Journal articles: 'Refugees – Sri Lanka'

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George, Miriam, Anita Vaillancourt, and S. Irudaya Rajan. "Sri Lankan Tamil Refugees in India: Conceptual Framework of Repatriation Success." Refuge: Canada's Journal on Refugees 32, no. 3 (November 23, 2016): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.40234.

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Repatriation to Sri Lanka has become a primary challenge to Sri Lankan Tamil refugees in Indian refugee camps, and a matter of significant public discussion in India and Sri Lanka. Anxiety about repatriation among Sri Lankan Tamil refugees and lack of initiation from the Sri Lankan government threatens the development of a coherent repatriation strategy. This article proposes a conceptual framework of repatriation success for Sri Lankan Tamil refugees, which the Sri Lankan government, non-governmental agencies, and Sri Lankan Tamil refugees may use to develop a concrete strategy for repatriation. Based upon the study results of two of the authors’ repatriation studies, this article identifies and describes the four key concepts of the repatriation framework: livelihood development, language and culture awareness, social relationships, and equal citizenship within a nation.

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Kuttikat, Miriam, Anita Vaillancourt, and Michael Massey. "Battered but bold: Sri Lankan Tamil refugee war experiences, camp challenges and resilience." International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 14, no. 3 (September 10, 2018): 245–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmhsc-04-2017-0013.

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Purpose The civil war prompted many Tamils to flee Sri Lanka as refugees. Several researchers have documented psychological distress and trauma among Sri Lankan Tamil refugees, but the literature lacks sufficient discussion of resilience among this population. Although Sri Lankan Tamil refugees have experienced conflict and loss, they have also demonstrated positive adaptation following these challenges. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach The present study used an ecological approach, in which the effect of the environment on a person is regarded as significant, to explore resilience among Sri Lankan Tamils living in refugee camps in India. Findings Through a qualitative investigation of refugee experiences of war and camp life, the authors developed a conceptual framework for understanding individual and collective resilience among refugees. Research limitations/implications Additionally, the results of this study need to be interpreted with caution because participants were camp refugees, which may limit the applicability of these results with refugees who live in different settings. Practical implications The current research results show that intervention programs should have multiple components, including trauma intervention to address the individual and community psychological and psychiatric effects of war and migration experiences and psychosocial interventions to address individual, family, community dynamics and daily stressors. Social implications The study participants stated that Sri Lankan Tamil refugees are using their resilience traits including will power, positive talk, practical solutions, social support, religion and social networks to remake their broken souls. Originality/value Future studies need to be conducted with other refugee group to validate the findings of the paper.

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Shekhar, Beulah, and Vijaya Somasundaram. "The Sri Lankan Refugee Crimes and Crisis: Experience and Lessons Learnt from South India." Journal of Victimology and Victim Justice 2, no. 2 (October 2019): 215–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2516606919885524.

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Sharing porous borders with its neighbours, India has played a regular host to refugees from Nepal, Burma, Tibet, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. According to UNHCR, as of 2014, there are more than 200,000 refugees living in India. Notwithstanding the fact that India is not a signatory to the 1951 UN Refugee Convention and its additional 1967 Protocol, its open-door policy to refugees has had adverse political and socio-economic repercussions. This article3 analyses the experience of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu with the Sri Lankan refugees from the first influx in 1983 up to 2000, when the refugees began returning to their homeland. The researchers identify the pull factors for the refugee influx and push factors that led to their return and in the process put together crucial learning that can be of significance to States dealing with the problem of refugees.

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Sreenivasan, Akshaya, Steve Bien-Aimé, and Colleen Connolly-Ahern. "Connecting Homeland and Borders Using Mobile Telephony: Exploring the State of Tamil Refugees in Indian Camps." Journal of Information Policy 7, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): 86–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jinfopoli.7.1.0086.

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Abstract This article attempts to explain how mobile phones influence how Sri Lankan Tamil refugees perceive cultural, psychological, and physical borders. Grounded in the information and communications technology (ICT) literature and diaspora communications, the lead author conducted twelve in-depth interviews with Mandapam camp residents in Tamilnadu, India, during Summer 2013. Results indicate that while camp refugees considered Sri Lanka their “motherland,” fear of government surveillance coupled with skepticism regarding the peace process impedes their return, even though official hostilities have ceased. However, mobile communications allow them to create a virtual community, which is important because camp life essentially separates them from both India and Sri Lanka.

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Kasynathan, Nalini. "Working with women refugees in eastern Sri Lanka." Gender & Development 1, no. 2 (June 1993): 24–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09682869308519966.

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Schalk, P. "Caivam - a religion among Tamil speaking refugees from Sri Lanka." Refugee Survey Quarterly 26, no. 2 (January 1, 2007): 91–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdi0230.

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Schrijvers, Joke. "Internal Refugees in Sri Lanka: The Interplay of Ethnicity and Gender." European Journal of Development Research 9, no. 2 (December 1997): 62–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09578819708426690.

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Gopalakrishnan, Murali. "Securitization of refugees in South Asia: Through the prism of Kautilya’s Arthashastra." Asian Journal of Comparative Politics 5, no. 4 (November 10, 2019): 400–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2057891119881505.

