation between alternating aged refuse bioreactors and its effect on refuse decomposition." Environmental Technology 35, no. 7 (November 4, 2013): 799–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2013.852625.

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Grakhotskiy, A. P. "Trials of Members of Einsatzkommando 8 in West Germany: Gaswagen and the Holocaust in Mogilev." Actual Problems of Russian Law 17, no. 1 (December 20, 2021): 11–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2022.134.1.011-030.

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In 1942, in order to execute the genocide of Jews in Belarus, along with carrying out mass executions, the Nazis began to use gaswagens. In June 1942, a «special vehicle» appeared at the disposal of Einsatzkommando 8 in Mogilev. Based on the trials’ recordings and protocols, it can be assumed that at least 2,500 Jews of the Mogilev region were poisoned in gas vans (gaswagens). Details of the crimes committed by the Nazis with the use of gas vans became known in the 1960s, when lawsuits were held in the Federative Republic of Germany against former members of Einsatzkommando 8: A. Garnishmacher, G. Richter, G. Haase, G. Schlechte, K. Strohammer. The paper sets the goal, using the example of trials against the members of Einsatzkommando 8, to determine what legal assessment West Germany justice gave to the Nazi atrocities associated with the extermination of Jews in gaswagens. On the one hand, the trials against former members of Einsatzkommando 8 testified to the desire of German justice to critically rethink Germany’s recent past, to ensure the principle of inevitability of criminal responsibility for Nazi criminals. On the other hand, the outcomes of the trials under consideration indicated that West German Themis, as well as the overwhelming majority of the citizens of the Federal Republic of Germany, refused to treat the former members of Einsatzkommando as criminals. In German society, the prevailing opinion was that the blame for the Holocaust and other crimes of National Socialism lay exclusively with A. Hitler and his entourage (G. Himmler, R. Heydrich, etc.). The rest of the Germans were only «hostages of the regime» who «due to special life circumstances» were forced to perform the criminal orders of the Fuehrer. In juridical practice, that approach took shape in the theory of complicity, based on which the German courts assigned minimal punishments to Nazi criminals, and often the courts completely exempted them from criminal liability.
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Verbruggen, Aviel. "Pooling domestic refuse incineration plants." Journal of Environmental Management 34, no. 4 (April 1992): 309–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-4797(11)80006-x.

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Sufiyan, Ibrahim. "ASSESSMENT OF PUBLIC PARTICIPATION ON SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL IN SOUTHERN KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA." Journal of Wastes and Biomass Management 2, no. 1 (July 23, 2020): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/jwbm.01.2020.15.18.

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Solid waste comprises all specks of dirt discarded which are unwanted be human as well as harmful to our environment. There is a rapid increase in the generation and disposal of solid waste such as refuse, garbages, dry leaves, old irons aluminum and many more. The southern Kaduna is a region with rapid growth in population. The rise in the per capita income of the individual increases the rate of their consumption. The rate of population growth also escalates the disposal of solid waste. The human health is in danger of communicable diseases, air and waterborne diseases because of the reckless disposal of solid waste in Southern Kaduna; (Sanga, Jemaa and Kaura Local Government area). The public sector participation is low which increases refuse dumpsite that affects the environment. The blockage of the street by the heap of refuse, the bad smile or odour, the groundwater contamination and spoil soil structure and it affluent. The use of statistical methods of correlation analysis proves that there is a significant relationship between public participation and waste dumping in the study area. About 330 samples of respondents were taken and the result of 0.97 correlation of weekly waste disposal, 0.96 correlation of monthly disposal and 0.98 correlation coefficient of annual solid waste disposal waste was obtained.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Refuse and refuse disposal – Germany"

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Kwan, Woon-yin Patrick. "Policy review on domestic waste management in selected places." access abstract and table of contents access full-text, 2007. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/ezdb/dissert.pl?ma-sa-b22107149a.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A.)--City University of Hong Kong, 2007.
"A capstone project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts in Public Policy and Management at City University of Hong Kong." Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Oct. 12, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.
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Cheng, Hoi-cheung. "Planning on treatments of solid domestic waste in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19131756.

