Journal articles on the topic 'Refugee and internally displaced person settlements'
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Aylett-Bullock, Joseph, Carolina Cuesta-Lazaro, Arnau Quera-Bofarull, Anjali Katta, Katherine Hoffmann Pham, Benjamin Hoover, Hendrik Strobelt, et al. "Operational response simulation tool for epidemics within refugee and IDP settlements: A scenario-based case study of the Cox’s Bazar settlement." PLOS Computational Biology 17, no. 10 (October 28, 2021): e1009360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009360.
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The spread of infectious diseases such as COVID-19 presents many challenges to healthcare systems and infrastructures across the world, exacerbating inequalities and leaving the world’s most vulnerable populations most affected. Given their density and available infrastructure, refugee and internally displaced person (IDP) settlements can be particularly susceptible to disease spread. In this paper we present an agent-based modeling approach to simulating the spread of disease in refugee and IDP settlements under various non-pharmaceutical intervention strategies. The model, based on the June open-source framework, is informed by data on geography, demographics, comorbidities, physical infrastructure and other parameters obtained from real-world observations and previous literature. The development and testing of this approach focuses on the Cox’s Bazar refugee settlement in Bangladesh, although our model is designed to be generalizable to other informal settings. Our findings suggest the encouraging self-isolation at home of mild to severe symptomatic patients, as opposed to the isolation of all positive cases in purpose-built isolation and treatment centers, does not increase the risk of secondary infection meaning the centers can be used to provide hospital support to the most intense cases of COVID-19. Secondly we find that mask wearing in all indoor communal areas can be effective at dampening viral spread, even with low mask efficacy and compliance rates. Finally, we model the effects of reopening learning centers in the settlement under various mitigation strategies. For example, a combination of mask wearing in the classroom, halving attendance regularity to enable physical distancing, and better ventilation can almost completely mitigate the increased risk of infection which keeping the learning centers open may cause. These modeling efforts are being incorporated into decision making processes to inform future planning, and further exercises should be carried out in similar geographies to help protect those most vulnerable.
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Behnke, Nikki, Ryan Cronk, Marielle Snel, Michelle Moffa, Raymond Tu, Brandie Banner, Caroline Folz, et al. "Improving environmental conditions for involuntarily displaced populations: water, sanitation, and hygiene in orphanages, prisons, and refugee and IDP settlements." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 8, no. 4 (July 3, 2018): 785–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2018.019.
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Abstract Access to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WaSH) services for involuntarily displaced populations is an important component of Sustainable Development Goal 6: achieving universal and equitable access to basic WaSH services by 2030. To date, households have been the main priority in the WaSH sector, and other settings have received less attention. Ensuring that involuntarily displaced persons have adequate WaSH and environmental health services is of critical importance for human rights and development outcomes. The Water Institute at the University of North Carolina (UNC) at Chapel Hill and World Vision organized a side event at the 2017 UNC Water and Health conference to discuss obstacles and opportunities related to improving environmental conditions in orphanages, prisons, and refugee and Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) settlements. Participants discussed the characteristics of each setting in breakout discussion groups, and then came together to discuss the similarities and differences between the three settings. Our goal was to allow common themes and lessons to emerge and to develop recommendations and shape future research. This side event provided an opportunity for participants from different professional backgrounds to share their experiences working with involuntarily displaced populations and discuss ways forward.
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Selimović, Sead. "Preventing return: Implementation of annex VII of the Dayton peace agreement in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1995-2020)." Historijski pogledi 4, no. 6 (November 15, 2021): 206–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.52259/historijskipogledi.2021.4.6.206.
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The armed aggression against the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina ended with the signing of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Dayton Agreement), initialed in Dayton on November 21, 1995, and signed on December 14, 1995 in Paris „in Bosnian, Croatian, English and the Serbian language“. The Dayton Agreement confirmed the fact that the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia had real control (power) over the so-called Republika Srpska. Annex 4 of the Dayton Agreement determined the internal structure of Bosnia and Herzegovina. There are two entities in the internal structure of Bosnia and Herzegovina: the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which consists of 10 cantons, and the Republika Srpska. Apart from the two entities, there is also the Brčko District of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which was created by the Decision of the International Arbitration Court. It was established on March 8, 2000. According to the Dayton Agreement, the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, whose official name became „Bosnia and Herzegovina“, continues its legal existence under international law as a state with its internationally recognized borders. It remains a member of the United Nations, and as Bosnia and Herzegovina may retain membership or request membership in organizations within the United Nations system and in other international organizations. The Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Annex 4 of the Dayton Agreement) guarantees human rights and „fundamental freedoms“. Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Entities, according to the Constitution, will ensure „the highest degree of internationally recognized human rights and fundamental freedoms.“ For this purpose, the formation of the Commission for Human Rights is also envisaged, as provided for in Annex 6 of the General Framework Agreement. The issue of the return of refugees and displaced persons is addressed in Annex 7 of the Dayton Agreement, entitled „Agreement on Refugees and Displaced Persons“. According to Annex 7, all refugees and displaced persons have the right to return freely to their homes and have the right to restitution of property confiscated from them during hostilities since 1991 and to receive compensation for all property that cannot be returned to them. The „Agreement“ states that the return of refugees and displaced persons is an important goal of resolving the conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In the period 1995-2020. The authorities of the Bosnian-Herzegovinian entity of Republika Srpska did not give up on the project of „separation of peoples“. The implementation of Annex 7 of the Dayton Agreement has been obstructed in various ways: by killings, beatings, intimidation, attacks on religious buildings and in other ways. Obstructions in the implementation of Annex 7 were also carried out in the entity of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. However, this was not as pronounced as in Republika Srpska. The first return of displaced persons (refugees and displaced persons) was to the settlement of Mahala, which until the Dayton Agreement was located in the municipality of Kalesija and after Dayton in the municipality of Osmaci in the entity of Republika Srpska. It was August 24, 1996. This was followed by the return of Bosniaks to the settlements of Jusići and Dugi dio in the municipality of Zvornik and Svjetliča in the municipality of Doboj. These events also marked the official start of the implementation of Annex 7 of the Dayton Peace Agreement in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Although the Dayton Agreement guaranteed the return of the