Journal articles on the topic 'Refuge sharing'
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Vasconcelos, Raquel, Sara Rocha, and Xavier Santos. "Sharing refuges on arid islands: ecological and social influence on aggregation behaviour of wall geckos." PeerJ 5 (January 10, 2017): e2802. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2802.
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BackgroundThe extent of social behaviour among reptiles is underappreciated. Two types of aggregations are recognized in lizards: ecological and social, i.e., related to the attraction to a site or to animals of the same species, respectively. As most lizards are territorial, aggregations increase the probability of aggressive interactions among individuals, a density-dependent behaviour.MethodsAfter some spurious observations of aggregation behaviour in the endemic Cabo Verde nocturnal geckoTarentola substituta,we conducted a field-based study in order to thoroughly characterize it. We sampled 48 transects and 40 10 × 10 m quadrats on São Vicente Island to describe the incidence, size and composition of aggregations and to study the effect of gecko and refuge density, plus refuge quality, on refuge sharing. We hypothesize that when density of animals and scarcity of high-quality refuges is higher, lizards have increased probability of aggregating. We also predict a consistent pattern of size and composition of groups (male–female pairs, only one adult male per group) throughout the year if there is a selected behaviour to avoid agonistic interactions, and low thermal advantage to aggregating individuals.ResultsWe present one of the first evidences of aggregation for Phyllodactylidae geckos. We found thatT. substitutaforms aggregations around 30–40% of the time, and that refuges are almost always shared by a female-male pair, sometimes with a juvenile, probably a mechanism to avoid aggressive interactions. We also observed that refuge sharing is dependent on refuge quality, as medium–large (thermally more stable and positively selected) rocks are shared much more frequently than small ones, but independent of adult sizes. Refuge sharing is also directly related to the density of geckos and inversely related to the density of high-quality refuges. We found no relation between body temperatures of geckos and refuge sharing when controlling the effect of rock/air temperature, suggesting that huddling does not improve thermoregulation.DiscussionOur results suggest that in this harsh environment (rocks reach 46 °C) aggregation incidence is mainly driven by an ecological factor (scarcity of high-quality refuges) and its intersexual composition by social factors (avoidance of agonistic interactions by males, and possible increased reproductive success of the pair). This study sheds some light on the little explored gecko aggregation behaviour and other studies should follow.
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Harwood, A. J., N. B. Metcalfe, S. W. Griffiths, and J. D. Armstrong. "Intra- and inter-specific competition for winter concealment habitat in juvenile salmonids." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 59, no. 9 (September 1, 2002): 1515–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f02-119.
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The availability of streambed refuges has previously been shown to be of critical importance to the survival of overwintering juvenile salmonids. We used semi-natural stream channels to quantify intra- and inter-specific competition for daytime refuges and the willingness of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) to share available shelter. Refuge use was frequently associated with aggressive behaviour when two fish were provided with only one shelter, with intra- and inter-specific competition being similar in intensity. Resident individuals were less likely to leave the refuge than were intruders, and sharing of refuges was uncommon, both when competing for one shelter (experiment I) and when these were provided in excess (experiment II). Fish showed greater preferences for foraging habitat during the night than for the location of daytime shelters and were therefore willing to shift habitats to find adequate shelter. Overall, these results suggest that winter competition for refuges, both within and between species of salmonid, is likely to be intense if refuge availability is limited in the wild.
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Leu, Stephan T., Peter M. Kappeler, and C. Michael Bull. "Refuge sharing network predicts ectoparasite load in a lizard." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 64, no. 9 (May 21, 2010): 1495–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00265-010-0964-6.
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Leung, Linda. "Introduction." Refuge: Canada's Journal on Refugees 29, no. 1 (October 18, 2013): 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.37501.
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The Special Focus section of this issue of Refuge is being edited by an “outsider” to Refugee Studies. By that I mean that my professional life has not focused on investigating refugee issues per se, but instead has been concerned with how technology is accessed and deployed by groups and communities. Therefore, what this Special Focus section off ers are some different perspectives on technology’s role in the refugee experience through the lenses of various disciplines that actually study technology adoption and uses. In doing this, I am hoping to begin an interdisciplinary dialogue between Refugee Studies and Technology Studies scholars about policies, models, and politics of technology provision, access and use with specific reference to refugee service provision in situations of displacement. To this end, I have also included contributions from other “outsiders” to encourage the sharing of data and knowledge across sectors.
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SILVA, PABLO MARLON MEDEIROS DA, WALID ABBAS EL-AOUAR, ELIANA ANDREA SEVERO, LYDIA MARIA PINTO BRITO, and AHIRAM BRUNNI CARTAXO DE CASTRO. "Integration of refugees involving organizational managers’ experiences." Cadernos EBAPE.BR 19, no. 2 (June 2021): 338–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1679-395120200017.
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Abstract This article investigated the organizational integration of refugees from the experience of company managers in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. A basic qualitative research was developed, based on interpretative paradigm assumptions, and the data were collected through a semi-structured interview applied to five managers in charge of refugees in their workplace. The interviews data underwent qualitative content analysis. The results showed potential integration benefits, such as experience sharing, new talents, gratitude, engagement, improvements in the company’s reputation, productivity, creativity, and organizational development from the inclusion of new languages. However, factors such as language, diploma revalidation, skill limitation, and low schooling levels were seen as obstacles to efficient integration. The research also found that employers are highly dependent on voluntary assistance from organizations for hiring and integrating refugees, which indicates that, without the presence of these mediators, the possibilities of recruiting the refugee workforce may be affected. The study contributes to broadening the discussion on the organizational integration of refugees, a topic that is still little explored in the field of administration. It also intends to awaken in managers a more sensitive view about people in a situation of refuge and how their effective integration can impact their businesses and individuals.
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Leu, Stephan T., Peter M. Kappeler, and C. Michael Bull. "The influence of refuge sharing on social behaviour in the lizard Tiliqua rugosa." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 65, no. 4 (November 3, 2010): 837–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00265-010-1087-9.
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Rashid, Syeda Rozana. "Finding a durable solution to Bangladesh’s Rohingya refugee problem: Policies, prospects and politics." Asian Journal of Comparative Politics 5, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 174–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2057891119883700.
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The article examines the traditional durable solutions to resolving the problem of the Rohingyas who crossed the Myanmar border during 2017–2018 and took refuge in Bangladesh. The article analyses the attitudes and behaviour of displaced Rohingyas and of Bangladesh, Myanmar and traditional settlement countries, as well as the hidden forces, including ethnoreligious factors, geo-strategic factors and public opinion, which impact the Rohingyas. It argues that finding durable solutions through repatriation, integration or resettlement of Rohingya refugees in their home, host and third countries respectively is almost unachievable. In line with the recent conceptualization of durable solutions by academics and practitioners, a context-specific solution is recommended for Rohingyas, combining national restoration of their civil and political rights in Myanmar, political and economic burden-sharing by prosperous countries and capacity-building of refugees to influence their own futures.
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Jarman, P. J., and P. Bayne. "Behavioural Ecology of Petrogale penicillata In Relation to Conservation." Australian Mammalogy 19, no. 2 (1996): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am97219.