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Wilson, Bruce Gordon. "Systems modelling of municipal solid waste collection operations /." *McMaster only, 2001.

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Anderson, Dylan Fitzgerald. "Who's going to pay to throw it away? : a study considering the use of green taxes in domestic waste management in South Australia /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09enva546.pdf.

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Tong, Cheuk-kei. "Municipal waste management in Shanghai, 1866-1949." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B41634032.

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Nicholls, Philip Herschel. "A review of issues relating to the disposal of urban waste in Sydney, Melbourne and Adelaide : an environmental history." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2002. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phn6153.pdf.

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Bibliography: p. 367-392. This thesis takes an overview of urban waste disposal practices in Sydney, Melbourne and Adelaide since the time of their respective settlement by Europeans through to the year 2000. The narrative identifies how such factors as the growth of representative government, the emergence of a bureaucracy, the visitation of bubonic plague, changed perceptions of risk, and the rise of the environmental movement, have directly influenced urban waste disposal outcomes.
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Leung, Carolina. "A review of the 1989 waste disposal plan /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21301712.

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Bauer, Caroline H. "Waste traffic(ing): an anthropological analysis of one situated event in the environmental justice discourse /." Connect to online version, 2009. http://ada.mtholyoke.edu/setr/websrc/pdfs/www/2009/365.pdf.

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Lai, Yau-yu Edmond. "A review of solid waste management in Cheung Chau /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21301736.

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Mgwebi, Alicia Zoliswa. "Effects of poor solid waste management on sustainable development in informal settlement." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1021135.

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The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of poor solid waste disposal on a sustainable environment/development in the Mzamomhle urban informal settlement. According to Coffey & Coad, (2010) informal or squatter urban communities pay no municipal taxes, because of their informal status, and this fact has often been used as the principal argument against providing these communities with municipal services.
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Books on the topic "Refuse and refuse disposal – Germany"

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Andreas, Brenck, ed. Entsorgungslogistik: Auswirkungen des Kreislaufwirtschafts- und Abfallgesetzes auf logistische Entscheidungen. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1996.

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Management, New York (State) Legislature Legislative Commission on Solid Waste. Resource recovery and solid waste management in Norway, Sweden, Denmark, and Germany: Lessons for New York. Albany, N.Y: The Commission, 1985.

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Wonke, Christoph. Das deutsche System der Hausmüllentsorgung: Eine normative und positive volkswirtschaftliche Untersuchung. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 2009.

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Germany. Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit. TA Abfall: TA Siedlungsabfall : Textausgabe der Zweiten und der Dritten Allgemeinen Verwaltungsvorschrift zum Abfallgesetz mit einer erläuternden Einführung. 3rd ed. Köln: Deutscher Gemeindeverlag, 1993.

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Michaelis, Peter. Theorie und Politik der Abfallwirtschaft: Eine ökonomische Analyse. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1991.

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Die Abfallwirtschaft in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 1995.

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Rechtsprobleme bei der Zulassung von Abfallentsorgungsanlagen zur Ablagerung von Abfällen: Unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der verwaltungsgerichtlichen Rechtsschutzmöglichkeiten Dritter gegenüber abfallrechtlichen Planfeststellungen. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 1994.

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Schreier, Axel. Die Auswirkungen des EG-Rechts auf die deutsche Abfallwirtschaft: Umsetzungsdefizite und gesetzgeberischer Handlungsbedarf. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1994.

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Michael, Hoffmann. Grundfragen der grenzüberschreitenden Verbringung von Abfall nach rationalem Recht und nach EG-Recht. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1994.

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Waste management in Poland and Germany: Economic and legal aspects of waste management and their impact on cooperation at national and business level. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Refuse and refuse disposal – Germany"

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Howard, Christopher A. "Refuse Disposal." In An Introduction to Building Services, 73–75. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09259-8_9.

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Lowbury, E. J. L., G. A. J. Ayliffe, A. M. Geddes, and J. D. Williams. "Laundry, Kitchen Hygiene and Refuse Disposal." In Control of Hospital Infection, 172–84. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-6884-5_11.