exiles, everything went much harder on the ground, and there were also human casualties. Between 1992 and 1995, approximately 2.2 million people in Bosnia and Herzegovina were forced to flee their homes as a result of the war against Bosnia and Herzegovina. About 1.2 million people have applied for refugee protection in more than 100 countries around the world, while countries in the region have accepted about 40% of the total number of refugees from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Almost one million people were internally displaced in Bosnia and Herzegovina. At the beginning of 2003, the Strategy of Bosnia and Herzegovina for the Implementation of Annex 7 of the Dayton Agreement was adopted. It was the first, at the level of the state of Bosnia and Herzegovina, harmonized, framework document which sets goals and plans the necessary actions and reforms towards the final implementation of Annex 7 of the Dayton Agreement. According to the 2015 UNHCR Annual Statistical Report, the number of refugees from Bosnia and Herzegovina outside the country was 18,748. Of these, 9,080 had refugee status in Serbia, 4,055 in France, 2,274 in Switzerland, 1,412 in Germany, and the remaining number in other countries. It is estimated that at the end of 1995 there were about one million displaced persons, accounting for almost a quarter of Bosnia and Herzegovina's pre-war population. The first comprehensive, official census of displaced persons in Bosnia and Herzegovina was conducted at the end of 2000, when 557,275 displaced persons were registered. The 2005 audit of the status of displaced persons identified 186,138 displaced persons in Bosnia and Herzegovina. According to the data of the Ministry of Human Rights and Refugees from 2016, there were 98,574 displaced persons in Bosnia and Herzegovina, of which 38,345 or 40.6% were displaced in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 59,834 or 58.8% in the Republika Srpska and 395 or 0.5% in the Brčko District of Bosnia and Herzegovina. In the ethnic structure of displaced persons, according to the head of household - families, 32.7% (10,667 families and 30,920 persons) are Bosniaks, 60.0% (19,565 families and 60,737 persons) Serbs, 6.7% (2,195 families and 6,374 persons) Croats and 0.6% (184 families and 542 persons) Others. According to the 2016 data of the Ministry of Human Rights and Refugees, by the end of 2016, around 341,000 housing units had been built or renovated in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In the Bosnian entity of Republika Srpska, the Bosnian language is denied. Teaching in the Bosnian language is prohibited, and the language is called the non-existent Bosniak language. This discriminates against students who want their language to be called Bosnian. In addition, high-ranking officials from the Republika Srpska in public appearances deny the state of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Bosniaks as a people, deny genocide against Bosniaks, which affects the perspective of the people of this area. Streets in cities bear the names of war criminals from the Second World War and the period of aggression against the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, busts of war criminals are being built, schools and other state institutions are being „sanctified“, etc. In the period 1995-2020. Annex 7 of the Dayton Agreement was not fully implemented in 2006, as an important factor in the reintegration of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the recognition of the results of armed aggression and genocide against Bosniaks.
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Moore, Will H., and Stephen M. Shellman. "Refugee or Internally Displaced Person?" Comparative Political Studies 39, no. 5 (June 2006): 599–622. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414005276457.
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Mohamoud, Abdullahi Muse, Magda Elhadi Ahmed Yousif, and Osman Khalafalla Saeed. "Access and Adequate Utilization of Malaria Control Interventions among Women of Childbearing Age in Badbaado IDP Refugee Camp, Mogadishu, Somalia." Global Journal of Health Science 14, no. 10 (September 29, 2022): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v14n10p57.
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BACKGROUND: Somalia has a high burden of malaria and between 2000 and 2019, an estimated 759,000 cases and 1,942 deaths from malaria have occurred. Although there is limited national data and statistics on the burden of malaria in Somalia, it is considered a major public health problem in the country.
AIM OF THE STUDY: The purpose of this study is to explore the results of a rapid assessment of the extent of current access and adequate utilization of malaria control interventions among women of childbearing age from 15 to 49 years in Bad-bado Refugee Camp, Dharkenley District, Mogadishu, Somalia.
METHOD: This study applied a non-probability purposive sampling strategy for recruiting study participants. A total of 150 women aged 15 to 49 years old were selected, and semi-structured questionnaires were the main data collection methods. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 23 and used a P-value of 95% to assess associations between variables with ≤0.05 regarded as a statistically significant.
RESULTS: The incidence of malaria among respondents was 59 cases (39.3%), of which 39 (66.1%) were mothers followed by 17 cases (28.8%) of children under the age of five years. The vast majority of 51 (63.0%) of the respondents who seek treatment confirmed that the distance from the health facility to their residence is about three kilometers or further. The majority of 39 (66.1%) of the respondents who were infected with malaria did not take the malaria medicine, while non-availability and/or non-affordability of the prescribed medicines in the clinics was the reason for not taking the medicine. Most of the respondents, 140 out of 150 of the study participants (93.3%), confirmed that they did not get any malarial services in their internally displaced persons (IDP) settlements. Almost all of the respondents’ household members 147 (98%) did not own insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs), reasoning that due to the lack of distribution of ITNs and the unaffordability of their costs.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION: The study revealed a high incidence of malaria cases. However, this study recommends the government and other stakeholders should provide funding to establish camp clinics and increase mobile teams to provide adequate and accessible public health services to combat malaria in these vulnerable populations.
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Aylett-Bullock, Joseph, Robert Tucker Gilman, Ian Hall, David Kennedy, Egmond Samir Evers, Anjali Katta, Hussien Ahmed, et al. "Epidemiological modelling in refugee and internally displaced people settlements: challenges and ways forward." BMJ Global Health 7, no. 3 (March 2022): e007822. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-007822.
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The spread of infectious diseases such as COVID-19 presents many challenges to healthcare systems and infrastructures across the world, exacerbating inequalities and leaving the world’s most vulnerable populations at risk. Epidemiological modelling is vital to guiding evidence-informed or data-driven decision making. In forced displacement contexts, and in particular refugee and internally displaced people (IDP) settlements, it meets several challenges including data availability and quality, the applicability of existing models to those contexts, the accurate modelling of cultural differences or specificities of those operational settings, the communication of results and uncertainties, as well as the alignment of strategic goals between diverse partners in complex situations. In this paper, we systematically review the limited epidemiological modelling work applied to refugee and IDP settlements so far, and discuss challenges and identify lessons learnt from the process. With the likelihood of disease outbreaks expected to increase in the future as more people are displaced due to conflict and climate change, we call for the development of more approaches and models specifically designed to include the unique features and populations of refugee and IDP settlements. To strengthen collaboration between the modelling and the humanitarian public health communities, we propose a roadmap to encourage the development of systems and frameworks to share needs, build tools and coordinate responses in an efficient and scalable manner, both for this pandemic and for future outbreaks.