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Brush-tailed Rock-wallabies Petrogale penicillata are still widely distributed in the gorges on the east of the New England Tablelands of northern NSW, in small (mean <6 adults) colonies, separated by an appreciable distance (median separation 308 m) from neighbouring colonies. Within colonies, established adults occupy a refuge or set of refuges by day, moving away from the colony to forage mainly at night. A set of 1-3 adult females shares a small number of refuges, with one adult male defending access to them and their refuges. A colony contains one or several such sets. Established females occupy refuges persistently, up to at least 4 years and perhaps until death; males also defend their diurnal ranges persistently, but male ranges do change owner through intrusion or supplanting, as well as when the incumbent dies. Sub-adults of both sexes seem to be the dispersing classes, although a daughter may remain, mature and breed in her mother’s range. Only adults established in refuges appear to breed. The most dominant among the females sharing a set of refuges tends to produce more young than do subordinates. The combination of small and separated colonies, dispersal only by naive sub-adults, a strong restriction of mating opportunities within breeding groups, and unequal contribution to breeding even by females, could make P. penicillata prone to predation by agile predators that can learn the locations of their persistently used sites, and to problems of conserving population numbers and allelic diversity. These latter conservation problems can be simply addressed by artificial dispersal (translocation) of appropriate animals.
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Malaquias, José Bruno, Danilo Renato Santiago Santana, Paulo Eduardo Degrande, Claudia Pio Ferreira, Elmo Pontes de Melo, Wesley Augusto Conde Godoy, Jéssica Karina da Silva Pachú, et al. "Shifts in Ecological Dominance between Two Lepidopteran Species in Refuge Areas of Bt Cotton." Insects 12, no. 2 (February 12, 2021): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12020157.
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Competition behavior involving agricultural pest species has long been viewed as a powerful selective force that drives ecological and phenotypic diversity. In this context, a Game Theory-based approach may be useful to describe the decision-making dilemma of a competitor with impacts to guarantee its superiority in terms of ecological dominance or sharing of the food resource with its competitor. In an attempt to elucidate the consequences of competitive dynamics for the ecological dominance of these species in refuge areas of Bt cotton, we conducted a study that was divided into two parts. The first study consisted of an evaluation of interactions involving Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith, 1797) and Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner, 1808) on non-Bt cotton plants in a field trial. In the second study, we explored the data matrix collected in the field to parameterize a model of Cellular Automata (CA) with update rules inspired by Game Theory. Computer simulations were analyzed in hypothetical scenarios involving the application (or not) of insecticides in the refuge areas in combination with the resistance factor of one or both pest species to the insecticides used in the refuge areas. H. armigera had superior competitive performance in relation to S. frugiperda only at high densities. According to the density-mediated shift in dominance of the species, the resistance of S. frugiperda to insecticides is seen as a risk factor for the production of susceptible individuals of H. armigera on a large scale in the refuge areas. Additionally, S. frugiperda insecticide resistance may potentially impact the resistance evolution of the H. armigera population to Bt cotton. Thus, ecological dominance could diverge by the presence of a resistance allele to insecticides with interspecific competition perhaps subordinate to evolutionary processes.
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Wohlfeil, Caroline K., Stephanie S. Godfrey, Stephan T. Leu, Jessica Clayton, and Michael G. Gardner. "Spatial proximity and asynchronous refuge sharing networks both explain patterns of tick genetic relatedness among lizards, but in different years." Austral Ecology 45, no. 4 (May 21, 2020): 493–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aec.12899.
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Stewart, Hannah. "LEBANON’S NATIONAL IDENTITY: WALKING BETWEEN RAINDROPS?" Levantine Review 1, no. 2 (December 12, 2012): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.6017/lev.v1i2.3048.
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As the Levant continues to roil in upheaval in this second decade of the twenty-first century, Lebanon, a state notorious for its history of communal dissensions, remains remarkably stable, advancing a splendid model--albeit an uneasy model--of inter-communal coexistence. Lebanon’s history as a refuge for persecuted minorities and an entrepôt of international trade, in some ways, fostered a unique culture of openness and tolerance making it an “oddity” in its neighbourhood, and contributing to the formation of what can be termed a “distinct Lebanese identity.” A glance at Lebanon’s languages, traditions, history, and culture of power-sharing, suggests that despite periods of violence, patterns of coexistence among Lebanon’s various groups have developed organically, and often logically, since the French Mandate period, and can perhaps offer a model for emulation in a Levant of fractious ethnic mosaics.
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Lee, Ju-Sung, and Adina Nerghes. "Refugee or Migrant Crisis? Labels, Perceived Agency, and Sentiment Polarity in Online Discussions." Social Media + Society 4, no. 3 (July 2018): 205630511878563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2056305118785638.
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In recent years, increasing attention has been dedicated to the hazardous and volatile situation in the Middle East, a crisis which has pushed many to flee their countries and seek refuge in neighboring countries or in Europe. In describing or discussing these tragic events, labels such as “European migrant crisis” and “European refugee crisis” started being widely used by the media, politicians, and the online world alike. The use of such labels has the potential to dictate the ways in which displaced people are received and perceived. With this study, we investigate label use in social media (specifically YouTube), the emergent patterns of labeling that can cause further disaffection and tension or elicit sympathy, and the sentiments associated with the different labels. Our findings suggest that migration issues are being framed not only through labels characterizing the crisis but also by their describing the individuals themselves. Using topic modeling and sentiment analysis jointly, our study offers valuable insights into the direction of public sentiment and the nature of discussions surrounding this significant societal crisis, as well as the nature of online opinion sharing. We conclude by proposing a four-dimensional model of label interpretation in relation to sentiment—that accounts for perceived agency, economic cost, permanence, and threat, and identifies threat and agency to be most impactful. This perspective reveals important influential aspects of labels and frames that may shape online public opinion and alter attitudes toward those directly affected by the crisis.
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Lira, A. F. A., A. M. DeSouza, and C. M. R. Albuquerque. "Environmental variation and seasonal changes as determinants of the spatial distribution of scorpions (Arachnida: Scorpiones) in Neotropical forests." Canadian Journal of Zoology 96, no. 9 (September 2018): 963–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2017-0251.
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Habitat selection and seasonal changes are key drivers of the population dynamics of many species. We analyzed how the environmental structure influences species establishment in an area by comparing microhabitat preference and functional richness of scorpions (Arachnida: Scorpiones) in wet (Atlantic forest) and semiarid (Caatinga) areas. Variations in superficial foraging activity and microhabitat colonization during dry and rainy seasons were evaluated as an indication of the climatic impact on population dynamics. We collected 12 scorpion species using ultraviolet light lamps. We found that differential patterns in spatial distribution were independent of forest type, and we provide evidence for partial niche partitioning among scorpion species based on age class and climatic conditions. Foraging activity was also seasonally influenced. Functional richness was higher in wet forests than in dry forests, whereas taxonomical richness exhibited an opposite pattern. We conclude that spatiotemporal resource partitioning and refuge sharing are important drivers of the population dynamics and spatial distribution of scorpion species in Neotropical forests.
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Morel, Michèle. "The lack of refugee burden-sharing in Tanzania: tragic effects." Afrika Focus 22, no. 1 (February 25, 2008): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-02201009.