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Daniels, W. Lee, and Barry R. Stewart. "Reclamation of Appalachian Coal Refuse Disposal Areas." In Agronomy Monographs, 433–59. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr41.c17.

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Weichgrebe, Dirk, Christopher Speier, Moni Mohan Mondal, and Shivali Sugandh. "Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) Production and Utilisation Potential from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in India." In Treatment and Disposal of Solid and Hazardous Wastes, 67–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29643-8_4.

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Ceuterick, Maud. "Streets: Freedom, Diaspora, and the Erotic in Head-On." In Affirmative Aesthetics and Wilful Women, 125–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37039-8_5.

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Abstract This chapter focuses on the street as a contested space, one that especially enforces gendered and racialised roles. In spite of the punishment reserved for those who refuse conventions, Head-On (Fatih Akin, Gegen Die Wand [Head-On]. DVD. Germany; Turkey: Strand Releasing, 2004) uses performance, eroticism, and abjection to disrupt the gendering and racialisation of space and the subject. Feminist affirmative forms appear when one looks beyond the negativity present in the diegesis.
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Seidel, K., and H. Happel. "Elimination of the Toxic Seepage Water at the Kirchlengern Refuse Disposal Site Using More Complex Plants." In Contaminated Soil ’88, 763–65. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2807-7_123.

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Buffoli, Maddalena, Andrea Rebecchi, Carlo Signorelli, and Stefano Capolongo. "Waste-to-Energy as a Method of Refuse Disposal: An Analysis of Sustainable Technologies and Their Environmental Impact." In Handbook of Solid Waste Management, 1–13. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7525-9_85-1.

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Buffoli, Maddalena, Andrea Rebecchi, Carlo Signorelli, and Stefano Capolongo. "Waste-to-Energy as a Method of Refuse Disposal: An Analysis of Sustainable Technologies and Their Environmental Impact." In Handbook of Solid Waste Management, 2079–91. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4230-2_85.

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"Refuse disposal." In Building Services and Equipment, 145–49. Routledge, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315843537-17.

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"refuse disposal [n]." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Landscape and Urban Planning, 805. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-76435-9_11249.

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Conference papers on the topic "Refuse and refuse disposal – Germany"

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Ebert, V., K. U. Pleban, and J. Wolfrum. "In-situ Oxygen-Monitoring using Near-Infrared Diode Lasers and Wavelength Modulation Spectroscopy." In Laser Applications to Chemical and Environmental Analysis. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/lacea.1998.lwb.3.

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Despite increasing recycling quota the removal or long time storage of the remaining municipal waste remains a difficult task. This is valid especially in densely populated countries like Germany or Japan where there is little space for waste disposal sites. Hence waste combustion is used as a effective way to reduce the waste volume and to utilize the energy stored therein. However due to the large inhomogeneities of the refuse its combustion is a very demanding task. To minimize emission of pollutants and corrosion damage and to optimize energy production simultaneously fast in-situ diagnostics and active combustion control systems, like TACCOS [1], a thermography system based on an mid-infrared scanner camera which directly measures local imbalances in the fuel bed temperature or LISA [2], a CO2-laser based in-situ ammonia sensor used for on-line control of NOx removal systems (SNCR or SCR), are required. A very promising tool for the development of fast in-situ sensors are tunable diode lasers. They are inexpensive, compact, rugged, and relatively simple to operate. Due to their fast tunability, high spectral resolution and spectral power density they offer the opportunity for specific, nonintrusive, chemical sensors with a fast time response making them attractive for active combustion control. Since oxygen is one of the most important molecules for all combustion processes and not accessible by alternative optical detection methods there is a strong need (e.g. to adapt the secondary air flow or distribution in incinerators or other combustors) for a fast in-situ oxygen sensor which can measure at high temperatures and close to the reaction zone. Hence in a first attempt we tried to develop a diode laser based in-situ oxygen sensor which had to be fast enough for active control purposes e.g. in incinerators.
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Adeyemo, Joke O., Oludayo O. Olugbara, and Emmanuel Adetiba. "Smart city technology based architecture for refuse disposal management." In 2016 IST-Africa Week Conference. IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/istafrica.2016.7530704.