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Petrova, O., and Y. Selikhova. "QUICK-ASSEMBLED BUILDINGS – A NEW WAY OF ORGANIZING ENERGY EFFICIENT ECOLOGICAL SETTLEMENTS FOR REFUGEES." Municipal economy of cities 3, no. 170 (June 24, 2022): 161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2022-3-170-161-167.
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On the 24th of February, 2022, a hostile invasion of the Russian army began on the territory of our country, along the entire length of the common border, from Luhansk to Chernihiv, as well as from the territory of Belarus and the occupied Crimea. The Russian occupiers are destroying our cities terribly and heartlessly. The occupiers continue their attacks, but they are unable to overcome the strong-minded Ukrainians, courageous soldiers - the Armed Forces, who are defending their land. The city of Kharkiv, which was the first capital of Ukraine, was awarded the honorary title of the city of Heroes, due to persistent resistance to the predatory bombing of military and industrial facilities, educational institutions, health care facilities, as well as civilian and residential facilities. As a result, the rapid evacuation of the city's population to more remote cities in Ukraine or abroad began. Peaceful people were forced to leave and leave their homes for safety, taking only essentials. But, unfortunately, the territories of most Ukrainian cities to which people were evacuated are overcrowded and do not have the necessary number of residential buildings that would provide comfortable conditions for temporary shelter for internally displaced persons. Therefore, this article aims to solve the global problem of today, namely, the creation of comfortable living conditions through new urban planning entities - energy-efficient ecological settlements for refugees. This settlement should provide the most rational organization of space, be compact, energy efficient, adapted to the selected area and fast in implementation, thanks to innovative technologies - prefabricated buildings. The aim of this study is to identify optimal ways to organize energy-efficient ecological settlements for refugees by building compact types of buildings that are energy efficient and quick to implement. Based on this goal, various types of compact buildings that are energy efficient and fast to implement, features of design solutions for residential buildings that are environmentally friendly and energy efficient and three-dimensional solutions for the organization of energy efficient environmental settlements for refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs).
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Ghorbanzadeh, Omid, Alessandro Crivellari, Dirk Tiede, Pedram Ghamisi, and Stefan Lang. "Mapping Dwellings in IDP/Refugee Settlements Using Deep Learning." Remote Sensing 14, no. 24 (December 16, 2022): 6382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14246382.
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The improvement in computer vision, sensor quality, and remote sensing data availability makes satellite imagery increasingly useful for studying human settlements. Several challenges remain to be overcome for some types of settlements, particularly for internally displaced populations (IDPs) and refugee camps. Refugee-dwelling footprints and detailed information derived from satellite imagery are critical for a variety of applications, including humanitarian aid during disasters or conflicts. Nevertheless, extracting dwellings remains difficult due to their differing sizes, shapes, and location variations. In this study, we use U-Net and residual U-Net to deal with dwelling classification in a refugee camp in northern Cameroon, Africa. Specifically, two semantic segmentation networks are adapted and applied. A limited number of randomly divided sample patches is used to train and test the networks based on a single image of the WorldView-3 satellite. Our accuracy assessment was conducted using four different dwelling categories for classification purposes, using metrics such as Precision, Recall, F1, and Kappa coefficient. As a result, F1 ranges from 81% to over 99% and approximately 88.1% to 99.5% based on the U-Net and the residual U-Net, respectively.
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Salah, Tarig Taha Mohamed, Touraj Ayazi, Lars Lien, Arne Eide, and Edvard Hauff. "Social phobia among long-term internally displaced persons: An epidemiological study of adults in two internally displaced person settlements in Sudan." International Journal of Social Psychiatry 61, no. 6 (December 24, 2014): 550–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020764014564800.
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Szilágyi, Béla. "Refugee Camp: A Tool for Dignity and Security." Belügyi Szemle 69, no. 4. ksz. (October 19, 2021): 31–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.38146/bsz.spec.2021.4.3.
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Migration is the main challenge of the 21st century. With 272 million people migrating in 2019, of whom 80 million people are forcibly displaced worldwide, their security and the security of those living in the destination countries or regions is a major concern. One of the decisive factors in protection and security is the planning and management of the camps where millions of refugees and internally displaced people are hosted, in several cases, for many years. Well planned and well-organized camps do not only provide assistance and ensure the dignity to those displaced, help the effective work of the aid workers, but can also contribute to reducing crime and gender-based violence, furthermore decrease security threats and concerns. This paper examines how migrant settlement options, especially camps can be a tool for upholding the dignity of those in the camp whether they are refugees, internally displaced persons or different kinds of migrants, but at the same time how they can provide the safety and security for both the hosted population and the hosting community. For this very reason, the purpose of a shelter, the advantages and disadvantages of camps, furthermore setting and planning of camps will be discussed.
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Jordan, L. "APPLYING THIESSEN POLYGON CATCHMENT AREAS AND GRIDDED POPULATION WEIGHTS TO ESTIMATE CONFLICT-DRIVEN POPULATION CHANGES IN SOUTH SUDAN." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-4/W2 (October 19, 2017): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-4-w2-23-2017.
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Recent violence in South Sudan produced significant levels of conflict-driven migration undermining the accuracy and utility of both national and local level population forecasts commonly used in demographic estimates, public health metrics and food security proxies. This article explores the use of Thiessen Polygons and population grids (Gridded Population of the World, WorldPop and LandScan) as weights for estimating the catchment areas for settlement locations that serve large populations of internally displaced persons (IDP), in order to estimate the county-level in- and out-migration attributable to conflict-driven displacement between 2014-2015. Acknowledging IDP totals improves internal population estimates presented by global population databases. Unlike other forecasts, which produce spatially uniform increases in population, accounting for displaced population reveals that 15 percent of counties (<i>n</i> = 12) increased in population over 20 percent, and 30 percent of counties (<i>n</i> = 24) experienced zero or declining population growth, due to internal displacement and refugee out-migration. Adopting Thiessen Polygon catchment zones for internal migration estimation can be applied to other areas with United Nations IDP settlement data, such as Yemen, Somalia, and Nigeria.
