Journal articles on the topic 'Refugees Victoria Health and hygiene'
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Hughes, Emma, Susanne Kean, and Fiona Cuthill. "Fluctuating power: an exploration of refugee health nursing within the resettlement context in Victoria, Australia." Journal of Research in Nursing 27, no. 3 (May 2022): 217–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17449871221083786.
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Background The Refugee Health Program (RHP) is a nurse-led community initiative, introduced in 2005 with the aim of responding to complex health issues of refugees arriving in Victoria, Australia. Little is known about refugee health nursing in the resettlement context and the impact of dedicated refugee healthcare. Aim To explore the experiences and perspectives of Refugee Health Nurses (RHNs), Refugee Health Managers (managers) and refugees, gaining insight into professional relationships and the complexities of offering a specialised refugee health service. Method A focused ethnographic approach incorporated semi-structured interviews with five RHNs, two managers and eight refugees, two focus groups with refugees and participant observation within the RHP during April 2017 to December 2017. Data collection was undertaken across two sites and interviews, focus groups and observations were transcribed and thematically analysed. Social constructionism asserts that the focus of enquiry should be on interaction, group processes and social practices. Emphasis is placed upon relationships between RHNs, managers and refugees, with knowledge viewed as relational and interactional. Results Professional relationships between RHNs and refugees are complex, with power oscillating between them. Contrary to discourses of ‘vulnerability’ of refugees, both RHNs and refugees demonstrated power in their relationships with each other. Nurses also suggested that these relationships were stressful and could lead to burnout. Key themes were developed: (1) nursing autonomy and gatekeeping; (2) vicarious trauma and burnout; and (3) refugee negotiation of care. Conclusions The balance of power is central to therapeutic relationships. In relationships between RHNs and refugees, power fluctuates as RHNs are exposed to vicarious trauma and symptoms of burnout, while refugees exercise agency by recognising benefits to specialised care. In developing effective therapeutic relationships between RHNs and refugees, attention should be paid to how care is delivered to protect RHNs from burnout while ensuring that refugees receive appropriate care.
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Masud, Abdullah Al, Md Shahoriar Ahmed, Mst Rebeka Sultana, S. M. Iftekhar Alam, Russell Kabir, S. M. Yasir Arafat, and Konstantinos Papadopoulos. "Health Problems and Health Care Seeking Behaviour of Rohingya Refugees." Journal of Medical Research and Innovation 1, no. 1 (March 3, 2017): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15419/jmri.27.
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Background: Rohingya refugees are one of the most vulnerable group due to lack of health care system, personal hygiene, shelter, sanitation and violence.
Aim: The present study aims to find out the health problems and health care seeking behavior of rohingya refugees, to identify the socio-demographic information for such exposure group in relation to age, sex, occupation, living areas, to explore the patient’s physical, emotional, perceptions, attitudes and environmental health problems and to bring out health care seeking behavior of refugees.
Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted. A total of 149 samples were selected conveniently for this study from the refugee camps. Data was collected by using mixed type of questionnaire. Descriptive statistic was used for data analysis which has depicted through tables, pie chart and bar chart.
Results: The finding of the study showed that 45.6% participants had multiple problems, followed by 16.8% participants who had other specific problems like musculoskeletal pain, visual problems and peptic ulcer. Urinary tract infection was the leading individual health problem with 11.4% of the sample group having it. 10.7% participants had hypertension, 6% had respiratory tract infection, 3.4% had nutrition deficiency, 4.75% had diabetes mellitus and 1.3% had sanitation & hygiene problems. Among the participants, 68.4% age ranged between 15-59 years. The study showed that, only 16.1% participants were satisfied with the quality of service they received while 37.6% participants said that they needed better services such as more laboratory test, radiological imaging, more medicine and more doctors.
Conclusion: It is clear that refugees suffered from a variety of health problems, because their living condition and environmental situation were not similar like an independent nation. Further, basic amenities like medicines and other services were not available.
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Allahi, Fahimeh, Amirreza Fateh, Roberto Revetria, and Roberto Cianci. "The COVID-19 epidemic and evaluating the corresponding responses to crisis management in refugees: a system dynamic approach." Journal of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management 11, no. 2 (January 25, 2021): 347–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhlscm-09-2020-0077.
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PurposeThe COVID-19 pandemic is a new crisis in the world that caused many restrictions, from personal life to social and business. In this situation, the most vulnerable groups such as refugees who are living in the camps are faced with more serious problems. Therefore, a system dynamic approach has been developed to evaluate the effect of applying different scenarios to find out the best response to COVID-19 to improve refugees’ health and education.Design/methodology/approachThe interaction of several health and education factors during an epidemic crisis among refugees leads to behavioral responses that consequently make the crisis control a complex problem. This research has developed an SD model based on the SIER model that responds to the public health and education system of Syrian refugees in Turkey affected by the COVID-19 virus and considered three policies of isolation, social distance/hygiene behavior and financial aid using the available data from various references.FindingsThe findings from the SD simulation results of applying three different policies identify that public health and education systems can increase much more by implementing the policy of social distance/hygiene behavior, and it has a significant impact on the control of the epidemic in comparison with the other two responses.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to humanitarian organizations, governments and refugees by discussing useful insights. Implementing the policy of social distance and hygiene behavior policies would help in a sharp reduction of death in refugees group. and public financial support has improved distance education during this pandemic.
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Samuel, Sophia, Jenny Advocat, and Grant Russell. "Health seeking narratives of unwell Sri Lankan Tamil refugees in Melbourne Australia." Australian Journal of Primary Health 24, no. 1 (2018): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py17033.
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Sri Lankan Tamil refugees are among the largest group of refugees to resettle in Australia in the last decade. The aim of this study is to characterise the narratives of health-seeking among unwell Sri Lankan Tamil refugees in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Drawing on a qualitative, phenomenological perspective, we conducted in-depth interviews in Tamil and English with 12 participants who identified as being unwell for 6 months or more. Findings revealed three narratives of health-seeking: the search for the ‘good life’ that was lost or never experienced, seeking help from familiar channels in an unfamiliar context, and the desire for financial and occupational independence. These three narratives are undergirded by the metanarrative of a hope-filled recovery. These narratives of Tamil refugees’ lived experience provide new insights into clinical care and health service delivery.
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Renzaho, Andre. "Re-visioning cultural competence in community health services in Victoria." Australian Health Review 32, no. 2 (2008): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah080223.
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There are few studies exploring the need to develop and manage culturally competent health services for refugees and migrants from diverse backgrounds. Using data from 50 interviews with service providers from 26 agencies, and focus group discussion with nine different ethnic groups, this paper examines how the Victorian state government funding and service agreements negatively impact on the quest to achieve cultural competence. The study found that service providers have adopted ?one approach fits all? models of service delivery. The pressure and competition for resources to address culturally and linguistically diverse communities? needs allows little opportunity for partnership and collaboration between providers, leading to insufficient sharing of information and duplication of services, poor referrals, incomplete assessment of needs, poor compliance with medical treatment, underutilisation of available services and poor continuity of care. This paper outlines a model for cultural consultation and developing needs-led rather than serviceled programs.
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Manirambona, Emery, Laura Wilkins, and Don Eliseo Lucero-Prisno III. "COVID-19 and its threat to refugees in Africa." Health Promotion Perspectives 11, no. 3 (August 18, 2021): 263–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/hpp.2021.33.
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Although it is widely accepted that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has adversely affected the Global South’s most vulnerable refugee communities, they have received little attention. There have been gaps in testing, which is fundamental to treat and isolate patients and make data-driven decisions to protect the refugee community. Therefore, it is imperative to holistically implement policies to curtail COVID-19 in refugee camps to ensure that refugees are safe and protected from the pandemic. Processes for timely diagnosis and treatment, quick isolation and contact tracing are essential to keep refugees safe. Furthermore, it is crucial to encourage protective behaviours and raise awareness about hygiene and social prevention to dampen disease transmission. Refugees in the Global South have been disproportionately affected by the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, facing financial hardship and social injustice throughout. Refugees in Africa have also faced threats to their security, being subjected to torture, disappearance, or even killings in their host countries. The pandemic has exposed gender inequalities, with females being the most affected, and health inequities in the refugee community in Africa. There is a need for international organizations like the African Union, United Nations (UN) agencies, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and other stakeholders to take serious action regarding the refugee situation in Africa. Food aid for refugees in Africa should be increased as quickly as possible and refugees’ security must be guaranteed. Of equal importance, there must be justice for the death or disappearance of refugees. It is imperative to end discrimination against refugees and support the promotion of gender equity.
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Oladimeji, Olanrewaju, Bamidele Paul Atiba, Jabu A Mbokazi, and Francis Leonard Mpotte Hyera. "The Homeless, Inmates and Refugees in Africa in the Face of COVID-19 Outbreak." Open Public Health Journal 13, no. 1 (June 28, 2020): 306–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874944502013010306.