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Gesell, Greg, and Stephen Langham. "Handling Oahu’s Waste Disposal." In 17th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec17-2346.

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Oahu has special needs and requirements when it comes to dealing with solid waste on the island. The City and County of Honolulu has successfully addressed this problem in the past and is working on solutions for the future. Five percent of the island’s electrical power has been generated reliably from the 2000 tons per day of waste processed by their H-POWER Waste-to-Energy Facility. The facility has been processing waste for nearly twenty years and the volume of refuse going to the landfill is reduced by 90 percent. Honolulu is considering the best solutions for the island’s waste for the coming years. Waste-to-energy works in partnership with recycling to reduce the island’s increasing waste volumes. Recycling programs are in place and additional recycling measures are being considered. Landfill space is limited and questions exist regarding the ongoing use of the existing landfill and what will happen when it is closed. In an island setting, some alternatives available to other areas such as long haul to distant landfills are not available to bridge solid waste issues. Therefore practical solutions must be found and implemented in a timely manner. A number of initiatives and plans are in development. Measures are underway to prepare the H-POWER facility for future emission requirements and operation for the next twenty years. Steps have been taken toward expansion of the existing facility. Permitting and negotiations with agencies and utilities are under way. This paper will explore and expand upon these issues showing how they are interrelated to one another.
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Schauer, Raymond H. "Keeping Up With Growth by Recommitting to a Long-Term Waste-to-Energy Future." In 16th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec16-1902.

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The Solid Waste Authority of Palm Beach County (Authority) has owned the North County Resources Recovery Facility (NCRRF) since 1989, producing clean, economical and renewable energy from refuse derived fuel while preserving precious landfill space. As with any facility as it approaches the end of its first 20-year operating term, the Authority found it necessary to initiate a comprehensive refurbishment to ensure its continued effective operations. The operating agreement between the Authority and the Palm Beach Resource Recovery Corporation (PBRRC), a subsidiary of Babcock & Wilcox (B&W), is set to expire concurrently with the end of the this 20-year term. The Authority acknowledged that PBRRC has unparalleled institutional knowledge of the NCRRF and, as such, took the opportunity to renegotiate its operating agreement with PBRRC for an additional 20-year term. The Authority was also able to build into the new operating agreement conditions for PBRRC to provide assistance to a third party design-builder performing the refurbishment. Additionally, understanding that B&W produced many of the key combustion unit components of the original NCRRF construction, the Authority worked into the new agreement terms for B&W to provide several essential components for the refurbishment that will be installed by the design-builder. When the refurbishment is completed in 2011, the Authority will still only have disposal capacity through 2021 with its existing landfill. To be able to keep up with rapid growth in Palm Beach County, the Authority has initiated the due diligence phase for the development of a new mass burn waste-to-energy facility and landfill that will expand the disposal capacity of the Authority’s system for more than 100 years.
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Živojinović, Dragica. "IZJAVE VOLjE ZA SLUČAJ POTONjE NESPOSOBNOSTI ZA SAMOSTALNO ODLUČIVANjE: ANTICIPIRANO ODLUČIVANjE PACIJENATA U EVROPSKIM PRAVIMA." In XV Majsko savetovanje: Sloboda pružanja usluga i pravna sigurnost. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xvmajsko.621z.

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The subject of this paper is the analysis of the methods of regulating the advance decision of patients at the level of the Council of Europe and in the countries of German legal tradition in order to underline the significance of this institute and the predispositions for its validity and applicability in concrete medical situations. In the first part of the paper, the author presents and assesses the regulations related to advance decision making adopted under the auspicies of the Council of Europe, mostly with the aim of its recoginition as the expression of people's autonomy and the right to self- determination, but then, also, with the aim of establishing the principles on which the member countries base this institute in their national legislations. The second part is devoted to the analysis of the methods of regulating the advance directives and advance powers of attorney in Switzerland, Germany and Austria. In the conclusion, the author underlines the value of this institute and the need of the Republic of Serbia, the member of the Council of Europe, to harmonize its regulations on this matter with European standards. In that context, Serbia needs to acknowledge and establish the conditions under which a patient may in advance, in case of his subsequent incapacity, refuse or accept to be the subject of a certain medical treatment or designate a person who will make decisions on his behalf and under certain instructions related to his health. Here the author points to some issues that need to be adequtely solved , such as: the validity of declarations of consent, their registration, the monitring of their execution, etc.
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Schauer, Raymond H., Leah K. Richter, and Tom Henderson. "Renewable Energy Expansion: A Model for the New Generation of Facilities." In 19th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec19-5428.