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The acceptance of refugees and internally displaced persons represents the altruism of the countries of South Asia, which has witnessed the phenomenon of displaced persons since the early 19th century. The refugee phenomenon has a causal nature and will remain for a long time to come. The refugee situation in South Asia since 1947 has also resulted in protracted internal security conditions in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. The dual paradigm of refugees for a host country – societal concerns and security issues – can be resolved by adopting the Kautilyan Arthashastra (a treatise written around the turn of 4 BC) model of empowerment and integration for outsiders and his philosophy on securing society both from external and internal threats. Modern thinkers such as Plessner on anthropological behaviour, and critical security theories by Welsh and Booth, corroborate the ideas of Arthashastra. Given the prevailing global perception of refugees, the UNHCR articulation of durable solutions with a multilateral framework of understanding (MFU) among nations is a viable long-term solution. Given the peculiarities of South Asian economies, the article recommends that the long-term answer to the refugee crisis lies in an empowerment model and within the framework of collective decision-making of regional institutions such as BIMSTEC/SAARC for a coordinated and cooperative platform.

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Skran, Claudena M. "The International Refugee Regime: The Historical and Contemporary Context of International Responses to Asylum Problems." Journal of Policy History 4, no. 1 (January 1992): 8–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898030600006485.

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In the 1990s, an increasing number of refugees make their way to the countries of the West. While the annual number of asylum seekers to Western Europe and North America averaged about 20,000 in the mid- 1970s, by 1990 this figure had jumped to more than 500,000. Unlike previous migrants, many of these asylum seekers came from non-Western countries, including Iran, Turkey, Sri Lanka, and Ghana. Their flight to the West was but a small part of a worldwide refugee problem that has grown larger since the 1980s, especially in the Third World. The vast majority of the 17.5 million people now considered to be refugees are located in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Despite the improved international climate created by the thaw of the Cold War, the current asylum crisis is likely to continue throughout the decade; the mass exodus of Kurds to Turkey and Iran in the aftermath of the Persian Gulf war is one reminder of this.

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Surendran, S. N., S. H. P. P. Karunaratne, Z. Adamsn, J. Hemingway, and N. J. Hawkes. "Molecular and biochemical characterization of a sand fly population from Sri Lanka: evidence for insecticide resistance due to altered esterases and insensitive acetylcholinesterase." Bulletin of Entomological Research 95, no. 4 (July 2005): 371–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ber2005368.

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AbstractWith an increasing incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka, particularly in northern provinces, insecticide-mediated vector control is under consideration. Optimizing such a strategy requires the characterization of sand fly populations in target areas with regard to species composition and extant resistance, among other parameters. Sand flies were collected by human bait and cattle-baited net traps on Delft Island, used as an illegal transit location by many refugees returning to the north of Sri Lanka from southern India where leishmaniasis is endemic. For species identification, genomic DNA was extracted and a fragment of the ribosomal 18S gene amplified. The sequence from all flies analysed matched that of Phlebotomus argentipes Annandale & Brunetti, the primary vector in India and the most likely vector in Sri Lanka. Independent morphological analysis also identified P. argentipes. To establish the current susceptibility status of vector species, data were obtained at the biochemical level, from which potential cross-resistance to alternative insecticides can be predicted. The Delft Island collection was assayed for the activities of four enzyme systems involved in insecticide resistance (acetylcholinesterase, non-specific carboxylesterases, glutathione-S-transferases and cytochrome p450 monooxygenases), establishing baselines against which subsequent collections can be evaluated. There was preliminary evidence for elevated esterases and altered acetylcholinesterase in this population, the first report of these resistance mechanisms in sand flies to our knowledge, which probably arose from the malathion-based spraying regimes of the Anti-Malarial Campaign.

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Lee, Jin. "‘Global’ Identity or the (Ir)Reducible Other: The Cultural Logic of Global Identity in Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s The Man with the Twisted Lip." American, British and Canadian Studies Journal 27, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 117–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/abcsj-2016-0021.

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Abstract After the Syrian civil war, deaths of those fleeing crisis areas have tragically become a regular news item. Not new to the world, however, such crises emerge from tensions between identity and difference as codified in international politics, whereby refugees and migrants become the Other and subject to unyielding universals, such as the law or narrow concepts of what is right. Indeed, the cultural logic of “global identities” informing the current refugee and migrant crisis seems recurrent, as exemplified in the recent cases of the Tamils from Sri Lanka and the Somalis. The cultural logic of global identity is also reflected in the popular nineteenth-century novella by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, The Man with the Twisted Lip, in which the main character disguises himself as a professional beggar to appeal to middle class values in order to incite their guilty consciences. Drawing on Ian Baucom, Marc Shell, and Jean-Joseph Goux, this article argues that the main character’s actions reflect and embody the cultural logic of the global politico-economy in late nineteenth century London. As such, Doyle’s novella illustrates the Derridean notion of hospitality by revealing that “identity and difference are mutually constitutive” (Baker 109) and offers insightful commentary on the current refugee and migrant crisis.

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Kjersem, Helge, Søren Jepsen, Leith Larsen, and Finn Black. "Salmonella and Shigella Carriers Among Refugees from the Middle East and Sri Lanka in Denmark." Scandinavian Journal of Social Medicine 18, no. 3 (September 1990): 175–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/140349489001800304.

