Journal articles: 'Refrigeratori domestici'

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EVANS, ELLEN W., and ELIZABETH C. REDMOND. "Time-Temperature Profiling of United Kingdom Consumers' Domestic Refrigerators." Journal of Food Protection 79, no. 12 (December 1, 2016): 2119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-270.

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ABSTRACT Increased consumer demand for convenience and ready-to-eat food, along with changes to consumer food purchase and storage practices, have resulted in an increased reliance on refrigeration to maximize food safety. Previous research suggests that many domestic refrigerators operate at temperatures exceeding recommendations; however, the results of several studies were determined by means of one temperature data point, which, given temperature fluctuation, may not be a true indicator of actual continual operating temperatures. Data detailing actual operating temperatures and the effects of consumer practices on temperatures are limited. This study has collated the time-temperature profiles of domestic refrigerators in consumer kitchens (n = 43) over 6.5 days with concurrent self-reported refrigerator usage. Overall, the findings established a significant difference (P < 0.05) between one-off temperature (the recording of one temperature data point) and mean operating temperature. No refrigerator operated at ≤5.0°C for the entire duration of the study. Mean temperatures exceeding 5.0°C were recorded in the majority (91%) of refrigerators. No significant associations or differences were determined for temperature profiles and demographics, including household size, or refrigerator characteristics (age, type, loading, and location). A positive correlation (P < 0.05) between room temperature and refrigerator temperature was determined. Reported door opening frequency correlated with temperature fluctuation (P < 0.05). Thermometer usage was determined to be infrequent. Cumulatively, research findings have established that the majority of domestic refrigerators in consumer homes operate at potentially unsafe temperatures and that this is influenced by consumer usage. The findings from this study may be utilized to inform the development of shelf-life testing based on realistic domestic storage conditions. Furthermore, the data can inform the development of future educational interventions to increase safe domestic refrigeration practices.

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Agi, V. N., C. P. Aleru, and E. J. Uweh. "Bacterial Contamination of Some Domestic and Laboratory Refrigerators in Port Harcourt Metropolis." European Journal of Health Sciences 6, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 16–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.47672/ejhs.662.

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Background: A refrigerator is a potential source of pathogen contamination leading to food spoilage and food borne diseases. It forms an essential connection in broad chain of cross contamination which might possibly lead to the outbreaks of food borne diseases. Purpose: The aim of the study was to evaluate bacterial Contamination of Some Domestic and Laboratory Refrigerators in Port Harcourt Metropolis. Methodology: This study was done in Port Harcourt metropolis in Rivers state, Nigeria. Sterile swab sticks moistened with peptone water were used to swab the handles, bases, sides and shelves of domestic (90) and laboratory (60) refrigerators. One hundred and fifty (150) samples obtained in total were inoculated and identified using standard conventional methods of bacteria identification. Results: The results showed 100% bacterial contamination. With prevalence rates of Staphylococcus aureus(30.6%), Klebsiella pneumonia (5.3%), Vibro cholera (4.7%), Escherichia coli (4%), Salmonella typhi (3.3%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2%), Bacillus cereus (1.3%), Clostridium botulinium (1.3%), Shigellaspecies (1.3%), Listeria monocytogenes (1.3%), Proteus mirabilis (1.3%), Vibroparahaemolyticus (1.3%), Yersinia enterocolitica (1.3%) and Clostridium perfringens(0.7%). Chi square confirms that relationships exist between bacteria isolate with the batch sampled (chi square =139.239; df=54; p=0.00), Gram reaction (chi square =150.000; df=18; p=0.00) and the refrigerator type (chi square =35.325; df=18; p=0.00). However, no statistically significant association exists between isolates and positions on Refrigerator (chi square = 68.080; df=72; p=0.61). Conclusion: The outcome of this study confirms the presence of mesophilics and psychrotrophic bacteria in refrigerators, including potential foodborne pathogens which can cause serious health challenges. Hence, refrigerators are potential pathogen contamination sources. Therefore, proper hand hygiene, awareness and sensitization on maintenance of appropriate, good storage and refrigerator management is recommended for all.

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MORI, MIHO, YOSHIKAZU SAKAGAMI, MEGUMI TANAKA, RYO INOUE, and TORU JOJIMA. "Analysis of the Relationship of Microbial Contamination with Temperature and Cleaning Frequency and Method of Domestic Refrigerators in Japan." Journal of Food Protection 83, no. 7 (June 23, 2020): 1234–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-19-322.

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ABSTRACT Hygiene management of domestic refrigerators is an important aspect of food poisoning prevention. The aim of the present study was to confirm the relationship between microbial contamination and hygiene management by measuring microbial levels and investigating temperature and cleaning frequency and method of domestic refrigerators in Japan. We analyzed three internal sections (the egg compartment, bottom shelf, and vegetable drawer) of 100 domestic refrigerators in Japan. Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, and Yersinia enterocolitica were not found in any of the refrigerators, but coliforms and Escherichia coli were detected in more than one household, and Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequently isolated pathogen. The prevalences of these microorganisms had similar tendencies in all three sections sampled and were highest in the vegetable drawer. The temperature distribution in the refrigerators was also investigated, and a temperature >6.1°C (improper temperature) was found in 46.2% of the areas surveyed. Only 17% of the respondents cleaned their refrigerators monthly or more often, and this frequency was lower than that reported in other countries. Fifty percent of the respondents used only water to clean the refrigerator, 10% used only an alcohol or disinfecting wipe, and 8% used only a dry cloth. Although no significant correlations were found between microbial contamination and temperatures in refrigerators, correlations were found between microbial contamination and refrigerator cleaning frequency and/or method. To our knowledge, this is the first detailed survey concerning relationships between microbial contamination and hygiene management in domestic refrigerators in Japan. The data obtained can be used to promote food poisoning management in Japanese households. HIGHLIGHTS

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Khalsa, Kawal Preet Singh, and Sayan Sadhu. "Experimental Study of Domestic Refrigerator Performance Improvement with Evaporative Condenser." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 29, no. 02 (April 28, 2021): 2150015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132521500152.

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Evaporation of defrosted water in household refrigerators and condenser waste heat utilization has been reported by many researchers but limited literature is available on the study of evaporative cooling in domestic refrigerators (condenser waste heat utilization for defrost water evaporation) with helical coil heat exchangers. This paper is concerned with evaluating domestic refrigerator performance by employing an evaporative helical coil heat exchanger before hot wall condenser which is utilized for evaporation of defrost water and reducing the superheated refrigerant temperature to condensing temperature to reduce the condenser load and improve the overall performance of a domestic refrigerator. Results show that evaporative cooling increases COP of the system by 25.3%, reduces the energy consumption of the refrigerator by 7.3% and the compressor run time by 10.6%. These experimental results also revealed that using two different thermal conductivity tube materials for evaporative helical coil condenser (Copper tube and Zinc coated steel tube) provided with less wall thickness (0.2[Formula: see text]mm) PVC coating results in good agreement for the same evaporation rate of defrosted water.