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Created in 1978, the Solid Waste Authority of Palm Beach County (Authority) has developed an “award winning” solid waste management system that includes franchised solid waste collections and the following facilities to service the residents and businesses in Palm Beach County, Florida: • North County Resource Recovery Facility (NCRRF); • Residential and Commercial Recovered Materials Processing Facility; • Five Transfer Stations; • Class I Landfill; • Class III Landfill; • Biosolids Pelletization Facility; • Ferrous Processing Facility; • Woody Waste Recycling Facility; • Composting Facility; and • Household Hazardous Waste Facility. The Authority has proactively planned and implemented its current integrated solid waste management program to ensure disposal capacity through 2021. However, even in consideration of the current economic climate, the Authority anticipates continued population growth and associated new development patterns that will significantly increase demands on its solid waste system, requiring it to reevaluate and update its planning to accommodate future growth. The NCRRF, the Authority’s refuse derived fuel waste-to-energy facility, has performed very well since its start up in 1989 processing over 13 million tons of MSW, saving valuable landfill space and efficiently producing clean renewable energy. As the NCRRF has reached the end of its first 20 year operating term, it became necessary to complete a comprehensive refurbishment to ensure its continued reliable service for a second 20 year term and beyond providing for continued disposal capacity and energy production for the Authority’s customers. Separately, the Authority also recognized that the refurbishment alone will not provide any additional disposal capacity for the County. The County’s anticipated growth necessitated that the Authority evaluate several options for long-term processing and disposal capacity, resulting in a decision to expand its WTE capacity with a new mass burn facility, the first facility of its kind to be constructed in Florida in more than a decade, reaffirming its commitment to waste-to-energy. The planned 3,000 TPD expansion will provide a total disposal capacity of 5,000 TPD generating approximately 150MW of renewable energy. The decision to proceed with the expansion was approved by the Authority’s Board in October 2008. The Authority, with its Consulting Engineer, Malcolm Pirnie, Inc., has since made significant progress in the facility’s implementation including the completion of the preliminary design, submittal of environmental permit applications, ongoing procurement of a full service vendor, issuance of revenue bonds for project financing, and commencing extensive public outreach. This paper will focus on the development of the new mass burn facility and an update of the status of activities conducted to date including, permitting, financing, vendor procurement, design, and public outreach, as well as will highlight several innovative design, procurement, permitting, and financing features of this landmark project for the Authority, such as: • Utilization of SCR technology for control of NOx emission; • Incorporation of rainwater harvesting and water reuse; • Utilization of iterative procurement process designed to obtain vendor input in a competitive environment; and • Financing approach designed to preserve alternative minimum tax benefits.
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Schauer, Raymond H., and Joseph Krupa. "Recommitting to a Long Term Waste to Energy Future Through a Comprehensive Refurbishment Program." In 19th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec19-5427.