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Surenthiraraj, Esther, and Neloufer De Mel. "‘Two homes, refugees in both’: Contesting frameworks – The case of the Northern Muslims of Sri Lanka." Journal of Social and Political Psychology 7, no. 2 (December 18, 2019): 1044–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v7i2.850.

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Policies that address post-war displacement often reflect temporal linearity as transitional periods during which they are developed imply a shift from one situation to another. These policies obscure complexities experienced by local communities for whom displacement is ongoing and interminable. This essay applies Sri Lanka’s National Policy on Durable Solutions for Conflict-Affected Displacement (NPDSCAD) to the case of Northern Muslims who were expelled from the Northern Province of Sri Lanka in 1990 and have lived in prolonged displacement for over 25 years. For these Muslims, return-remain is an oscillation and not an either/or option. Using “frames of recognition” to analyze policy documents and data from fieldwork, the paper critically unpacks the category of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) – the displacement-related frame applied to the Northern Muslims – to reveal the multiple subject positions respondents navigate in presenting their own stance to this category. Calling for recognition of the circumstances of their displacement, the respondents’ footing to the IDP frame holds in it both needs-based and justice-based discourses and demands that Northern Muslims be recognized as political subjects. Return-remain is complicated by issues respondents face as they travel between their current home in Puttalam and origins in the North. The paper concludes that while the Northern Muslims are denied full recognition by the NPDSCAD, their complex experiences continue to contest the frames deployed by the policy.

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G, Anantharajan. "The Multifaceted Problems of the Diaspora as Revealed in the Novel Kadavucheetu." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, SPL 2 (February 28, 2022): 144–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt22s222.

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In primitive society, people migrated from one place to another, either individually or in ethnic groups, due to herding, hunting, and natural disasters. Subsequently, while immigration continued in the Sangam period, the kappiyam period, and the Bhakthi period, the background of migration over time began to intensify due to poverty, ethnic strife, and political crises. From the novel 'Kadavucheetu' by the expatriate Tamil novelist V. Jeevakumaran that contemporary emigration is very painful and has caused many losses in life. The study identifies the biological problems faced by Tamils who fled their homeland to Sri Lanka, lost their ties, lost their possessions and fled to Denmark as refugees, and their multiple losses, as shown in the passport novel.

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Agergaard, Jytte, Gaim Kibreab, and Haakon Lein. "Protracted Displacement and Solutions to Displacement: Listening to Displaced Persons (Refugees and IDPS) in Ghana and Sri Lanka." Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift - Norwegian Journal of Geography 66, no. 3 (June 2012): 172–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00291951.2012.681692.

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Missbach, Antje, and Frieda Sinanu. "“The Scum of the Earth”? Foreign People Smugglers and Their Local Counterparts in Indonesia." Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 30, no. 4 (December 2011): 57–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/186810341103000403.

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Since 2008, the number of asylum seekers and refugees trying to reach Australia from Indonesia by boat has increased. With many of them hailing from conflict-ridden countries such as Afghanistan, Iraq and Sri Lanka, most entered Indonesia with short-term tourist visas or fraudulent papers or no documents at all. It is widely known that a significant number of these ‘irregular’ migrants pay various types of brokers (often labelled, accurately or otherwise, ‘human smugglers’) at least at one stage – either to enter the country or to escape it. As a non-signatory to the UN Refugee Convention, Indonesia does not permit local integration. While a substantial part of these migrants are detained in the 13 immigration detention centres scattered around the archipelago, many roam freely, looking for opportunities for onward migration. Due to the restrictive border protection arrangements between Australia and Indonesia and a number of bilateral intelligence measures for deterring ‘unwanted’ migrants, human smugglers have been gradually forced to adapt strategies, routes and prices. According to much of the available data, most human smugglers are not Indonesians but foreigners who have been lingering in Indonesia for many years. This article demonstrates, moreover, that these foreigners depend upon local contacts to successfully carry out their risky business. Most often, the Indonesian counterparts are solely facilitators or handymen, but in a number of cases Indonesian authorities have also been involved in this highly lucrative business.

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McAuliffe, Marie, and Dinuk Jayasuriya. "Do asylum seekers and refugees choose destination countries? Evidence from large-scale surveys in Australia, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Sri Lanka." International Migration 54, no. 4 (February 19, 2016): 44–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/imig.12240.

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Haukioja, Heather Seija Marguerite. "Exploring the Nature of Elder Abuse in Ethno-Cultural Minority Groups: A community-based participatory research study." Arbutus Review 7, no. 1 (August 8, 2016): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18357/tar71201615681.

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<p class="p1">Elder abuse is a significant public health, social justice, and human rights issue in today’s society. Despite the recognition that elder<span class="s1">1 </span>abuse affects older adults across all racial, ethnic, and cultural groups, very little is known about the experiences of elder abuse among people from diverse ethno-cultural backgrounds in Canada. The primary objective of this study is to explore the nature of elder abuse within the two largest ethno-cultural minority groups in British Columbia (BC), the Chinese and South Asians (i.e., those who were either born in or can trace their ancestry to South Asia, which includes nations such as India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and Nepal). Using a community-based participatory research approach,this study is a collaboration between three academics at the University of Victoria and four front-line workers from the Inter-Cultural Association of Greater Victoria (ICA), a not-for-profit, multicultural services organization for immigrants and refugees. The qualitative findings from this interview-based study reveal that cultural context, immigration status, and ethnicity are significant factors influencing experiences of elder abuse. Further, the findings provide insights into what resources — awareness and prevention — need to be developed in order to address the issue of elder abuse in these communities.</p>

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Pothalingam, S., D. Forrest, G. Hinshelwood, M. Peel, G. Barclay, D. Summerfield, S. Ratneswaren, and V. Rajayogeswaran. "Sri Lankan refugees." BMJ 315, no. 7100 (July 12, 1997): 122–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.315.7100.122a.