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Zavvar Sabegh, Mohammad Reza, and Chris Bingham. "Model Predictive Control with Binary Quadratic Programming for the Scheduled Operation of Domestic Refrigerators." Energies 12, no. 24 (December 7, 2019): 4649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12244649.

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The rapid proliferation of the ‘Internet of Things’ (IoT) now affords the opportunity to schedule the operation of widely distributed domestic refrigerator and freezers to collectively improve energy efficiency and reduce peak power consumption on the electrical grid. To accomplish this, the paper proposes the real-time estimation of the thermal mass of each refrigerator in a network using on-line parameter identification, and the co-ordinated (ON-OFF) scheduling of the refrigerator compressors to maintain their respective temperatures within specified hysteresis bands commensurate with accommodating food safety standards. A custom model predictive control (MPC) scheme is devised using binary quadratic programming to realize the scheduling methodology which is implemented through IoT hardware (based on a NodeMCU). Benefits afforded by the proposed scheme are investigated through experimental trials which show that the co-ordinated operation of domestic refrigerators can i) reduce the peak power consumption as seen from the perspective of the electrical power grid (i.e., peak load levelling), ii) can adaptively control the temperature hysteresis band of individual refrigerators to increase operational efficiency, and iii) contribute to a widely distributed aggregated load shed for demand side response purposes in order to aid grid stability. Importantly, the number of compressor starts per hour for each refrigerator is also bounded as an inherent design feature of the algorithm so as not to operationally overstress the compressors and reduce their lifetime. Experimental trials show that such co-ordinated operation of refrigerators can reduce energy consumption by ~30% whilst also providing peak load levelling, thereby affording benefits to both individual consumers as well as electrical network suppliers.

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Vegara, Alberto, Pierluigi Di Ciccio, Anna Rita Festino, Claudia Costanzo, Luca Pennisi, and Adriana Ianieri. "The management of the domestic refrigeration: microbiological status and temperature." British Food Journal 116, no. 6 (May 27, 2014): 1047–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-05-2012-0103.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide information on the consumer management of refrigerated food, establish the level and the incidence of bacterial contamination and operating temperatures in domestic refrigerators from north and centre Italy. Design/methodology/approach – A questionnaire was designed involving 24 questions which covered three topics: the socio-demographic data, the domestic management of refrigerated food and general information about the refrigerator. The questionnaire responses were subjected to descriptive statistical analysis and further processed with the multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) and cluster analysis (CA). Based on MCA and CA, 84 refrigerators were selected to assess the temperature and the microbiological status (total viable counts (TVC); Enterobacteriaceae total counts (ETC); Salmonella spp. and Listeria spp.). Findings – Totally, 660 interviews were carried out. The majority of respondents were female (81.4 per cent) and were married (71.4 per cent). Almost an half of them were between 31 and 50 years old (48.2 per cent) and had a secondary school degree (47 per cent). Regarding domestic management of refrigerated food, the majority of respondents (87.2 per cent) were aware of the correct temperature range (1-5°C) for retail refrigerator units, but only 18 per cent of them check the temperature. Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. were not recovered; Listeria innocua was recovered (2.4 per cent). Regarding the TVC values, the 21.5 per cent of the tested refrigerators were classified as insufficient (from 100 to 104 cfu/cm2) or inadequate (>104 cfu/cm2). Consumer education should be focused in order to reduce foodborne disease. Only safety-conscious consumers can become active partners within the food safety chain. Originality/value – Result obtained from the present survey revealed that consumers are not familiar with their role in the food safety chain and that they allow numerous opportunities for microbiological contamination of food. The study clearly indicates the need for greater consumer education regarding proper domestic refrigerator management. Indeed, appropriate behaviours could make the refrigerator less likely to act as a significant niche for persistence and dissemination of food pathogens.

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KILONZO-NTHENGE, AGNES, FUR-CHI CHEN, and SANDRIA L. GODWIN. "Occurrence of Listeria and Enterobacteriaceae in Domestic Refrigerators." Journal of Food Protection 71, no. 3 (March 1, 2008): 608–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-71.3.608.

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Consumers' refrigeration practices have a significant impact on the safety and quality of foods. To determine the prevalence and the identity of microorganisms in domestic refrigerators, swab samples were taken from various locations in the refrigerators from 137 households in middle Tennessee. The swabs were inoculated into different media, and standard procedures were used to characterize the isolates. API 20E and API Listeria were used for identification of Enterobacteriaceae and Listeria spp., respectively. The Kirby-Bauer technique was used to test resistance of the isolates. Actual counts for aerobic and Enterobacteriaceae ranged from not detected to 8.53 and 8.39 log CFU per sample, respectively. Klebsiella pneumoniae (23.4%), Klebsiella oxytoca (6.8%), Klebsiella terrigena (4.0%), Enterobacter sakazakii (2.2%), and Yersinia enterocolitica (0.7%) were some of the bacteria of concern that were isolated from domestic refrigerators. Resistance to antibiotics was most common in erythromycin (39.9%), followed by ampicillin (33.8%), cefoxitin (12.8%), tetracycline (5%), streptomycin (4.0%), nalidixic acid (2.1%), kanamycin (1.4%), and colistin (0.7%). None of the isolates tested was resistant to ciprofloxacin or gentamycin. Listeria spp. were also detected in six refrigerators. These findings underline the need for greater consumer education regarding proper refrigerator cleaning and safe food handling practices.

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Baltrėnas, Pranas, Kęstutis Mačaitis, and Vytautas Mačaitis. "REASEARCH AND EVALUATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS OF REFRIGERATORS / ŠALDYTUVŲ ELEKTROMAGNETINIŲ LAUKŲ TYRIMAI IR VERTINIMAS." Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 5, no. 4 (November 25, 2013): 369–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2013.59.