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Total well-being and care for the vulnerable, especially the homeless, inmates, and refugees during the COVID-19 pandemic, is one of the barometers to measure Africa's response. Hence in the light of this scenario, our comment is on their care during this devastating period. We compared what is currently being done in the western world with what the African countries are doing. We have posed particular challenges with the welfare packages, the implementation of physical distances, good hygiene practices, limited access to screening and testing of COVID-19, as the outbreak invasion could be overwhelming if there is no intervention to bridge this gap. There is, therefore, an urgent need to consider welfare packages, an optimum hygiene environment, decongestion, and mass screening and testing for these groups of individuals, as they also have equal human rights to be protected during this pandemic.
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Atwell, R., I. Correa‐Velez, and S. Gifford. "Ageing Out of Place: Health and Well‐Being Needs and Access to Home and Aged Care Services for Recently Arrived Older Refugees in Melbourne, Australia." International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 3, no. 1 (July 1, 2007): 4–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17479894200700002.
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Recently arrived older refugees in resettlement countries are a particularly vulnerable population who face many risks to their health and well‐being, and many challenges in accessing services. This paper reports on a project undertaken in Victoria, Australia to explore the needs of older people from 14 recently arrived refugee communities, and the barriers to their receiving health and aged care. Findings from consultations with community workers and service providers highlight the key issues of isolation, family conflict and mental illness affecting older refugees, and point to ways in which policy‐makers and service providers can better respond to these small but deserving communities.
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Paxton, Georgia A., Pete C. G. Spink, Margaret H. Danchin, Lauren Tyrrell, Chelsea L. Taylor, Susan Casey, and Hamish R. Graham. "Catching up with catch-up: a policy analysis of immunisation for refugees and asylum seekers in Victoria." Australian Journal of Primary Health 24, no. 6 (2018): 480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py17049.
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This study examines catch-up immunisation for people of refugee-like background in Victoria, exploring effective models of service delivery to complete catch-up vaccinations. The analysis is based on: (i) review of the medical literature, Commonwealth and Victorian government immunisation policy and immunisation patient information; (ii) review of vaccination coverage and service delivery data; and (iii) stakeholder interviews completed in 2014 with 45 people from 34 agencies, including 9 local government areas in Victoria. Although refugees and asylum seekers all need catch-up vaccinations on arrival, they face significant barriers to completing immunisation in Australia. Analysis suggests missed opportunities by service providers and perceptions that catch-up vaccination is time-consuming, difficult and resource-intensive. Service delivery is fragmented across primary care and local government, and pathways depend on age, location and healthcare access. There are strengths, but also limitations in all current service delivery models. Gaps in vaccine funding for refugee-like populations have now been addressed through Commonwealth initiatives, however migration is still not well considered in immunisation policy, and existing systems for notification payments do not capture catch-up vaccination for these groups. Providers identify areas for improvement in professional development and support, patient information, patient-held records and immunisation surveillance data.
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Namara, Frank, Hilbert Mendoza, Gloria Tumukunde, and Solomon Tsebeni Wafula. "Access to Functional Handwashing Facilities and Associated Factors among South Sudanese Refugees in Rhino Camp Settlement, Northwestern Uganda." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2020 (March 30, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3089063.
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Background. Hand hygiene in refugee camp settlements remains an important measure against diarrhoeal infections. Refugee settings are characterised by overcrowding and inadequate access to water and hygiene facilities which favour proliferation of faecal-oral diseases. Handwashing with soap and water is therefore an effective way of preventing such diseases. Despite this knowledge, there is limited information about access to functional handwashing facilities in these settings and associated factors in Uganda. Methods. Quantitative data were collected from 312 refugee households in Rhino Camp Settlement, Northwestern Uganda, using a semistructured interviewer-administered questionnaire. A modified Poisson regression was used to obtain prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the determinants of access to a functional handwashing facility among refugee households. All analyses were performed using STATA 14.0 statistical software. Results. Of the 312 households, 123 (39.4%) had access to a handwashing facility, but only 72 (23.1%) of households had handwashing facilities that were functional. Duration of stay in the camp exceeding 3 years (adjusted PR = 2.63; 95% CI (1.73–4.00)) and history of receiving home-based education on hand hygiene (adjusted PR = 9.44; 95% CI (1.40–63.86)) were independent predictors of access to a functional handwashing facility. Conclusion. Access to functional handwashing facilities among the refugee households was low. Our findings highlight the need for more and continued handwashing promotional programs, most especially among newly arrived refugees in the camp.
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Athirah Daud, Nur Aizati, Muhammad Aqif Badrul Hisham, Ahmad Rashidi Mohamed Tahir, and Sh Fatimah AlZahrah Syed Hussein Al-Attas. "The Effectiveness of Menstrual Education Module for Children and Adolescent Refugees: A Pilot Study." International Journal of Human and Health Sciences (IJHHS) 7, no. 70 (January 22, 2023): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31344/ijhhs.v7i70.521.
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Objectives: Females across low- to middle-income countries have limited knowledge and understanding about menstruation prior to reaching menarche. One of the marginalised populations prone to this challenge is the female refugees in Malaysia. The objective of this pilot study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a menstrual health module developed for children and adolescent refugees. Methods: This is a pilot intervention study among children and adolescents aged 9 to 17 years old attending a school for refugees and stateless children located in Selayang, Selangor. A menstrual health module was developed containing basic knowledge on reproductive organs, changes during menstruation, menstruation cycle, and menstrual hygiene management. Activities were carried out during this program to engage the participants. A set of 20 quiz questions were given, pre- and post-intervention. Scores from the quiz were compared using paired T-test to evaluate the effectiveness of the module. Results: A total of 11 children participated in the program (mean age: 12.8 + 1.3 years). All of the participants are Muslims and the majority of them are Myanmar refugees (n=10, 90.9%). The majority stayed with their parents (n=9, 81.8%). About half of the participants have fathers who are without any education (n=6, 54.5%), while most of the fathers were working full time (n=9, 81.8%). The majority of the participants had a monthly household income of less than RM2500 (n=10, 90.9%). The post-intervention mean score for the quiz questions was significantly higher than the pre-intervention mean score (15.9 + 2.3 and 6.3 + 4.9 for post- and pre-intervention, respectively) (p<0.001). Conclusion: The menstrual education module was shown to be effective in increasing the knowledge of menstruation and menstrual hygiene among children and adolescent refugees. Rooms for improvements were identified for further revision of the menstrual health module.International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Supplementary Issue: 2023 Page: S19
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Hsan, Kamrul, Shabnam Naher, Mark D. Griffiths, Hakimul Hasan Shamol, and Mohammad Azizur Rahman. "Factors associated with the practice of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) among the Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 9, no. 4 (October 21, 2019): 794–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2019.038.
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Abstract The Rohingya people are now living in overcrowded refugee camps and makeshift settlements with low standards of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH). This study was conducted to examine WASH practices and associated risk factors among the Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh. The present study comprised 350 participants with data collected via a semi-structured questionnaire. Most respondents (84%) did not have good knowledge concerning WASH. Furthermore, 50.3% had unsafe WASH practices, 38.6% had fair WASH practices, and 11.1% had safe WASH practices. WASH practices were significantly associated with age, education, marital status, and WASH knowledge. The implementation of an effective WASH awareness program is required along with improved water supply and sanitation to improve WASH practices among Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh.
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Liamputtong Rice, Pranee. "Childhood Health and Illness: Cultural Beliefs and Practices among the Hmong in Victoria." Australian Journal of Primary Health 4, no. 4 (1998): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py98060.
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This paper examines the cultural construction of childhood illness among Hmong refugees from Laos who are living in Australia. It focuses on traditional patterns of beliefs and practices related to health and illness of newborn infants and young children. The Hmong treat childhood health and illness seriously, and for them there are several causes of childhood illness, including nature, souls, supernatural beings and human aggression. The roles of traditional healers who play an important part in childhood health and illness are also discussed. Lastly, the paper attempts to make clear some implications for child health services for immigrants such as the Hmong in Australia and elsewhere. The paper intends to contribute an anthropological perspective on child health which is particularly important in a multicultural society. A clear understanding by health professionals of cultural beliefs and expectations is essential if misunderstanding is to be avoided, and culturally appropriate and sensitive health care for immigrant children, such as the Hmong to be available.
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Fondacaro, Karen M., Emily C. Mazzula, and Holly T. Weldon. "The chronic traumatic stress treatment (CTS-T)." Torture Journal 31, no. 2 (October 20, 2021): 110–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/torture.v31i2.121222.