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Panakkeel, Maneesh, and Aicha El Alaoui. "Manifestation of Atithi Devo Bhavah maxim on Sri Lankan Tamil refugees treatment in India." Simulacra 3, no. 2 (November 2, 2020): 197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.21107/sml.v3i2.8402.

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This study discusses the reflection of Indian’s Athithi Devo Bhava policy towards Sri Lankan Tamil refugees during the hostility staged in the island since 1983. The enduring Indian practices of tolerance and goodwill resulted in following a benevolent policy towards all those who sought asylum. In ancient India, there were four cultural maxims: (1) Matru Devo Bhava, your mother is like God; (2) Pitru Devo Bhava, your father is like God; (3) Acharya Devo Bhava, your teacher is like God, and (4) Athithi Devo Bhava, your guest is like God. The refugee has considered as an Athithi (guest) to the country and treated them as God. India has accorded asylum to more than 25 million people in spite of the absence of strong refugee laws, but the treatment has been given on an ad hoc basis. The study is descriptive in nature. The information was collected from secondary sources. It underlines that the Indian government has been providing accommodation, food, and security to refugees. Subsequently, the services enjoyed by the Indian citizens are extended to refugees. There is a harmony between Sri Lankan Tamils and Indian Tamils in language and culture. Tamils in India and the Indian government has treated the refugee as a guest.

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S, Selvakumaran. "Idealogy – in the Contemporary Sri Lankan Tamil Novels." International Research Journal of Tamil 3, no. 1 (November 14, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt2111.

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Contemporary Tamil novels depict human life in different dimensions with aesthetic fineness, depending on some theories, in the background of countries such as Sri Lanka, Singapore, Malaysia, etc., and also the places of refuge and diaspora. Here, we mark Sri Lankan Tamil novels, that the writer should belong to Sri Lanka. He may live in some other diasporic country. Even when they write from any of the diasporic countries like France, Canada, Denmark, Australia, etc., one could observe the smell of flesh and blood of their motherland. We can point out Shobha Shakthi’s – Gorilla, m, box; Tamil Nadhi’s- Parthenium; Tamil Kavi’s –Uuzhi kaalam; Jeevakumar’s –kudhitrai vaahanam.

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Ganesh, Kamala. "Complicating ‘Victimhood’ In Diaspora Studies: The Saga of Tamils In Exile." Sociological Bulletin 69, no. 3 (November 6, 2020): 313–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038022920963328.

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As an interdisciplinary field, Diaspora Studies has drawn from many disciplines, including sociology, especially from its debates on migration, structure and agency. This lecture draws on my ethnographic fieldwork on the Sri Lankan Tamils in Germany. It analyses their transition following the civil war in Sri Lanka, from being refugee immigrants to becoming a successful diaspora, well integrated economically, yet holding a powerful identity as Tamil nationalists. Fuelled by political commitment and digital connectivity, their innovative strategies as a diaspora have contributed to the propagation of the Tamil cause. Their example extends and complicates the classic notion of ‘victim diaspora’, demonstrating the simultaneity of victimhood and agency.

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Chattoraj, Diotima. "Narratives of Sri Lankan Displaced Tamils Living in Welfare Centres in Jaffna, Sri Lanka." Journal of Maritime Studies and National Integration 2, no. 2 (February 1, 2019): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jmsni.v2i2.3707.

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This article addresses the kind of attachment that the Sri Lankan Tamil IDPs, refugeed in the welfare centers of Jaffna, have to their Ur/homes in the post-war era. This article is to explore, how they describe the meaning of attachment to their Ur even after two decades of displacement and how this is related to the negotiations with displacement. To understand this relationship, I used the concept of attachment to analyze my collected data. The qualitative materials are drawn from the data collected during my ethnographic field-visit in Jaffna in February-March 2013. The focus is on narrative interviews with IDPs staying at the welfare centers in Jaffna. This article discusses in detail the narrative of an IDP who spoke on behalf of several others who were in the same situation and staying at the center since the early 1990s. From his narrative, I show their intense sense of attachment not only to their Urbut also to the memories and emotions which are related to their Ur. I argue that the meaning of Urand attachment to it, has remained unchanged for this group of population in Jaffna due to socio-economic reasons and aspirations to a good life.

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Deonandan, Raywat, Rachael Braund, and Tanya Suvendrini Lena. "Traumatized Experiences of Children by Multiple Emergency Stressors: An Analysis of Data from the 2004 Tsunami in Sri Lanka." Indian Journal of Psychiatric Social Work 10, no. 2 (July 5, 2019): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.29120/ijpsw.2019.v10.i2.131.

