Academic literature on the topic 'Refreshing semantics'

This article aims to explain the differences in meanings between the words "refreshing" and "healing," and to elaborate on how social factors influence the interpretations of these two words. The method used in this research is descriptive-qualitative. Data collection techniques involve questionnaire, interview, and library study. The data is analyzed based on the sociolinguistic approach. The results of the study show that generally people use the words "refreshing" and "healing" without knowing the meanings of these two words. These words are even used interchangeably and are considered recreational words. However, both words have different meanings, either in terms of internal aspects of language (semantics) or in terms of external aspects of language (sociolinguistics). The term "refreshing" literally means "making you feel cooler or less tired"; and, something very different and interesting. The word "healing" is defined as a process of recovery, both physically and emotionally. In a social context, "refreshing" can refer to pleasant and invigorating social interactions; whereas, the word "healing" can reflect the culture of care and social support in certain societies.

This article considers the legacy of James Barr’s The Semantics of Biblical Language. Ideally, his criticisms of theology’s use of philology would have been assimilated already into the field. But the kinds of abuses that Barr so clearly identified and critiqued are still commonly found. As a way of exploring this state of affairs, the case of μετάνοια (“repentance”) in New Testament studies is taken up in the first part of this article. The second part of the article considers the ways in which Barr’s thoroughgoing critique of its specious appropriation for theology has left many justifiably skittish about employing it to any significant effect and has contributed, perhaps, to a sense that ongoing engagement with the original languages of biblical literature is not a necessity and, certainly, not an avenue to creative scholarship. Examples will be adduced from biblical Hebrew ידע (“know”), לב (“heart”), and אהב (“love”) for how we might approach language and its deployment as a way of engaging difference, in this case, in and through ancient Israelite thinking about “mind” and “emotions.” The article concludes with the suggestion that we might move the practice of philology forward in biblical studies by attending more fully to the positionality of its practitioners. In particular, what emerges throughout the study is the dominance of a certain interiorizing language of the self, whereby biblical Hebrew terms are made to conform to a modern dichotomy of mind and body.

Previously, names in literary contexts were generally treated as peripheral lexical items or mere identity tags for the personages and geo-spaces in texts. Yet, recently, the subject has become a polemical one, accorded much scholarly attention as evident in a remarkable upsurge of fascinating examination of literary names and a profound increase in academic conversations about naming practices in fictive landscapes. What is more interesting is the argument that names in fictive discourse are an inherent and indispensable part of the textual composition which contributes to the overall semantics of the text. Drawing from this realisation, the study further explores the premise that naming is not arbitrary but rather, a salient and (sub) conscious artistic technique that provides significant semiotic avenues for the articulation and signification of nuanced and dynamic meanings. This study interrogates the stylistic, thematic functions and semantic possibilities of some toponyms, anthroponyms and charactonyms in selected contemporary Zimbabwean novels from an onomastic perspective. The study proposes that onomastics could offer critical and refreshing interpretive insights aimed to provide rich avenues of reading and decoding thematic preoccupations in the chosen novels.

We explored age-related differences in executive function during selection of a target from among active representations. Refreshing (thinking briefly of a just-activated representation) is an executive process that foregrounds a target relative to other active representations. In a behavioral study, participants saw one or three words, then saw a cue to refresh one of the words, saw one word again and read it, or read a new word. Increasing the number of active representations increased response times (RTs) only in the refresh condition for young adults but increased RTs equally in all conditions for older adults, suggesting that they experienced interference from activated irrelevant information during perception and reflection. Consistent with this interpretation, in a functional magnetic resonance imaging study, young adults showed two areas of the left dorsolateral frontal cortex and a medial area of frontal cortex, including anterior cingulate, that were relatively more sensitive to number of active representations during refresh than read trials; for older adults these areas were equally sensitive to number of active items for refresh and read trials. Young and older adults showed activity associated with refreshing on trials requiring selection in left mid-ventral frontal cortex (an area associated with selection from active representations); older adults also showed activity in left anterior ventral frontal cortex (an area associated with controlled semantic activation). Our results support the hypothesis of an age-related decrease in ability to gate out activated but currently irrelevant information, and are consistent with a dissociation of function between eft mid-ventral and left anterior ventral frontal cortex.