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This manuscript introduces the Chronic Traumatic Stress-Treatment for refugees and survivors of torture (CTS-Treatment; Mazzulla & Fondacaro, 2018). CTS-Treatment aligns with the Chronic Traumatic Stress model (CTS; Fondacaro & Mazulla, 2018), a biopsychosocial-spiritual and culturally responsive theoretical framework designed to guide empirical investigation and intervention for refugees and survivors of torture. CTS-Treatment is designed for use by mental health clinicians working within an individual or group format. The ten modules of CTS-Treatment are in sequence; however, flexibility in implementation is strongly encouraged. The ten intervention modules include: 1) Mental Health Discussion, 2) Safety, 3) Values, 4) Behavioral Activation, 5) Coping Skills, 6) Sleep Hygiene, 7) Working with Thoughts, 8) Acceptance and Tolerance of Emotions, 9) Life-Path Exercise and Narrative Exposure, and 10) Celebration of Life. Empirical principles underlying the treatment, along with supporting research, are presented for each module. The final section of each module explains a component of a language-free mobile mental health application for refugees. Clients are encouraged to practice the mHealth app skills at the end of each session and between sessions.
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Ur Rehman, Atta, Rubeena Zakar, Muhammad Zakria Zakar, Ume Hani, and Florian Fischer. "Protocol for a cross-sectional study on factors affecting health-related quality of life among Afghan refugees in Pakistan." F1000Research 10 (September 27, 2021): 971. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.73005.1.
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Background: Pakistan served as a host for more than 1.4 million Afghan refugees for more than 40 years. Access to health care is the most important issue faced by refugees, because they might be at a higher risk for certain diseases. This risk can be attributed to a lack of awareness of health care facilities, health beliefs, inadequate hygiene, cultural differences, and malnutrition. Health of individuals is closely associated with their quality of life. Quality of life over the whole lifespan is pivotal to overall life satisfaction. It includes physical wellbeing, mental health, education, occupation, income, personal safety, as well as (religious) freedom. Until now, the health status of Afghan refugees has never been comprehensively investigated in Pakistan. Therefore, an assessment in this regard is needed to explore their health-related quality of life, for securing their human right to health. Methods: A cross-sectional study has been designed to describe and explain the health-related quality of life of Afghan refugees in Pakistan. Multistage cluster sampling was applied for selection of study participants. The number of respondents from two regions in Pakistan was drawn through a proportionate sampling technique. A quantitative research method using pre-validated questionnaires was used for data collection. The questionnaire included items to assess well-being, mental health, health literacy, and factors affecting health and health care. Descriptive analysis was used, whereas inferential statistical tests (binary logistic regression model) was also performed. The study received ethically permission by the Advanced Studies and Research Board of the University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. Discussion: The assessment of Afghan refugee’s quality of life in Pakistan should lead to recommendations disseminated to public and health care officials. This evidence is needed for policymaking related to adequate measures for improving health conditions of Afghan refugees in Pakistan.
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Qadir, Syed Abdul, Shahzad Muhammad, Maria Ishaq Khattak, Zohaib Khan, Muslim Khan, and Zia Ul Haq. "Self-reported oral health status and associated factors among Afghan refugees in Peshawar Pakistan; a pilot study." Rehman Journal of Health Sciences 2, no. 2 (February 9, 2021): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.52442/rjhs.v2i2.72.
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Introduction: Afghan refugees in Pakistan is the third largest refugee community in the world. However, till date, information about their oral health and disease burden is very limited. The current is aimed to assess self-reported oral health status, practices, dental care access and associated factors among Afghan refugees in district Peshawar, Pakistan. Material & Methods: This pilot, cross sectional study was conducted on 644 adult Afghan refugees residing in district Peshawar from June to September 2020. Socio-demographic characteristics and data on selfreported oral health status, oral hygiene habits and dental care access was collected using self-reported oral health questionnaire. Statistical tests were applied to determine association between self-reported oral health status and participants characteristics using SPSS. Results: Of all the respondents, majority (79.3%) were Pashtun by ethnicity and 41.6% did not obtain any formal education. Nearly all (97.2%) of them reported cleaning their teeth regularly, at least once a day with tooth brush and tooth paste being the commonest cleansing agents. More than half participants (58.1%) rated their oral health good/very good and 68.0% were satisfied with their dental appearance. Tooth ache and sensitivity were the most commonly reported oral problems. 28.7% of the participants never visited dentist in their life. Most of the participants (82.6%) felt need of dental care in the past one year but could not get it due to financial constraints. Significant association were found between self-rated oral health and age, marital status, country of birth, formal education and dentist visit (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Afghan refugees in Pakistan have poor self-reported oral health status. Access to dental care and oral health promotion and educations programs are crucial to improve oral health of this vulnerable population.
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Smith Darr, Jordan, and David Bruce Conn. "Importation and Transmission of Parasitic and Other Infectious Diseases Associated with International Adoptees and Refugees Immigrating into the United States of America." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/763715.
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Each year, hundreds of millions of people travel across international borders or even oceans, and up to 230 million may remain for long periods. Among these, 3–5 million settle permanently in their new homes, with about 1 million migrating permanently to the United States of America. This may result in transport of parasites and other pathogens, which might become established, infecting individuals in the new location. Beyond concern of disease spread, the health of migrants is of concern since the rigors, circumstances, and living conditions surrounding migrations may increase the vulnerability of migrants to infections. International adoptees and refugees are a small subset of these migrants but are of special significance inasmuch as adoptees may be more vulnerable to infection due to their immature immune status, and refugees may be more vulnerable due to substandard living conditions. Both originate from diverse regions, but often from environments of low hygiene and health care standards. This review examines recent examples of infections reported from adoptees and refugees entering the USA through 2010, highlighting the most common origin countries and the diseases most frequently involved, including Chagas disease,Balamuthiaamebic meningoencephalitis, giardiasis, microsporidiosis, hepatitis, measles, pertussis, tuberculosis, malaria, intestinal helminths, and syphilis.
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Gillespie, Elizabeth E., Eldho Paul, and Rhonda L. Stuart. "Gastroenteritis outbreaks and the association of safer cleaning." Journal of Infection Prevention 20, no. 5 (May 13, 2019): 254–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1757177419846270.
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Background: Physical removal of soil rather than biocidal activity is the focus for this safer cleaning method. Methods: We compared 11 years of Victorian healthcare norovirus and suspected viral gastroenteritis outbreak data. Results: Improvements in infection control practice, including the Victorian hand hygiene program corresponds with reduced illness across Victoria during that time. Monash Health reductions are statistically significant and coincide with the implementation of a novel cleaning methodology. Conclusion: Cleaning without chemicals has not increased the risk of norovirus or suspected viral gastroenteritis illness at Monash Health.
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Bwire, Godfrey, Christopher Garimoi Orach, Freda Loy Aceng, Sam Emmanuel Arianitwe, David Matseketse, Edson Tumusherure, Issa Makumbi, et al. "Refugee Settlements and Cholera Risks in Uganda, 2016–2019." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 104, no. 4 (April 7, 2021): 1225–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-0741.
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ABSTRACTDuring 2016 to 2019, cholera outbreaks were reported commonly to the Ministry of Health from refugee settlements. To further understand the risks cholera posed to refugees, a review of surveillance data on cholera in Uganda for the period 2016–2019 was carried out. During this 4-year period, there were seven such outbreaks with 1,495 cases and 30 deaths in five refugee settlements and one refugee reception center. Most deaths occurred early in the outbreak, often in the settlements or before arrival at a treatment center rather than after arrival at a treatment center. During the different years, these outbreaks occurred during different times of the year but simultaneously in settlements that were geographically separated and affected all ages and genders. Some outbreaks spread to the local populations within Uganda. Cholera control prevention measures are currently being implemented; however, additional measures are needed to reduce the risk of cholera among refugees including oral cholera vaccination and a water, sanitation and hygiene package during the refugee registration process. A standardized protocol is needed to quickly conduct case–control studies to generate information to guide future cholera outbreak prevention in refugees and the host population.
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Renzaho, Andre. "Providing Health Services to Migrants and Refugees Settling in Victoria, Australia: An Analysis of the Complexity, Cost and Policy Implications for Public Health." International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 3, no. 4 (December 2007): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17479894200700021.
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Stephenson, Peter H. "Vietnamese refugees in Victoria, B.C.: An overview of immigrant and refugee health care in a medium-sized Canadian urban centre." Social Science & Medicine 40, no. 12 (June 1995): 1631–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(94)00345-t.
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Kidane, Yonas Semere, Sandra Ziegler, Verena Keck, Janine Benson-Martin, Albrecht Jahn, Temesghen Gebresilassie, and Claudia Beiersmann. "Eritrean Refugees’ and Asylum-Seekers’ Attitude towards and Access to Oral Healthcare in Heidelberg, Germany: A Qualitative Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 21 (November 3, 2021): 11559. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111559.