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Created in 1978, the Solid Waste Authority of Palm Beach County (Authority) has developed an “award winning” solid waste management system that includes franchised solid waste collections and the following facilities to service the residents and businesses in Palm Beach County, Florida: • North County Resource Recovery Facility (NCRRF); • Residential and Commercial Recovered Materials Processing Facility; • Five Transfer Stations; • Class I Landfill; • Class III Landfill; • Biosolids Pelletization Facility; • Ferrous Processing Facility; • Woody Waste Recycling Facility; • Composting Facility; and • Household Hazardous Waste Facility. The Authority has proactively planned and implemented its current integrated solid waste management program to ensure disposal capacity through 2021. However, like many communities, the Authority anticipates continued population growth and associated new development patterns that will significantly increase demands on its solid waste system, requiring it to reevaluate and update its planning to accommodate future growth. The NCRRF, the Authority’s refuse derived fuel waste-to-energy facility, has performed very well since its start up in 1989 processing over 13 million tons of MSW, saving valuable landfill space and efficiently producing clean, renewable energy. As the NCRRF approached the end of its first 20 year operating term, it became necessary to complete a comprehensive refurbishment to ensure its continued reliable service for a second 20 year term and beyond providing for continued disposal capacity and energy production for the Authority’s customers. The Authority renegotiated and extended its operating agreement with the Palm Beach Resource Recovery Corporation (PBRRC), a Babcock & Wilcox Company, for an additional 20-year term. The Authority selected BE&K Construction Company (BE&K) and entered into an Engineering, Procurement, and Construction contract (EPC Contract) to perform the refurbishment. The Authority, with assistance from its Consulting Engineer, Malcolm Pirnie, Inc., developed the minimum technical requirements and negotiated the EPC Contract with BE&K. The design and procurement efforts were completed in early 2009 and on-site construction refurbishment activities commenced in November 2009. The refurbishment has a total estimated cost of $205 million. The refurbishment work is sequenced with the intent that one boiler train will remain operational to reduce the impact to the Authority’s landfill and maximize electrical production and revenues during the refurbishment period. This presentation will focus on the improvements to operations as a result of the refurbishment and its positive effects on the Authority’s integrated solid waste management system.
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McLarty, Rebecca, Valerie Going, and Raymond Schauer. "An Introduction to the Cascading Water Management System for Sustainable Water Conservation at Waste-to-Energy Facilities." In 20th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec20-7044.

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Currently, there are 86 communities in the U.S. which employ waste-to-energy (WTE) facilities as a means of high quality solid waste disposal. The WTE process beneficially produces electricity while reducing the volume of landfill waste by up to 90 percent, thereby extending the remaining life of a community’s landfill more than ten-fold. However, the traditional WTE process requires a significant volume of water. This interdependency is often referred to as the “water-energy nexus.” An innovative approach was needed to optimize water conservation for a new 3,000-ton-per-day (TPD) mass burn WTE facility in Palm Beach County (PBREF2). With this in mind, a cascading water management system (CWMS) was developed that uses alternative water supply sources and a cascading hierarchy of water systems that maximize reuse to meet the new facility’s water needs. The selection of an air-cooled condenser to be used for cooling purposes, instead of the wet cooling systems traditionally in place at these facilities will also significantly reduce the amount of water needed in the overall process. The WTE facility will be constructed adjacent to an existing 2,000-TPD refuse-derived fuel facility (PBREF1), allowing beneficial reuse of some of the cooling tower blowdown from the RDF facility as a source of supply water in the new facility. The reuse of this process wastewater will conserve clean water sources that otherwise would have to be used as a source of makeup to the new facility, as well as reduce the amount of wastewater disposed through deep-well injection from the RDF facility. Harvested rainwater and industrial supply well water will also be used as alternative sources of supply to the new facility. The innovative CWMS will maximize reuse and reduce the amount of makeup water needed to the system. As water conservation continues to be of high concern in all areas of the globe, this concept can be applied to other WTE and industrial facilities. This paper will provide an overview of the innovative CWMS that has been designed for the PBREF2 facility.
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Gesell, Greg H., Stephen Langham, Robert L. Margolis, John R. Nelson, and Joshua R. Miller. "H-POWER Facility Expansion." In 19th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec19-5426.