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Gerasymenko, Yevgen, Nataliia Zadyraka, Viktoriia Georgiievska, Nataliia Kovalenko, and Yulia Leheza. "Correlation of Administrative Definitions of Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons: Compliance with International Standards." Age of Human Rights Journal, no. 18 (June 23, 2022): 491–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.17561/tahrj.v18.6864.
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The purpose of this study is to investigate the correlation of administrative definitions of refugees and internally displaced persons, as well as compliance of these definitions with international standards. The methodological framework of the study included analytical, legal, and statistical methods of analysis. The study employed general scientific and special methods of cognition. The paper investigates the main provisions of the legislative framework at the international and national levels. The applied methods allowed obtaining reliable and reasonable conclusions and results. Therefore, it is necessary to legislatively regulate the situation of persons who have been in Ukraine for a long time in violation of the law. The specified non-conformity of the legislation of Ukraine should be eliminated in two parallel ways. The specified non-conformity of the legislation of Ukraine should be eliminated in two parallel ways. On the one hand, any restrictions on the circle of persons to whom it applies should be excluded from the definition of IDPs in Article 1 of the Law of Ukraine “On Ensuring the Rights and Freedoms of Internally Displaced Persons”, primarily regarding the presence of stateless persons on the territory of Ukraine on legal grounds and the right to permanent residence in Ukraine. On the other hand, the corresponding law approves the procedure for determining a person as stateless, or apatride. This paper presents the criteria for the correlation between the terms “refugee” and “internally displaced person”. The practical value of this study lies in the fact that the investigation of the correlation of administrative definitions of refugees and internally displaced persons and their compliance with international standards is essential for practitioners and theorists in legal science.
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Djuric, Ivana. "The Post-War Repatriation of Serb Minority Internally Displaced Persons and Refugees in Croatia—Between Discrimination and Political Settlement." Europe-Asia Studies 62, no. 10 (November 24, 2010): 1639–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2010.522423.
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Muhammad Khan and Hassan Farooq. "The Inconclusive Repatriation of Afghan Refugees from Pakistan: Prospects and Challenges." Central Asia 89, Winter (March 21, 2022): 67–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.54418/ca-89.156.
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Refugees and internally displaced persons are inescapable remnants of wars, political turbulence and natural disasters. Historically, people confronting religious and racial persecutions used to leave for non-violent regions, but presently political subjugation is the major cause of enforced migration. The settlement of around eighty million displaced persons worldover is a paramount global challenge. The refugees, displaced persons and migrants occasionally gain worldwide significant for serving the political interests of various great powers; otherwise, along with their host nations they bear least worth for the world powers. The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 out-broke more than four million refugees into Pakistan. The West, especially the United States (US) as part of their anti-Communist Cold War agenda, lavishly assisted the Afghan Mujahidin, as they had launched guerilla warfare against the Soviet troops. The United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) in 1992 initiated a large scale repatriation of Afghan refugees from Pakistan after the Russian withdrawal from Kabul. Another massive repatriation program was also initiated in 2002 after the collapse of the Taliban regime by the US led International Security Assistance Forces (ISAF). However, the terrible economic and security situations in Afghanistan spoiled the fruits of repatriations. On the other hand, Pakistan seeks the repatriation of millions of Afghans from its soil at the earliest, while the UNHCR, the refugees and Afghanistan have been apparently adopting the time-gaining strategy. An in-depth study of this highly complex issue reveals that Islamabad has yet to table a comprehensive repatriation plan, Kabul is incapable and inadvertent to the issue and the global community has least interest in the Afghan refugees. Pakistan and the refugees have been suffering since decade
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Oyinwola, Oluwafisayo I., Patience Ahmed, Olumuyiwa O. Odusanya, and Adewumi B. Oyasakin. "Prevalence and risk factors of acute malnutrition among pre-school children in internally displaced person settlements within Abuja Municipal Area Council." Nigerian Journal of Paediatrics 49, no. 2 (August 30, 2022): 122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njp.v49i2.5.
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Background: Malnutrition is pervasive among displaced populations worldwide. Adequate nutrition is essential to the growth and development of all children, particularly in the preschool age.
Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted in four internally displaced person (IDP) settlements and their host communities within the Abuja municipal area council between April and May 2019. Using a multistage sampling method, subjects were recruited after parents’ informed consent, from the IDP settlements and equal numbers were drawn from their host communities. The proportion of acute malnutrition using weight for height, MUAC, BMI-for-age Z scores were compared to the 2006 WHO standards. Predictors were determined by logistic regression and statistical significance was set at p less than 0.05.
Results: There were 1,179 children aged six to 59 months recruited in each group. The prevalence of wasting was 7.7% (91), moderate acute malnutrition was 7.2% (85), and severe acute malnutrition was 3.1% (37) among the IDPs while they were 7.1% (84), 6.5% (77) and 2.9% (34) respectively in the host communities. The predictors for wasting in both groups were age below 24months (Adj OR, 95% CI - 3.88, 2.38 - 6.32), low birth weight (Adj OR, 95% CI – 2.70, 1.55 – 4.71) and diarrheal disease (Adj OR, 95% CI - 5.45, 2.38 - 12.44). Location was predictive only in the host communities (Adj OR, 95% CI – 2.69, 1.37 – 5.28).
Conclusion and recommendation: Acute malnutrition was high among the pre-school children in this study. The nutritional needs of displaced children in the FCT should be met and their families educated on prompt recognition and treatment of diarrhoea.
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Gella, Getachew Workineh, Lorenz Wendt, Stefan Lang, Dirk Tiede, Barbara Hofer, Yunya Gao, and Andreas Braun. "Mapping of Dwellings in IDP/Refugee Settlements from Very High-Resolution Satellite Imagery Using a Mask Region-Based Convolutional Neural Network." Remote Sensing 14, no. 3 (February 1, 2022): 689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14030689.