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Oral health concerns in Eritrean refugees have been an overlooked subject. This qualitative study explored the access of Eritrean refugees and asylum-seekers (ERNRAS) to oral health care services in Heidelberg, Germany, as well as their perceptions and attitudes towards oral health care. It involved 25 participants. We employed online semi-structured interviews (n = 15) and focus group discussions (n = 2). The data was recorded, transcribed, and analysed, using thematic analysis. The study found out that most of the participants have a relatively realistic perception and understanding of oral health. However, they have poor dental care practices, whilst a few have certain misconceptions of the conventional oral hygiene tools. Along with the majority’s concerns regarding psychosocial attributes of poor oral health, some participants are routinely consuming Berbere (a traditional spice-blended pepper) to prevent bad breath. Structural or supply-side barriers to oral healthcare services included: communication hurdles; difficulty in identifying and navigating the German health system; gaps in transculturally, professionally, and communicationally competent oral health professionals; cost of dental treatment; entitlement issues (asylum-seekers); and appointment mechanisms. Individual or demand-side barriers comprised: lack of self-sufficiency; issue related to dental care beliefs, trust, and expectation from dentists; negligence and lack of adherence to dental treatment follow-up; and fear or apprehension of dental treatment. To address the oral health burdens of ERNRAS, it is advised to consider oral health education, language-specific, inclusive, and culturally and professionally appropriate healthcare services.
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Palaia, Gaspare, Maurizio Bossù, Nicola Pranno, Massimo Ralli, Alice Bruscolini, Mauro Capocci, Gianfranco Gaimari, et al. "Oral Pathologies in Migrants: The Experience of the “PROTECT” Project in 3023 Patients." Applied Sciences 12, no. 24 (December 9, 2022): 12621. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122412621.
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Introduction: The number of people with migrant status living in Europe is proliferating. Most of the refugees in Italy come from war zones, and many of them denounce having been victims of persecutory acts in their country of origin. Highly cultured migrant populations have shown better results and oral health behaviour than those who were poorly cultured. The PROTECT project aimed to build a network for the early management of head and neck pathologies among refugees and migrants, promoting the dissemination of correct information about the prevention and treatment of these pathologies. Materials and methods: A national cross-sectional study among the refugees and migrant population in the Lazio region, Italy, from February 2018 to September 2021 was performed. The oral health of 3023 participants was investigated within a network of 56 reception centres and cultural associations. Data collected via an oral health survey questionnaire gathered information on participants’ demographic factors, migration status and dental behaviours and clinical examinations of the participants with the help of mouth mirrors, periodontal probes and artificial light. Results: The mean age was 31.6 ± 13.1, and among all the subjects, 2058 were male (68.1%) and 965 were women (41.9%). Most participants were born in Nigeria, followed by Bangladesh, Pakistan, Somalia, Mali and Senegal. The overall oral pain prevalence was 48.2%. The prevalence of patients claiming poor oral hygiene was 32.4%; 36.2% of the subjects consumed high amounts of sugar; and 26.7% saw their dentist for a check-up in the last year. At the clinical examination, 68.9% of patients had caries experience (considering decay of deciduous teeth, and caries of permanent teeth and teeth with fillings), with 32.2% showing pulpal involvement. Low levels of oral hygiene were also found at the clinical examination, with 46.5% of patients presenting plaque and calculus. The trend of the DMFT index was found to be 5.41. Good periodontal health (CPI = 0) was present in approximately 33.5% of patients. The CPI = 1 index reported bleeding from gingivitis in 37% of patients; tartar was found in 27% of patients (CPI = 2). The percentage of patients with CPI = 3 was 3.6%. Just over half (52.2%) of the migrants examined had malocclusion, and only 0.7% had a malocclusion in treatment. Conclusions: The goal to be achieved is to develop education and prevention programs for head–neck diseases, and perhaps even more. The first step towards this goal can be removing the obstacles migrants encounter in accessing health care.
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Kuehne, Anna, Elburg van Boetzelaer, Prince Alfani, Adolphe Fotso, Hitham Elhammali, Tom Khamala, Trygve Thorson, et al. "Health of migrants, refugees and asylum seekers in detention in Tripoli, Libya, 2018-2019: Retrospective analysis of routine medical programme data." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 4, 2021): e0252460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252460.
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Libya is a major transit and destination country for international migration. UN agencies estimates 571,464 migrants, refugees and asylum seekers in Libya in 2021; among these, 3,934 people are held in detention. We aimed to describe morbidities and water, hygiene, and sanitation (WHS) conditions in detention in Tripoli, Libya. We conducted a retrospective analysis of data collected between July 2018 and December 2019, as part of routine monitoring within an Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) project providing healthcare and WHS support for migrants, refugees and asylum seekers in some of the official detention centres (DC) in Tripoli. MSF had access to 1,630 detainees in eight different DCs on average per month. Only one DC was accessible to MSF every single month. The size of wall openings permitting cell ventilation failed to meet minimum standards in all DCs. Minimum standards for floor space, availability of water, toilets and showers were frequently not met. The most frequent diseases were acute respiratory tract infections (26.9%; 6,775/25,135), musculoskeletal diseases (24.1%; 6,058/25,135), skin diseases (14.1%; 3,538/25,135) and heartburn and reflux (10.0%; 2,502/25,135). Additionally, MSF recorded 190 cases of violence-induced wounds and 55 cases of sexual and gender-based violence. During an exhaustive nutrition screening in one DC, linear regression showed a reduction in mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) of 2.5mm per month in detention (95%-CI 1.3–3.7, p<0.001). Detention of men, women and children continues to take place in Tripoli. Living conditions failed to meet minimum requirements. Health problems diagnosed at MSF consultations reflect the living conditions and consist largely of diseases related to overcrowding, lack of water and ventilation, and poor diet. Furthermore, every month that people stay in detention increases their risk of malnutrition. The documented living conditions and health problems call for an end of detention and better protection of migrants, refugees and asylum seekers in Libya.
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Lien, On. "Attitudes of the Vietnamese Community towards Mental Illness." Australasian Psychiatry 1, no. 3 (August 1993): 110–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10398569309081340.
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There are approximately 155,000 Vietnamese born people in Australia, with 46,000 in Victoria. The majority came to Australia as refugees. Many were subjected to the reality or threat of war, persecution, imprisonment, discrimination, economic deprivation, violence, the loss of family or other major stressors. These stressors have included the hazards of the escape, lengthy stays in refugee camps and, on arrival in Australia, lack of familiarity with English and with the culture. The Vietnamese Community in Australia was expected to have a high prevalence of mental illness, especially when newly arrived from refugee camps. In a study published in 1986 as “The Price of Freedom” [1] 32% of the young Vietnamese adult group was found to suffer from psychiatric disorder. At follow-up two years later, the prevalence of psychiatric disorder, without any major intervention, had dropped to 5–6%, a prevalence lower than that in the Australian-born community. In addition, the Vietnamese community's use of mental health services (inpatient and community-based) is lower than that of any other ethnic group.
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Baijayanti Ghosh. "Gandhian philosophy of health and hygeine in an era of pandemic." International Journal on Integrated Education 3, no. 8 (August 5, 2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i8.518.
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Challenges faced by the world today aren’t limited to a single sphere. Multiple avenues pose threats like never before; global warming with melting of arctic ice, raging fires in Amazon and Australia, humanitarian crisis of refugees, civil war in Libya and other parts of the world pose threats to the very Human existence. The very ecology is threatened on multiple frontiers due to these challenges. None the less, associated with this Health crisis of humongous proportions is causing catastrophe in various ways. As the world advances and countries strive to keep pace with development, the cut throat competition has worsened the health crisis more than ever. Imbalances brought by humans are no longer sustained by Mother Nature. As the environment changes rapidly Nature is unleashing its fury on us, and what could be truer in today’s world gripped by a Pandemic that’s unleashing its wrath. Looking back, we will see Gandhiji’s simplicity in laying down models for health and hygiene are more realistic and true than ever. As we move forward in post pandemic era, Gandhiji’s simple measures almost a century old, holds more value than ever before
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Nzitakera, Augustin, Jean d’Amour Turinayo, Jean Baptiste Uwiragiye, Doreen Mukakalisa, Emmanuel Dushimirimana, and Philbert Kanimba. "Prevalence and Risk Factors For Intestinal Nematodes Infections among Primary School Children at Kigeme Refugee Camp, Southern Province, Rwanda." Rwanda Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences 5, no. 3 (December 20, 2022): 332–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rjmhs.v5i3.8.
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Background
Intestinal parasitic infections are common in camps of internally displaced people or refugees. Although, much has been done in Rwanda for their control in the general population, little is known about the prevalence among children in refugees’ camps.