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Background: In 2004, in the midst of civil war, Sri Lanka was struck by a large tsunami, devastating coastal communities. Methods: In the immediate aftermath of the 2004 Asian tsunami, while providing emergency aid, a Canadian NGO interviewed children living in both a refugee camp and an affected village in Sri Lanka. Results: Complete data were available for 63 respondents, aged 3 to 17 years. There were significant reports of sleeping problems, crying, and somatic symptoms consistent with psychological trauma, which were more likely among the village residents than the camp residents. If a respondent had been affected by the war, via family death or injury, then they were more likely to have been similarly affected by the tsunami, as well. Conclusion: These findings are useful for developing strategies to address current emergency situations, such as the Syrian refugee crisis, in which children are likely to be similarly doubly traumatized. Keywords: Stressors, tsunami, children, Sri Lanka

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Samuel, Sophia, Jenny Advocat, and Grant Russell. "Health seeking narratives of unwell Sri Lankan Tamil refugees in Melbourne Australia." Australian Journal of Primary Health 24, no. 1 (2018): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py17033.

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Sri Lankan Tamil refugees are among the largest group of refugees to resettle in Australia in the last decade. The aim of this study is to characterise the narratives of health-seeking among unwell Sri Lankan Tamil refugees in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Drawing on a qualitative, phenomenological perspective, we conducted in-depth interviews in Tamil and English with 12 participants who identified as being unwell for 6 months or more. Findings revealed three narratives of health-seeking: the search for the ‘good life’ that was lost or never experienced, seeking help from familiar channels in an unfamiliar context, and the desire for financial and occupational independence. These three narratives are undergirded by the metanarrative of a hope-filled recovery. These narratives of Tamil refugees’ lived experience provide new insights into clinical care and health service delivery.

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Saji, Rincy. "Understanding Identity and Socio-Culture Milieu in Sri Lankan Refugee Camp: A Study of Anuk Arudpragasam’s The Story of a Brief Marriage." SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJELLH 8, no. 3 (March 28, 2020): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijellh.v8i3.10495.

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“But woe to him who is alone when he falls for he has no one to help him up.” Ecclesiastes 4:10. Human beings- man defined as the animal rationale, distinct us from other animal species in nothing but the additional attribute to reason. But the modern science proves that “men share all other properties with some species of animal kingdom-expect that the additional gift of ‘reason’, which makes man a more dangerous beast.”(On Violence, 62). But from the moment, humans began living together in communities, some of their members were forcibly expelled from those first towns and villages on ethnic, religious or other grounds. The practice of helping such people absconding became one of the earliest hallmarks of civilization. The world is beating a path to those refugee camps ever since. And in the twentieth century to systematize with these situations the international community took fundamental stride to codify the assistance. Since the Second World War each year, hundreds of thousands of people around the world are forced to move to uncertain places from their safe havens. The United Nations High Commission for Refugee defines them as “A refugee is someone who has been forced to flee from his or her country because of persecution, war or violence.” According to Hannah Arendt, an American-German philosopher, in her seminal essay “We Refugee” published in 1943 defines a refuge as a person driven to seek refugee because of some act committed or some political opinion held. But she also adds these people who had to seek refugee neither committed any acts nor most of them even dreamt of having any political opinion. We are all brought up in the conviction that life is the highest good and death the greatest trepidation but if we take a close look within the refugee camps, the lives hailing there, we come to know that they have lost the horror for death. Instead of fighting or thinking about how to fight back they have got used to wishing death to friends or relatives and if somebody dies, they cheerfully image all the trouble they have been saved from. As per the report of United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), in 2019, 70.8 million of people are displaced in our world fleeing war, persecution and conflict, at the end of 2018 2.3 million more were forcibly displaced. This is the highest number UN refugee agency has seen in its 70-year existence. Then there are the Internally Displaced People, who have left their homes but remain inside the country borders which numbers 41.9 million. Then there are children every second refugee is a child. These are not just number but souls in flight.

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Wijegoonawardana, Nirmali. "PEACEBUILDING PRACTICES OF JAPAN: LESSONS FROM SRI LANKA." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 8, no. 10 (October 23, 2020): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i10.2020.1527.

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Peacebuilding involves a process that includes different roles and functions. It also ranges from a series of activities such as ceasefire and refugee resettlement to the development of revised economic reconstruction and a new government. International communities have significantly increased aid for prevention of conflict, rapid humanitarian aid and reconstruction in post-conflict zones. In the wide spectrum of peacebuilding, the Government of Japan which had been certain to dedicate to traditional development issues widened the activities beyond the development after 2002. That was the time to respond to the Sri Lanka conflict with the Japan’s policy on Consolidation of Peace. The aim of this paper is to examine the peacebuilding efforts of the Japanese government since 2002 in post-conflict Sri Lanka. The study adopts a descriptive nature through the use of a qualitative method. This paper will also scale the effectiveness of the Japanese peacebuilding efforts in Sri Lanka.

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Beiser, Morton, Alasdair M. Goodwill, Patrizia Albanese, Kelly McShane, and Parvathy Kanthasamy. "Predictors of the integration of Sri Lankan Tamil refugees in Canada: pre-migration adversity, mental health, personal attributes, and post-migration experience." International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 11, no. 1 (March 16, 2015): 29–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmhsc-02-2014-0008.

