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McCulley, Bruce, and Paul G. Beaulieu. "Refuge from Refuse." Science News 139, no. 3 (January 19, 1991): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3975690.
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Cooper Jr., William E. "Escape by a refuging prey, the broad-headed skink (Eumeces laticeps)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 75, no. 6 (June 1, 1997): 943–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z97-113.
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Factors influencing escape to refuge by the broad-headed skink (Eumeces laticeps) were examined by multiple regression and correlation of quantitative escape variables and distance and direction to refuge. I simulated a predator by walking toward a lizard and recorded aspects of escape. Approach distance (distance from me when escape began) increased with distance and angle to refuge, suggesting that the skinks assessed that risk increased with relative times required for prey and predator to reach the refuge. Distance fled was affected jointly by distance from the predator when escape began and distance to refuge; it increased with distance to refuge. It also increased with the angle between the predator's path and refuge due to declining distance from the predator per unit distance fled. Direction to the nearest refuge and direction fled were nearly identical. Distance and direction to refuge should strongly affect escape behaviour in prey that are active some distance from refuges but rely on them to avoid predation. These relationships may be weaker or absent in anachoric species (those nearly continuously occupying refuges) and those remaining close to refuges, as well as in species relying more on speed and fleeing for long distances than on refuges.
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Cooper, Jr., William E. "Escape behavior by prey blocked from entering the nearest refuge." Canadian Journal of Zoology 77, no. 4 (September 15, 1999): 671–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z99-046.
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Current models of optimal antipredation behavior do not apply to prey blocked by a predator from access to the primary refuge because the predator is closer than the optimal approach distance and flight toward the refuge would increase risk. If other alternative refuges are available, the prey should flee toward the best alternative one. I studied the effect of an approaching human simulated predator interposed between prey and refuge on the use of alternative refuges and on flight-initiation distance in the keeled earless lizard, Holbrookia propinqua. When the predator approached on a line between a lizard and its closest refuge, the lizard invariably fled to or toward an alternative refuge. Lizards were significantly more likely to use alternative refuges than lizards approached on a line connecting the closest refuge, prey, and predator, but with the lizard between the predator and the refuge. Flight-initiation distance was significantly greater for lizards having free access to the closest refuge than for those blocked from it, perhaps because of the time required to assess the new risk posed by blockage of the closest refuge, to select the best alternative refuge, or to wait for the predator to commit to a closing pattern before choosing the best flight option.
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Pfaller, Joseph B., and Michael A. Gil. "Sea turtle symbiosis facilitates social monogamy in oceanic crabs via refuge size." Biology Letters 12, no. 9 (September 2016): 20160607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2016.0607.
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The capacity for resource monopolization by individuals often dictates the size and composition of animal groups, and ultimately, the adoption of mating strategies. For refuge-dwelling animals, the ability (or inability) of individuals to monopolize refuges should depend on the relative size of the refuge. In theory, groups should be larger and more inclusive when refuges are large, and smaller and more exclusive when refuges are small, regardless of refuge type. We test this prediction by comparing the size and composition of groups of oceanic crabs ( Planes minutus ) living on plastic flotsam and loggerhead sea turtles. We found that (i) surface area of refuges (barnacle colonies on flotsam and supracaudal space on turtles) is a better predictor of crab number than total surface area and (ii) flotsam and turtles with similar refuge surface area host a similar number (1–2) and composition (adult male–female pairs) of crabs. These results indicate that group size and composition of refuge-dwelling animals are modulated by refuge size and the capacity for refuge monopolization. Moreover, these results suggest that sea turtle symbiosis facilitates social monogamy in oceanic crabs, providing insights into how symbiosis can promote specific mating strategies.
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Cooper, CE, and PC Withers. "Physiological significance of the microclimate in night refuges of the numbat Myrmecobius fasciatus." Australian Mammalogy 27, no. 2 (2005): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am05169.
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Numbats (Myrmecobius fasciatus) seek overnight refuge in hollow logs, tree hollows and burrows, which provide protection from predators. Occupied night refuges were on average 5�C warmer than ambient temperature, which would result in considerable energy savings (35 kJ over 12 h). Use of a nest within the refuge reduced calculated energy expenditure by a further 55 kJ over 12 h. Mean nightly temperature didn?t differ with refuge type, but the nightly pattern of refuge temperature did. Burrows had higher insulation than logs or tree hollows, and had more constant night temperatures and higher minimum temperatures. Season had a significant influence on refuge temperature, with lower temperatures in winter than in other seasons for all refuge types. The gas composition of occupied night refuges was different to ambient, with refuge air differing in O2 content by a maximum of 2.3%, and CO2 by no more than 3.0% from ambient levels. The relative humidity in M. fasciatus refuges was extremely variable (23- 100%), but was generally lower than ambient relative humidity. The overnight refuges of M. fasciatus (hollow logs, tree hollows and burrows) significantly buffer thermal conditions without major effects on the gaseous or hygric environment.
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sims, d. w., e. j. southall, v. j. wearmouth, n. hutchinson, g. c. budd, and d. morritt. "refuging behaviour in the nursehound scyliorhinus stellaris (chondrichthyes: elasmobranchii): preliminary evidence from acoustic telemetry." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 85, no. 5 (October 2005): 1137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315405012191.
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the tendency for marine fish to refuge in natural and artificial structures underwater is well documented, but the incidence of this behaviour among predatory sharks is not widely known. a sub-adult male nursehound scyliorhinus stellaris was tracked by intermittent acoustic telemetry over 168 days in a tidal sea lough. this individual, in-between undertaking nocturnal foraging excursions, refuged in at least five different narrow-entrance holes. refuge location was validated by underwater and surface observations during which time other nursehounds (sub-adult male and female), were also seen refuging, sometimes together. this indicates nursehound display philopatric behaviour centred on aggregation in ‘home’ refuges that, in this case, were labyrinthine rock systems.