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The use of refrigerators causes the occurence of electromagnetic fields that are invisible and intangible, which therefore makes difficulties in protecting ourselves from them. A refrigerator is an irreplaceable item in domestic household and thus can be hardly ignored by a modern way of human life. In order to preserve the characteristics of products, the refrigerator must operate continuously (24 hrs a day), regardless of the time of the year. This results in a huge increase in electricity consumption, which leads to energy consumption related pollution of the environment emitting CO2 gas. On these grounds, it is necessary to assess electromagnetic fields created by the refrigerator. Studies on electromagnetic fields produced by refrigerators were conducted in domestic premises where people spent a significant part of the day. For comparison purposes, five different power refrigerators were chosen (1 – 0.20 kW; 2 – 0.25 kW; 3 – 0.30 kW; 4 – 0.35 kW; 5 – 0.40 kW). The obtained results, according to the parameters of their electromagnetic fields, were presented in graphs and charts and showed that the values of electric and magnetic intensity of refrigerators depended on the distance and the power of the refrigerator. The conducted research also disclosed that none of tested refrigerators exceeded the permissible limits of electromagnetic fields. Article in Lithuanian. Santrauka Naudojant buitinę techniką susidaro elektromagnetiniai laukai. Elektromagnetiniai laukai yra nematomi ir nejuntami, tad nuo jų sunku apsisaugoti. Šaldytuvas – nepamainomas daiktas namų ūkyje, be kurio neįsivaizduojama šiuolaikinio žmogaus buitis. Kad būtų išsaugotos šaldytuve laikomų produktų savybės, šaldytuvas privalo veikti nuolatos (24 val./parą) nepriklausomai nuo metų laiko. Dėl to esti gana didelis elektros energijos suvartojimas, ir tai lemia su energijos vartojimu susijusią aplinkos taršą CO2 dujomis. Taip pat šie buitiniai prietaisai skleidžia elektromagnetinius laukus. Juos svarbu įvertinti ir palyginti su leidžiamomis higienos normų. Šaldytuvų elektromagnetinių laukų tyrimai atlikti buitinėse patalpose, kur nemažą dienos dalį praleidžia žmonės. Matavimams pasirinkti 5 skirtingo galingumo šaldytuvai (1 – 0,20 kW; 2 – 0,25 kW; 3 – 0,30 kW; 4 – 0,35 kW; 5 – 0,40 kW). Siekiant palyginti, elektromagnetinių laukų, susidarančių veikiant šaldytuvams, parametrai pateikiami diagramomis bei grafikais. Tyrimo metu nustatytos šaldytuvų elektrinio ir magnetinio stiprio reikšmės įvairiais atstumais bei jų priklausomybė nuo šaldytuvo galingumo.

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Belman-Flores, Juan, Diana Pardo-Cely, Francisco Elizalde-Blancas, Armando Gallegos-Muñoz, Vicente Pérez-García, and Miguel Gómez-Martínez. "Perspectives on Consumer Habits with Domestic Refrigerators and Its Consequences for Energy Consumption: Case of Study in Guanajuato, Mexico." Energies 12, no. 5 (March 5, 2019): 860. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12050860.

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This work presents the main behaviors shown in the habits of consumers of domestic refrigerators, which influences the energy consumption of this appliance. This study is based on a series of surveys answered by 200 consumers from four cities in the State of Guanajuato, Mexico. The questions were arranged with the aim of evaluating the general characteristics and usage habits such as refrigerator age, door opening frequency, damper position, load of food supplies, external and internal cleaning habits, and nearby heat sources, among other things. The randomly interviewed consumers were individuals between 20 and 60 years of age, who were interviewed using handmade surveys by experts in the field of refrigeration. In some cases, photographic evidence was gathered from the consumers’ refrigerators to represent the typical usage habits. In general, the results show that better usage habits are necessary from an energy point of view. Most consumers agree with adopting best practices for using their refrigerator.

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Yella, Ramya, R. Naveen Kumar, Sudershan R. Vemula, Balakrishna Nagalla, and SubbaRao M. Gavaravarapu. "Food Safety in Domestic Refrigerators - A Mixed Methods Study to Identify Key Messages for Promoting Safe Storage Practices among Households." Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics 53, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21048/ijnd.2016.53.1.3871.

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A significant proportion of foodborne diseases arise from practices in home kitchens. Not only how food is handled but also how it is stored determines its safety. The current study aimed to assess knowledge and practices of households related to storage of foods in refrigerator and identify key messages to promote safe storage practices. A cross-sectional study employing mixed methods (combination of quantitative and qualitative methods) was carried out among households who owned refrigerators. Quantitative data on knowledge and practices were collected from women (n=120) who were responsible for cooking and storing foods at household level using a pretested questionnaire and qualitative data on status of the refrigerators was collected using non-participant observation technique. Leftover foods stored in refrigerators for > 24h were collected from a sub-sample (n=18) to assess the presence of food pathogens. Over 34.2% preserved leftover non-vegetarian foods at room temperature. About 65% stored leftover foods in refrigerators for >24h. Only 10% cleaned the refrigerator every week and about 20% had knowledge of the working temperature of the refrigerators. There was a significant association (P<0.05) between education and knowledge as well as practices among households. Salmonella spp. (44.4%), E. coli (27.7%), fecal coliforms (11.1%) and S. aureus (5.5%) were detected in refrigerated leftover foods. Observational studies revealed some risky storage behaviors. Most of the households are not aware of the safe storage and refrigeration practices. The detected foodborne pathogens in refrigerated leftover food samples indicate a potential hazard in refrigerated foods. The study identified five key messages for food safety communication.

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Feng, Guangda, Songzhen Yang, Yonghong Wang, Qing Yao, and Honghui Zhu. "Erratum to: Acinetobacter refrigeratoris sp. nov., Isolated from a Domestic Refrigerator." Current Microbiology 70, no. 1 (November 25, 2014): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00284-014-0730-5.

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Cardoso, Rafael Balbino. "Influences of the ambient temperature, degradation effect and usage habits over the energy consumption of domestic refrigerators in Brazil." Research, Society and Development 11, no. 15 (November 25, 2022): e533111537739. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i15.37739.

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Considering the relevance of the consumption of domestic refrigerators in the Brazilian residential sector, representing about 30% of the sectorial consumption, studies of factors that influence this consumption, such as ambient temperature, age of equipment and usage habits, are of great importance to a greater understanding of these effects and, thus, to promote better energy strategies for the country. In this sense, the present study evaluates the impacts of ambient temperature, age of the equipment and habits of use in the consumption of domestic refrigerators, based on theoretical models and laboratory tests. The laboratories assays, adhering to theoretical models, showed that the environment temperature can influence the consumption of refrigerators up to 50% less (taking into account the south region temperature), when comparing to the value that are labeled by PBE/INMETRO. When the usage habits are assayed, it was verified that the consumption of the refrigerator could be increased in up to 53%, depending the frequency of door opening.

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Li, Yan, and Heng Qin Xu. "Construction of Discarded Refrigerator Recycling System Based on Reverse Logistics in Harbin." Advanced Materials Research 160-162 (November 2010): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.160-162.48.

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As an important part of the social logistics, reverse logistics plays an important role in socio-economic development. In this paper, we took discarded Haier refrigerator as the object of study, and investigated the operating conditions of electrical appliance industry and recycling situation of discarded appliances enterprises in Harbin. Through the reference to the domestic and international recycling technology of discarded refrigerators, we analysed the haier home appliance in financial crisis in Harbin, introduced the concept of reverse logistics and constructed the recycling system of Haier refrigerators based on reverse logistics. After the analysis of the system, we find out its feasibility and practical operability and prospect the future research of logistics industry.