The current study illuminates and identifies rural learners' English Grammar learning issues at lower standard. The current study may be effective in improving rural learners' English proficiency and removing learners' issues. It enables teachers to diagnose learners' learning barriers and facilitates remedial instruction to improve learners' English achievement. The study used the survey method as its methodology.The Sample: For the study, 200 - first year students and some teachers from School and College in the rural area served as the sample. Tools for the study included a survey seeking teacher opinions and a diagnostic exam created by the researcher. The first step in the study's methodology is the identification of problems through the use of diagnostic tests. 2nd Determining the learners' problems based on the teachers' perceptions. The learners struggle with pronunciation, prepositions, conjunctions, sentence, structure, and semantics, among other aspects of grammar.the implications for education Refreshing the English skills of rural students might be beneficial Keywords: Diagnostic Test, English, Learning Difficulties, College, Level.

Abstract Objectives Refreshing, or the act of briefly foregrounding recently presented but now perceptually absent representations, has been identified as a possible source of age differences in working memory and episodic memory. We investigated whether the refreshing deficit contributes to the well-known age-related deficit for retrieving nonsemantic associations, but has no impact on existing semantic associations. Method Younger and older adults judged the relatedness of stimulus word pairs (e.g., pink–blue or pink–cop) after repeating or refreshing one of the words. During a later source recognition memory test, participants determined whether each item recognized as old was presented on the left or right (nonsemantic source memory) and presented in a related or unrelated pair (semantic source memory). The data were analyzed using a hierarchical Bayesian implementation of a multinomial model of multidimensional source memory. Results Neither age group exhibited a refreshing benefit to nonsemantic or semantic source memory parameters. There was a large age difference in nonsemantic source memory, but no age difference in semantic source memory. Discussion The study suggests that the nature of the association is most important to episodic memory performance in older age, irrespective of refreshing, such that source memory is unimpaired for semantically meaningful information.

Background. A problem of linguistic and speech nomination is still rather topical being not completely solved in terms of the theory of modern linguistic. That is confirmed by numerous opinions of linguists concerning the one-word nominations that can replace a word combination. Those words form certain thematic and lexico-semantic groups which partially represent a cultural fund of native speakers of some specific language. One of such lexico-semantic groups includes the names of beverages. Analysis of each unit, belonging to the corresponding group and being the reflection of everyday life and culture of the nation, is the basis to understand peculiar national mentality represented by the speech. Those lexical elements were studied from the viewpoint of lexicology, word formation, pragmatics, and, rather rarely, from the viewpoint of modern theory of nomination and clear differentiation of lexical transformations and modifications; that defines the topicality of our research.Purpose of the research is to determine the nominative status of the lexemes denoting homemade alcoholic beverages in the Russian-language discourse.Methods. A continuous sampling method has been applied to accumulate the actual material. A methodology of distributive analysis has helped differentiate the concepts. Etymological analysis has become the key to identify real origin and genetic status of a particular univerb.Results. We consider that a univerb is a word which is identical semantically and grammatically to a certain word combination, differing stylistically from the equivalent word combination but being the modification, doublets of one nominathemes. That is why univerbation differs considerably from the word formation in its traditional sense. It is no doubt that the wordforming relations are always motivated. However, motivations can be different; consequently, not all the motivating relations can be considered as the word-forming ones. Motivation is considered as the semantic stipulation of the meaning of formative and derivative words by the meanings of their components. In terms of the word-forming act, some units are the source of motivation; others, being the results of that act, are motivated. Thus, if during the origin of a new word, its lexical meaning (taking into account its etymological cognation) differs from the formative meaning, then we observe the external motivation. If lexical meanings of the formative and derivative units are identical, then we can see the internal motivation. Though, formation of that sample involves the means being homonymic to the word-forming ones. Univerbation is opposed to quasiuniverbation, i.e. formation of univerbs by analogy. However, one should differentiate between quasiuniverbation and mechanism of analogy, accompanying the phenomenon of univerbation. Relying on the criteria of the determination of univerbation and quasiuniverbation, we propose two-component classification of the units under study.Discussion. The analyzed units are univerbs – synthetic implementation of the nominathemes like “word combination – elliptic univerb”; we attribute them to the ones belonging to the univerbs or quasiuniverbs depending on the ways and chronology of their origin in speech and language. They form the lexico-semantic field “Names of inanimate objects”, thematic group “Food”, lexico-semantic group “Beverages”, subgroup “Homemade alcoholic beverages”. That lexico-semantic group contains some more subgroups like “Alcoholic beverages”, “Refreshing beverages”, “Hot beverages” etc. Prospects for further studies of that group of words are in its analysis from the viewpoint of the derivative potential in both Russian and other Slavic languages.