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Carr, Mark H., and Daniel C. Reed. "Conceptual Issues Relevant to Marine Harvest Refuges: Examples from Temperate Reef Fishes." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 50, no. 9 (September 1, 1993): 2019–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f93-226.
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The size of a refuge needed to sustain a fishery depends on the harvest and on the rate at which both refuge and harvested populations supply new recruits to the fishery. Recruitment rates are determined by larval production, and both intrinsic (e.g., reproductive mode, larval behavior) and extrinsic (e.g., predation, resource availability, currents) factors that influence the geographic range over which a refuge can effectively supply recruits. The size, number, and distribution of refuges depend on patterns of larval replenishment. Since resource requirements of fish often change with ontogeny and reproductive condition, refuges may need to include a wide variety of habitats. Larval production by refuges may be enhanced by multispecies management that provides protection for or allows harvesting of nontarget species. Additionally, protection may be needed for resources located outside refuges that enhance recruitment to harvested populations. Because improperly designed refuges may endanger a fishery by providing a false sense of protection, determining the effectiveness of a refuge is of utmost importance. Evaluation criteria should include the ability of a refuge to maintain high larval production of target species and to contribute to replenishment of harvested populations at a level sufficient to sustain a predetermined harvesting rate.
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Hinck, Jo Ellen, Kimberly Chojnacki, Susan Finger, Greg Linder, and Kevin Kilbride. "A Geospatial Approach to Identify Water Quality Issues for National Wildlife Refuges in Oregon and Washington." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 2, no. 1 (June 1, 2011): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/112010-jfwm-043.
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Abstract Many National Wildlife Refuges (Refuges) have impaired water quality resulting from historic and current land uses, upstream sources, and aerial pollutant deposition. Competing duties limit the time available for Refuge staff to identify and evaluate potential water quality issues. As a result, water quality–related issues may not be resolved until a problem has already arisen. This study developed a geospatial approach for identifying and prioritizing water quality issues affecting natural resources (including migratory birds and federally listed species) within Refuge boundaries. We assessed the location and status of streams pursuant to the Clean Water Act in relation to individual Refuges in Oregon and Washington, United States. Although twelve Refuges in Oregon (60%) and eight Refuges in Washington (40%) were assessed under the Clean Water Act, only 12% and 3% of total Refuge stream lengths were assessed, respectively. Very few assessed Refuge streams were not designated as impaired (0% in Oregon, 1% in Washington). Despite the low proportions of stream lengths assessed, most Refuges in Oregon (70%) and Washington (65%) are located in watersheds with approved total maximum daily loads. We developed summaries of current water quality issues for individual Refuges and identified large gaps for Refuge-specific water quality data and habitat utilization by sensitive species. We conclude that monitoring is warranted on many Refuges to better characterize water quality under the Clean Water Act.
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Amo, Luisa, Pilar López, and José Martín. "Trade-offs in the choice of refuges by common wall lizards: do thermal costs affect preferences for predator-free refuges?" Canadian Journal of Zoology 82, no. 6 (June 1, 2004): 897–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z04-065.
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Prey often respond to predator presence by increasing refuge use. However, some types of refuges may expose prey to other types of predators. In addition, in selecting refuges ectothermic animals may have a conflict between safety and thermal suitability. In this paper we examined in the laboratory whether common wall lizards, Podarcis muralis (Laurenti, 1768), (i) prefer to use warm refuges to cold ones, (ii) prefer safe refuges to those with chemical cues of a saurophagous snake, and (iii) whether lizards face a trade-off between using a warm but snake-scented refuge or a cold but odorless one. Results did not show differences in refuge use in relation to refuge temperature, because common wall lizards only entered to investigate it, but they were not forced to hide. So, common wall lizards did not have to be at suboptimal temperatures for longer times. Common wall lizards avoided the use of predator-scented refuges, regardless of thermal conditions, and they also increased their movement rate, trying to escape from the terrarium. Because snakes are inconspicuous inside refuges, an avoidance response to their chemicals may enhance the survival possibilities of common wall lizards. We conclude that in common wall lizards, predation-risk costs are more important than thermal costs in determining refuge use.
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van der Burg, Max Post, Karen E. Jenni, Timothy L. Nieman, Josh D. Eash, and Gregory A. Knutsen. "Understanding and Finding Solutions to the Problem of Sedimentation in the National Wildlife Refuge System." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 8, no. 2 (July 1, 2017): 648–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/012016-jfwm-004.
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Abstract The National Wildlife Refuge System (Refuge System) is a collection of public lands maintained by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for migratory birds and other wildlife. Wetlands on individual National Wildlife Refuges (Refuges) may be at risk of increased sedimentation because of land use and water management practices. Increased sedimentation can reduce wetland habitat quality by altering hydrologic function, degrading water quality, and inhibiting growth of vegetation and invertebrates. On Refuges negatively affected by increased sedimentation, managers have to address complex questions about how to best remediate and mitigate the negative effects. The best way to account for these complexities is often not clear. On other Refuges, managers may not know whether sedimentation is a problem. Decision makers in the Refuge System may need to allocate resources to studying which Refuges could be at risk. Such analyses would help them understand where to direct support for managing increased sedimentation. In this paper, we summarize a case study demonstrating the use of decision-analytic tools in the development of a sedimentation management plan for Agassiz National Wildlife Refuge, Minnesota. Using what we learned from that process, we surveyed other Refuges in U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Region 3 (an area encompassing the states of Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Ohio, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, and Wisconsin) and Region 6 (an area encompassing the states of Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming) about whether they experience sediment-related impacts to management. Our results show that cases of management being negatively affected by increased sedimentation are not isolated. We suggest that the Refuge System conduct a comprehensive and systematic assessment of increased sedimentation among Refuges to understand the importance of sedimentation in context with other management problems that Refuges face. The results of such an assessment could guide how the Refuge System allocates resources to studying and managing widespread stressors.