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Purpose – Refugees integrate less successfully than other immigrants. Pre-migration stress, mental disorder and lack of human capital are the most popular explanations, but these propositions have received little empirical testing. The current study of Sri Lankan Tamils in Toronto, Canada, examines the respective contributions of pre-migration adversity, human capital, mental health and social resources in predicting integration. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – Participants are a probability sample of 1,603 Sri Lankan Tamils living in Toronto, Canada. The team, with a community advisory council, developed structured interviews containing information about pre- and post-migration stressors, coping strategies, and family, community, and institutional support. The questionnaire included the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview module for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Interviews were translated, back-translated and administered by bilingual interviewers. Findings – Two dimensions of integration emerged from a factor analysis of integration-related items: economic and psychosocial. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that PTSD militated against refugee economic integration, whereas pre-migration adversity (but not PTSD) compromised psychosocial integration. On both measures, increasing length of residence in Canada, and gender (male) were predictors of good integration, whereas age at arrival had an inverse relationship with integration. Religiosity had a positive effect on psychosocial integration but a negative effect on economic. Favourable perceptions of the health care system predicted economic integration and non-family support predicted psychosocial integration. Originality/value – Results underline the importance of studying integration as a multifaceted phenomenon, help explain why refugees integrate less successfully than other immigrants, and highlight the importance of including mental health and mental health-related issues in integration discourse.

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George, Miriam. "Sri Lankan Tamil refugee experiences: A qualitative analysis." International Journal of Culture and Mental Health 6, no. 3 (November 2013): 170–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17542863.2012.681669.

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Kanagaratnam, Pushpa, Joanna Anneke Rummens, and Brenda TonerVA. "“We Are All Alive . . . But Dead”: Cultural Meanings of War Trauma in the Tamil Diaspora and Implications for Service Delivery." SAGE Open 10, no. 4 (October 2020): 215824402096356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244020963563.

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Providing culturally appropriate mental health services to war-affected refugees residing in the West continues to pose many challenges. Gaining firsthand knowledge from the refugee communities themselves is crucial to improving our knowledge and guiding our interventions. The purpose of this study is to understand perceptions of war trauma in the Tamil diaspora. Fifty-one Sri Lankan Tamils living in the Greater Toronto Area, Canada, were interviewed. Transcripts were thematically analyzed using content analysis. Findings indicate that war trauma is not viewed by the diaspora as a pathological notion. Positioned within a moral context, and independent from isolated events of war, manifestations of war trauma were discussed at an interpersonal and collective level. Diagnostic categories, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), do not seem to fully capture the breadth of war trauma in this diaspora community. Implications for service delivery, and for incorporating the unique aspects of suffering resulting from a fragmented community, are discussed.

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Dobosz, Kala. "Droga, której nie znamy – opowieści uchodźcze." Parezja. Czasopismo Forum Młodych Pedagogów przy Komitecie Nauk Pedagogicznych PAN, no. 1(15) (2021): 13–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/parezja.2021.15.02.

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The presented story, which the reader and the reader will find in the text (when I am silent), comes from interviews collected during my research in the Netherlands in 2013. The research problem I chose at that time – the issue of the identity of Tamils from Sri Lanka in the Netherlands – I decided to investigate using a modified version of the biographical method, which is increasingly used in sociological research. Such a model of analysis is common today also in studies on migration processes, and especially in studies on the problem of refugee. Using this method, in the analytical part, I present the refugee life cycle based on the schema of the rituals of passage by Arnold van Gennep. Therefore, I use a model drawn from anthropological research, namely the pattern of individuals going through certain stages in their development and in the process of social functioning. After the first part, where I outline the research methodology and the main theoretical assumptions, I provide a first-person narrative of one of the people who left Sri Lanka, and her life was inextricably intertwined with the local nearly 30-year civil war.

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Sharma, Pradip. "The Politics of ‘Bare Life’ in Sharon Bala’s The Boat People: A Biopolitical Perspective." SCHOLARS: Journal of Arts & Humanities 2 (August 31, 2020): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/sjah.v2i0.35014.

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Through the biopolitical study, this paper digs out the problems of five hundred survivors who enmeshed in the war torn Sri Lanka and Canadian sovereign power as projected in Sharon Bala’s The Boat People that dramatizes the problems of the immigrants. A large number of Tamil people escape from Sri Lanka to Canada because they were under extortion and duress in their homeland. Unlike their expectation to get a safe haven in Canada, they undergo Ariadne’s thread like unending trial for refugee status. Neither they enjoy rights at home nor abroad, which the novel dramatizes and subscribes Foucauldian biopolitics, which investigates into the effect of politics in human life. Largely in biopolitics, politics imbricates into life. The asylum seekers from Sri Lanka in Canada fall victim of power technology at home and abroad. They are subjugated to endure the hegemony of the regime that reduces them into ‘homo sacer’ whom injustice can be done with impunity and their life into bare life, life without political rights. Like a muselmann figure during the holocaust, they undergo the trial and are kept in between belonging and non-belonging, which is inclusive exclusion. They strand like the persona non grata whose significance as human is outnumbered.

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Sriskandarajah, Anuppiriya. "Bounding Motherhood: The Case of Sri Lankan Tamil Refugees in Canada." Women's Studies 43, no. 7 (October 2, 2014): 911–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00497878.2014.938190.