Les logiques de descriptions ont été étudiées et utilisées dans de nombreux systèmes basés sur la connaissance. Elles permettent non seulement de representer la connaissance mais également de raisonner sur celle-ci. La relation de subsumtpion, une relation hierarchique entre les concepts, est l'une des tâches de raisonnement les plus communes. Le matching et l'unfication généralise la subsumption aux descriptions de concepts impliquants des variables. Dans ce papier, nous étudions le problème de raisonner en logique de description avec des variables. Plus précisement, nous considérons deux types de sémantique pour les variables dans le contexte de la logique el. Nous étudions fondamentalement deux types de raisonnement dans ce contexte, le matching et l'inclusion de pattern. Le problème de matching est utilisé comme un mécanisme pour évaluer des patterns sur une base de connaissances (i.e. calculer les réponses à une requête qui prends la forme d'un pattern) alors que l'inclusion de pattern permet de déterminer si les réponses d'un pattern sont inclus dans les réponses d'un autre pattern et ce, peu importe la base de connaissances. Nous démontrons que les deux problemes, le matching et l'inclusion de pattern, sont EXPTIME-complete. Les principaux résultats techniques sont obtenus par l'établissement d'une correspondance entre logique et automate à variables<br>Description logics are a family of knowledge representation that have been widely investigated and used in knowledge-based systems. The strength of description logics is beyond their modeling assets, it's their reasoning abilities. %Reasoning takes the shape of mechanisms that make the implicit knowledge explicit. One of the most common mechanism is based on the subsumption relationship. This relationship is a hierarchical relationship between concepts which aims to state if a concept is more general than another. The associated reasoning tasks aims to determine the subsumption relationship between two concepts. %Variables have been introduced to description logic to answer the needs of representing incomplete information. In this context, deciding subsumption evolved into two non-standard reasoning tasks known as matching and unification. Matching aims to decide the subsumption relationship between a concept and a pattern (i.e. a concept expressed with variables). Unification extends matching to the case where both entries are patterns. The semantics associated to variables can be qualified as non-refreshing semantics where assignment are fixed. In this thesis, we investigate reasoning with variables augmented with refreshing semantics. Refreshing semantics enables variables to be released and then given a new assignment. We define recursive pattern queries as terminologies that may contain variables leading to investigation of problems to answer recursive pattern queries over description logic ontologies. More specifically, we focus on the description logic el. Recursive pattern queries are expressed in the logic elrv, an extension of the description logic el with variables equipped with refreshing semantics.%We study the complexity of query answering and query containment in elrv, two reasoning mechanisms that can be viewed as a variant of matching and unification in presence of refreshing variables. Our main technical results are derived by establishing a correspondence between this logic and a variant of variable automata. While the upper bound is given by specific algorithms which are proven to be optimal, the lower bound is achieved by a reduction to halting problem of alternating turing machine. Thus leading to these problems being EXPTIME-complete

Abstract Modern logic provides a theoretical analysis of mathematics which cuts across its traditional subdivisions into algebra, geometry, analysis, etc. Actually, there is no single logical theory but a variety of such whose aim is to model the reasoning of, say, an idealized platonistic (set-theoretical) mathematician or an idealized constructivist mathematician at work in one of these areas of mathematics. What is common to the various theories is the use of formal systems to describe that activity, namely, as being one of drawing consequences within a specified class of symbolic expressions called formulas from certain formulas called axioms by use of certain specified rules of inference. Some logicians call themselves formalists and think that there is nothing more to mathematics than what is pictured as the production of derivations within formal systems. But those who take seriously the platonistic, constructivist, or other such views (for example, finitist, predicativist, etc.) also concern themselves with the meaning of what is expressed in formal languages. There is then the question as to which choices of axioms and rules are legitimate and-in case the systems are incomplete-how they might be legitimately extended. This leads one into controversial areas of the foundations of mathematics. I stress here the syntactic (formal) aspect as opposed to the semantic (and/or foundational) aspect of the logical description of mathematical activity. This is more neutral territory, but one within which there are a number of notions and results concerning the logical structure of mathematical proofs that are relevant to the remarks by Y. Manin in “Digression: proof” (Manin 1977, pp. 48-51). It should be added that I found those remarks both refreshing and stimulating.