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Czech, Brian. "Coastal Planning on the U.S. National Wildlife Refuge System with the Sea Level Affecting Marshes Model (SLAMM)." Wetland Science & Practice 32, no. 4 (June 2015): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1672/ucrt083-279.
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The U.S. National Wildlife Refuge System (Refuge System) includes 173 marine coastal refuges that provide exceptional benefits for fish and wildlife as well as valuable ecosystem services to local and regional economies. Many of these refuges have historic and cultural significance. For example, Pelican Island (FL) was the first national wildlife refuge (NWR), Chincoteague NWR (VA) has the visitation of a national park, and Dungeness NWR (WA) remains a stronghold of tribal culture. Most coastal refuges, with notable exceptions primarily in Oregon and Alaska, also have gently sloping shoreline topography, leaving them vulnerable to sea-level rise.
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Pascucci, Elisa. "Refuge: transforming a broken refugee system." Fennia - International Journal of Geography 195, no. 2 (December 15, 2017): 197–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.11143/fennia.66415.
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Hathaway, James C. "Refuge: Transforming a Broken Refugee System." International Journal of Refugee Law 30, no. 1 (March 2018): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eey015.
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Fezza, Eugenia, Joe M. Roberts, Toby J. A. Bruce, Lael E. Walsh, Michael T. Gaffney, and Tom W. Pope. "Optimising Vine Weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus F. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Monitoring Tool Design." Insects 13, no. 1 (January 12, 2022): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13010080.
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Vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus F. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is an economically important insect pest of horticultural crops. To identify an effective and reliable monitoring system for adult vine weevil, this study investigated the influence of colour, height and entrance position on the efficacy of a model monitoring tool using modified paper cups as refuges. Vine weevil preferences were determined by the number of individuals recorded within a refuge. When provided with a binary choice between black or white refuges, vine weevil adults showed a preference for black refuges. Vine weevils provided with a range of coloured refuges (blue, green, red and yellow) in addition to black and white refuges showed a preference for black and blue over the other colours and white refuges in group choice experiments. Refuge height and entrance position also influenced vine weevil behaviour with individuals exhibiting a preference for taller refuges and those with entrance openings around the refuge base. These results provide insights into refuge selection by adult vine weevils, which can be exploited to improve monitoring tool design. The importance of developing an effective monitoring tool for vine weevil adults as part of an integrated pest management programme is discussed.
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Mahapatra, G. S., P. K. Santra, and Ebenezer Bonyah. "Dynamics on Effect of Prey Refuge Proportional to Predator in Discrete-Time Prey-Predator Model." Complexity 2021 (October 25, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6209908.
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Prey-predator models with refuge effect have great importance in the context of ecology. Constant refuge and refuge proportional to prey are the most popular concepts of refuge in the existing literature. Now, there are new different types of refuge concepts attracting researchers. This study considers a refuge concept proportional to the predator due to the fear induced by predators. When predators increase, fears also increase and that is why prey refuges also increase. Here, we examine the influence of prey refuge proportional to predator effect in a discrete prey-predator interaction with the Holling type II functional response model. Is this refuge stabilizing or destabilizing the system? That is the central question of this study. The existence and stability of fixed points, Period-Doubling Bifurcation, Neimark–Sacker Bifurcation, the influence of prey refuge, and chaos are analyzed. This work provides the bifurcation diagrams and Lyapunov exponents to analyze the refuge parameter of the model. The proposed discrete model indicates rich dynamics as the effect of prey refuge through numerical simulations.
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White, Benjamin Thomas. "Refuge and History." Migration and Society 2, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/arms.2019.020111.
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Wilson, Dawn, and William Cooper. "Beyond optimal escape theory: microhabitats as well as predation risk affect escape and refuge use by the phrynosomatid lizard Sceloporus virgatus." Behaviour 144, no. 10 (2007): 1235–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853907781890940.
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AbstractEscape studies often focus on one variable, but tactics and refuge use vary with microhabitats, exposure, distance to refuge, and temperature. We studied these effects and effects of microhabitats and risk factors (distance from refuge, temperature) on flight initiation distance (FID, distance between predator and prey when escape begins) and distance fled (DF) in the lizard Sceloporus virgatus. FID increased as distance to refuge increased and temperature decreased. DF increased as FID increased, supporting the hypothesis that individual differences in boldness are consistent among encounter phases. Refuges were rock crevices, trees, logs, and grass clumps. Interhabitat differences in FID and DF matched those in distance to refuge. FID was longer for lizards on rocks and ground than trees due to proximity to and use of refuge. Lizards on trees rarely changed microhabitats, moving to the far side and unpredictably up or down. Lizards on slopes fled long distances up slopes. Most lizards on rocks entered crevices or switched microhabitats. Lizards on ground usually changed microhabitats. Optimal escape theory accurately predicted effects of risk on FID, but initial microhabitats and final microhabitats and refuges affected tactics, FID and DF. DF was affected by risk, being longer when lizards remained visible.
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Charles, Nickie. "The Housing Needs of Women and Children Escaping Domestic Violence." Journal of Social Policy 23, no. 4 (October 1994): 465–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004727940002331x.