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Hay, James. "The automated states, automated government, and self-automation of the ‘smart’ appliance: three questions about refrigerators." Media International Australia 166, no. 1 (November 14, 2017): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x17739014.

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This essay considers the automation of the everyday through ‘smart’ domestic appliance, specifically the current regime of smart refrigerators. The essay revisits and rethinks perspectives about media by McLuhan, focusing particularly on his discussion of clothing, cars, clocks, light bulbs, and highways as ‘media’. The essay outlines a critical practice (a ‘critical refrigerator studies’), as a means of rethinking ‘media power’, through perspectives by Foucault about technologies of government and through perspectives by Otter about Liberal objects.

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PARRY, S. M., J. SLADER, T. HUMPHREY, B. HOLMES, Z. GUILDEA, and S. R. PALMER. "A case-control study of domestic kitchen microbiology and sporadic Salmonella infection." Epidemiology and Infection 133, no. 5 (April 29, 2005): 829–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268805004371.

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The microbiology of domestic kitchens in the homes of subjects who had suffered sporadic Salmonella infection (cases) was compared with control domestic kitchens. Case and control dishcloths and refrigerator swabs were examined for the presence of Salmonella spp., total Enterobacteriaceae counts and total aerobic colony counts. Salmonella spp. were isolated from both case and control dishcloths and refrigerators but there were no significant differences between the two groups. Colony counts were similar in case and control dishcloths and refrigerator swabs. There was no relationship between the total counts and presence of Salmonella. There was no evidence that cases of Salmonella infection were more likely to have kitchens which were contaminated with these bacteria or have higher bacterial counts than controls. Total bacterial counts were poor indicators of Salmonella contamination of the domestic kitchen environment. Further factors which could not be identified by a study of this design may increase risk of Salmonella food poisoning. These factors may include individual susceptibility of the patient. Alternatively, sporadic cases of Salmonella food poisoning may arise from food prepared outside the home.

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Gill, Jatinder, Damola S. Adelekan, and Olayinka S. Ohunakin. "Experimental Investigation of Vapour Compression Refrigeration Systems using 0.4g 13nm Al2O3-lubricant based LPG Refrigerant as Working Fluid." Thermal Science and Engineering 3, no. 1 (April 16, 2020): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24294/tse.v3i1.454.

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Application of nanoparticles have been proven to aid heat transfer in engineering systems. This work experimentally investigated the performance of a domestic refrigerator under the influence of Al2O3 nanoparticles dispersed in mineral oil based lubricant at different charges (40, 60 and 80 g) of LPG refrigerant. The performance of the system was then investigated using test parameters including: power consumption, evaporator air temperature (pull-down time), to attain the specified International Standard Organisation (ISO) requirement for standard evaporator air temperature with small refrigerator size. Results showed improved pull down time and steady state evaporator air temperatures for the nano-lubricant based LPG. Improvement of about 11.79% in coefficient of performance (COP) was obtained with Al2O3-lubricant based LPG at 40g charge on the refrigerator system, while reduction of about 2.08% and 4.41% in COP were observed at 60 and 80 g charge of LPG based on Al2O3-lubricant respectively. Furthermore, reduction of about 13.4% and 19.53% in the power consumption of the system were observed at 40 and 60g charges of Al2O3-lubricant based LPG, whereas at 80 g, an increase of about 1.28% was recorded. Using Al2O3-LPG nano-refrigerant in domestic refrigerators is economical and also a better alternative to pure LPG.

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Isnanda, Isnanda, Yazmendra Rosa, Elvis Adril, and Feidihal Feidihal. "Pengaruh Retrofit Refrigeran CFC-12 Dengan HCR-12 Terhadap Kinerja Refrigerator Domestik dan Perawatannya." Jurnal Teknik Mesin 12, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.30630/jtm.12.2.232.

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In the recent years,almost every house, has domestic refrigerator wich still use CFC-12 refrigerant as the fluid.When the leakage happen, the refrigerant causes the demage of ozon such as forming the ozon side then radiation of ultra violet from the sun ray in high intensity reach the surface on each directly and it is dangerous for the human life. The Hidrocarbon refrigerant (HCR-12) is considered as one of alternative, wich is environmentally friendly,more energy to save and without modification, to replace the CFC-12.This research compare the performance of household refrigerator using the CFC-12 refrigerant and HCR-12 without the modification of refrigerator.The result shown from the COP, that the refrigerators work for both of refrigerant is relatively the same and the quality of the ice product from HCR-12 is better than CFC-12, because the amount of the energy wich is absorbed by HCR-12 during the evapouration process is bigger than CFC-12. Analyzing the amount of refrigerant weight fullfilled to refrigerator, HCR-12 only uses 40 % from CFC-12,If the price of both refrigerant is the same,the use of HCR-12 is profitible than the use of CFC-12

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Stefanou, Constantine-Richard, Anna Szosland-Fałtyn, and Beata Bartodziejska. "Survey of Domestic Refrigerator Storage Temperatures in Poland for Use as a QMRA Tool for Exposure Assessment." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 4 (February 8, 2023): 2924. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20042924.

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In the framework of Quantitative Microbiological Risk Assessment, the estimation of the ingested dose of a hazard by the consumer is of paramount importance. This may be calculated by means of predictive modeling of growth/inactivation of the pathogen studied. For products that spend the majority of their shelf life in the domestic refrigerator, storage temperature will significantly impact the microbial population dynamics. To describe the variability of domestic storage temperatures in Poland, a survey including 77 participants, was carried out in Lodz, Poland. Participants were provided with temperature data loggers, which measured their refrigerator temperature for 24 h in 5-min intervals. The temperature-time profiles were used to calculate the mean working temperature, standard deviation, minimum and maximum values, and the data were statistically analyzed to find the best fitting probability distribution using R programming language. Out of the tested refrigerators, 49.35% had a mean working temperature of over 5 °C and 3.9% exceeded 10 °C. Distribution fitting scenarios were tested for goodness of fit, and the final selected distribution was a truncated normal distribution. This study can prove useful in Monte Carlo simulation analysis for stochastic quantitative food risk assessment in Poland.

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Hasheer, Shaik Mohammad, and Kolla Srinivas. "Performance Comparison of a Low GWP Refrigerants as Alternatives to R134a in a Refrigerator with and without Liquid-Suction Heat Exchanger." Materials Science Forum 969 (August 2019): 343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.969.343.