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The United Republic of Tanzania has been and currently still is one of the most important host countries in the world for refugees. The majority of those refugees have been living in camps for many years and have no prospect of a durable solution of their situation via repatriation, integration or resettlement. As a result, Tanzania is confronted with protracted refugee situations. The purpose of this article is to answer the question who is responsible for the plight of these refugees. Tanzania’s national refugee policy since the 1960s is analysed, whereby a clear evolution can be observed from an ‘Open Door’ policy to a policy with heavy restrictions and the absence of local integration as a durable solution. However, it will be concluded that it is not Tanzania but the international community that is to be held responsible. There is a lack of international refugee burden-sharing, as evidenced by the lack of an international legal framework for durable solutions for refugees. A ‘common but differentiated responsibility’ should be the basis of international cooperation to solve protracted refugee situations such as those occurring in Tanzania.
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LEHMANN, M. CHRISTIAN, and DANIEL T. R. MASTERSON. "Does Aid Reduce Anti-refugee Violence? Evidence from Syrian Refugees in Lebanon." American Political Science Review 114, no. 4 (June 30, 2020): 1335–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055420000349.
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Anti-refugee violence often accompanies refugee migration, but the factors that fuel or mitigate that violence remain poorly understood, including the common policy response in such settings of humanitarian aid. Existing theory and policy debates predict that aid to refugees exacerbates anti-refugee violence by increasing hosts’ resentment toward refugees. In contrast, however, aid may reduce violence in ways such as increasing host communities’ well-being through more demand for local goods and services and refugees sharing aid. We test for the sign and mechanisms of this relationship. Evidence from original survey data and a regression discontinuity design suggests that cash transfers to Syrian refugees in Lebanon did not increase anti-refugee violence, and if anything they reduced violence. Exploring why aid does not increase hostility, we find evidence that aid allows recipients to indirectly compensate locals through higher demand for local goods and services, directly benefit locals by offering help and sharing aid, and reduce contact with potential aggressors.
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Appleby, Kevin. "Strengthening the Global Refugee Protection System: Recommendations for the Global Compact on Refugees." Journal on Migration and Human Security 5, no. 4 (December 2017): 780–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/233150241700500404.
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On September 19, 2016, the United Nations (UN) General Assembly adopted the New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants. This document launched a two-year process to develop a Global Compact on Responsibility Sharing on Refugees (“Global Compact on Refugees”) and a Global Compact for Safe, Orderly, and Regular Migration. With a record 65 million displaced persons in the world, the global community must come together to fashion a stronger protection regime for persons on the move. This paper outlines broad themes and specific recommendations that the Global Compact on Refugees should adopt on how to strengthen the global refugee protection system. The recommendations fall into several categories: (1) responsibility sharing for the protection of refugees; (2) filling in protection gaps; (3) balancing and replacing deterrence strategies with protection solutions; (4) refugee resettlement; and (5) building refugee self-sufficiency. Some of the key recommendations include: • the development of a responsibility-sharing formula to respond to large movements of refugees; • the development of an early warning system to identify and respond to nations in crisis; • the adoption of principles included in the Nansen and Migrants in Countries of Crisis initiatives; • the use of temporary protection measures to protect populations that flee natural disaster; • the adoption of model processes that ensure safe and voluntary return; • cooperation between destination and transit countries to expand refugee protections; • the provision of asylum and due process protections at borders; • the use of development assistance to ensure the self-sufficiency of refugees; • the adoption of a goal to resettle 10 percent of the global refugee population each year; • the establishment of a refugee matching system between refugees and resettlement countries; and • the adoption of coherent strategies, involving all sectors, to address large movements of refugees. This paper draws heavily, albeit not exclusively, from a series of papers published as a special collection in the Journal on Migration and Human Security1 on strengthening the global system of refugee protection.
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Akram, Susan M., Sarah Bidinger, Aaron Lang, Danielle Hites, Yoana Kuzmova, and Elena Noureddine. "Protecting Syrian Refugees: Laws, Policies, and Global Responsibility Sharing." Middle East Law and Governance 7, no. 3 (November 28, 2015): 287–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763375-00703003.
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This article provides an excerpt of a report that maps out how the Syrian refugee crisis is being played out in four of the main states hosting the refugees, Lebanon, Jordan, Egypt and Turkey. This excerpt focuses on the laws and policies in the host states and how they are creating particularly devastating consequences for Palestinian refugees. The excerpt sets out the Report’s conclusions and recommendations, primarily the call for a global Comprehensive Plan of Action (cpa), with various components within and outside the Middle East region that build on existing legal obligations to better allocate responsibility for the refugee population and lift the overwhelming and unsustainable burden from the current frontline host states. The conclusions and recommendations combine legal and policy measures that would allow close the Palestinian refugee ‘protection gap,’ stem the phenomenon of trafficking and disasters-at-sea, prevent further fallout of the Syrian humanitarian crisis, and create incentive amongst the larger community of states to intervene to end the regional conflict.
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Coen, Alise. "Capable and Culpable? The United States, RtoP, and Refugee Responsibility-Sharing." Ethics & International Affairs 31, no. 1 (2017): 71–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0892679416000678.
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Facilitating access to asylum and other forms of refugee protection for the millions displaced by mass atrocities in Syria and Iraq is essential to the implementation of the international norm of the Responsibility to Protect (RtoP). This responsibility, however, has been disproportionately shouldered by several states in the Middle East and Europe. This article explores the challenges associated with refugee responsibility-sharing in the context of RtoP and draws on work in climate justice and political realism to articulate a framework for integrating culpability as a key criterion in allocating states’ responsibilities to protect refugees. An empirical and normative assessment of U.S. responsibilities to protect refugees in the cases of conflict-induced displacement in Syria and Iraq outlines several potential paths of culpability. The article ultimately argues for greater attention to culpability, equity, and legitimacy within the discourse surrounding RtoP and refugee protection. The article also advocates linking the benefits of refugee responsibility-sharing with states’ national interests and highlights several such links with regard to U.S. responsibilities in Syria and Iraq.
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Abbate, Loredana, Francesco Mercati, Giuseppe Di Noto, Myriam Heuertz, Francesco Carimi, Sergio Fatta del Bosco, and Rosario Schicchi. "Genetic Distinctiveness Highlights the Conservation Value of a Sicilian Manna Ash Germplasm Collection Assigned to Fraxinus angustifolia (Oleaceae)." Plants 9, no. 8 (August 14, 2020): 1035. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9081035.
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The cosmopolitan genus Fraxinus comprises about 40 species occupying several habitats in the Northern Hemisphere. With some species hybridizing and sharing genetic variants, questions remain on the species assignment of germplasm within the genus Fraxinus despite numerous species-specific assessments. A multidisciplinary approach was employed to provide a definitive insight into the genetics of an endangered Fraxinus “manna ash” collection, located in a rich plant biodiversity hotspot of the Madonie Mountains (Sicily). Although the collection size was small, genetic diversity, assessed by chloroplast (cpSSR) and nuclear (nSSR) microsatellites (SSR—Simple Sequence Repeats), allowed identifying three different chloroplast haplotypes, with one (H5) dominant, and several polymorphic loci, able to discriminate most of the local accessions studied. Molecular data were linked to cytofluorimetric and phenotypic evaluations and, contrary to popular belief that manna ash is Fraxinus ornus L., the germplasm currently used for manna production belongs to Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl. Interestingly, joint analysis of our genetic panel with a large European dataset of Fraxinus spp. suggested the presence of a possible glacial refuge in Sicily, confirming its importance as biodiversity source. Our results will be helpful for the design of long-term conservation programs for genetic resources, such as in situ and ex situ conservation, seed collection and tree reintroduction.