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ABSTRACTThis article discusses the experiences of women and children who become homeless as a result of domestic violence and assesses the extent to which their need for housing, both temporary and permanent, is being met within Wales. It explores women's experiences of living in and moving on from refuges. Refuge provision in Wales is not sufficient to meet the demand for refuge spaces. However, for those women and children who are accommodated in refuges, the experience is significant in supporting them through a highly stressful period of their lives. This is related to the communal nature of refuge living and the high levels of support from refuge workers and from other women. The availability of suitable and affordable move-on accommodation for women and children leaving refuges is also insufficient to meet need. This results in long stays in refuges for women and children who have been accepted as officially homeless and are waiting to be rehoused by local authorities and may lead to their returning to violent domestic situations. It also exacerbates the shortage of refuge provision for women and children in need of temporary, crisis accommodation. Women and children who have survived domestic violence need access to housing which is safe and affordable where support is available if wished for. These needs are not being met.
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Lange, Léa, François Brischoux, and Olivier Lourdais. "Midwife toads (Alytes obstetricans) select their diurnal refuges based on hydric and thermal properties." Amphibia-Reptilia 41, no. 2 (June 12, 2020): 275–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-20201246.
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Abstract Most amphibians use both aquatic and terrestrial habitats. While the aquatic phase attracted considerable interest, terrestrial habitat use is often less investigated. We studied diurnal refuge selection in the Midwife toad in Western central France. We used a factorial design and tested the effect of refuge type (wood versus rubber boards) and substrate (wet sawdust versus bare soil). Most animals were observed under refuges with sawdust substrate. An interaction between refuge type and temperature was detected with higher presence probability under rubber refuges at low temperature. Conflicting hydric and thermic requirements are likely determinants of the observed pattern.
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Janzen, Rich, Mischa Taylor, and Rebecca Gokiert. "Life beyond Refuge." Refuge: Canada's Journal on Refugees 38, no. 2 (November 8, 2022): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.40892.
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Canada is internationally recognized as a leader in welcoming refugee newcomers. However, there is limited evidence about how well refugee newcomers fare after arriving in Canada, and the effectiveness of resettlement services and supports. A system theory of change was developed to guide assessments of complexity across the refugee-serving sector that seek to investigate refugees’ lived experiences and evaluate practice across multiple levels. This article describes the process of developing the system theory of change, Life Beyond Refuge, and the implications for community-level practice, public policy, and ultimately, resettlement outcomes for refugee newcomers.
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Besteman, Catherine. "Refuge fragments, fragmentary refuge." Ethnography 15, no. 4 (October 23, 2013): 426–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1466138113505027.
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Stubbington, Rachel. "The hyporheic zone as an invertebrate refuge: a review of variability in space, time, taxa and behaviour." Marine and Freshwater Research 63, no. 4 (2012): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf11196.
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The hyporheic zone is a potential refuge that can promote persistence of benthic invertebrates during adverse conditions in surface streams. For decades, changes in invertebrate depth distribution have been investigated in relation to flood, low flow and drying events, but evidence for use of the hyporheic refuge remains equivocal. This review examines the evidence for the hyporheic zone’s refugial role during adverse hydrological conditions. Refuge potential is influenced by determinants in four categories. First, refuge use varies spatially in relation to physical habitat parameters, including sediment porosity and hydrologic exchange. Second, refuge use is temporally variable and reflects disturbance characteristics including rate of onset. Third, refuge use is taxon-specific, depending on a range of morphological, behavioural and physiological traits. Fourth, the behaviours governing refuge use vary, with both active migrations and passive habitat use playing important roles in community persistence. These four determinants interact to influence refuge use; for example, the physical habitat providing an adequate refuge will vary between taxa. Despite this variability, the hyporheic zone is an important component in the suite of refuges that facilitate community resilience to disturbance events. As such, its ecological integrity should be safeguarded through sensitive management and effective rehabilitation schemes.
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Andersson, Kent, Craig A. Davis, Grant Harris, and David A. Haukos. "Nonbreeding Duck Use at Central Flyway National Wildlife Refuges." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 9, no. 1 (January 4, 2018): 45–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/042017-jfwm-033.
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Abstract Within the U.S. portion of the Central Flyway, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service manages waterfowl on numerous individual units (i.e., Refuges) within the National Wildlife Refuge System. Presently, the extent of waterfowl use that Refuges receive and the contribution of Refuges to waterfowl populations (i.e., the proportion of the Central Flyway population registered at each Refuge) remain unassessed. Such an evaluation would help determine to what extent Refuges support waterfowl relative to stated targets, aid in identifying species requiring management attention, inform management targets, and improve fiscal efficiencies. Using historic monitoring data (1954–2008), we performed this assessment for 23 Refuges in Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska during migration and wintering months (October–March). We examined six dabbling ducks and two diving ducks, plus all dabbling ducks and all diving ducks across two periods (long-term [all data] and short-term [last 10 October–March periods]). Individual Refuge use was represented by the sum of monthly duck count averages for October–March. We used two indices of Refuge contribution: peak contribution and January contribution. Peak contribution was the highest monthly count average for each October–March period divided by the indexed population total for the Central Flyway in the corresponding year; January contribution used the January count average divided by the corresponding population index. Generally, Refuges in Kansas, Nebraska, and New Mexico recorded most use and contribution for mallards Anas platyrhynchos. Refuges along the Texas Gulf Coast recorded most use and contribution for other dabbling ducks, with Laguna Atascosa and Aransas (including Matagorda Island) recording most use for diving ducks. The long-term total January contribution of the assessed Refuges to ducks wintering in the Central Flyway was greatest for green-winged teal Anas crecca with 35%; 12–15% for American wigeon Mareca americana, gadwall Mareca strepera, and northern pintail Anas acuta; and 7–8% for mallard and mottled duck Anas fulvigula. Results indicated that the reliance on the National Wildlife Refuge System decreased for these ducks, with evidence suggesting that, for several species, the assessed Refuges may be operating at carrying capacity. Future analyses could be more detailed and informative were Refuges to implement a single consistent survey methodology that incorporated estimations of detection bias in the survey process, while concomitantly recording habitat metrics on and neighboring each Refuge.