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Earth-observation-based mapping plays a critical role in humanitarian responses by providing timely and accurate information in inaccessible areas, or in situations where frequent updates and monitoring are required, such as in internally displaced population (IDP)/refugee settlements. Manual information extraction pipelines are slow and resource inefficient. Advances in deep learning, especially convolutional neural networks (CNNs), are providing state-of-the-art possibilities for automation in information extraction. This study investigates a deep convolutional neural network-based Mask R-CNN model for dwelling extractions in IDP/refugee settlements. The study uses a time series of very high-resolution satellite images from WorldView-2 and WorldView-3. The model was trained with transfer learning through domain adaptation from nonremote sensing tasks. The capability of a model trained on historical images to detect dwelling features on completely unseen newly obtained images through temporal transfer was investigated. The results show that transfer learning provides better performance than training the model from scratch, with an MIoU range of 4.5 to 15.3%, and a range of 18.6 to 25.6% for the overall quality of the extracted dwellings, which varied on the bases of the source of the pretrained weight and the input image. Once it was trained on historical images, the model achieved 62.9, 89.3, and 77% for the object-based mean intersection over union (MIoU), completeness, and quality metrics, respectively, on completely unseen images.
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Ternavska, V. M. "Legal status of persons affected by the military aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine (constitutional and legal aspect)." ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF THE LEGAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONDITIONS OF WAR AND THE POST-WAR RECONSTRUCTION OF THE STATE, no. 13 (October 1, 2022): 331–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/2524-017x-2022-13-53.
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Ukraine as a social, legal state forms the national external and internal policy on the basis of guaranteeing and unconditional provision of rights and freedoms of man and citizen, proclaimed by the Constitution of Ukraine. At the same time, certain categories of citizens today need special state support because of the military aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine. This issue has heightened social and legal significance because the number of persons who lost their property, became the victims of physical and psychological torture, sexual violence in the result of war crimes committed by the Russian military has much increased compared to 2014-2021. Many children are among the injured and dead. The question of proper provision and protection of the constitutional rights and freedoms of aggrieved persons is a priority issue of the constitutional and legal policy of Ukraine today. However, the granting a necessary support by the state requires the formal assignment of the appropriate legal status to each category of persons. The urgency of resolving these questions under the state of martial law actualizes the issue of proper defining the characteristics of legal status of each category of Ukrainian citizens affected by the military (armed) aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine. In the article there investigated various theoretical approaches to determining the legal status of an internally displaced person. The ratio of the categories “internally displaced person”, “migrant” and “refugee” is analyzed by studying the provisions of Ukrainian and foreign constitutional legislation as well as international legal documents. There determined the defects of the constitutional legislation of Ukraine in matters of legal regulation of the legal status of citizens of Ukraine, including children, and foreigners, who suffered in a result of military (armed) aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, due to the inconsistency of the constitutional and legal policy of Ukraine. It is concluded that the current constitutional and legal policy of Ukraine should be formed more considerably and according to national interests, not only under the impact of international experts’ recommendations, timely take into account new legal facts, that will permit to avoid lacunae and collisions in national legislation in future. Key words: constitutional and legal policy, legal status, internally displaced person, deportation, military aggression
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Бубняк, С. М. "Internally displaced persons in the context of current migration processes in Ukraine." Grani 22, no. 11 (November 28, 2019): 56–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/10.15421/171998.
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The introduction highlights the relevance of the study of migration processes in Ukraine and outlines the problematic circle regarding its regulation. The concept of «migration» in the sciences of the humanitarian block is considered. It is revealed that the number of internally displaced persons has increased since the signing of the Association Agreement and the visa-free regime between Ukraine and the EU. Therefore, statistics on the register at the legislative level of IDPs are provided. Basic research and scholars dealing with this social topic are reviewed. Therefore, the purpose of the article was to outline the purpose of the article, namely to clarify a terminological problem between the concepts of refugees, displaced persons or IDPs.The main part states that the annexation of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea by the Russian Federation and the conflict in the Donbass have caused the mass relocation of people for the second time in Ukraine. For the first time, the state encountered this phenomenon during the Chernobyl disaster. A methodological toolkit for regulating the legal status of IDPs is considered. The differences between the concepts of refugees, displaced persons, IDPs are outlined.As a result, a “refugee” is a person who is not a citizen of Ukraine and, because of a well-founded fear of becoming a victim of persecution on grounds of race, religion, nationality, citizenship (nationality), independence of a particular social group or political beliefs outside the country of his / her nationality and may not enjoy the protection of this country, or does not wish to enjoy this protection because of such fears, or without citizenship (nationality) and being outside the country of his former permanent residence, may or may not return to her because of these concerns. «Internally displaced persons» are people or groups of people who have been forced to flee their homes to escape armed conflict, violence or mass human rights abuses. IDPs are persons or groups of persons within the country who have been forced to flee, or who have left their place of permanent residence as a result of or to avoid the effects of military conflict, mass violence, human rights violations, natural or man-made disasters, and who have not crossed the internationally recognized borders of the state.
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Novikova, O. F., O. O. Khandii, and L. L. Shamileva. "Losses of the Labor and Educational Potential of Ukraine During Martial Law." Business Inform 5, no. 532 (2022): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2022-5-62-69.
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Martial law in Ukraine causes changes in all spheres of ensuring the life of the population and the country as a whole. Active hostilities in a large area of many regions have led to a mass displacement of the population both on the territory of Ukraine and abroad. Obtaining either the status of an internally displaced person (IDP) or refugee status, puts forward requirements for the State to develop a policy of keeping IDPs from external migration and returning refugees to their homeland in order to preserve the human potential of the country, in particular, labor and educational potential. Making urgent managerial decisions in the social and labor sphere is of strategic importance for the restoration of territories in the postwar period and tactical importance for the integration of IDPs into host communities. Uncertainty of the terms of hostilities, constant change of the territories in which active military actions are conducted, require a quick response on the part of the State together with the adoption of relevant regulatory documents and amendments to the current ones aimed at protecting and supporting both internally displaced population and internally displaced businesses, returning refugees to Ukraine. The article is aimed at assessing the losses of labor and educational potential during martial law in Ukraine. The publication identifies the main risks in the labor sphere associated with martial law, examines the main imbalances determined by the socioeconomic risks and dangers. According to the authors’ methodology, an assessment of the losses of the labor and educational potential of Ukraine during the period of martial law is presented, which provides a substantiation for the directions of managerial decisions on its preservation and restoration. The main directions of prevention and minimization of risks in the labor sector and in the labor market are proposed. Attention is focused on the issues of long-term social integration of IDPs along with the development and implementation of measures to promote the return of refugees on the principles of social justice and non-discrimination.