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Ginanjar, Wahyu Rozzaqi. "Peran NGO dalam Tata Kelola Global: Keterlibatan Amnesty International dalam UN Summit for Refugee and Migrant 2016." Insignia: Journal of International Relations 7, no. 1 (May 14, 2020): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.ins.2020.7.1.2277.
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The refugee crisis is a global problem that needs serious attention. Responsibility-sharing is a core tenet of international responses to refugee crises. However, global governance, within the framework of the global refugee regime, is often practically ineffective to respond such problems. In this aspect, conceptual evaluation and reform are needed. In this particular momentum, civil society groups are able to be involved, in both performance evaluation and framework formulation related to global governance on refugees. One of the formal form of civil society is a non-governmental organization (NGO). Amnesty International is one of the NGOs involved in the process of evaluating and reforming global governance on refugees. This article aims to find out the form of Amnesty International's involvement in global governance on refugees. This study used descriptive-qualitative method. The findings in this article are that Amnesty International has a direct involvement in order to evaluate and to reform the global governance framework related to refugees through the 2016 UN High Summit for Refugee and Migrant. This involvement was demonstrated through performance evaluations and proposals for more genuine responsibility-sharing, both at the conceptual and technical level. Amnesty International in this involvement pursued an agenda that has two dimensions, namely: the dimension of institutional evolution and the agenda dimension.
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Khan, Fatima, and Cecile Sackeyfio. "Situating the Global Compact on Refugees in Africa: Will it Make a Difference to the Lives of Refugees “Languishing in Camps”?" Journal of African Law 65, S1 (March 17, 2021): 35–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855321000012.
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AbstractThe protection of refugees languishing in camps in Africa has posed a challenge for the international community for far too long. The OAU Refugee Convention does not reflect refugee rights or provide a durable solution for refugees in host states. Over the last 50 years there have been multiple attempts to resolve what remains one of the greatest challenges facing Africa. Each resolution has clarified the steps required to enhance the situation for those most affected and to provide solutions for refugee-hosting countries in need of strategic policies and funding. This article considers recent developments in refugee law since the adoption of the New York Declaration. It specifically evaluates the benefit of the Global Compact on Refugees (GCR) for African states and the refugees they host. Furthermore, because the OAU convention is the first refugee convention to make international solidarity (ie burden-sharing) a state obligation, the article assesses how the GCR builds on the convention.
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de Boer, Tom, and Marjoleine Zieck. "The Legal Abyss of Discretion in the Resettlement of Refugees." International Journal of Refugee Law 32, no. 1 (March 2020): 54–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eeaa005.
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Abstract The world is experiencing its largest refugee crisis since the Second World War, and more than ever before, the lack of an equitable burden-sharing mechanism is making itself felt: the world’s poorest States are hosting most of the refugees. The durable solution of resettlement of refugees is, in theory, the principal means of securing responsibility sharing within the framework of international refugee law. In practice, this cannot be realized since fewer than 1 per cent of the world’s refugees can be resettled annually due to the small number of available resettlement places. However, initiatives are being developed to increase the number of States that offer resettlement places to refugees and hence the number of available resettlement places. Europe, too, traditionally lagging well behind in terms of the number of resettlement places it offers, is endeavouring to contribute more places. It must nonetheless be noted that Europe’s increasing support for resettlement is paired with a policy of extraterritorialization of asylum claims and minimization of ‘spontaneous’ refugee arrivals. If Europe indeed aims to replace the regular asylum system with controlled refugee resettlement, this will raise issues of access to asylum. While the current Common European Asylum System contains a plethora of procedural and substantive rights for asylum seekers, resettlement – due to its essentially discretionary nature – appears to take place in a legal void, that is, it appears to suffer from arbitrariness in the selection of refugees and a lack of procedural rights and legal remedies for the refugees involved in the resettlement process. The question is whether this is also the case with the European Union (EU) resettlement proposals and, if so, whether this can be sustained from a legal point of view. This article reviews these proposals, along with the current practice of refugee selection by EU Member States, and analyses them from a refugee rights perspective. It examines whether EU initiatives affect the discretionary nature of resettlement, and specifically analyses whether the 1950 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union apply to the resettlement procedures of EU Member States and, if so, what rights could be invoked by the refugees involved under those instruments.
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Czaika, Mathias. "A Refugee Burden Index: methodology and its application." MIGRATION LETTERS 3, no. 1 (April 16, 2006): 101–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v2i2.9.
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Many developing as well as developed countries provide temporary asylum to a large population of refugees and most of these host countries proclaim to be over-burdened. The effective burden a country has to shoulder is difficult to determine because it basically requests more to consider than just the absolute number of hosted refugees. This paper provides a methodology that makes refugee burdens more comparable on a cross-country basis. Taking into account different aspects of a host country’s capacity we provide a Refugee Burden Index that is based on proxy indicators representing the economic, socio-demographic, and politico-institutional environment. This methodology is applied on a sample of 174 countries revealing the extent of a globally and regionally highly unequal refugee burden-sharing pattern.
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McMillan, Kate, and Sriprapha Petcharamesree. "Towards an asean Model of ‘Responsibility-Sharing’ for Refugees and Asylum-Seekers." Asia-Pacific Journal on Human Rights and the Law 22, no. 1 (June 2, 2021): 49–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718158-22010005.
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Abstract The Andaman Sea crisis of 2015 focused global attention on asean’s response to mass refugee flows and generated calls for greater regional cooperation to protect the rights and safety of forced migrants. Such calls draw from the concept of ‘responsibility-sharing’; a concept that has long underpinned the international refugee regime. Scholars have responded to this challenge by identifying a range of ways in which asean countries might benefit from sharing responsibility for the refugees and asylum-seekers in their region. Based on interviews with 40 key asean-based actors working on migration and refugee issues across the governmental and non-governmental sectors, this article seeks to understand how the concept of responsibility-sharing for refugee protection is understood in four Southeast Asian countries: Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore. While it finds common agreement among the interviewees that the Andaman Sea crisis was a humanitarian disaster and that existing approaches to refugee issues in the region are ineffective, it also finds little to suggest that a regional approach to refugee issues is likely to develop in the short-to-medium term. On the other hand, interviewees identified a wide range of mechanisms through which bilateral, multilateral and global initiatives might assist the region to deal with refugee and asylum issues. Linking refugee issues with other issues that concern asean Member States and incremental progress towards embedding regional human rights norms via asean human rights institutions are identified as the most fruitful pathways towards regional cooperation to protect refugee rights and safety.
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Shekhar, Beulah, and Vijaya Somasundaram. "The Sri Lankan Refugee Crimes and Crisis: Experience and Lessons Learnt from South India." Journal of Victimology and Victim Justice 2, no. 2 (October 2019): 215–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2516606919885524.