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Nyiri, Polly, and Gerry Clare. "Books: Refuge: Transforming a Broken Refugee System." British Journal of General Practice 67, no. 659 (May 25, 2017): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3399/bjgp17x691241.
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Geisler, Charles, and Ragendra De Sousa. "From refuge to refugee: the African case." Public Administration and Development 21, no. 2 (2001): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pad.158.
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Baker, Geoff H., Colin R. Tann, and Gary P. Fitt. "Production of Helicoverpa spp. (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) from different refuge crops to accompany transgenic cotton plantings in eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 59, no. 8 (2008): 723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar07421.
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The adoption of transgenic (Bt) cotton varieties has markedly reduced feeding damage by noctuid pests, Helicoverpa armigera and H. punctigera, in Australian cotton crops. However, the potential for Bt resistance to evolve within these insect pests is a major concern. To reduce the likelihood of Bt resistance occurring, it is mandatory for growers of Bt cotton to also grow refuge crops which produce large numbers of Bt-susceptible moths. We present here findings from a series of field studies which sought to identify the relative Helicoverpa productivity of different refuge crop options. The abundance of Helicoverpa pupae (during the cotton season) was compared under crops of Ingard® (transgenic, single Bt gene) cotton, sprayed conventional cotton, and various unsprayed refuge crops (cotton, sorghum, maize, pigeon pea) from 1996 to 2003 in the major cotton-producing regions of northern New South Wales, plus St George and Dirranbandi in southern Queensland. Unsprayed, conventional cotton was used as the ‘control’ refuge in these studies. Productivity of adult Helicoverpa was estimated by surveying for pupae and discounting those that were parasitised and dead. Some supplementary experiments were also conducted to evaluate specific issues, in particular the value of additional refuge crops sown late in 2000–01 (due to accidental over-planting of Ingard® cotton that year) and the potential productivity of mixed plantings of various refuge crops which individually flowered at different times throughout the cotton season. Unsprayed refuges generally produced many more pupae than sprayed, conventional cotton and Ingard® cotton. Overall, pigeon pea, which has the advantage of prolonged flowering and thus on-going attractiveness to Helicoverpa, was the most reliable and productive refuge option, producing about twice as many pupae as unsprayed cotton. The seed mix refuge is perhaps a viable alternative option, although logistically more difficult for growers to adopt. Laboratory rearing of live pupae until moth emergence indicated that parasitism can be a substantial source of mortality in some refuge crops, especially sorghum. The most common parasitoid of Helicoverpa pupae was the ichneumonid wasp, Heteropelma scaposum. Such parasitism can greatly reduce productivity of adult Helicoverpa from refuges and needs to be taken into account when assessing relative refuge ‘value’, although such refuges will obviously contribute to the abundance of these beneficial species across the landscape.
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Salido, Carla A., and Natalin S. Vicente. "Sex and refuge distance influence escape decision in a Liolaemus lizard when it is approached by a terrestrial predator." Behaviour 156, no. 9 (2019): 909–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003546.
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Abstract The decision of when and how to escape result crucial for animals because it can result in an interruption to contribute to their fitness. In the present study, we analysed whether speed attack, sex and type of refuge influenced the flight initiation distance (FID) and the closest refuge distance (CRD) in Liolaemus pacha lizards. We also compared the use of different type of refuges. Sex influence both CRD and FID, which would be discussed according to the size of their home range, the escape speed and sexual dichromatism. The interaction between speed and type of refuge used, influence CRD, suggesting that lizards perceived different predation risks. At high-speed approaches, lizards chose the closest refuge, rocks; while at low-speed approaches, lizards chose shrubs as a refuge, mainly the small ones. Lizard’s decision-making is discussed in relation to the refuge protection, their microclimatic conditions and visibility.
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Hara, Takanori, Masahiro Sasabe, Taiki Matsuda, and Shoji Kasahara. "Capacitated Refuge Assignment for Speedy and Reliable Evacuation." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, no. 7 (July 16, 2020): 442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9070442.
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When a large-scale disaster occurs, each evacuee should move to an appropriate refuge in a speedy and safe manner. Most of the existing studies on the refuge assignment consider the speediness of evacuation and refuge capacity while the safety of evacuation is not taken into account. In this paper, we propose a refuge assignment scheme that considers both the speediness and safety of evacuation under the refuge capacity constraint. We first formulate the refuge assignment problem as a two-step integer linear program (ILP). Since the two-step ILP requires route candidates between evacuees and their possible refuges, we further propose a speedy and reliable route selection scheme as an extension of the existing route selection scheme. Through numerical results using the actual data of Arako district of Nagoya city in Japan, we show that the proposed scheme can improve the average route reliability among evacuees by 13.6% while suppressing the increase of the average route length among evacuees by 7.3%, compared with the distance-based route selection and refuge assignment. In addition, we also reveal that the current refuge capacity is not enough to support speedy and reliable evacuation for the residents.
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Vasconcelos, Raquel, Sara Rocha, and Xavier Santos. "Sharing refuges on arid islands: ecological and social influence on aggregation behaviour of wall geckos." PeerJ 5 (January 10, 2017): e2802. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2802.