Objective
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of intestinal nematodes infections and associated risk factors among primary school children at Kigeme refugee camp, southern province of Rwanda in 2021.
Methods
A cross sectional study was conducted; a total number of 383 stool samples were collected and examined using formal ether concentration technique.
Results
Approximately, one out of two participants (48.0%) were found to be infected with at least one intestinal nematode. Ascaris lumbricoides was found to be most prevalent (81%), followed by Trichirus trichiura (7.1%) and hookworm (3.8%). Parental illiteracy was identified as a risk factor, while knowledge on transmission roots of intestinal nematodes was seen as a protective factor.
Conclusion
Family members and parental education in particular is key as far as prevention of intestinal nematodes infections is concerned. Enhancement of public health education about hygiene and sanitation as well as regular mass drug administration could be important in fighting against intestinal parasitic infections.
Rwanda J Med Health Sci 2022;5(3):332-339
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Fedele, Pasquale L., Michael Wheeler, Christopher Lemoh, and Sanjeev Chunilal. "Immunochromatographic antigen testing alone is sufficient to identify asymptomatic refugees at risk of severe malaria presenting to a single health service in Victoria." Pathology 46, no. 6 (October 2014): 551–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/pat.0000000000000149.
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Haukioja, Heather Seija Marguerite. "Exploring the Nature of Elder Abuse in Ethno-Cultural Minority Groups: A community-based participatory research study." Arbutus Review 7, no. 1 (August 8, 2016): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18357/tar71201615681.
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<p class="p1">Elder abuse is a significant public health, social justice, and human rights issue in today’s society. Despite the recognition that elder<span class="s1">1 </span>abuse affects older adults across all racial, ethnic, and cultural groups, very little is known about the experiences of elder abuse among people from diverse ethno-cultural backgrounds in Canada. The primary objective of this study is to explore the nature of elder abuse within the two largest ethno-cultural minority groups in British Columbia (BC), the Chinese and South Asians (i.e., those who were either born in or can trace their ancestry to South Asia, which includes nations such as India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and Nepal). Using a community-based participatory research approach,this study is a collaboration between three academics at the University of Victoria and four front-line workers from the Inter-Cultural Association of Greater Victoria (ICA), a not-for-profit, multicultural services organization for immigrants and refugees. The qualitative findings from this interview-based study reveal that cultural context, immigration status, and ethnicity are significant factors influencing experiences of elder abuse. Further, the findings provide insights into what resources — awareness and prevention — need to be developed in order to address the issue of elder abuse in these communities.</p>
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Kunin, Marina, Razia Ali, Chris Yugusuk, Annette Davis, and Jacquie McBride. "Providing Care by Telephone to Refugees and Asylum Seekers: An Evaluation of Telephone Mode-of-Care in Monash Health Refugee Health and Wellbeing Clinic in Victoria, Australia." Health Services Insights 15 (January 2022): 117863292211343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11786329221134349.
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An evaluation of accessibility, appropriateness, acceptability and efficiency of telephone consultations, implemented at Monash Health Refugee Health and Wellbeing (MH RHW) throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, was conducted. A convergent mix-methods design was used, with both patients (n = 50) and clinicians (n = 11) participating in a survey, and two focus groups (n = 14) involving clinicians being conducted. Service utilization data was sourced from the MH RHW database. During May to December 2020, 61% (n = 3012) of the consultations were conducted by telephone, 42% (n = 11) of these required interpreters in a 3-way conversation Most patients were satisfied with telephone as a medium for providing care and with the quality of telephone-based care. Similarly, clinicians considered telephone consultations to be an acceptable mode-of-care for most patients during the pandemic, however, expressed caution in relation to certain patient cohort. Finally, the provision of care by telephone was considered no more efficient than face-to-face service provision, as reflected in the time required for each consultation, with some clinicians reporting adverse workload outcomes. This study highlighted the benefits and challenges of telephone consultations from patient and clinician perspectives. It also highlighted the types of patients that may not be suited to telephone consultations. Overall, this study showed that telephone service delivery is a feasible option in providing care to people of refugee background and should be considered in future decisions as an ongoing Medicare (Australia’s universal healthcare insurance scheme) billing item. However, clinical discretion should prevail in determining the most appropriate means of delivering care.
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Mahamud, Abdirahman Sheikh, Jamal A. Ahmed, Raymond Nyoka, Erick Auko, Vincet Kahi, James Ndirangu, Margaret Nguhi, et al. "Epidemic cholera in Kakuma Refugee Camp, Kenya, 2009: the importance of sanitation and soap." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 6, no. 03 (November 30, 2011): 234–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.1966.
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Introduction: Cholera remains a major public health problem that causes substantial morbidity and mortality in displaced populations due to inadequate or unprotected water supplies, poor sanitation and hygiene, overcrowding, and limited resources. A cholera outbreak with 224 cases and four deaths occurred in Kakuma Refugee Camp in Kenya from September to December 2009. Methodology: We conducted a case-control study to characterize the epidemiology of the outbreak. Cases were identified by reviewing the hospital registry for patients meeting the World Health Organization (WHO) case definition for cholera. For each case a matched control was selected. A questionnaire focusing on potential risk factors was administered to cases and controls. Results: From 18 September to 15 December 2009, a total of 224 cases were identified and were hospitalised at Kakuma IRC hospital. Three refugees and one Kenyan national died of cholera. V. cholerae O1, serotype Inaba was isolated in 44 (42%) out of 104 stool specimens collected. A total of 93 cases and 93 matched controls were enrolled in the study. In a multivariate model, washing hands with soap was protective against cholera (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] =0.25[0.09-0.71]; p < 0.01), while presence of dirty water storage containers was a risk factor (AOR=4.39[1.12-17.14]; p=0.03). Conclusion: Provision of soap, along with education on hand hygiene and cleaning water storage containers, may be an affordable intervention to prevent cholera.
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Mohamed, Iman, Safari Kinung’hi, Pauline N. M. Mwinzi, Isaac O. Onkanga, Kennedy Andiego, Geoffrey Muchiri, Maurice R. Odiere, Birgitte Jyding Vennervald, and Annette Olsen. "Diet and hygiene practices influence morbidity in schoolchildren living in Schistosomiasis endemic areas along Lake Victoria in Kenya and Tanzania—A cross-sectional study." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 12, no. 3 (March 28, 2018): e0006373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006373.
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Riza, Elena, Achilleas Lazarou, Pania Karnaki, Dina Zota, Margarita Nassi, Maria Kantzanou, and Athena Linos. "Using an IT-Based Algorithm for Health Promotion in Temporary Settlements to Improve Migrant and Refugee Health." Healthcare 9, no. 10 (September 28, 2021): 1284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9101284.
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The application of the electronic algorithm developed by the Mig-Healthcare project was pilot tested in a sample of migrants and refugees in 2 Reception and Identification Centres (RICs), temporary settlements, in Greece using portable devices. The questions relate to health literacy issues, to mental health, to vaccination history, to lifestyle habits such as smoking, alcohol intake, diet, to the presence of diseases such as heart disease or diabetes, to the use of prevention services and to dental care. A total of 82 adults, 50 women and 32 men, participated. Data analysis showed that 67.1% (55) of the respondents had difficulty in understanding medical information and 57.3% (47) did not know where to seek medical help for a specific health problem. Four main areas of health problems were identified and further action is required: (A) mental health concerns, (B) vaccinations, (C) obesity, and (D) dental hygiene. Direct linkage with the “Roadmap and Toolbox” section of the project’s website gave the respondents access to many sources and tools, while through the use of the interactive map, specific referral points of healthcare delivery in their area were identified. IT-based intervention in migrant and refugee populations in Greece are effective in increasing health literacy levels and identifying areas for health promotion interventions in these groups. Through linkage with the project’s database, access to healthcare provision points and action to seek appropriate healthcare when necessary are encouraged. Given the attenuated vulnerability profile of people living in temporary settlements, this algorithm can be easily used in primary care settings to improve migrant and refugee health.
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Cronin, A. A., D. Shrestha, N. Cornier, F. Abdalla, N. Ezard, and C. Aramburu. "A review of water and sanitation provision in refugee camps in association with selected health and nutrition indicators – the need for integrated service provision." Journal of Water and Health 6, no. 1 (November 1, 2007): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2007.019.
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The first global overview of basic water and sanitation indicators in refugee camps is presented (using data from 2003–2006) and compared with selected health and nutrition indicators. This demonstrates that average levels of water and sanitation provision are acceptable at camp level but many refugee operations are suffering from gaps that cross-cut these sectors; e.g. typically poor sanitation provision is corresponding with low per capita availability of water. These findings were confirmed at household level with two household surveys undertaken in African refugee camps; households reporting a case of diarrhoea within the previous 24 hours collect on average 26% less water than those not reporting any cases. In addition, typically higher levels of morbidity of one infectious agent are also reflected across other infectious agents; this is reinforced by comparing the relationship between morbidity and nutrition status from selected camps. The importance that hygiene, environmental conditions and local settings have on health (both of refugees and also local communities) is underlined. Interventions to improve indicators across the water, sanitation, health and nutrition sectors rely not only on increased and sustained resources but must entail an integrated approach to simultaneously tackle short-comings across all these vital sectors.