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The usage of refrigerators and air conditioners are more prevalent in a domestic environment now-a-days. Improving the efficiency of these devices can be considered as an important step to reduce their energy consumption. Currently, in India, most refrigerators work with HFC-134a as a refrigerant. The GWP value of HFC-134a is around 1430.Therefore, there is a greater demand to replace HFCs with low GWP refrigerants. In this document, the comparison of the performance of a refrigerator without fluid intake heat exchanger (LSHX) with low GWP refrigerants and the results are compared with HFC-134a performed. The low GWP refrigerants used in the test are: hydrocarbon-propane (R290) and isobutane (R600a), the pure hydrocarbons are HFC-134a and HFC-152a and the refrigerants are hydrofluoroolefins 1234yf and 1234ze (E). All have been tested without making changes in the system. The entire examination was carried out in the same system under the same working conditions.

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Afolalu, Sunday A., Omolayo M. Ikumapayi, Adebayo T. Ogundipe, Olabisi O. Yusuf, and Olamilekan R. Oloyede. "Development of Nanolubricant Using Aloe Vera Plant to Enhance the Thermal Performance of a Domestic Refrigeration System." International Journal of Heat and Technology 39, no. 6 (December 31, 2021): 1904–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijht.390626.

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Power consumption is a significant issue in developing countries, and the refrigerator is one of the largest consumers of electricity. Nanoparticles functioning as additives to refrigerants or lubricating oils help reduce compressor work and reduce the power consumption of refrigerators. In this study, zinc oxide nanoparticles were developed using Aloe Vera leaves and dispersed in mineral oil to reduce the compressor work and increase the performance of a domestic vapour compression refrigeration system. After the successful synthesis of the nanoparticles, spectroscopical investigations using EDS revealed the nanoparticles to have 73.31% zinc, 20.19% oxygen and 6.40% carbon indicating a significant phase of zinc oxide. Microstructural studies on the nanoparticles revealed an average nanoparticle size of 4.68 nm within the nanometric range. The nanoparticles were dispersed in mineral oil in concentrations of 0.5 g/250 ml, 0.75 g/250 ml, 1 g/250 ml, 1.25 g/250 ml and 1.5 g/250 ml of the oil and fed into the compressor to check the effect of each concentration on the performance of the refrigerator. The control sample contained pure mineral oil. The system was monitored for 225 minutes per sample, and coefficient of performance was determined. The results indicate an increase in COP by 14-15% from 0.4 wt% and 0.6 wt% respectively.

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Radermacher, R., and K. Kim. "Domestic refrigerators: recent developments." International Journal of Refrigeration 19, no. 1 (January 1996): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-7007(95)00069-0.

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ROCCATO, ANNA, MIEKE UYTTENDAELE, VERONICA CIBIN, FEDERICA BARRUCCI, VERONICA CAPPA, PAOLA ZAVAGNIN, ALESSANDRA LONGO, PAOLO CATELLANI, and ANTONIA RICCI. "Effects of Domestic Storage and Thawing Practices on Salmonella in Poultry-Based Meat Preparations." Journal of Food Protection 78, no. 12 (December 1, 2015): 2117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-048.

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Among consumer food handling practices, time-temperature abuse has been reported as one of the most common contributory factors in salmonellosis outbreaks where the evidence is strong. The present study performed storage tests of burgers, sausages, and kebabs and investigated (i) the effect of refrigerator temperatures (4°C versus 8 or 12°C, which were the temperatures recorded in 33 and 3%, respectively, of domestic refrigerators in Italy), with or without prior temperature abuse (25°C for 2 h, simulating transport of meats from shop to home), and (ii) the impact of the thawing method (overnight in the refrigerator at 8°C versus on the kitchen countertop at 23°C) on the presence and numbers of Salmonella bacteria. Storage tests were carried out on naturally or artificially (Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium at ca. 10 CFU/g) contaminated products, while freezing-thawing tests were conducted only on artificially contaminated products (Salmonella Typhimurium at ca. 10, 100, and 1,000 CFU/g). The results from the artificially contaminated products showed significant (P < 0.05) growth of Salmonella Typhimurium at 12°C (i.e., from ca. 8 most probable number [MPN]/g to > 710 MPN/g) in kebabs after 7 and 10 days but more moderate growth in sausages (i.e., from ca. 14 MPN/g to a maximum of 96 MPN/g after 9 days of storage). Storage of naturally contaminated burgers or sausages (contamination at or below 1 MPN/g) at 4, 8, or 12°C and a short time of temperature abuse (2 h at 25°C) did not facilitate an increase in the presence and numbers of Salmonella bacteria. Thawing overnight in the refrigerator led to either a moderate reduction or no change of Salmonella Typhimurium numbers in burgers, sausages, and kebabs. Overall, this study showed that domestic storage and thawing practices can affect food safety and that time-temperature abuse can cause a substantial increase of Salmonella numbers in some types of poultry-based meat preparations, highlighting that efforts for the dissemination of consumer guidelines on the correct storage and handling of meats need to be continued.

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Esfarjani, Fatemeh, Ramin Khaksar, Fatemeh Mohammadi Nasrabadi, Roshanak Roustaee, Haleh Alikhanian, Niloofar Khalaji, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah, and Hedayat Hosseini. "A preventative approach to promote food safety." British Food Journal 118, no. 8 (August 1, 2016): 2076–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-01-2016-0025.

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Purpose – Domestic refrigerators could be considered as one of the major potential sources of food-borne diseases, in addition limited data are available regarding the level of contamination of domestic refrigerators in Iran. The purpose of this paper is to detect some of bacterial contamination in domestic refrigerators. Design/methodology/approach – In total, 104 households were randomly selected from ten health centers in five areas of Tehran, Iran. Visual inspection and temperature evaluation of the households’ refrigerators were done. In addition, the refrigerators were swabbed and analyzed for contaminants using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. DNA was isolated and purified by the proposed standard protocol. Findings – Screening of the domestic refrigerators by PCR method showed that 51.7 percent of the samples were positive for pathogens as follows: L. monocytogenes 41.6 percent, S. aureus 5.5 percent, Salmonella spp 4.6 percent, and E. coli O157:H7 0 percent; consequently, none of mentioned pathogens were detected in 48.3 percent of the refrigerators. Results of the visual inspection indicated that 57 percent of the refrigerators were on desirable, 36.5 percent were acceptable, and 7 percent were weak conditions. Most of the refrigerators about 44 percent had desirable temperatures. There were no significant correlations between the visual inspection scores, temperature and frequency of isolation of specific pathogens in the domestic refrigerators. A significant correlation was observed between contamination and education of parents (p < 0.05). Originality/value – Determination of the bacterial contamination and evaluating the temperature of domestic refrigerators in Iran can be considered as a novel approach of current study. These findings could be employed in designing and implementing appropriate educational interventions to promote food safety and diminish the risk of food-borne illnesses. Also, obtained results might be applied as introduction for further investigations.

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Mahdi, Loauy Abd Al-Azez, Wahid S. Mohammad, and Samir Akram Mahmood. "Exergy Analysis of a Domestic Refrigerator." Journal of Engineering 24, no. 9 (August 29, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2018.09.01.