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ALMEDOM, ASTIER M., BERHE TESFAMICHAEL, ZEIN SAEED MOHAMMED, C. G. N. MASCIE-TAYLOR, and ZEMUI ALEMU. "USE OF ‘SENSE OF COHERENCE (SOC)’ SCALE TO MEASURE RESILIENCE IN ERITREA: INTERROGATING BOTH THE DATA AND THE SCALE." Journal of Biosocial Science 39, no. 1 (November 14, 2005): 91–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932005001112.
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An adapted ‘sense of coherence’ scale short form (SOC-13) was administered in nine languages of Eritrea with a total of 265 participants (162 women and 103 men) in order to assess ‘resilience’ in quantitative terms. Statistical analysis yielded significant differences in SOC scores between the displaced and non-displaced: mean=54·84 (SD=6·48) in internally displaced person (IDP) camps, compared with mean=48·94 (SD=11·99) in urban and rural settlements (t=3·831, p<0·001). Post-hoc tests revealed that the main difference is between IDP camp dwellers and urban (non-displaced) residents. Those in rural but traditionally mobile (pastoralist or transhumant) communities scored more or less the same as the urban non-displaced – i.e. significantly higher than those in IDP camps (p<0·05). Analysis of variance showed that displacement has a significantly negative effect on women compared with men (RR=0·262, p<0·001). Repeating the analysis for the three groups confirmed that urban and pastoralist/transhumant groups are similar, while women in IDP camps are lower scoring (RR=0·268, p<0·001), Hamboka women being worst affected due to their experience of serial displacement. These findings are interpreted and discussed in the light of qualitative information gleaned from the study participants’ interrogation of the content of the SOC scale; and in the wider context of historical, socio-political and cultural characteristics of Eritrea. The study’s implications for humanitarian and public health policy are considered.
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Saji, Rincy. "Understanding Identity and Socio-Culture Milieu in Sri Lankan Refugee Camp: A Study of Anuk Arudpragasam’s The Story of a Brief Marriage." SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJELLH 8, no. 3 (March 28, 2020): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijellh.v8i3.10495.
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“But woe to him who is alone when he falls for he has no one to help him up.” Ecclesiastes 4:10. Human beings- man defined as the animal rationale, distinct us from other animal species in nothing but the additional attribute to reason. But the modern science proves that “men share all other properties with some species of animal kingdom-expect that the additional gift of ‘reason’, which makes man a more dangerous beast.”(On Violence, 62). But from the moment, humans began living together in communities, some of their members were forcibly expelled from those first towns and villages on ethnic, religious or other grounds. The practice of helping such people absconding became one of the earliest hallmarks of civilization. The world is beating a path to those refugee camps ever since. And in the twentieth century to systematize with these situations the international community took fundamental stride to codify the assistance. Since the Second World War each year, hundreds of thousands of people around the world are forced to move to uncertain places from their safe havens. The United Nations High Commission for Refugee defines them as “A refugee is someone who has been forced to flee from his or her country because of persecution, war or violence.” According to Hannah Arendt, an American-German philosopher, in her seminal essay “We Refugee” published in 1943 defines a refuge as a person driven to seek refugee because of some act committed or some political opinion held. But she also adds these people who had to seek refugee neither committed any acts nor most of them even dreamt of having any political opinion. We are all brought up in the conviction that life is the highest good and death the greatest trepidation but if we take a close look within the refugee camps, the lives hailing there, we come to know that they have lost the horror for death. Instead of fighting or thinking about how to fight back they have got used to wishing death to friends or relatives and if somebody dies, they cheerfully image all the trouble they have been saved from. As per the report of United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), in 2019, 70.8 million of people are displaced in our world fleeing war, persecution and conflict, at the end of 2018 2.3 million more were forcibly displaced. This is the highest number UN refugee agency has seen in its 70-year existence. Then there are the Internally Displaced People, who have left their homes but remain inside the country borders which numbers 41.9 million. Then there are children every second refugee is a child. These are not just number but souls in flight.
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H. Parker, Alison, Jen A. Smith, Tania Verdemato, Jeanette Cooke, James Webster, and Richard C. Carter. "Menstrual management: a neglected aspect of hygiene interventions." Disaster Prevention and Management 23, no. 4 (July 29, 2014): 437–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dpm-04-2013-0070.
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Purpose – Effective menstrual management is essential for the mental and physical well being of women. However, many women in low-income countries lack access to the materials and facilities required. They are thus restricted in their activities whilst menstruating thus compromising their education, income and domestic responsibilities. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – This study describes the menstrual management challenges faced by women in an emergency situation in Uganda. Totally, 50 interviews and focus group discussions were conducted with women from villages, internally displaced person (IDP) camps and schools so that the menstrual management of the host population could be compared with the IDPs. Findings – This study showed that in IDP camps there was a significant lack of materials including soap, underpants and absorbing cloth, and facilities like latrines and bathing shelters. As a consequence women in IDP camps suffer with poor health and diminished dignity. There is also a lack of education about menstruation and reproductive health and practices are strongly influenced by cultural taboos. Originality/value – This is the first time that the menstrual management of women in IDP or refugee camps has been studied.
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Gorodnycha, Larysa, Maryna Olkhovyk, and Svitlana Gergul. "LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF SLAVIC MEDIA TEXTS CONTAINING HATE SPEECH." EUREKA: Social and Humanities, no. 6 (November 30, 2020): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2504-5571.2020.001540.
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The article analyzes hate speech definitions as linguistic and cultural phenomena in the context of an interdisciplinary approach, and describes features of linguistic resources distribution in the texts with the hate speech. The paper deals with the functioning of the concept “hate speech” in the regional media space of Ukraine and Bulgaria. The authors define the causes of the hate speech usage in the media texts and study the hate speech as the source of the modern vocabulary. The article gives deeper understanding of the essence of the concept “hate speech”, more clearly defining its boundaries, reasons for distribution and the main features of the functioning, considering the interdisciplinary approach to its interpretation. The research describes the features of an editor's work on the texts with the hate speech and methods of its neutralization, as well as proven discriminatory manifestation of hate speech in political neologisms as “refugee”, “migrant”, “internally displaced person”. For implementing the goals and objectives of the study, the complex of methods has been used: system approach, monitoring and analysis of the media texts in the regional media, summarizing the results of the analysis.