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Milanovic, Jasmina, and Jelena Jovanovic-Simic. "Female physicians and physicians’ wives - members of the Women’s Society (1875-1915)." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 148, no. 9-10 (2020): 648–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh191106078m.
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Prior to the Herzegovina Uprising (1875) and the First Serbian? Turkish War (1876?1877), two associations were established in Serbia with humane work goals that provided great assistance to the health service throughout the war conflicts in which the Serbian people participated. The first of these was the Women?s Society, established in May 1875, and the second one was the Serbian Red Cross Society, established in February 1876. Shortly before the wars, they organized training courses for voluntary paramedics and nurses, during the wars they established reserve hospitals, collected money, medical supplies, and clothing for the wounded and the refugees. In peacetime, among other activities, they worked to raise public awareness of the importance of hygiene and proper nutrition. Female physicians and physicians? wives were particularly active in the Women?s Society, and were followed by women around them. The work of the female members of the Women?s Society was especially invaluable in the subcommittees, as they worked together with their husbands to promote health education in culturally primitive rural areas.
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Peters, Lisa, Sharon L. Bourke, Janet A. Green, Elianna Johnson, Ligi Anish, and Linda K. Jones. "Understanding the healthcare needs of Sudanese refugee women settling in Australia." Clinical Nursing Studies 8, no. 2 (June 16, 2020): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/cns.v8n2p40.
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Objective: Explore the healthcare needs of Sudanese refugee women settling in Australia.Background: Refugees from Sudan are the fastest growing community in Australia. Nurses who care for people from the Sudan will be required to be familiar with the needs of this emerging community and offer culturally competent and safe care.Methods: Integrative review of the literature.Results: Sudan is one of the countries in Africa where the practice of female genital mutilation (FGM), cutting or circumcision is considered a social norm. This is a deeply rooted traditional cultural practice that is still prevalent in many developing countries. Healthcare professionals in Australia are ill equipped to care for women and children who have undergone this procedure. This paper explores the Sudanese refugee community in Shepparton, Victoria to explore the nursing considerations caring for women affected by FGM within the Australian health care context.Conclusions: There is a need for more education in undergraduate, postgraduate and continuing professional education on the healthcare needs of women who have undergone female genital mutilation in order to provide appropriate care and support for these women.
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Memory Rumbidzai V. Mandikiana, Yogesh Awasthi, and Isaac Ignatius Dambudzo. "COVID- 19 and its Effects on Refugee, Asylum Seeker and Migrant Children Aged 12-17 Years at Tongogara Refugee Camp in Zimbabwe." PanAfrican Journal of Governance and Development (PJGD) 2, no. 2 (August 30, 2021): 170–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.46404/panjogov.v2i2.3235.
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Refugee, asylum seekers, and migrant (displaced) children are at protracted vulnerability levels, and COVID-19 has exacerbated the situation. Zimbabwe accepts refugees but enforces an encampment policy, and displaced populations are encamped at Tongogara Refugee Camp (TRC). The research gap is that there is very little literature on refugees in Zimbabwe. The research objectives for the study were to explore the challenges that refugees, asylum seekers, and displaced children at TRC face, ascertain how COVID-19 has affected children at TRC, and propose solutions to these challenges. This research relied upon a mixed method of quantitative and qualitative approach considering the immediacy of the COVID-19 pandemic. Secondary data is referred from published articles and organizational reports. The population size of 2,304 children aged 12 to 17 was obtained through the United Nations refugee agency (UNHCR)’s January 2021 population statistics for TRC. A 10% sample of 230 respondents was selected. Non-probability sampling techniques were used in administering a questionnaire through individual and focus group interviews, which were fed into KoBo Toolbox. Data cleaning and analysis were conducted, with SPSS and NViVo for quantitative and qualitative data analysis, respectively. Ethical considerations of consent, confidentiality, do no harm, and statements to withdraw from the study were employed. The process involved strict observance of World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines on COVID-19. The research was conducted between April 2020 and February 2021. Results showed that displaced children suffered a spectrum of challenges before COVID-19. During the COVID-19 period, respondents had limited access to child protection services, experienced increased conflicts at home, and limited access to formal learning and entertainment: their already dire situation was exacerbated by COVID-19. The study recommends the upgrade of the local secondary school to advanced level status, adoption of educational innovations in lieu of the COVID-19 pandemic, including radio, television, and virtual learning platforms; improved child protection mechanisms; accommodation; dietary diversity; access to water and sanitation hygiene; provision of electricity; adequate street lighting; activities for entertainment; and increasing awareness against child abuse and gender-based violence (GBV).
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Gueron, Laura Janet Pizer, Arobogust Amoyi, Winnie Chao, Justine Chepngetich, Jepkemoi Joanne Kibet, Stephen Nyambok, and Joseph Wesonga. "Group physiotherapy with survivors of torture in urban and camp settings in Jordan and Kenya." Torture Journal 30, no. 3 (February 10, 2021): 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/torture.v30i3.121785.
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Introduction: In this paper we report provisional field results on the impact of CVT’s (the Center for Victims of Torture) interdisciplinary group treatment on physiotherapy indicators in refugees living in urban and camp settings in Kenya and Jordan. The physiotherapy component of this model includes pain neuroscience education, sleep hygiene, posture and body mechanics instruction and healing of pain and trauma from a biopsychosocial perspective, in a program of ten weekly sessions. This program is supported by a clinical assessment that records a broad set of indicators of participant experience and functioning. In addition, some survivors report having pelvic floor dysfunction and data will be offered about a subset of survivors looking at prevalence of these issues.
Methods: Survivors are identified through referral systems, community education and sensitization campaigns, contacts and trainings with other NGOs and health care providers. Prospective survivors are screened into CVT services or referred to other agencies that can better meet their needs. CVT focuses its services on refugees with physical and emotional difficulties that may be effectively treated through its interdisciplinary treatment model and who have survived torture or related human rights violations. Following an informed consent process, survivors participate in a comprehensive individual assessment and then progress to the 10-week program. Wherever possible, follow-up assessments are conducted 2 weeks after the sessions end, and at 3, and 9 months following completion of the 10-week long intervention.
Results: On average, participants who completed 3-month follow-up assessments showed statistically and clinically significant improvements on physiotherapy indicators.
Discussion: Provisional results are encouraging and suggest that the model is adaptable to the needs of different populations and settings. As nearly all participants receive both counseling and physiotherapy, it is difficult to know which benefits can be attributed to physiotherapy alone.
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Mahmood, Iftikher, Nrinmoy Biswas, Fahmida Akter, Johanna Hansing, Arman Mahmood, Ashley Pugh, Jessica Love, and Steven Arrowsmith. "Burden of Obstetric Fistula on the Rohingya Community in Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh." Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 13, no. 2 (November 18, 2018): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v13i2.21715.
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Since August 2017, a massive influx of over 800,000 Rohingya refugees have arrived in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. The Rohingya state is one the poorest states in Myanmar, with ghetto-like camps and a lack of basic services and opportunities. In 1982, a new citizenship law was passed, effectively rendering the Rohingya stateless. As a result of this law, their rights to access health services have been restricted.
Now, many Rohingya are living in Cox’s Bazar in tent-based refugee camps under extremely poor conditions without access to proper medical care, hygiene, sanitation, food or education. Lack of proper maternal health care, together with early marriage, malnutrition, poverty and the physical characteristics of the women in this community (small body shapes), exposes Rohingya women to a very dangerous position with high chances of developing obstetric fistula during childbirth.
HOPE Hospital provides clinical care for women affected with obstetric fistula and is the only provider and referral center of fistula care in the region. Since the influx began, many fistula repairs have been carried out on Rohingya women at HOPE Hospital. This paper looks at fistula care and the psychosocial impact of fistula on victims in the refugee population, amid a massive humanitarian crisis.
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Zalashik, Rakefet, and Nadav Davidovitch. "Measuring Adaptability: Psychological Examinations of Jewish Detainees in Cyprus Internment Camps." Science in Context 19, no. 3 (September 2006): 419–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889706001001.