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An energy and exergy thermodynamic analysis using EES program was done for a domestic refrigerator working with R-134a using vapor compression refrigeration cycle. The analysis deals with the system component, i.e. compressor, condenser, evaporator and the expansion device. The analysis depends on the entropy generation minimization approach to improve the refrigerator performance by exploring the optimum design points. These design points were derived from three different theories governing the entropy generation minimization using exergy analyzing method. These theories were first applied to find the optimum balance between the hot inner condenser area and the cold inner evaporator area of the refrigerator and between its hot and cold thermal conductances. Nine types of condensers were used according to its internal surface area and thermal conductance, in order to reach the minimum entropy generation in the refrigerator. The results showed that the compressor has the lowest exergy efficiency of 25%. The expansion device was the second component after the compressor with exergy efficiency of 92%, followed by the condenser with an efficiency of 93%. The evaporator was found to have an exergy efficiency of 98 %. The experimental tests were repeated for the nine condensers sizes with three different ambient temperatures 25℃, 30℃ and 35℃. The exergy analysis showed that the design of the refrigerator mainly depends on thermal conductance calculations rather than the surface inner area estimation.

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Silva, Lorena Fortuna da, Marcela Dos Santos Ferreira, Sávio Dias de Paula Mello, Ana Beatriz de Andrade Soares de Oliveira, Júlio Cesar Santos da Silva, and Úrsula Pérsia Paulo dos Santos. "Análise da conservação dos frascos de insulina em refrigeradores domésticos." Revista Recien - Revista Científica de Enfermagem 10, no. 29 (March 31, 2020): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.24276/rrecien2358-3088.2020.10.29.75-82.

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O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a conservação da insulina nos refrigeradores domésticos. Foram verificadas temperaturas dos frascos de insulina em sete locais da geladeira, sendo realizadas 10 medições por região com duração de 12 horas cada, utilizando termômetros digitais de máximas e mínimas. Os melhores locais de conservação dos frascos de insulina identificados nesta pesquisa foram a terceira prateleira da geladeira e a gaveta, além da porta ter sido revelada como pior região para esta finalidade. A partir da análise dos testes realizados, pôde-se observar que tanto o local como interferências cotidianas na geladeira podem influenciar negativamente a temperatura dos frascos de insulina. A pesquisa mostra os locais mais ou menos preferíveis para conservação da insulina ao tornar evidente a sua temperatura dentro de refrigerador, contribuindo para o planejamento das práticas de educação em saúde direcionadas aos portadores de Diabetes Mellitus.Descritores: Insulina, Armazenamento de Medicamentos, Refrigeração. Analysis of storage of insulin flasks in domestic refrigeratorsAbstract: The aim of this study was to analyze the insulin storage inside domestic refrigerators. Temperatures of insulin flasks were verified on 7 locations in the fridge, being performed 10 measurements with a duration of 12 hours in each refrigerator space using digital thermometers which were able to register maximum and minimum temperatures. The best locations for insulin storage identified in this research were the third refrigerator shelf and the vegetable drawer, besides the refrigerator door has been revealed as the worst space for this purpose. From an analysis of the test results, it was observed that the storage locations and daily interferences inside the fridge can adversely affect the temperatures of insulin flasks. This research shows the more or less preferable locations for insulin storage by becoming clear temperatures inside domestic refrigerators, contributing to the planning of practices in health education directed to patients with diabetes mellitus (DM).Descriptors: Insulin, Storage of Medicine, Refrigeration. Análisis de la conservación de los envases de insulina en refrigeradores domésticosResumen: El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la conservación de la insulina en los refrigeradores domésticos. Se verificaron temperaturas de los envases de insulina en siete locales del refrigerador, realizándose 10 mediciones por región con una duración de 12 horas cada una, utilizando termómetros digitales de máximas y mínimas. Los mejores sitios de conservación de los envases de insulina identificados en la investigación fueron el tercer estante del refrigerador y el cajón, además de que la puerta fue revelada como peor región para este propósito. En vista del análisis de los ensayos realizados, se pudo observar que tanto el sitio como las interferencias cotidianas en el refrigerador pueden influenciar negativamente la temperatura de los envases de insulina. La investigación apunta los lugares más o menos preferibles para la conservación de la insulina al poner en evidencia las temperaturas en el refrigerador, así como contribuye para la planificación de las prácticas educativas en salud direccionadas a los portadores de Diabetes Mellitus.Descripitores: Insulina, Almacenamiento de Medicamentos, Refrigeración.

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Adnan, Maryem Kanaan, and Munther Abdullah Mussa. "Experimental Study of Natural Convection in a Closed Cavity (Static Type Domestic Fridge)." Journal of Engineering 27, no. 10 (October 1, 2021): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2021.10.01.

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This work provides an analysis of the thermal flow and behavior of the (load-free) refrigerator compartment. The main goal was to compare the thermal behavior inside the refrigerator cavity to the freezer door (home refrigerator) effect and install a fan on the freezer door while neglecting the heat transmitted by thermal radiation. Moreover, the velocity distribution, temperature, and velocity path lines are theoretically studied. This was observed without affecting the shelves inside the cabinet and the egg and butter places on the refrigerator door as they were removed and the aluminum door replaced with a glass door. This study aims to expand our knowledge about the temperature and flow fields of this refrigerator model. Finally, the development of this work highlights the importance of numerical simulation in the search for improvements in the design of this refrigerator model, which may assist refrigerator manufacturers.

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Zambotti, Giulia, Rosamaria Capuano, Valentina Pasqualetti, Matteo Soprani, Emanuela Gobbi, Corrado Di Natale, and Andrea Ponzoni. "Monitoring Fish Freshness in Real Time under Realistic Conditions through a Single Metal Oxide Gas Sensor." Sensors 22, no. 15 (August 6, 2022): 5888. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22155888.

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The realization of an unobtrusive and effective technology able to track fish freshness in real time and inform on its edibility is highly demanded, but still unachieved. In the present paper, we address this issue through a single metal oxide gas sensor working in temperature modulation mode. The system can work without an external reference air source, which is an appealing feature for its possible integration in domestic refrigerators. Tests were carried out using fresh sea bream fillets as case study and working both inside the refrigerator and at room temperature. Parallel gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and microbiological characterization indicated the marked dependence of both the microbiological condition and the gas-phase composition from the individual sample and from the storage temperature. Despite such a large variability, which may be expected in real applications, the proposed system provided similar responses whenever the total bacterial population approached and exceeded the edibility threshold of 107 CFU/g.

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Hasheer, Shaik Mohammad, and Kolla Srinivas. "Effect of Hydrofluorocarbons and Hydrofluoroolefins in a Household Refrigerator as a Substitute for R134a." Materials Science Forum 969 (August 2019): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.969.199.