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Sharing porous borders with its neighbours, India has played a regular host to refugees from Nepal, Burma, Tibet, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. According to UNHCR, as of 2014, there are more than 200,000 refugees living in India. Notwithstanding the fact that India is not a signatory to the 1951 UN Refugee Convention and its additional 1967 Protocol, its open-door policy to refugees has had adverse political and socio-economic repercussions. This article3 analyses the experience of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu with the Sri Lankan refugees from the first influx in 1983 up to 2000, when the refugees began returning to their homeland. The researchers identify the pull factors for the refugee influx and push factors that led to their return and in the process put together crucial learning that can be of significance to States dealing with the problem of refugees.
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Zieck, Marjoleine. "‘Quota Refugees’: The Dutch Contribution to Global ‘Burden Sharing’ by Means of Resettlement of Refugees." International Journal of Legal Information 39, no. 2 (2011): 130–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500028067.
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The international refugee law regime that was created in the wake of the Second World War does not comprise distributive principles as a result of which geographical proximity functions as the primary distributive mechanism. Consequently, the distribution of refugees is unevenly shared among states, understandably giving rise to calls for burden sharing. Rather than states, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (hereafter: UNHCR) is charged with resettlement of refugees and it depends on the discretion of (too few) states to offer resettlement places. One of those states is the Netherlands, which has set an annual quota of 500 refugees (including their relatives) for resettlement. Dutch practice with respect to its ‘quota refugees’ appears to be illustrative of the current use of ‘resettlement’ as neither a form of burden sharing nor necessarily a durable solution for the problem of refugees. It invites to revisit the solution of ‘resettlement’ against the background of legal developments, state and UNHCR practice, using fuzzy logic as an analytical tool.
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Bastaki, Jinan. "Temporary Protection Regimes and Refugees: What Works? Comparing the Kuwaiti, Bosnian, and Syrian Refugee Protection Regimes." Refuge 34, no. 2 (December 10, 2018): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1055578ar.
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Many states have responded to mass influxes of refugees fleeing generalized violence and war by setting up ad hoc and/or temporary protection regimes. These regimes have had various degrees of success, depending particularly on the length of stay of the refugees. This article will compare the approach of states to three separate refugee influxes—Kuwaiti refugees in the Gulf, Bosnian refugees in Germany, and Syrian refugees in Turkey—and will argue that efforts to harmonize temporary protection measures are desirable, but given that these situations tend to be prolonged, there must be greater responsibility sharing between states, in order to lead to greater integration of refugees in the host states.
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Shamblin, BM, KM Hart, KJ Martin, SA Ceriani, DA Bagley, KL Mansfield, LM Ehrhart, and CJ Nairn. "Green turtle mitochondrial microsatellites indicate finer-scale natal homing to isolated islands than to continental nesting sites." Marine Ecology Progress Series 643 (June 11, 2020): 159–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13348.
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In highly mobile philopatric species, defining the scale of natal homing is fundamental to characterizing population dynamics and effectively managing distinct populations. Genetic tools have provided evidence of regional natal philopatry in marine turtles, but extensive sharing of maternally inherited mitochondrial control region (CR) haplotypes within regions (<500 km) often impedes identification of population boundaries. Previous CR-based analyses of Florida (USA) green turtle Chelonia mydas nesting sites detected at least 2 populations, but the ubiquity of haplotype CM-A3.1 among southern rookeries decreased the power to detect differentiation. We reassessed population structure by sequencing the mitochondrial microsatellite (short tandem repeat, mtSTR) in 786 samples from 11 nesting sites spanning 700 km from Canaveral National Seashore through Dry Tortugas National Park. The mtSTR marker subdivided CM-A3.1 into 12 haplotypes that were structured among rookeries, demonstrating independent female recruitment into the Dry Tortugas and Marquesas Keys nesting populations. Combined haplotypes provided support for recognition of at least 4 management units in Florida: (1) central eastern Florida, (2) southeastern Florida, (3) Key West National Wildlife Refuge, and (4) Dry Tortugas National Park. Recapture data indicated female nesting dispersal between islands <15 km apart, but haplotype frequencies demonstrated discrete natal homing to island groups separated by 70 km. These isolated insular rookeries may be more vulnerable to climate change-mediated nesting habitat instability than those along continental coasts and should be monitored more consistently to characterize population status. Broader application of the mtSTR markers holds great promise in improving resolution of stock structure and migratory connectivity for green turtles globally.
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Sadeghi, R. "Effect of worship level in female student mental health." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 1752. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73456-3.
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People have learned in all situation take refuge from God and ask Him to help them and sharing with him their needs, desires and interests to get calm. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of worship level on the mental health of female students at the Islamic Azad University, Dezfoul Branch, Iran. ‘The statistical society of this study was all female students, Islamic Azad University of Dezfoul. The study sample included 120 female students that selected randomly in different parts of University. Descriptive and inferential statistical frameworks were applied to analyze and interpret the data. Tools for this research contain two researcher-designed questionnaires (assessment worship questionnaire) including 36 items with Likert 5 and MMPI questionnaire (questionnaire measuring psychological characteristics) included 71 questions. The research method was descriptive-field, and with questionnaire examining research factors. The study variables were the amount of worship (independent) and psychological characteristics (dependent). After selecting research participants randomly in the classroom, library, mosque, students’ canteen) and other places in universities, subjects satisfactory completion of the questionnaires. The results indicated a significantly negative relationship between the worship and hypochondria and depression. There was a significantly negative relationship between the worship depression and anxiety of the questionnaires. No significant relationship was found between worship and K index as well as average education of the questionnaires. The results of this study clarify that the prevention and treatment of mental disorders can catch our attention regarding the role of religion in human happiness and mental health.
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McKee, Carolyn, Lee-Anne Lavell, Michelle Manks, and Ashley Korn. "Fostering Better Integration Through Youth-Led Refugee Sponsorship." Refuge 35, no. 2 (October 7, 2019): 74–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1064821ar.
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World University Service of Canada (WUSC) participates in private sponsorship as a sponsorship agreement holder through its Student Refugee Program. More than ninety campus-based constituent groups known as WUSC Local Committees resettle approximately 130 refugee students to Canadian post-secondary institutions each year. This article seeks to assess the effectiveness of the Student Refugee Program’s youth-to-youth sponsorship model in integrating former refugees into their receiving communities. We outline the impact of the Student Refugee Program upon its beneficiaries, the important role youth volunteers play in supporting their integration and building more welcoming communities for newcomers in Canada, and the effect of the program on receiving societies. We conclude with recommendations for scaling up the program in Canada and sharing the model internationally.
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Afriansyah, Arie, and Angky Banggaditya. "REFUGEE BURDEN SHARING: AN EVOLVING REFUGEE PROTECTION CONCEPT?" Arena Hukum 10, no. 3 (December 29, 2017): 333–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.arenahukum.2017.01003.1.
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Dhar, Amrita. "On Teaching Im/Migration in an Undergraduate Classroom." Radical Teacher 120 (August 19, 2021): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/rt.2021.910.