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ArgumentTwo medical delegations, one from Palestine and one from the United States, were sent to detainment camps in Cyprus in the summer of 1947. The British Mandatory government had set up these camps in the summer of 1946 to stem the flow of Jewish immigrants into Palestine after World War II. The purpose of the medical delegations was to screen the camps' inhabitants and to propose a mental-health program for their life in Palestine. We examine the activities of these two delegations within the context of their scientific interest in the psycho-pathology of displaced persons after World War II and as part of a broader project of mental hygiene. According to the delegations, the detainees would be a potential source of strength for building a new society if they adapted to life in Palestine. However, they would become a burden if they failed to be absorbed. At the same time, the medical delegations also saw the detainee camps as a potential “living laboratory” for scientific exploration. The case of the two medical delegations in Cyprus is also a story about constructing and transgressing medical borders. Apart from the obvious fact that this case study deals with movement of people, refugees as well as health-care workers, it is also about the transmission of knowledge and professions across the ocean.
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Sciberras, E., M. Mulraney, F. Mensah, F. Oberklaid, D. Efron, and H. Hiscock. "Sustained impact of a sleep intervention and moderators of treatment outcome for children with ADHD: a randomised controlled trial." Psychological Medicine 50, no. 2 (January 18, 2019): 210–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291718004063.
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AbstractBackgroundWe aim to (1) determine whether a behavioural sleep intervention for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) leads to sustained benefits; and (2) examine the factors associated with treatment response.MethodsThis study was a randomised controlled trial of 244 children (5–13 years) with ADHD from Victoria, Australia. All participants had a moderate/severe sleep problem that met American Academy of Sleep Medicine criteria for an eligible sleep disorder by parent report. The two-session intervention covered sleep hygiene and standardised behavioural strategies. The control group received usual care. Parent- and teacher-reported outcomes at 12 months included sleep, ADHD severity, quality of life, daily functioning, behaviour, and parent mental health. Adjusted mixed effects regression analyses examined 12 month outcomes. Interaction analyses were used to determine moderators of intervention outcomes over time. The trial was registered with ISRCTN, http://www.controlled-trials.com (ISRCTN68819261).ResultsIntervention children were less likely to have a moderate/severe sleep problem by parent report at 12 months compared to usual care children (28.4% v. 46.5%, p = 0.03). Children in the intervention group fared better than the usual care group in terms of parent-reported ADHD symptoms (Cohen's d: −0.3, p < 0.001), quality of life (d: 0.4, p < 0.001), daily functioning (d: −0.5, p < 0.001), and behaviour (d: −0.3, p = 0.005) 12 months later. The benefits of the intervention over time in terms of sleep were less for children not taking ADHD medication and children with parents experiencing depression.ConclusionsA behavioural sleep intervention for ADHD is associated with small sustained improvements in child wellbeing. Children who are not taking ADHD medication or have parents with depression may require follow-up booster sleep sessions.
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Boigues Corbalan Tebar, Wellington, and Edinilson Donisete Machado. "OS MIGRANTES E REFUGIADOS, OS IMPACTOS DA COVID-19: RESPOSTA, POR MEIO DE PLANOS E DADOS." Colloquium Socialis 4, no. 4 (February 18, 2021): 148–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5747/cs.2020.v4.n4.s118.
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This paper aimed to analyze, in general, the situation of migrants and refugees in the face of the adversities generated by the pandemic of COVID-19. During this period, the vulnerability of these groups of people was noted, either by the exclusionary behaviors of the society in which they are inserted, or by the measures taken by the governments to contain the impacts of the disease, as well as mitigation of its effects. To this end, data were presented, referring to the main impacts generated by the health crisis, as well as recommendations for National States to develop adequate response plans. It was found that the situation in the refugee camps is also worrying. The confinement of several people, in the same place, whose number often exceeds the occupation capacity, added to the precarious conditions of health, hygiene and basic sanitation, facilitates the spread of the virus, becoming easy targets of the disease. That is why it was concluded that, as the situation of vulnerability worsens, due to the evolution of the pandemic, so much more effective must be the responses to be given by national governments to guarantee human rights to this group of people. The research took, as a reference, official documents prepared by international organizations (global and regional level) for the protection of human rights. And the exploratory-descriptive method was used, with a qualitative approach, as official documents were analyzed, prepared by international organizations (at global and regional level) for the protection of human rights.
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Devonald, Megan, Nicola Jones, and Sally Youssef. "‘We Have No Hope for Anything’: Exploring Interconnected Economic, Social and Environmental Risks to Adolescents in Lebanon." Sustainability 14, no. 4 (February 10, 2022): 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14042001.
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Sustainable development is an effort to balance social progress with environmental equilibrium and economic growth. Young people affected by forced displacement are particularly vulnerable to the economic, environmental and social challenges of their surroundings. Using a framework that centres sustainable development on these three interconnected pillars, this article explores how the economic and environmental contexts in Lebanon impact adolescents’ and youth social development, drawing on qualitative data from adolescents in refugee and host community settings. The article highlights that adolescents face economic challenges because of the national economic crisis, exacerbated by COVID-19 lockdowns and service closures, poor labour market opportunities for youth—and for refugees in particular—and rising living costs. The environmental challenges facing adolescents include inadequate shelter (especially in collective shelters and informal tented shelters) and inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) facilities. These economic and environmental conditions in turn influence adolescents’ social capabilities such as their physical and mental health, and voice and agency. The article concludes by highlighting the need for a more integrated approach to sustainable development that will allow both present and future generations in Lebanon to meet their own needs and live empowered lives. It outlines measures that could help achieve this approach, including: creating policies and programmes that promote investment in technical and soft skills-building to equip young people with the skills they need to take up jobs within the green economy; investing in adolescent-friendly social protection with linkages to environmental projects; and improved shelter, health and WASH facilities, particularly in response to the ongoing and future impacts of climate change.
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Laili, Rizky Dzariyani, Arie Dwi Alristina, Dewinta Hayudanti, and Rossa Kurnia Ethasari. "Establishing Nutritional Management after Natural Disaster for Children Under-five Years in Indonesia: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Advancement in Life Sciences Research 05, no. 04 (2022): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31632/ijalsr.2022.v05i04.003.
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Background: Indonesia has the potential for natural disasters, such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, floods, landslides, tsunamis and others. The impact of displacement for children under-five is the risk of infectious diseases, nutritional deficits, growth and psychosocial disorders. Food aid for adult refugees is relatively less problematic than for children because adults can consume various types of food. Otherwise, children under-five have been unable to consume all various foods provided at the shelter. If this problem is not addressed, children will suffer from malnutrition and may become malnourished further. This study focuses on nutrition management after-disaster for children under-five. Methods: The type of study was cross-sectional. This research was carried out by systematic review study, which was a literature study that published about Indonesia databases using Science Direct and Proquest. The inclusion criteria were studies that focused on food and nutrition management for children in the shelter. Results: The study shows that the nutrition management for children under-five in the shelter has not been addressed optimally, so it is urgent to specifically and integrated nutrition management. Nutrition programs in the shelter include nutrition services, nutrition counseling, nutritionist, and food supply. Conclusion: The role of nutritionists during emergency disasters can contribute to optimal nutrition services in shelter. They can help by arranging menus and attention to nutrition and food hygiene to be provided to children. SOP’s for addressing nutrition health are required, as well allocation funds to provide nutritious food for children under-five.
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Kay, Ariel, Eva Leidman, Velma Lopez, Caroline Wilkinson, Melody Tondeur, and Oleg Bilukha. "The burden of anaemia among displaced women and children in refugee settings worldwide, 2013–2016." BMJ Global Health 4, no. 6 (November 2019): e001837. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001837.
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IntroductionDisplaced persons have a unique risk for developing anaemia due to often limited diets, overcrowding, new infections and inadequate sanitation and hygiene. The lack of anaemia prevalence estimates among the displaced inhibit global planning for anaemia reduction.MethodsWe analysed population representative, cross-sectional nutrition surveys from 2013 to 2016 conducted by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and partner agencies. Included surveys measured haemoglobin concentration among children 6–59 months, non-pregnant women 15–49 years, or both groups. For each survey, we calculated mean haemoglobin and prevalence of total anaemia (<110 g/L in children, <120 g/L in women), and classified public health severity following WHO guidelines. Pearson correlations between indicators from women and children surveys were calculated where both subpopulations were measured.ResultsAnalysis included 196 surveys among children and 184 surveys among women from 121 unique refugee settings in 24 countries. The median prevalence of total anaemia in children and women was 44% and 28%, respectively. Sixty-one per cent of child surveys indicated a problem of severe public health importance compared with 25% of surveys in women. The prevalence of total anaemia in children and women was strongly correlated (ρ=0.80). Median prevalence of total anaemia was approximately 55% greater and mean haemoglobin was 6 g/L lower among children age 6–23 months compared with children 24–59 months. West and Central Africa region had the highest median prevalence of anaemia both in women and children.ConclusionWhile the burden of anaemia is high among the displaced, it mirrors that of the general population. Haemoglobin should continue to be measured in nutrition surveys in refugee settings. Sustained, multisectoral efforts to reduce anaemia are needed, with specific focus on children under 2 years of age and refugee settings in the West and Central Africa region.