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BackgroundThe extent of social behaviour among reptiles is underappreciated. Two types of aggregations are recognized in lizards: ecological and social, i.e., related to the attraction to a site or to animals of the same species, respectively. As most lizards are territorial, aggregations increase the probability of aggressive interactions among individuals, a density-dependent behaviour.MethodsAfter some spurious observations of aggregation behaviour in the endemic Cabo Verde nocturnal geckoTarentola substituta,we conducted a field-based study in order to thoroughly characterize it. We sampled 48 transects and 40 10 × 10 m quadrats on São Vicente Island to describe the incidence, size and composition of aggregations and to study the effect of gecko and refuge density, plus refuge quality, on refuge sharing. We hypothesize that when density of animals and scarcity of high-quality refuges is higher, lizards have increased probability of aggregating. We also predict a consistent pattern of size and composition of groups (male–female pairs, only one adult male per group) throughout the year if there is a selected behaviour to avoid agonistic interactions, and low thermal advantage to aggregating individuals.ResultsWe present one of the first evidences of aggregation for Phyllodactylidae geckos. We found thatT. substitutaforms aggregations around 30–40% of the time, and that refuges are almost always shared by a female-male pair, sometimes with a juvenile, probably a mechanism to avoid aggressive interactions. We also observed that refuge sharing is dependent on refuge quality, as medium–large (thermally more stable and positively selected) rocks are shared much more frequently than small ones, but independent of adult sizes. Refuge sharing is also directly related to the density of geckos and inversely related to the density of high-quality refuges. We found no relation between body temperatures of geckos and refuge sharing when controlling the effect of rock/air temperature, suggesting that huddling does not improve thermoregulation.DiscussionOur results suggest that in this harsh environment (rocks reach 46 °C) aggregation incidence is mainly driven by an ecological factor (scarcity of high-quality refuges) and its intersexual composition by social factors (avoidance of agonistic interactions by males, and possible increased reproductive success of the pair). This study sheds some light on the little explored gecko aggregation behaviour and other studies should follow.
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Bănăduc, Doru, Alexandru Sas, Kevin Cianfaglione, Sophia Barinova, and Angela Curtean-Bănăduc. "The Role of Aquatic Refuge Habitats for Fish, and Threats in the Context of Climate Change and Human Impact, during Seasonal Hydrological Drought in the Saxon Villages Area (Transylvania, Romania)." Atmosphere 12, no. 9 (September 16, 2021): 1209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12091209.
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In spite of the obvious climate changes effects on the Carpathian Basin hydrographic nets fish fauna, studies on their potential refuge habitats in drought periods are scarce. Multiannual (2016–2021) research of fish in some streams located in the Saxon Villages area during hydrological drought periods identified, mapped, and revealed the refuge aquatic habitats presence, management needs, and importance for fish diversity and abundance for small rivers. The impact of increasing global temperature and other human activities induced hydrologic net and habitats alteration, decreased the refuge habitats needed by freshwater fish, diminished the fish abundance, and influenced the spatial and temporal variation in fish assemblage structure in the studied area. The sites more than one meter in depth in the studied lotic system were inventoried and all 500 m of these lotic systems were also checked to see what species and how many individuals were present, and if there is was difference in their abundance between refuge and non-refuge 500 m sectors. The scarce number of these refuges due to relatively high soil erosion and clogging in those basins and the cumulative effects of other human types of impact induced a high degree of pressure on the fish fauna. Overall, it reduced the role of these lotic systems as a refuge and for reproduction for the fish of downstream Târnava Mare River, into which all of them flow. Management elements were proposed to maintain and improve these refuges’ ecological support capacity.
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Vitt, Laurie J., William E. Cooper, Jr., Anna Perera, and Valentín Pérez-Mellado. "Escaping predators on vertical surfaces: Lacerta perspicillata in limestone quarries of Lithaca." Canadian Journal of Zoology 80, no. 10 (October 1, 2002): 1803–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z02-165.
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Escape behavior of the Mediterranean lizard Lacerta perspicillata was studied experimentally in a limestone quarry at Lithica on the island of Menorca, Balearic Islands, Spain. These lizards are exposed to avian predators while active on vertical rock faces. Simulated kestrel attacks using a cardboard model elicited escape responses from nearly all lizards approached. Methods of escape included entering a crevice, retreating over or around an edge, running behind a shrub growing against the rock surface, running behind a shrub and dropping to the ground ("bush to ground"), and retreating under or behind a rock isolated from a rock face. Most lizards fled directly to the closest available refuge or to alternative refuges only slightly farther away. Nevertheless, lizards that initially perched near crevices more frequently fled to other types of refuge than lizards that were initially near other refuges. The latter usually fled to the closest refuge. Lizards predominantly fled parallel to the ground or directly toward it (down) into a refuge regardless of the direction of attack (above, below, straight on). Direction of attack affected the type of refuge used. Lizards approached from above were more likely to flee to bush-ground or crevices than those approached from below or the same height. Straight-line retreat directly to a refuge appears to be the most viable escape strategy for these lizards when faced with attacks by avian predators, but the direction of attack may influence decisions based on risk.
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Webber, Frances. "Refusing refuge." Race & Class 59, no. 3 (October 27, 2017): 98–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306396817738439.
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In the face of the worst refugee crisis since the second world war, the leaders of Europe are slamming the doors, enacting exclusionary policies which daily become more brutal. The controversial book Refuge by Collier (ex-World Bank) and Betts (academic in refugee studies) provides, according to the reviewer, their moral justification. Collier and Betts argue that allowing refugees into Europe is wrong and counter-productive, denying states in conflict the people they will need to rebuild post-conflict, and that refugees’ need for dignity and autonomy is best met by extending special economic zones in nearby host countries to provide opportunities for work.
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Harwood, A. J., N. B. Metcalfe, S. W. Griffiths, and J. D. Armstrong. "Intra- and inter-specific competition for winter concealment habitat in juvenile salmonids." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 59, no. 9 (September 1, 2002): 1515–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f02-119.