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This article examines the urgencies, challenges, and rewards of teaching about migration, emigration, and immigration in our time of massive human movement across the globe. I describe and analyse the beginnings, structure, and takeaways from my undergraduate course on the literature of human movements (whether for reasons of refuge, asylum, choice, adventure, exploration, survival). I argue that despite growing collective acknowledgment of increasing human mobility across our planet, it is the power and wisdom of stories through which we best engage with the specific and multifaceted realities of persons losing home, making home, making other, and making own. I also suggest, from my classroom experience, that a slow, reflective, and immersed sharing of stories of those who have been displaced, misplaced, replaced, and strangely-placed is a key pedagogical aspect of discussing im/migration in the twenty-first century, and that especially in the United States, we owe it to ourselves and our students to know and interrogate the longer vocabularies and histories of othering and belonging in the English language. Through my discussion of the class activities and conversations, I show, similarly, the ways in which a literature class on the topic of im/migration functions also as a generative venue for intersectional considerations of race, gender, ethnicity, class, caste, disability, sexuality, nationality, and un/documented status. I also include reflections about future iterations of this course as I draw on summative comments from my students. Finally: although my pedagogy is informed by my own migrant status in the US, I offer means for pedagogues from a range of backgrounds and instructional levels to engage with and further this conversation in different parts of the world.
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Kenix, Linda Jean, and Femi Abikanlu. "A comparative analysis of social media messaging by African-centred LGBT refugee NGOs." Journal of African Media Studies 11, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 313–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jams_00003_1.
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Approximately 40 per cent of countries categorize homosexuality as illegal. However, refugee status is still granted largely on the basis of the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, which found that a refugee is a person who has a ‘well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion’. On that basis, few countries allow sexual orientation as grounds for refugee status. Owing to the extraordinary odds of gaining successful refugee status and because lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) asylum seekers are often socially isolated in their search for refugee status, there is a heightened need for non-government organization support networks for these individuals. This research explores social media from four LGBT refugee organizations, largely focused on Africa, to ascertain where the differences and similarities reside in communicating with community members, sharing information, building community and encouraging action.
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Atkinson, Michael. "Refugee mentoring: Sharing the journey." Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology 24, no. 3 (August 2018): 338–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pac0000316.
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Bradley, Megan. "Unresolved and Unresolvable? Tensions in the Refugee Regime." Ethics & International Affairs 33, no. 1 (2019): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0892679418000874.
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AbstractWorldwide, growing numbers of refugees are pushed from their homes. At the same time, fewer and fewer are able to access so-called “durable solutions” to their displacement. This has prompted a flurry of efforts to repair the foundering refugee regime. Many such efforts attempt, implicitly or explicitly, to resolve tensions between legal principles, moral duties, and national interests surrounding refugees. As part of a roundtable on “Balancing Legal Norms, Moral Values, and National Interests,” this essay questions the drive toward oversimplification that has characterized these debates, recognizing that some such tensions are “baked into” the problem of refugeehood. While debates have typically focused on the obligation to admit refugees, and on “responsibility sharing,” I advance the conversation by exploring how law, morality, and national interests are entangled in efforts to support durable solutions for refugees, focusing on voluntary repatriation. What does recognition of the intrinsic and in some senses irreconcilable tensions in the refugee regime mean for efforts to support solutions? I argue that advancing durable solutions, however imperfect, for refugees does not mean definitively overcoming these tensions, but rather navigating them to identify context-specific opportunities to reposition refugees as full and equal citizens as a critical step toward reducing their precarity.
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Sirkeci, Ibrahim. "Turkey’s refugees, Syrians and refugees from Turkey: a country of insecurity." Migration Letters 14, no. 1 (January 3, 2017): 127–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v14i1.321.
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The European Union has faced one of its biggest crises with the rise of population inflows through its Eastern and Southern neighbours as well as movements within the Union. In 2016, the main debate that dominated Europe was on restricting migration within and into the EU along with concerns and objections to the refugee quota systems and the sharing of the burden among member states. Turkey emerged as a ‘gate keeper’ in this crisis and has since been at the centre of debates because of the large Syrian refugee population in the country and billions of Euros it was promised to prevent refugees travelling to Europe. The Syrian crisis produced over 4.8 million refugees with over 2.8 million were based in Turkey by the end of 2016. Turkey with its generous support for Syrian refugees has been confirmed as a ‘country of security’. This shadows the darker side of affairs as the very same country has also produced millions of asylum seekers since the 1980 military coup. Current circumstances and fresh evidence indicate that there will be more European Union bound refugees coming through and from Turkey.
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Dowd, Rebecca, and Jane McAdam. "INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AND RESPONSIBILITY-SHARING TO PROTECT REFUGEES: WHAT, WHY AND HOW?" International and Comparative Law Quarterly 66, no. 4 (August 22, 2017): 863–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589317000343.
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AbstractWhile countries that receive refugees have certain legal obligations to assist and protect them, the legal duties of other States to step in and help relieve this burden is less clear. Despite multiple proposals, a mechanism to systematically, equitably and predictably allocate responsibilities between States at a global level has still not been agreed. The UN's High-Level Summit on Addressing Large Movements of Refugees on 19 September 2016 held some promise in this regard, but the resulting New York Declaration was more muted than earlier drafts. This article seeks to provide a unique insight into the meaning of responsibility-sharing and international cooperation from the perspective of individual States. It does so by examining statements they have made at various UN fora over the past decade. It focuses on the two main methods of sharing responsibilities, namely the provision of financial and other assistance to host countries, and the admission of refugees. It then considers the extent to which States perceive responsibility-sharing to be a legal obligation, as opposed to a voluntary undertaking, and analyses this in light of expert opinion. Finally, it discusses the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, a concept drawn from international environmental law, and considers whether and how it might apply in the international refugee law context.
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Madianou, Mirca. "The Biometric Assemblage: Surveillance, Experimentation, Profit, and the Measuring of Refugee Bodies." Television & New Media 20, no. 6 (July 2, 2019): 581–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1527476419857682.
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Biometric technologies are routinely used in the response to refugee crises with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) aiming to have all refugee data from across the world in a central population registry by the end of 2019. The article analyzes biometrics, artificial intelligence (AI), and blockchain as part of a technological assemblage, which I term the biometric assemblage. The article identifies five intersecting logics that explain wider transformations within the humanitarian sector and in turn shape the biometric assemblage. The acceleration of the rate of biometric registrations in the humanitarian sector between 2002 and 2019 reveals serious concerns regarding bias, data safeguards, data-sharing practices with states and commercial companies, experimentation with untested technologies among vulnerable people, and, finally, ethics. Technological convergence amplifies risks associated with each constituent technology of the biometric assemblage. The article finally argues that the biometric assemblage accentuates asymmetries between refugees and humanitarian agencies and ultimately entrenches inequalities in a global context.
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Charpentier, Émeline. "L’Éthiopie des Congolais, Burundais et Rwandais réfugiés." African Diaspora 8, no. 1 (2015): 51–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18725465-00801003.
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Ethiopia as a land of asylum is still little known. Welcoming in 2014 about 400,000 people with refugee status, it represents one of the largest countries of asylum in the Horn of Africa. Among this population, is a tiny minority of Congolese, Burundians and Rwandese. In this article, I wish to analyze, through an anthropological approach, their integration in the host country. The relationship that this refugee population has with the Ethiopian space, with Ethiopia as a political and legal structure, and finally, with the Ethiopians will be questioned. It appears that the political and social relationships between Congolese, Burundians and Rwandans with Ethiopia are characterized by a kind of “mutual disinterest”. In conclusion, the “Ethiopia of the Congolese, Burundian and Rwandan refugees” will emerge, largely based on the sharing of a common origin (Great Lakes) and a common status (the refugee status).