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Messenger, Louisa Alexandra, Joanna Furnival-Adams, Bethanie Pelloquin, and Mark Rowland. "Vector control for malaria prevention during humanitarian emergencies: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis." BMJ Open 11, no. 7 (July 2021): e046325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046325.
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IntroductionHumanitarian emergencies, of either natural or anthropogenic origins, are equivalent to major disasters, which can lead to population displacement, food insecurity and health system disruptions. Almost two-thirds of people affected by humanitarian emergencies inhabit malaria endemic regions, particularly the WHO African Region, which currently accounts for 93% and 94% of malaria cases and deaths, respectively. As of late 2020, the United Nations Refugee Agency estimates that there are globally 79.5 million forcibly displaced people, including 45.7 million internally displaced people, 26 million refugees, 4.2 million asylum-seekers and 3.6 million Venezuelans displaced abroad.Methods and analysesA systematic review and meta-analysis will be conducted to evaluate the impact of different vector control interventions on malaria disease burden during humanitarian emergencies. Published and grey literatures will be systematically retrieved from 10 electronic databases and 3 clinical trials registries. A systematic approach to screening, reviewing and data extraction will be applied based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines. Two review authors will independently assess full-text copies of potentially relevant articles based on inclusion criteria. Included studies will be assessed for risk of bias according to Cochrane and certainty of evidence using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Eligible studies with reported or measurable risk ratios or ORs with 95% CIs will be included in a meta-analysis. Subgroup analyses, including per study design, emergency phase and primary mode of intervention, may be performed if substantial heterogeneity is encountered.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval is not required by the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine to perform secondary analyses of existing anonymous data. Study findings will be disseminated via open-access publications in peer-reviewed journals, presentations to stakeholders and international policy makers, and will contribute to the latest WHO guidelines for malaria control during humanitarian emergencies.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020214961.
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Falk, Joern, Björn Globisch, Martin Angelmahr, Wolfgang Schade, and Heike Schenk-Mathes. "Drinking Water Supply in Rural Africa Based on a Mini-Grid Energy System—A Socio-Economic Case Study for Rural Development." Sustainability 14, no. 15 (August 2, 2022): 9458. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14159458.
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Water is an essential resource required for various human activities such as drinking, cooking, growing food, and personal hygiene. As a key infrastructure of public services, access to clean and safe drinking water is an essential factor for local socio-economic development. Despite various national and international efforts, water supply is often not guaranteed, especially in rural areas of Africa. Although many water resources are theoretically available in these areas, bodies of water are often contaminated with dangerous pathogens and pollutants. As a result, people, often women and children, have to travel long distances to collect water from taps and are exposed to dangers such as physical violence and accidents on their way. In this article, we present a socio-economic case study for rural development. We describe a drinking water treatment plant with an annual capacity of 10,950 m3 on Kibumba Island in Lake Victoria (Tanzania). The plant is operated by a photovoltaic mini-grid system with second-life lithium-ion battery storage. We describe the planning, the installation, and the start of operation of the water treatment system. In addition, we estimate the water prices achievable with the proposed system and compare it to existing sources of drinking water on Kibumba Island. Assuming a useful life of 15 years, the installed drinking water system is cost-neutral for the community at a cost price of 0.70 EUR/m3, 22% less than any other source of clean water on Kibumba Island. Access to safe and clean drinking water is a major step forward for the local population. We investigate the socio-economic added value using social and economic key indicators like health, education, and income. Hence, this approach may serve as a role model for community-owned drinking water systems in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Davis, M., L. Hochberg, R. Zetterberg, and V. Pridmore. "Can Cross-Sector Partnerships Increase Breast Cancer Screening in Hard-to-Reach Migrant Populations?" Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 142s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.20500.
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Background and context: BreastScreen Victoria (BSV) provides free breast screening to women aged 40+; targeting women aged 50-74. The program reduces breast cancer-related deaths by up to 28%. BSV aims to ensure equitable participation for all women in the target age; however there are large disparities in screening rates for different subpopulations. Emerging migrant women participate in breast screening at lower rates than the general population. These women face complex barriers including cultural factors, low health literacy, and access. BSV identified cross-sector partnerships, with local trusted organizations who engage with emerging migrant women, as an approach to tackle the multidimensional problems in screening inequalities. Aim: Through cross-sector partnerships BSV aims to bring together diverse skills, knowledge and resources for more effective health promotion outcomes, including: 1. Increasing awareness of breast screening in emerging migrant communities, 2. Providing a culturally safe environment for women to access breast screening. Strategy/Tactics: BSV partnered with organizations beyond the traditional health sector. One key partnership is with AMES Australia, who provide settlement services for refugees and migrants. The main approach of this model is two-way capacity building between organizations. BSV built the capacity of AMES to deliver BreastScreen's key messages, and promote screening to eligible women accessing their service. This included training for staff, resource development/sharing, and support. AMES built the capacity of BSV by providing insight into barriers for women they engage, and guidance adapting traditionally clinical environments ensuring cultural safety. To date BSV has undertaken screening initiatives with AMES in 2 Melbourne locations. Outcomes: - Migrant women are introduced to breast screening by a trusted organization - BSV's key messages are delivered in a culturally appropriate manner - Development of sustainable skills, structures and resources in both organizations - Utilization of AMES relationship with their clients to engage women who BSV may not reach -not on the Victorian Electoral Roll - 6 group bookings with specific languages groups - Familiar case worker and in person translator supporting group bookings - Engaging mainly first time screeners who may not have accessed a breast screen - Overcoming cultural, language, and health literacy barriers - Tailored appointments for groups and walk-ins. What was learned: A lack of tailored strategies to engage women in breast screening compounds barriers for migrant women. Cross-sector partnerships increase the efficiency of systems that impact health by making the best use of different but complementary resources. Collaborations, joint resourcing and planned action should be considered ongoing practice, particularly for disengaged populations, to address the many determinants of health that lie outside the reach of the health system.
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CHIRITESCU, Vergina, Iudith IPATE, Camelia GAVRILESCU, Mihaela KRUSZLICIKA, Mariana SANDU, and Cristina NEDIANU. "Food security as long-term goals of strategic agricultural development." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Agriculture 71, no. 1 (May 29, 2014): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-agr:9607.
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In any national economy, agriculture is one of the key sectors of economic activity overall. As always anthropogenic activities held in conjunction and, not infrequently, the adversarial relationship with the environment, agriculture accumulate elements of society, from food security to social stability. In this context, one of the objectives of long-term agricultural development strategy must be accounted for to ensure food security threshold. This paper aims to study the scientific endeavor further the current concepts of food security and the challenges facing countries in this regard. Every day, the world's population grows by about 220,000 people and the world population every year we add 80 million people. All these people must have access to sufficient and safe food. Globalization of the food chain causes constant new challenges and risks to health and interests of consumers. This article was prepared as a basic research as sources of information: the international literature, FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization - United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization) data, official statistics etc. According to FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization - United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization), food security means “guaranteeing each individual at all times, in any place or time of access to adequate and healthy diet to allow him to have a regime sufficient food for a healthy and active lifeâ€. Multidimensional nature of food security, just as the fight against poverty, calls a good correlation between the various sectors - agriculture, commerce, infrastructure, health - and the variety of intervention levels - local, national, international. In recent years indicate that there are problems of food insecurity in 86 countries, 43 African, 24 Asian, 9 in Latin America and the Caribbean, 7 in Oceania and Europe 3. In 2004, 35 countries have received emergency aid because of the food crisis. The main causes were: military and civil conflicts, post-conflict situations, refugees, economic disadvantaged areas and climate issues. Global agricultural production should increase by at least 3% per year to provide live feed of the rising population, according to a study by the Economist Intelligence Unit. At present, current agricultural productivity growth is only 2%. In the present research work, we demonstrated that food security is a global problem of humanity, in the context of population growth, climate change and economic crisis. The food security is influenced by four groups of factors, namely: the social - economic and political, agro-food sector performance, social protection and health and hygiene.
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Okada, Tomoko. "Kosovar Resettlement Assistance Project in Greater Victoria." Refuge: Canada's Journal on Refugees, January 1, 2001, 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.22078.
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This paper describes a practical service model based on my field experience and outlines the process of Kosovar refugees' initial resettlement in Greater Victoria. Although an individual's age, social, educational, economic, and health conditions are some factors to influence refugee psycho-social adjustment, the continuum of resettlement is explained as dynamic, two-way, multifaceted, and long term. Resettlement does not end within one's lifetime, but it is rather an inter-generational evolution. This paper, however, only focuses on the first initial resettlement stage, which is critical to influence the whole continuum of inter-generational adjustment.