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The City and County of Honolulu on the Island of Oahu in the Hawaiian chain has been taking steps to reduce the need for landfilling and to continue to be self-sufficient for waste disposal. For an island, having the capacity to process all of its waste is crucial and producing power helps reduce reliance on imported fossil fuels. The City and County relies upon its waste-to-energy facility to manage the waste stream. The existing H-POWER Waste-to-Energy (WTE) Facility, which has been in operation for about twenty years, is a 2,000 ton-per-day (tpd) refuse derived fuel (RDF) two-unit plant with a single condensing steam turbine generator. Recent actions to enhance and expand the H-POWER Facility have been undertaken to ensure the needs to the island will be met for the foreseeable future. Enhancements and an expansion of the existing H-POWER Facility have begun and are well into construction. The enhancements will improve environmental performance and reliability and the expansion will add nearly fifty percent to the facility capacity. When complete, the expanded facility will have a number of unique features that will improve its ability to manage more types of municipal solid waste. The facility expansion will utilize mass burn technology in a single 900 tpd combustion unit with an associated turbine generator. The expansion unit will feature fabric filters for particulate control and state-of-the-art Covanta Very Low NOx (VLN™) technology intended to reduce NOx emissions well below that achieved with conventional selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) used at many other WTE plants in the USA. Independent of the expansion, the existing facility has been retrofitted with new fabric filters and induced-draft fans, which offer greater particulate and heavy metal control and improve control of other emissions. The existing facility is also getting much-needed improvements to boost reliability for many years to come. When the expansion comes on line, the facility will reliably generate about 7 percent of the island’s electrical power as opposed to 5 percent from the current 2,000 tpd of waste processed. This paper explores progress to date on the revitalization of the H-POWER Facility and its expansion.
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Breckel, Alex C., John R. Fyffe, and Michael E. Webber. "Net Energy and CO2 Emissions Analysis of Using MRF Residue as Solid Recovered Fuel at Coal Fired Power Plants." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-88092.

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According to the waste management hierarchy published by the U.S. EPA, waste reduction and reuse are the most preferred modes of waste management, followed by recycling, energy recovery and lastly disposal. As many communities in the U.S. work towards sustainable waste management practices, recycling tends to be a cost-effective and common solution for handling municipal solid waste. With the introduction of single-stream recycling and automated materials recovery facilities (MRFs), where commingled recyclables are sorted into various commodity streams for sale to recycling facilities, recycling rates have steadily climbed in recent years. Despite increasing total recycling rates, contamination and diminishing returns for higher recovery ratios causes MRFs to landfill 5–25% of the incoming recycling stream as residue. This residue stream is composed primarily of plastics and fiber, both of which have high energy content that could be recovered instead of buried in a landfill. Plastics in particular are reported to have heat contents similar to fossil fuels, making energy recovery a viable end-of-life pathway. Sorting, shredding and densifying the residue stream to form solid recovered fuel (SRF) pellets for use as an alternative fuel yields energy recovery, displaced fossil fuels and landfill avoidance, moving more disposed refuse up the waste management hierarchy. Previous studies have shown that plastic, paper, and plastic-paper mixes are well suited for conversion to SRF and combustion for energy production. However, these studies focused on relatively homogenous and predictable material streams. MRF residue is not homogenous and has only a moderate degree of predictability, and thus poses several technical challenges for conversion to SRF and for straightforward energy and emissions analysis. This research seeks to understand the energetic and environmental tradeoffs associated with converting MRF residue into SRF for co-firing in pulverized coal power plants. A technical analysis is presented that compares a residue-to-SRF scenario to a residue-to-landfill scenario to estimate non-obvious energy and emissions tradeoffs associated with this alternative end-of-life scenario for MRF residue. Sensitivity to key assumptions was analyzed by considering facility proximity, landfill gas capture efficiency, conversion ratio of residue to SRF and the mass of residue used. The results of this study indicate that the use of MRF residue derived SRF in coal fired steam-electricity power plants realizes meaningful reductions of emissions, primary energy consumption, coal use and landfill deposition.
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Reports on the topic "Refuse and refuse disposal – Germany"

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DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE WASHINGTON DC. Socioeconomic Impact Analysis Study. Disposal and Refuse of Carswell Air Force Base, Texas. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada277687.

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Wright, Thomas. Government Policy and Private Organizational Forms: Analysis of Refuse Collection and Disposal in Three Metropolitan Cities. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.1174.

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3

Henghu Sun and Yuan Yao. Research and Development of a New Silica-Alumina Based Cementitious Material Largely Using Coal Refuse for Mine Backfill, Mine Sealing and Waste Disposal Stabilization. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1048945.

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Health hazard evaluation report: HETA-90-348-2135, Grosse Pointes-Clinton Refuse Disposal Authority, Mount Clemens, Michigan. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, September 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.26616/nioshheta903482135.

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