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Najjar, Mohammad S., Laila Dahabiyeh, and Mohammad Nawayseh. "Share if you care." Information Development 35, no. 3 (January 30, 2018): 467–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0266666918755427.
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Although the performance of Humanitarian Supply Chain (HSC) receives considerable attention in current literature, measuring HSC performance remains challenging. HSC performance depends largely on the ability to meet the needs of the sufferers which contradicts with current performance measures that focus on input metrics such as donations and expenditures rather than output metrics. In this paper, we address this gap in the literature by examining refugee service performance as perceived by refugees themselves. We examine the impact of information sharing and information quality on HSC service performance. We further draw on social capital theory to investigate how the dimensions of social capital influence information sharing and information quality. Data collected from 276 refugees in Zaatari camp in Jordan provide support for our proposed model. Our paper makes two contributions. First, we extend current literature on HSC performance by examining the impact of information sharing and the quality of the information shared on the beneficiaries’ perception of HSC performance. We therefore focus on output metrics rather than input metrics. Second, we apply a social capital theoretical lens to investigate how social ties and relations influence information sharing and information quality in HSC. We also offer theoretical and practical implications for academics and stakeholders in the field of HSC.
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Jagero, Nelson, and Timothy Asasira. "Contributions of Humanitarian Agencies among Refugees and Host Communities in Handeni District, Tanzania." Journal of Public Administration and Governance 2, no. 1 (January 8, 2012): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v2i1.1266.
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This study focused on the Contributions of Humanitarian agencies among refugees and host communities in Handeni District, Tanzania. A sample of 420 respondents was taken for study using simple random and purposive sampling, while data was analyzed using the SPSS computer package. The findings considered the following as critical for resolution, promotion of dialogue between refugees and the host communities and change of perception and attitude towards refugees considered naturally violent. This has been reduced through peace campaigns by humanitarian agencies to ensure co-existence between refugees and host community. Issues on resource sharing, capacity building extension workers, ensuring basic services of equality as those available for host authority populations are provided to the refugees, developing a range of options with levels of self-help and related costs and loans relative to sanitation as they explore opportunities brought about by refugees.Keywords: Refugee, humanitarian agencies, host communities, Tanzania
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Gammeltoft-Hansen, Thomas, and Nikolas F. Tan. "The End of the Deterrence Paradigm? Future Directions for Global Refugee Policy." Journal on Migration and Human Security 5, no. 1 (March 2017): 28–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/233150241700500103.
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Asylum seekers and refugees continue to face serious obstacles in their efforts to access asylum. Some of these obstacles are inherent to irregular migration, including dangerous border crossings and the risk of exploitation. Yet, refugees also face state-made obstacles in the form of sophisticated migration control measures. As a result, refugees are routinely denied access to asylum as developed states close their borders in the hope of shifting the flow of asylum seekers to neighboring countries. Restrictive migration control policies are today the primary, some might say only, response of the developed world to rising numbers of asylum seekers and refugees. This has produced a distorted refugee regime both in Europe and globally — a regime fundamentally based on the principle of deterrence rather than human rights protection. While the vast majority of European states still formally laud the international legal framework to protect refugees, most of these countries simultaneously do everything in their power to exclude those fleeing international protection and offer only a minimalist engagement to assist those countries hosting the largest number of refugees. By deterring or blocking onward movement for refugees, an even larger burden is placed upon these host countries. Today, 86 percent of the world's refugees reside in a low- or middle-income country, against 70 percent 20 years ago (Edwards 2016; UNHCR 2015, 15). The humanitarian consequences of this approach are becoming increasingly clear. Last year more than 5,000 migrants and refugees were registered dead or missing in the Mediterranean (IOM 2016). A record number, this makes the Mediterranean account for more than two-thirds of all registered migrant fatalities worldwide (IOM 2016). Many more asylum seekers are subjected to various forms of violence and abuse during the migratory process as a result of their inherently vulnerable and clandestine position. As the industry facilitating irregular migration grows, unfortunately so too do attempts to exploit migrants and refugees by smugglers, criminal networks, governments, or members of local communities (Gammeltoft-Hansen and Nyberg Sørensen 2013). The “deterrence paradigm” can be understood as a particular instantiation of the global refugee protection regime. It shows how deterrence policies have come to dominate responses to asylum seekers arriving in developed states, and how such policies have continued to develop in response to changes in migration patterns as well as legal impositions. The dominance of the deterrence paradigm also explains the continued reliance on deterrence as a response to the most recent “crisis,” despite continued calls from scholars and civil society for a more protection-oriented and sustainable response. The paper argues that the current “crisis,” more than a crisis in terms of refugee numbers and global protection capacity, should be seen a crisis in terms of the institutionalized responses so far pursued by states. Deterrence policies are being increasingly challenged, both by developments in international law and by less wealthy states left to shoulder the vast majority of the world's refugees. At the same time, recent events suggest that deterrence policies may not remain an effective tool to prevent secondary movement of refugees in the face of rising global protection needs, while deterrence involves increasing direct and indirect costs for the states involved. The present situation may thus be characterized as, or at least approaching, a period of paradigm crisis, and we may be seeing the beginning of the end for deterrence as a dominant policy paradigm in regard to global refugee policy. In its place, a range of more or less developed alternative policy frameworks are currently competing, though so far none of them appear to have gained sufficient traction to initiate an actual paradigm shift in terms of global refugee policy. Nonetheless, recognizing this as a case of possible paradigm change may help guide and structure this process. In particular, any successful new policy approach would have to address the fundamental challenges facing the old paradigm. The paper proceeds in four parts. Firstly, it traces the rise of the deterrence paradigm following the end of the Cold War and the demise of ideologically driven refugee protection on the part of states in the Global North. The past 30 years have seen the introduction and dynamic development of manifold deterrence policies to stymie the irregular arrival of asylum seekers and migrants. This array of measures is explored in the second part of the paper through a typology of five current practices that today make up “normal policymaking” within the deterrence regime. Third, the paper argues that the current paradigm is under threat, facing challenges to its legality from within refugee and human rights law; to its sustainability due to the increasing unhappiness of refugee-hosting states with current levels of “burden-sharing”; and to its effectiveness as direct and indirect costs of maintaining the regime mount. Finally, the paper puts forward three core principles that can lay the groundwork in the event of a paradigm shift: respect for international refugee law; meaningful burden-sharing; and a broader notion of refugee protection that encompasses livelihoods and increased preparedness in anticipation of future refugee flows.
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Fiddian-Qasmiyeh, Elena. "Responding to Precarity: Beddawi Camp in the Era of Covid-19." Journal of Palestine Studies 49, no. 4 (2020): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2020.49.4.27.