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Bianca, H. "THE IMPORTANCE OF VOLUNTEER ACTIVITY FOR SOCIETY IN THE CONDITIONS OF WAR WITH RUSSIA." Research Notes, no. 1 (May 4, 2022): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31654/2663-4902-2022-pp-1-8-13.
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The article reveals the importance of volunteering in the war between Ukraine and russia. One of the oldest volunteer organizations working during the war is the Red Cross Society of Ukraine (TCHU / Red Cross of Ukraine) and the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). The competence of the Ukrainian Red Cross includes centralized provision of humanitarian aid through local authorities, ambulance assistance to the population in the liberated territories, and humanitarian aid in quieter areas. Caritas International Foundation is one of the largest international charitable networks in the world and in Europe and has more than 30 regional organizations in 15 regions of Ukraine, where more than 1,000 employees and volunteers help. Humanitarian aid is provided to those in need, regardless of religion, ethnicity, gender or age, based on Christian principles and values. The war resulted in large numbers of Ukrainian refugees in European countries and a significant number of internally displaced persons within Ukraine, with Poland being the first country to assist IDPs at the state level. Polish volunteer organizations were established to collect and logistics humanitarian aid, create heating and temporary settlements in border towns, railway stations, psychological assistance, transportation and accommodation throughout Poland. The first cargoes that came to Nizhyn were from Poland.
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Alawa, Jude, Samir Al-Ali, Lucas Walz, Eleanor Wiles, Nikhil Harle, Mohamed Abdullahi Awale, Deqo Mohamed, and Kaveh Khoshnood. "Knowledge and perceptions of COVID-19, prevalence of pre-existing conditions and access to essential resources in Somali IDP camps: a cross-sectional study." BMJ Open 11, no. 6 (June 2021): e044411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044411.
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ObjectivesThis study examined knowledge and perceptions of COVID-19, prevalence of pre-existing conditions and access to essential resources among residents of internally displaced person (IDP) camps in Somalia, where overcrowded settlements with weakened infrastructure, inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene facilities, and limited access to health services make this vulnerable population particularly susceptible to a COVID-19 outbreak.DesignA descriptive, cross-sectional survey.SettingTwelve IDP camps across six areas of the Lower Shabelle region in Somalia.Participants401 adult Somali IDP camp residents.ResultsThe majority of participants were female (86%) and had received no formal education (89%). While 58% reported being in ‘good’ health, half of the participants reported having one or more pre-existing conditions. Though 77% of respondents reported taking at least one COVID-19 preventative public health measure, respondents reported a lack of access to adequate sanitation, an inability to practice social distancing and nearly universal inability to receive a COVID-19 screening exam. Questions assessing knowledge surrounding COVID-19 prevention and treatment yielded answers of ‘I don’t know’ for roughly 50% of responses. The majority of participants were not familiar with basic information about the virus or confident that they could receive medical services if infected. 185 (47%) respondents indicated that camp living conditions needed to change to prevent the spread of COVID-19.ConclusionThis study highlights low levels of COVID-19 knowledge and limited access to essential prevention and treatment resources among individuals living in Somali IDP camps. A massive influx of additional resources is required to adequately address COVID-19 in Somalia, starting with codesigning interventions to educate those individuals most vulnerable to infection.
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De Santi, Michael, Usman T. Khan, Matthew Arnold, Jean-François Fesselet, and Syed Imran Ali. "Forecasting point-of-consumption chlorine residual in refugee settlements using ensembles of artificial neural networks." npj Clean Water 4, no. 1 (June 25, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41545-021-00125-2.
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AbstractWaterborne illnesses are a leading health concern in refugee and internally displaced person (IDP) settlements where waterborne pathogens often spread through household recontamination of stored water. Ensuring sufficient chlorine residual is important for protecting drinking water against recontamination and ensuring water remains safe up to the point-of-consumption. We used ensembles of artificial neural networks (ANNs) to probabilistically forecast the point-of-consumption free residual chlorine (FRC) concentration and to develop point-of-distribution FRC targets based on the risk of insufficient FRC at the point-of consumption. We built ANN ensemble models using data from three refugee settlements and found that the risk-based FRC targets generated by the ensemble models were consistent with an empirical water safety evaluation, indicating that the models accurately predicted the risk of low point-of-consumption FRC despite all ensemble forecasts being underdispersed even after post-processing. This demonstrates the usefulness of ANN ensembles for generating risk-based point-of-distribution FRC targets to ensure safe drinking water in humanitarian operations.
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Mugambi, Gitobu Cosmas, and Karin Michotte. "Structural Violence among Internally Displaced Persons (IDPS) Within Idp Settlements in Mogadishu Somalia." Journal of Economics & Management Research, December 31, 2021, 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.47363/jesmr/2021(2)140.
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Background: Gender based violence (GBV) remains a public health concern. Internally displaced persons (IDPs) and refugees have been shown to be at the highest risk of gender based violence. Somalia has been without a stable government for 26 years resulting in weak community and formal protection structures hence disproportionately increasing the vulnerability of females to gender based violence. Continued displacement of community members in South Central Somalia due to war, inters clan conflicts and the ongoing drought has resulted in more IDPs living in settlements along major urban areas. These IDPs continue to face violations such as forced evictions, discrimination and gender based violence. Objective: This study was aimed at investigating the past and present forms of structural violence faced by IDPs in Mogadishu as well as their knowledge and perceptions regarding the same. Methods: A descriptive cross sectional design was used in this study, in the month of May 2017. The study population for this survey was 320 IDPs in 10 IDP settlements in KM-11 and KM-13 regions of Mogadishu, South Central Somalia. Results: The study established a 91.7% prevalence rate of female genital mutilation among the female respondents. World Health Organization (W.H.O.) type III was the most common form of FGM that female respondents in the two IDP settlements (38.9%) had faced, followed by W.HO. type 4 (23.1%) and W.H.O. type I and II (15.9%). The mean age at which FGM was carried out among this group was 7 years while forced and early marriages (mean of 16 years) are common among this population group. Sexual assault and rape were singled out as the most common forms of violence faced by females in the two IDP settlements with the risk factors for this violence being described as displacement, overcrowding in IDP settlements, poor lighting in the IDP settlements at night, unaccompanied females in the IDP settlements and female headed households. Respondents expressed their overwhelming preference for community protection structures in averting GBV and customary law in arbitrating gender based violence cases. There was low awareness on services available for GBV survivors and so was the knowledge on the urgency to seek medical services within the 72 hours window period following rape. Conclusion: The study has established that structural violence is common among IDPs living in Mogadishu and it is constraining them from achieving the quality of life that would have otherwise been possible if they were not displaced. There is need to strengthen both community and formal protection units as well as raise awareness regarding the effects of the various forms of violence facing female IDPs, create awareness regarding services available for GBV survivors and ensure that these services are available and accessible to the IDPs
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Nascimento, Allan. "Internally displaced persons: from the action of a sovereign state to intervention by the international community." Sociologia, Problemas e Práticas, no. 66 (February 15, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.7458/spp2011667768.