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The availability of streambed refuges has previously been shown to be of critical importance to the survival of overwintering juvenile salmonids. We used semi-natural stream channels to quantify intra- and inter-specific competition for daytime refuges and the willingness of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) to share available shelter. Refuge use was frequently associated with aggressive behaviour when two fish were provided with only one shelter, with intra- and inter-specific competition being similar in intensity. Resident individuals were less likely to leave the refuge than were intruders, and sharing of refuges was uncommon, both when competing for one shelter (experiment I) and when these were provided in excess (experiment II). Fish showed greater preferences for foraging habitat during the night than for the location of daytime shelters and were therefore willing to shift habitats to find adequate shelter. Overall, these results suggest that winter competition for refuges, both within and between species of salmonid, is likely to be intense if refuge availability is limited in the wild.
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Abdo, Diya, and Krista Craven. "Every Campus A Refuge." Migration and Society 1, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/arms.2017.010112.
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Every Campus A Refuge is a novel initiative whereby college campuses provide housing and support to refugees navigating the resettlement process in the United States. This article details the founding and development of the Every Campus A Refuge initiative, particularly as it has been implemented at Guilford College, a small liberal arts college in North Carolina. It also details how Guilford College faculty and students are engaging in a multifaceted research study to document the resettlement experiences of refugee families who participate in Every Campus A Refuge and to determine the efficacy of the program in providing a “soft er landing” for refugees. Overall, this article aims to provide a detailed account of Every Campus A Refuge so as to show how such a program may be implemented at other college campuses.
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Abdo, Diya, and Krista Craven. "Every Campus A Refuge." Migration and Society 1, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/arms.2018.010112.
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Every Campus A Refuge is a novel initiative whereby college campuses provide housing and support to refugees navigating the resettlement process in the United States. This article details the founding and development of the Every Campus A Refuge initiative, particularly as it has been implemented at Guilford College, a small liberal arts college in North Carolina. It also details how Guilford College faculty and students are engaging in a multifaceted research study to document the resettlement experiences of refugee families who participate in Every Campus A Refuge and to determine the efficacy of the program in providing a “soft er landing” for refugees. Overall, this article aims to provide a detailed account of Every Campus A Refuge so as to show how such a program may be implemented at other college campuses.
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Kopena, Renáta, Gábor Herczeg, Pilar López, and José Martín. "Escape strategy of Schreiber’s green lizards (Lacerta schreiberi) is determined by environment but not season or sex." Behaviour 152, no. 11 (2015): 1527–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003290.
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Antipredator escape behaviour varies with several well-established sources of variation ranging from the physical environment to reproductive status. However, the relative roles of these sources are rarely assessed together. We measured (i) the distance to the nearest refuge that Schreiber’s green lizards, Lacerta schreiberi, maintained before an attack (refuge distance) and (ii) the distance lizards allowed a simulated predator to approach before fleeing (flight initiation distance, FID). Refuge distance was unaffected by studied variables. However, FID was positively related to refuge distance on grassy, but not on rocky substrates. Furthermore, refuge distance and escape angle interacted in a substrate-independent manner: lizards allowed predators close when refuges were close or when lizards had to flee towards the predator. In contrast, neither mating season nor sex affected FID. We suggest that the escape strategy of L. schreiberi is determined more by the physical environment than by sex or reproductive condition.
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Martín, José, and Pilar López. "Fleeing to unsafe refuges: effects of conspicuousness and refuge safety on the escape decisions of the lizard Psammodromus algirus." Canadian Journal of Zoology 78, no. 2 (March 5, 2000): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z99-212.
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Theoretical models of escape behavior suggest that the optimal distance at which an animal starts to flee (approach distance) increases with distance to the refuge. However, the extent of reliance on refuges may strongly affect this relationship. The lizard Psammodromus algirus escapes a predator by fleeing into leaf litter, which is very abundant but not a safe refuge because the predator could still locate and capture a concealed lizard. We test the hypothesis that escape decisions of this lizard species are based on the conspicuousness of individuals and the type of refuge used, rather than on the distance to cover per se. A field study showed that approach distance was not significantly correlated with distance to available refuges or distance actually fled. However, the type of microhabitat and the type of refuge used influenced the approach distance. Lizards started to flee earlier in microhabitats where they were presumably more visible to potential predators. Lizards ran to refuges that were similar in quality to, but farther from, the nearest available one. A longer flight may be needed to mislead the predator. However, because fleeing may be costly, the flight distance should be optimized. Thus, lizards ran farther and faster when they fled through unsafe microhabitats. Lizards with a low body temperature have lower escape performance and their approach distances should be greater. However, although air temperature affected escape speed, it was not significantly correlated with approach distance or flight distance. The relatively low reliance on refuges by P. algirus indicated that the expected relationship between escape decision and distance to the refuge did not exist. However, the results indicate that P. algirus optimizes its escape decisions according to the costs of fleeing and the costs of remaining.
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Van Horn, David J., Justin K. Reale, and Thomas P. Archdeacon. "Water quality in three potential drought refuges in an arid-land river: assessing habitat suitability for at-risk fish species." Knowledge & Management of Aquatic Ecosystems, no. 423 (2022): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/kmae/2022002.
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Drought is a common disturbance in arid-land streams and rivers. The survival of aquatic species depends on access to refuge habitats where water quality remains high. Over the past century, modified flow regimes and altered watershed and instream characteristics have led to the extinction and endangerment of numerous fish species endemic to the southwestern United States. We assessed the water quality of potential drought refuges in the Middle Rio Grande (MRG), with an emphasis on suitability for the endangered Rio Grande Silvery Minnow (RGSM). We examined three types of potential drought refuges: three agricultural return drain outfalls; three isolated pools that remained during streamflow intermittency; and a reach with perennial flow below an agricultural diversion dam. All potential refuges are known to contain RGSM and other fishes. Two out of three drain outfalls, one out of three isolated pools, and three out of ten kilometers of perennially wetted stream below a dam met basic water quality criteria necessary to support RGSM populations. These findings suggest that refuge habitability is context dependent, that generalizations regarding the suitability of a specific refuge type should be avoided, and that careful assessment is required to determine if a specific location will support fish assemblages. Although some areas may contain water, they may represent ecological traps if fish are exposed to poor water quality conditions compared to other potential refuge habitats.