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How are refugees responding to protect themselves and others in the midst of the Covid-19 pandemic? How do these responses relate to diverse local, national, and international structures of inequality and marginalization? Drawing on the case of Beddawi camp in North Lebanon, I argue that local responses—such as sharing information via print and social media, raising funds for and preparing iftar baskets during Ramadan, and distributing food and sanitation products to help people practice social distancing—demonstrate how camp residents have worked individually and collectively to find ways to care for Palestinian, Syrian, Iraqi, Kurdish, and Lebanese residents alike, thereby transcending a focus on nationality-based identity markers. However, state, municipal, international, and media reports pointing to Syrian refugees as having imported the virus into Beddawi camp place such local modes of solidarity and mutuality at risk. This article thus highlights the importance of considering how refugee-refugee assistance initiatives relate simultaneously to: the politics of the self and the other, politically produced precarity, and multi-scalar systems that undermine the potential for solidarity in times of overlapping precarities.
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Chuah, Fiona Leh Hoon, Sok Teng Tan, Jason Yeo, and Helena Legido-Quigley. "Health System Responses to the Health Needs of Refugees and Asylum-seekers in Malaysia: A Qualitative Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 9 (May 6, 2019): 1584. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091584.
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Background: This study was conducted to examine the responses and challenges in addressing the health needs of refugees and asylum-seekers in Malaysia from a health systems and policy perspective. Methods: Twenty semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with key informants comprising experts, healthcare professionals and program personnel with professional experience in refugee health issues. Deductive and inductive analyses were conducted to identify themes. Results: Our study identified a broad range of actors involved in the response to refugee health locally, of which a greater alignment of interests, collaboration and sharing of responsibility is needed. From a health systems and policy perspective, financial constraints are among the key challenges in addressing the health needs of the refugee and asylum-seeker population in Malaysia. While participants reported high quality healthcare being present in Malaysia, this was not affordable to refugees and asylum seekers. Cultural and language discordance are also key challenges faced by healthcare workers in the delivery of services; accentuating the need for greater cultural competence and language support. Improved access to medication is needed for those with chronic illnesses in order to effectively address the comprehensive health needs of the refugee and asylum-seeker population. Conclusions: Suggested ways forward include adopting a comprehensive health advocacy strategy grounded in the right to healthcare for all; adopting a multi-sectoral approach; tackling the social determinants of health; seeking diversified funding at the global and national level; and improving coordination and collaboration between the various actors.
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van Berckel Smit, Jasper. "Taking Onboard the Issue of Disembarkation." European Journal of Migration and Law 22, no. 4 (December 11, 2020): 492–517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718166-12340086.
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Abstract Disembarkation of rescued refugees is increasingly denied by Mediterranean States, as disembarkation triggers obligations of refugee reception in the absence of a distribution mechanism. This article assesses the international law of the sea to answer the question why a distributive mechanism is needed to provide for a predictable solution for disembarkation of rescued refugees in the Mediterranean. It concludes that, due to States’ shared obligation to allow disembarkation of seaborne refugees and uncertainties over ill-defined essential concepts and responsibilities, States enjoy much discretion to securitize maritime migration. It frustrates search and rescue (SAR). A successful way to reestablish the integrity and effectiveness of the SAR regime is to create an effective and foreseeable relocation mechanism. Finally, this article’s critical analysis of the Malta declaration—which failed to resolve the stalemate in the central Mediterranean—provides for valuable lessons towards a new system of responsibility-sharing in Europe.
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Asasira, Timothy. "Opportunities of Reintegrating Refugees among Host communities in Tanzania." Journal of Public Administration and Governance 2, no. 2 (July 3, 2012): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v2i2.2041.
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This study focused on the Opport0unities of Reintegrating Refugees among Host communities in Chogo refugee settlement, Handeni district, Tanzania. The study found out that Reintegration has led to the following; promotion of dialogue between refugees and the host communities and change of perception and attitude torwards refugees as they are considered naturally violent. Issues on resource sharing, capacity building extension workers, ensuring basic services of equality as those available for host authority populations are provided to the refugees, developing a range of options with levels of self-help and related costs and loans relative to sanitation as they explore opportunities brought about by refugees such as education and other basic needs like water. The study makes the following, recommendations. That states the ministry of home affairs should enforce the acquisition of citizenship by some of these refugees who are reluctant to acquire citizenship claiming that they want to keep enjoying the privileges until they are repatriated back home. In the long run, the government should consider sensitization programmes among refugees and the host community towards the opportunities of reintegration rather than allocating the integrated refugees land only. More so, the government of Tanzania should pay attention to these naturalized refugees because after acquiring the citizenship humanitarian agencies usually quit the resettlement premises.
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Walczak, Bartłomiej, and Nikolaos Lampas. "Beliefs on Refugees as a Terrorist Threat. The Social Determinants of Refugee-related Stereotypes." Studia Migracyjne – Przegląd Polonijny 46, no. 2 (176) (2020): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/25444972smpp.20.011.12327.
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This article performs a cross-national analysis of the causes of refugee-related threat perception. We examine the hypotheses that the number of terrorist attacks by Muslim extremists should negatively coincide with positive attitudes toward refugees in a country. Secondly, we assess the relationship between the number of suspects arrested in relation to Muslim terrorist attacks and prejudicial attitudes toward refugees in a host country. In order to answer these hypotheses, we adopted a quantitative approach. Using data from the Pew Research Center Survey of 2016 we analyze the relationship between the number of terrorist attacks and arrests of Muslim extremists and their impact on the perception of the population in ten European countries. The findings suggest that there is no correlation between the number of terrorist attacks, arrests of Muslim extremists and prejudicial attitudes toward refugees. Among countries which experienced most fundamentalist Muslims attacks, the portrait of people sharing the stereotype is more nuanced. Political convictions were found to be the strongest and most common significant predictor, while age, gender and religiosity were significant in some countries only.
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Chouliaraki, Lilie, and Tijana Stolic. "Rethinking media responsibility in the refugee ‘crisis’: a visual typology of European news." Media, Culture & Society 39, no. 8 (September 4, 2017): 1162–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0163443717726163.
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In this paper, we analyse how news images of the 2015 Syrian refugee ‘crisis’ visualise refugees and how, in so doing, they mobilise various forms of moral responsibility in ‘our’ mediated public life – various practical dispositions of action towards the misfortunes of migrants and refugees at Europe’s border. On the basis of empirical material from European news (June-December 2015), we construct a typology of visibilities of the ‘crisis’, each of which situates refugees within a different regime of visibility and claim to action: i) visibility as biological life, associated with monitorial action; ii) visibility as empathy associated with charitable action; iii) visibility as threat, associated with state security; iv) visibility as hospitality, associated with political activism; and v) visibility as self-reflexivity, associated with a post-humanitarian engagement with people like ‘us’. In conclusion, we argue that, important as these five categories of visibility are in introducing public dispositions to action towards the vulnerable, they nonetheless ultimately fail to humanise migrants and refugees. This failure to portray them as human beings with lives that are worth sharing should compel us, we urge, to radically re-think how we understand the media’s responsibility towards vulnerable others.
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Türk, Volker. "Prospects for Responsibility Sharing in the Refugee Context." Journal on Migration and Human Security 4, no. 3 (September 2016): 45–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/233150241600400301.
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Thielemann, Eiko. "Why Asylum Policy Harmonisation Undermines Refugee Burden-Sharing." European Journal of Migration and Law 6, no. 1 (2004): 47–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1571816041518769.
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