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Guzder, Jaswant. "Women who jump into wells: Reflections on suicidality in women from conflict regions of the Indian subcontinent." Transcultural Psychiatry 48, no. 5 (November 2011): 585–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1363461511425098.

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This paper examines narratives of women from the Indian subcontinent, including Canadian refugee claimants, emerging from the conflict regions of Pakistan, Punjab, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka, who have presented suicidal ideation or attempts or died by suicide. The focus is on the relationship of suicide and suicide behavior to particular systemic stressors related to familial, social, and group agendas. The vulnerability of individual women is presented in the context of gender issues, deeply embedded group trauma, historical legacies, and intragenerational dynamics, as well as acute stressors that contribute to the underlying distress of these women.

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Valatheeswaran, C., and S. I. Rajan. "Sri Lankan Tamil Refugees in India: Rehabilitation Mechanisms, Livelihood Strategies, and Lasting Solutions." Refugee Survey Quarterly 30, no. 2 (April 10, 2011): 24–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdr005.

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Leenders, Xavier, and Sally May. "Thinking through Refugee Objects – A Case Study of the Sri Lankan Bremen." Australian Historical Studies 48, no. 3 (July 3, 2017): 442–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1031461x.2017.1334623.

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George, Miriam, and Jennifer Jettner. "Migration Stressors, Psychological Distress, and Family—a Sri Lankan Tamil Refugee Analysis." Journal of International Migration and Integration 17, no. 2 (December 12, 2014): 341–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12134-014-0404-y.

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Agarwal, Ishan, Rachunliu G. Kamei, and Stephen Mahony. "The phylogenetic position of the enigmatic Assam day gecko Cnemaspis cf. assamensis (Squamata: Gekkonidae) demonstrates a novel biogeographic connection between Northeast India and south India-Sri Lanka." Amphibia-Reptilia 42, no. 3 (June 22, 2021): 355–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-bja10062.

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Abstract Northeast Indian biodiversity has long been considered to have a stronger affinity to Southeast Asian rather than Peninsular Indian fauna, however, few molecular phylogenetic studies have explored this hypothesis. In Asia, the polyphyletic gekkonid genus Cnemaspis sensu lato is comprised of two distantly related groups; one primarily from South Asia with some members in Southeast Asia, and the other exclusively from Southeast Asia. Cnemaspis assamensis is a systematically obscure and geographically isolated species (>1400 km from its nearest congeners) from the Brahmaputra River Valley in Northeast India. We provide the first molecular phylogenetic assessment of this species based on a partial ND2 gene fragment. Cnemaspis assamensis is determined to be a deeply divergent (Oligocene) member of the South Asian radiation and is sister to the podihuna clade which is endemic to Sri Lanka. The biogeographic implications of this find are discussed and this is suspected to represent a rare example of true disjunction between the wet zones of Northeast India and southern India/Sri Lanka. These results further emphasise the importance of Northeast India as a refuge for unique ancient faunal lineages.

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Jettner, Jennifer, and Miriam George. "Impact of Daily Stressors on Psychological Distress: A Sri Lankan Tamil Refugee Analysis." International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social and Community Studies 11, no. 1 (2015): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/2324-7576/cgp/v11i01/53460.

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Jones, Demelza. "“Our Kith and Kin”?: Sri Lankan Tamil Refugees and the Ethnonationalist Parties of Tamil Nadu." Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 18, no. 4 (October 2012): 431–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13537113.2012.734174.

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George, Miriam, and Jennifer Jettner. "Demographic characteristics, migration traumatic events and psychological distress among Sri Lankan Tamil refugees: a preliminary analysis." Migration and Development 4, no. 1 (October 20, 2014): 125–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21632324.2014.962808.

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Weerackody, Chamindra, and Suman Fernando. "Field Report: Perceptions of Social Stratification and Well‐being in Refugee Communities in North‐Western Sri Lanka." International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 4, no. 2 (October 2008): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17479894200800012.

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Kuttikat, Miriam. "Proverbs and Gender: The Interface between Proverbs and Human Relations in a Refugee Camp." International Journal of Social Science Studies 10, no. 6 (October 27, 2022): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v10i6.5755.

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The primary objective of this presentation is to understand how proverbs reflect society's perception of gender in a particular socio-cultural context. This qualitative study recognizes the direct experiences and insights of the 35 participants on gender relations. The proverbs provided by the participants led us to an in-depth analysis of the attitude of men toward women and their assumption of women’s role in a patriarchal society which could influence the gender relationship among Sri Lankan Tamils inside Indian refugee camps. A conceptual framework was developed to aid understanding of the research findings and illustrate the interrelationship between (a) refugee camps, (b) socio-cultural context, (c) patriarchal, and (d) collective identity. This framework provides an opportunity to position proverbs in a unique context. This study identified that the proverbs validate cultural expressions, justify rituals and gender practices, impose social pressure and social control on women, and reinforce society’s moral principles and values.

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Moffette, David, and Nevena Aksin. "Fighting Human Smuggling or Criminalizing Refugees? Regimes of Justification in and around R v Appulonappa." Canadian Journal of Law and Society / Revue Canadienne Droit et Société 33, no. 01 (April 2018): 21–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cls.2018.2.