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Pavey, Chris R., Elizabeth A. Jefferys, and Catherine E. M. Nano. "Persistence of the plains mouse, Pseudomys australis, with cattle grazing is facilitated by a diet dominated by disturbance-tolerant plants." Journal of Mammalogy 97, no. 4 (April 11, 2016): 1102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyw059.
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Abstract A suite of dryland mammals rely on refuges for long-term persistence during alternating cycles of low and high resource availability. Refuges are small, discrete areas into which populations contract during the lengthy dry periods that characterize dryland environments. Little is known about the characteristics of a location that make it functional as a refuge. Similarly, no information exists on how grazing-facilitated landscape modification affects small mammal refuges. To examine these questions, we assessed diet at refuge sites across the low phase (“bust”) of the population cycle of the plains mouse (Pseudomys australis), a threatened, refuge-using rodent coexisting with extensive cattle production in Australia’s drylands. The species has a varied diet dominated by species of grasses and forbs (mostly seeds) with a small proportion of invertebrates. Most of the plants consumed are shallow-rooted and short-lived species that should germinate in response to small rainfall events. Coexistence with cattle production is likely to be possible because grazing-tolerant plants are a dominant component of the diet. Our findings provide a plausible explanation for the persistence of P. australis with cattle production in dryland Australia, which should be further investigated to develop management strategies that will enable continued coexistence. This investigation should be extended to consider other refuge-using species of small mammal in pastoral systems.
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Snedeker, Wesley. "Refuge: Rethinking Refugee Policy in a Changing World." American Journal of Islam and Society 36, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 68–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v36i1.685.
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The world is facing a crisis of displaced people more devastating than any it has seen since the Second World War. 65 million people, about 45 million of whom are internally displaced, have been forced to flee from their homes because of disaster and violence. 20 million have crossed an international border to find safety (1). Upon doing so, they become, under the Western world’s definition, refugees.
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Snedeker, Wesley. "Refuge: Rethinking Refugee Policy in a Changing World." American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 36, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 68–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajiss.v36i1.685.
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The world is facing a crisis of displaced people more devastating than any it has seen since the Second World War. 65 million people, about 45 million of whom are internally displaced, have been forced to flee from their homes because of disaster and violence. 20 million have crossed an international border to find safety (1). Upon doing so, they become, under the Western world’s definition, refugees.
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Hamlin, Rebecca. "Refuge: Rethinking Refugee Policy in a Changing World." Journal of American Ethnic History 39, no. 1 (October 1, 2019): 122–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/jamerethnhist.39.1.0122.
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Magno, Cathryn. "Refuge from crisis: refugee women build political capital." Globalisation, Societies and Education 6, no. 2 (June 2008): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14767720802061413.
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Chernyshova, Svitlana. "Dimensions of refugee identity in Dina Nayeri’s Refuge." Revista Amazonia Investiga 12, no. 68 (October 20, 2023): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2023.68.08.6.
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The article concentrates on Dina Nayeri’s novel “Refuge”. The focus of this article is on the processes of formation of refugee’s identity of the main character, Niloo. It has been argued that the construction of her agency is based on the continual dialogue between her and her father as well as between her and the exiled Iranians in Amsterdam. The main character’s initial reluctance to support connections with her father and, in a broader sense, with her native country is transformed during the novel’s diegesis. In the end, Niloo admits that she needs to embrace her Iranian self and establish a dialogue with her past. The second part of the article deals with the notion of the refugee community and the idea that exiled collective identity is constructed on the primal injury of oppression and exclusion. Niloo’s meetings with her people stimulate her to reconsider that part of herself she was trying to suppress. Moreover, the reconciliation with her former neglected self becomes possible after meeting the Iranian immigrants. The diegetic narrator tries to make sense of her life and construct her agency through negotiations with others. It is concluded that the refugee’s past experience cannot be forgotten or refused during the formation of an exiled identity. Instead, it must be integrated and acknowledged by a forced migrant.
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Rehaag, Sean, Julianna Beaudoin, and Jennifer Danch. "No Refuge: Hungarian Romani Refugee Claimants in Canada." Osgoode Hall Law Journal 52, no. 3 (January 1, 2016): 705–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.60082/2817-5069.2955.
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Cofield, Houston. "Refuge." Southern Cultures 26, no. 4 (2020): 24–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/scu.2020.0053.
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Slatton, Ralph. "Refuge." Iowa Journal of Literary Studies 10, no. 1 (1989): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0743-2747.1311.
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Cofield, Houston. "Refuge." Southern Cultures 26, no. 4 (2020): 24–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/scu.2020.0053.
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Bond, Bruce. "Refuge." Pleiades: Literature in Context 38, no. 1 (2018): 144–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/plc.2018.0059.
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McClellan, Kate. "Refuge." Cambridge Journal of Anthropology 41, no. 2 (September 1, 2023): 15–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/cja.2023.410203.
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Abstract What is the relationship between life and trust? This article traces how trust is cultivated at Al Ma'wa, a wild animal sanctuary in northern Jordan, where dozens of animals rescued from regional warzone zoos are rehabilitated. At Al Ma'wa, trust is vital, in the sense that it is inextricably linked to what it means for the animals to live a good, ‘natural’, and fully animal life. Yet this vital trust is also bound up in the material conditions of the animals’ enduring captivity, which is said to foster feelings of security and comfort for them. I argue that vital trust upends normative associations between trust and freedom while also exposing how refuge produces differential meanings of trust, care, and life for animals and humans.