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Research on internally displaced persons (i.e. those living inside their own countries but outside their usual areas of settlement) is a challenge, due to the large number of people involved, the harsh conditions they face, the inability (or lack of interest) of national states to protect their citizens, and the international neutrality principle, according to which any external intervention aimed at safeguarding human rights is a difficult issue. This article discusses the categories adopted, the legal provisions and the institutional framework for internally displaced persons protection. A parallel is drawn with refugees. The concept of the sovereign state and the notion of non-interventionism are also examined. Finally, the article discusses the possibility of a transnational public sphere as a mediating authority, where necessary, between governments and their citizens.
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Valette, Delphine, and Natalia Korobkova. "Left Behind: The Multiple Impacts of Covid-19 on Forcibly Displaced People." IDS Bulletin 53, no. 2 (April 29, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/1968-2022.117.
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To better understand vaccination barriers and the impacts of Covid-19 on forcibly displaced persons (FDPs, i.e. refugees, and internally displaced persons (IDPs)), World Vision International carried out a multi-country survey of refugee populations in Colombia, Peru, Brazil, Uganda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Jordan, and Turkey, and IDPs in Venezuela. The survey found that a combination of barriers led to FDPs falling through the gaps of national Covid-19 vaccination campaigns, despite their heightened vulnerability to Covid-19 infection and transmission. Only one person out of the 1,914 FDPs surveyed reported receiving a Covid-19 vaccine. The survey also highlighted the significant indirect impacts of the pandemic on forcibly displaced families, and children specifically, with the socioeconomic aftershocks of the Covid-19 pandemic worsening displaced children’s deprivations across health and nutrition, protection support, and education.
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Chambers, Samuel N., and Joseph A. Tabor. "Remotely identifying potential vector habitat in areas of refugee and displaced person populations due to the Syrian civil war." Geospatial Health 13, no. 2 (November 9, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/gh.2018.670.
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Historically leishmaniasis is most prevalent in established urban centres but this research shows that refugees and, most significantly, internally displaced persons are now commonly in areas characterized by the presence of fly habitats potentially leading to higher prominence of Leishmania infection. Areas engulfed by the Syrian civil war has thus caused the dispersal of humans into previously unpopulated areas amid habitats of the sand fly Phlebotomus papatasi that hosts the parasite Leishmania. The addition of new places of exposure to this disease add to difficulties with respect to diagnosis as well as provision of care and treatment. We used geospatial methodology adapting it to remotely identifying and analyzing sand fly habitats with the aim of measuring how common it is. Our methodology helps avoid the issue of resolution in satellite imagery by measuring likelihood rather than strictly known locations. We followed up this information with spatial analysis identifying which civilian populations are most prone to sand fly exposure, and therefore leishmaniasis, due to their geographical situation. Our results suggest that those most likely to be exposed to Leishmania are internally displaced persons, those camps less likely to receive medical relief and typically having temporary residents migrating elsewhere.
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"Aide-memoire: Operational guidance on maintaining the civilian and humanitarian character of sites and settlements." International Review of the Red Cross 99, no. 904 (April 2017): 433–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s181638311800019x.
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In light of the growing complexity of humanitarian crises today and the continued need for effective cooperation among humanitarian actors, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) launched a consultative process in September 2016 to collect operational practices with regard to maintaining the civilian and humanitarian character of sites and settlements for internally displaced persons (IDPs) and refugees. Exchanges with field staff from both organizations targeted five ongoing operations – in the Central African Republic (CAR), the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Iraq, Nigeria and South Sudan – and included a one-day workshop in Geneva on 20 April 2017 in which the UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) also participated. A wider set of stakeholders was consulted as well, during a roundtable organized under the auspices of the Global Protection Cluster (GPC) on 21 April.
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Matijević, Milica V., Jelena Madžarević, and Stefano Giantin. "Duration of Internal Displacement at the Intersection of Law and Politics." Годишњак факултета правних наука - АПЕИРОН 12, no. 12 (July 21, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/gfp2212023m.
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Even though the question of when internal displacement ends was the subject of the UN-led standards-setting efforts and addressed in the resulting international soft-law norms, in practice, the determination of when an internally displaced person (IDP) is no longer in need of assistance and protection is still performed arbitrarily and on ad hoc basis. There are different explanations of why the rights-based criteria on the duration of displacement have not served their aim. In this paper, the authors identify another one by arguing that their ineffectiveness is caused in the first place by the essentially political nature of the matter they are supposed to regulate. The paper’s aim is to serve as a preliminary investigation and set the ground for a more systematic and in-depth analysis of the relationship between the law and the politics in the process of deciding when the internal displacement is over. To this aim, the paper provides an overview of the two main international soft-law instruments regulating the status of IDPs and a short analysis of the principal humanitarian, human rights and refugee law norms from which these soft-law instruments were derived or which have otherwise directed the identification of therein contained standards. The investigation shows not only that the two main international soft-law instruments tend to be inadequate as means to regulate the process of determining when a person should no longer be considered in need of assistance and protection as an IDP, but that the international law norms restated in these instruments as such cannot offer clear guidance on the matter. The inquiry also shows, in the context of protracted displacement, that where the impasse in the negotiation and/or implementation of a peace agreement reduces the traditional triad of durable solutions to only two of them – integration in the place of displacement and resettlement to the third place - the entire edifice of the rights-based criteria collapses. Such situations, the authors argue, demonstrate that the rights-based criteria on the duration of displacement can only serve as a framework for the essentially political deliberations on the matter.