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AbstractFollowing the arrival of the MVOcean Ladyin 2009, four men were charged with human smuggling under s. 117 of theImmigration and Refugee Protection Actfor having helped Sri Lankan asylum seekers reach Canada. Section 117 made it a criminal offence to aid and abet the unauthorized entry of asylum seekers, including when this was done for humanitarian reasons, to help family members, or as a matter of mutual aid. The case made its way to the Supreme Court and, in 2015, the court ruled inR v Appulonappathat s. 117 was too broad, potentially criminalizing humanitarian workers and family members who help transport asylum seekers, and should be interpreted in a strict manner. This article draws from pragmatic sociology to study the regimes of justification mobilized by various actors involved in, and around,R v Appulonappabetween 2009 and 2015. It focuses on two sites of contestation that crystalized around divergent conceptions of fairness and safety, discussing how competing regimes of justification were used to advance stakeholder’s positions.

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Farchi, M. U., and E. Shahar. "(A67) Empowerment Model for Community Disaster (EMCD)." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, S1 (May 2011): s18—s19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x11000744.

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The earthquake in Haiti and its consequences highlighted the need to enhance knowledge and skills for community intervention in situations of disaster and acute trauma. The large number of homeless people concentrated in enormous refugee camps has made such an investigation possible. In the lecture, we will present a model for empowerment intervention with victims of community disasters. The model is based on analyses of three cases in which psychosocial interventions were conducted by the investigators: the Tsunami in Sri Lanka, work at refugee camps in Georgia, and the earthquake in Haiti. Principles of the Model The more extensive the casualties are, the less relevant individual intervention will be. Entering an unfamiliar culture requires collaborative professional work with local residents. Intervention in a large-scale disaster needs to be based on an interdisciplinary perspective in terms of planning, preparation, and implementation. It is assumed that the intervention will be short-term, and a specific length of time is allocated for therapeutic agents to provide assistance. This approach was adopted in light of the limited resources at our disposal, and in an attempt to minimize dependence in the relationships between the therapeutic agents and the victims. An attempt is made to enhance efficacy for effective coping with changing needs that emerge in the wake of the disaster. An attempt is made to prevent CPTSD, which can inhibit the functioning of the community residents. We will present these principles and describe how they were implemented in community intervention at two refugee camps in Haiti following the earthquake there, and at a refugee camp in Georgia.

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George, M. "Identifying Daily Stress, Family Conflict and Health Care Resource Gaps at the Sri Lankan Tamil Refugee Camps in India: Implications for Developing an Evidence-based Family Intervention for Refugees." Annals of Global Health 83, no. 1 (April 7, 2017): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aogh.2017.03.180.

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Mitra, Rahul. "Outlining a Dialogic Framework of Difference: How do Sri Lankan Tamil Refugees in India Constitute and Negotiate Difference?" Journal of International and Intercultural Communication 4, no. 3 (August 2011): 181–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17513057.2011.573862.

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Gömceli, Nursen. "Questioning History, Nationality and Identity in Timberlake Wertenbaker’s Credible Witness." ELOPE: English Language Overseas Perspectives and Enquiries 11, no. 1 (May 8, 2014): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/elope.11.1.83-92.

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The aim of this paper is to examine the Anglo-American playwright Timberlake Wertenbaker’s approach to the issues of history, nationality and identity in her play Credible Witness (2001), and to discuss the significance of these concepts in our modern world through a close analysis of the play. In Credible Witness, the playwright brings together people from diverse countries, such as Sri Lanka, Algeria, Eritrea, Somalia and Macedonia in a detention centre in London, and via the stories of these asylum seekers, and particularly through the dramatic encounter between Petra, a Macedonian woman with strong nationalistic pride, and her son Alexander, a history teacher forced to seek refuge in Britain for political reasons, Wertenbaker tries to demonstrate “what happens to people when they step outside, or are forced outside, their history, their identity” (Aston 2003, 13).

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Howell, Gillian, and Solveig Korum. "Creating Spaces of Music Asylum in Ethnically Divided Contexts." Conflict and Society 8, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 258–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/arcs.2022.080116.

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This article explores the ways in which arts experiences in conflicted and territorialized settings may invite a heightened engagement with space, and what this suggests about creative experiences as a vehicle for transforming space and the (re)construction of one’s presence and place in the world. Presenting ethnographic data from two youth music projects established after the wars in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Sri Lanka and argued from the perspective of musician-practitioner-researchers, the authors examine how musical interaction, improvisation, and performance creation enabled processes of exploring, reconfiguring, and expanding the participants’ identities and sense of place in the surrounding world. Using Tia DeNora’s conceptualization of “music asylum,” the article shows how strategies of removal and refurnishing created creative and safe spaces in which alternative lives and more complex identities could be rehearsed and conflict narratives could be revised, fostering a temporary transformation of space that is captured in metaphors like bubble, refuge, and sanctuary.

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George, M., W. Kliewer, and S. I. Rajan. ""Rather Than Talking in Tamil, They Should Be Talking to Tamils": Sri Lankan Tamil Refugee Readiness for Repatriation." Refugee Survey Quarterly 34, no. 2 (April 28, 2015): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdv004.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Refugees – Sri Lanka'

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