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Now a days R134a can be used in domestic refrigerators and in air conditioning of automobiles. As per Kyoto protocol the usage of R134a is restricted due to their higher GWP value. The GWP value of this refrigerant is around 1430. So in this article, thermodynamic analysis of HFC-152a, HFO refrigerants-1234ze(E) and 1234yf was done in a household refrigeration system as direct substitute to HFC-134a.The performance of the household refrigerator was compared in terms of outlet temperature of the compressor, volumetric cooling capacity (VCC), refrigeration effect, work done by the compressor and coefficient of performance (COP). The entire analysis is carried out at various operating conditions of condenser and evaporator temperatures i.e. condensation temperature of 25°C,35°C & 45°C and evaporating temperatures ranging between −20°C to 10°C.From the theoretical results, it can be concluded that R1234yf can be used as a direct substitute to R134a.

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Patel, Brijesh H., and Lalit S. Patel. "Experimental Investigation of Sub Cooling Effect on Simple Vapour Compression System by Domestic Refrigerator." Indian Journal of Applied Research 3, no. 3 (October 1, 2011): 130–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/mar2013/41.

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James, Stephen J., and Judith Evans. "The temperature performance of domestic refrigerators." International Journal of Refrigeration 15, no. 5 (January 1992): 313–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-7007(92)90047-x.

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Bi, Sheng-shan, Lin Shi, and Li-li Zhang. "Application of nanoparticles in domestic refrigerators." Applied Thermal Engineering 28, no. 14-15 (October 2008): 1834–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2007.11.018.

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O'BRIEN, Geoffrey D. "Domestic refrigerator air temperatures and the public's awareness of refrigerator use." International Journal of Environmental Health Research 7, no. 2 (June 1997): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09603129773931.

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Bolaji, Bukola Olalekan, Olatunde Ajani Oyelaran, Israel Olutunji Abiala, Tunde Oluwatoyin Ogundana, and Semiu Taiwo Amosun. "Energy and Thermal Conductivity Assessment of Dimethyl-Ether and its Azeotropic Mixtures as Alternative Low Global Warming Potential Refrigerants in a Refrigeration System." Environmental and Climate Technologies 25, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 12–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2021-0002.

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Abstract Substituting Hydrofluorocarbons with natural refrigerants in domestic refrigerators will significantly reduce the direct contributions of fluorinated gases to global warming which will be of great environmental benefit. In this study, the performances of dimethyl-ether (RE170) and its azeotropic mixtures (R510A and R511A) in a refrigeration system were assessed theoretically and compare with that of conventional refrigerant. The study revealed that the three investigated alternative refrigerants exhibited significantly good heat transfer characteristics, low pressure ratio, high latent heat in the liquid phase which resulted in their high thermal conductivity and Volumetric Cooling Capacity (VCC). The thermal conductivity of the refrigerants reduces while the evaporating temperature rises and the value obtained for RE170 was the highest among the four refrigerants studied. The Coefficient of Performance (COP) for RE170, R510A and R511A were higher than that of R134a by 6.20, 10.06 and 3.02 % respectively while their power consumptions per ton of refrigeration were lower than that of R134a by 6.99, 11.04 and 1.47 % respectively. In conclusion, dimethyl-ether and its azeotropic mixtures performed better than R134a in that they have higher thermal conductivity, refrigerating effect, VCC, COP, lower power consumption per ton of refrigeration and hence, they can be considered as suitable replacements for R134a in domestic refrigerator.

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Getie, Muluken Z., François Lanzetta, Sylvie Bégot, Bimrew T. Admassu, and Steve Djetel-Gothe. "Parametric Investigation and Univariant Optimization of Domestic Stirling Refrigerator." International Journal of Energy Research 2023 (March 1, 2023): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/3181171.

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As the temperature range of the cooling machine affects the cooling performance, parametric optimization of moderate temperature Stirling refrigerator has valuable concept. In this paper, a nonideal modified simple numerical model was used to investigate the effects of parameters and to propose optimized Stirling refrigerator design for moderate temperature applications. The analysis was conducted through simulating the numerical model using MATLAB code for beta configuration FEMTO-60 prototype operating as a refrigerator. The effects of shuttle heat loss and mass leakage on the cooling performance of domestic Stirling refrigerator have been studied. Moreover, the effects of operating parameters (operating frequency and charging pressure) and design parameters (phase angle, regenerator length and porosity, displacer height, swept volume ratio, and piston diameter to stroke ratio) have been investigated. A cooling power of 625 W and COP of 1.3 have been found at a charging pressure of 22.5 bar and an operating frequency of 6 Hz using the optimized design parameters. The optimized parameters (operating and specified design parameters) could deliver from 48% to 60% more cold production and from 30% to 40% more COP than the existing design with a safe working condition.

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Gonzales Chávez, Salome, and Néstor Rosas Martínez. "MEJORAMIENTO ENERGÉTICO Y ECONOMICO DE UNA REFRIGERADORA DOMÉSTICA SUSTITUYENDO SU REFRIGERANTE ORIGINAL R12 POR OTRO ECOLÓGICO - ANALISIS EXPERIMENTAL." Revista Cientifica TECNIA 24, no. 1 (February 6, 2017): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21754/tecnia.v24i1.29.

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Se demuestra de forma experimental la mejora energética y económica de una refrigeradora tipo doméstica, a partir de solamente sustituir su refrigerante original R-12 (CFC de característica contaminante y degradante de la Capa de Ozono), por otro refrigerante del tipo ecológico (HFC) como el R-134a. Comúnmente se practica el reemplazo de una refrigeradora que usa CFC, por otra unidad nueva que utiliza refrigerante ecológico de origen. Sin embargo, en países en vías de desarrollo el sector residencial mayormente cuenta con refrigeradoras que operan con R-12 y con vida de uso superior a los 10 años, no obstante la existencia de acuerdos internacionales que prohíben su utilización. El experimento consistió en: 1) preparación del equipo de refrigeración (dotación de reguladores de carga en el condensador y evaporador, dosificadores de refrigerante y aceite de lubricación-fluidización e instrumentación), 2) protocolo de mediciones, desarrollo de pruebas de operación con R-12 y con refrigerante ecológico sustituto R-134ª para las diversas combinaciones de carga realizadas durante un amplio periodo de experimentación. La evaluación energética se basa en las comparaciones de los ciclos termodinámicos, balances energéticos, potencias y rendimientos, operando el sistema de refrigeración tanto con R-12 como con R-134a. Como resultados se obtienen que el sistema de refrigeración operando con refrigerante ecológico R-134a frente al refrigerante R-12 de origen, se logra condiciones termodinámicas estables de operación y menor consumo de potencia del compresor, para cualquier condición de carga y en amplios periodos de operación. Por tanto, una de las soluciones más convenientes desde el punto de vista socioeconómico, es la sustitución solamente del refrigerante CFC en la misma refrigeradora usada (antigua), haciendo los ajustes y apropiada dosificación del refrigerante ecológico y del aceite de lubricación-fluidización. Palabras clave.- Refrigeración doméstica, Refrigerante CFC, Refrigerante ecológico HFC, Capa de ozono, Eficiencia energética, Confiabilidad, Economía. ABSTRACTWe demonstrate experimentally the energy and economic improvement of a domestic refrigerator, after only replace the original refrigerant R-12 (CFC) on the other ecological refrigerant R-134b (HFC). Commonly a refrigerator using CFC is replaced with new green refrigerator. However, in developing countries the residential sector has mostly refrigerators operating with R-12 and life exceeding 10 years use, despite the existence of international agreements that prohibit their use.As a result we obtain that the refrigerator in evaluating operating with ecological refrigerant, compared with R-12 refrigerant source, stable thermodynamic conditions operation and lower power consumption compressor, for all load conditions and extended periods of operation is achieved. Therefore, one of the most convenient solutions from a socioeconomic view point, it is only replacing CFC refrigerant used in the refrigerator (old), making the appropriate dosage of ecological coolant and lubrication oil-fluidization Keywords.- Domestic refrigeration, CFC refrigerant, HFC refrigerant, Ozone layer, Energy efficiency, Reliability, Economy.

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McAlpine, Kate. "Atomic Jenga could turn domestic refrigerators green." New Scientist 207, no. 2773 (August 2010): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(10)61963-x.

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Min, Gao, and D. M. Rowe. "Experimental evaluation of prototype thermoelectric domestic-refrigerators." Applied Energy 83, no. 2 (February 2006): 133–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2005.01.002.

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Costa, G. S. R., and D. D. Ananda Namal. "Analysis of Energy Efficiency of Domestic Refrigerators." Engineer: Journal of the Institution of Engineers, Sri Lanka 52, no. 3 (December 31, 2019): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/engineer.v52i3.7364.

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James, R. W., and J. F. Missenden. "The use of propane in domestic refrigerators." International Journal of Refrigeration 15, no. 2 (January 1992): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-7007(92)90033-q.

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Patel, Wasim Babulal, Pranav G. Charkha, Amol V. Joshi, and Jitendra N. Wadadkar. "Utilization of Waste Heat from Condenser of Domestic Refrigerator for Water Heating." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1259, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1259/1/012010.

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Abstract Conservation of energy is very important factor in economic and financial development of country. Refrigeration system utilizes enormous amount and lost from refrigerator is also a major concern which ultimately rejected to atmosphere causing rise in temperature. On the other hand electricity is consumed to heat water. So it is necessary to utilize this rejected heat. In this paper the extracted heat from refrigeration is used to heat water by utilizing water cooled condenser without affecting COP of the system. The setup is installed on domestic refrigerator containing condensing coil, temperature sensors for reading and insulated tank attached to domestic refrigerator as it is widely used in almost every house.

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Masthanaiah, Kasibisi. "Thermosyphon Assisted Cooling System in Domestic Refrigerator." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology V, no. X (October 30, 2017): 1713–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2017.10250.

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Gupta, J. K., M. Ram Gopal, and S. Chakraborty. "Modeling of a domestic frost-free refrigerator." International Journal of Refrigeration 30, no. 2 (March 2007): 311–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2006.06.006.

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Le’an, Sun, Zhao Yuanyang, Li Liansheng, and Shu Pengcheng. "Performance of a prototype Stirling domestic refrigerator." Applied Thermal Engineering 29, no. 2-3 (February 2009): 210–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2008.02.036.

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KENNEDY, J., V. JACKSON, I. S. BLAIR, D. A. McDOWELL, C. COWAN, and D. J. BOLTON. "Food Safety Knowledge of Consumers and the Microbiological and Temperature Status of Their Refrigerators." Journal of Food Protection 68, no. 7 (July 1, 2005): 1421–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-68.7.1421.

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The objectives of this study were to examine domestic food safety knowledge levels of consumers, establish the levels and incidence of bacterial contamination and operational temperatures in domestic refrigerators, and identify areas in which consumer food safety education is necessary in Ireland. A food safety knowledge questionnaire applied to a representative sample of households (n = 1,020) throughout the island of Ireland found the gaps in consumer food safety knowledge. Analysis of swab samples (n = 900) recovered from the domestic refrigerators in these households showed average total viable counts of 7.1 log CFU/cm2 and average total coliform counts of 4.0 log CFU/cm2. Analysis of swab samples also detected the incidence of Staphylococcus aureus (41%), Escherichia coli (6%), Salmonella enterica (7%), Listeria monocytogenes (6%), and Yersinia enterocolitica (2%). Campylobacter jejuni and E. coli O157:H7 were not detected in domestic refrigerators. The temperature profiles of a subset of the sampled refrigerators (100) were monitored for 72 h, and 59% were found to operate, on average, at temperatures above the recommended 5°C. Knowledge and temperature survey results varied considerably, but consumers who scored better in terms of basic food safety knowledge had reduced levels of bacterial contamination in their refrigerators and reported a reduced incidence of food-associated illnesses. This study confirms the effect of basic food hygiene knowledge on hygienic practice and identifies specific areas for emphasis in the development and delivery of effective food safety risk communication messages to consumers.

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Ilg, Yvonne, Stefanie Bruckner, and Judith Kreyenschmidt. "Applicability of surfaces containing silver in domestic refrigerators." International Journal of Consumer Studies 35, no. 2 (February 14, 2011): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1470-6431.2010.00976.x.

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Laguerre, O., and D. Flick. "Heat transfer by natural convection in domestic refrigerators." Journal of Food Engineering 62, no. 1 (March 2004): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0260-8774(03)00173-0.

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Jung, Dongsoo, Chong-Bo Kim, Kilhong Song, and Byoungjin Park. "Testing of propane/isobutane mixture in domestic refrigerators." International Journal of Refrigeration 23, no. 7 (November 2000): 517–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-7007(99)00084-5.

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Knabben, Fernando T., Adriano F. Ronzoni, and Christian J. L. Hermes. "Application of electronic expansion valves in domestic refrigerators." International Journal of Refrigeration 119 (November 2020): 227–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2020.07.029.

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Flynn, Orla M. J., Ian Blair, and David McDowell. "The efficiency and consumer operation of domestic refrigerators." International Journal of Refrigeration 15, no. 5 (January 1992): 307–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-7007(92)90046-w.

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James, S. J., J. Evans, and C. James. "A review of the performance of domestic refrigerators." Journal of Food Engineering 87, no. 1 (July 2008): 2–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.03.032.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Refrigeratori domestici'

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