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Journal articles on the topic 'Refractory complex concentrated alloy'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Butler, T. M., and K. J. Chaput. "Native oxidation resistance of Al20Nb30Ta10Ti30Zr10 refractory complex concentrated alloy (RCCA)." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 787 (May 2019): 606–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.02.128.

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2

Jia, Yuefei, Gang Wang, Shiwei Wu, Yongkun Mu, Yun Yi, Yandong Jia, Peter K. Liaw, Tongyi Zhang, and Chain-Tsuan Liu. "A lightweight refractory complex concentrated alloy with high strength and uniform ductility." Applied Materials Today 27 (June 2022): 101429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apmt.2022.101429.

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3

Senkov, O. N., S. Gorsse, and D. B. Miracle. "High temperature strength of refractory complex concentrated alloys." Acta Materialia 175 (August 2019): 394–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2019.06.032.

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4

Tsakiropoulos, Panos. "Refractory Metal (Nb) Intermetallic Composites, High Entropy Alloys, Complex Concentrated Alloys and the Alloy Design Methodology NICE—Mise-en-scène † Patterns of Thought and Progress." Materials 14, no. 4 (February 19, 2021): 989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14040989.

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The paper reflects on the usefulness of the alloy design methodology NICE (Niobium Intermetallic Composite Elaboration) for the development of new Nb-containing metallic ultra-high-temperature materials (UHTMs), namely refractory metal (Nb) intermetallic composites (RM(Nb)ICs), refractory high entropy alloys (RHEAs) and refractory complex concentrated alloys (RCCAs), in which the same phases can be present, specifically bcc solid solution(s), M5Si3 silicide(s) and Laves phases. The reasons why a new alloy design methodology was sought and the foundations on which NICE was built are discussed. It is shown that the alloying behavior of RM(Nb)ICs, RHEAs and RCCAs can be described by the same parameters. The practicality of parameter maps inspired by NICE for describing/understanding the alloying behavior and properties of alloys and their phases is demonstrated. It is described how NICE helps the alloy developer to understand better the alloys s/he develops and what s/he can do and predict (calculate) with NICE. The paper expands on RM(Nb)ICs, RHEAs and RCCAs with B, Ge or Sn, the addition of which and the presence of A15 compounds is recommended in RHEAs and RCCAs to achieve a balance of properties.

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5

Li, Mu, Zhaohan Zhang, Arashdeep S. Thind, Guodong Ren, Rohan Mishra, and Katharine M. Flores. "Microstructure and properties of NbVZr refractory complex concentrated alloys." Acta Materialia 213 (July 2021): 116919. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2021.116919.

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6

Tsakiropoulos, Panos. "On the Stability of Complex Concentrated (CC)/High Entropy (HE) Solid Solutions and the Contamination with Oxygen of Solid Solutions in Refractory Metal Intermetallic Composites (RM(Nb)ICs) and Refractory Complex Concentrated Alloys (RCCAs)." Materials 15, no. 23 (November 28, 2022): 8479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15238479.

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In as-cast (AC) or heat-treated (HT) metallic ultra-high temperature materials often “conventional” and complex-concentrated (CC) or high-entropy (HE) solid solutions (sss) are observed. Refractory metal containing bcc sss also are contaminated with oxygen. This paper studied the stability of CC/HE Nbss and the contamination with oxygen of Nbss in RM(INb)ICs, RM(Nb)ICs/RCCAs and RM(Nb)ICs/RHEAs. “Conventional” and CC/HE Nbss were compared. “Conventional” Nbss can be Ti-rich only in AC alloys. Ti-rich Nbss is not observed in HT alloys. In B containing alloys the Ti-rich Nbss is usually CC/HE. The CC/HE Nbss is stable in HT alloys with simultaneous addition of Mo, W with Hf, Ge+Sn. The implications for alloy design of correlations between the parameter δ of “conventional” and CC/HE Nbss with the B or the Ge+Sn concentration in the Nbss and of relationships of other solutes with the B or Ge+Sn content are discussed. The CC/HE Nbss has low Δχ, VEC and Ω and high ΔSmix, |ΔHmix| and δ parameters, and is formed in alloys that have high entropy of mixing. These parameters are compared with those of single-phase bcc ss HEAs and differences in ΔHmix, δ, Δχ and Ω, and similarities in ΔSmix and VEC are discussed. Relationships between the parameters of alloy and “conventional” Nbss also apply for CC/HE Nbss. The parameters δss and Ωss, and VECss and VECalloy can differentiate between types of alloying additions and their concentrations and are key regarding the formation or not of CC/HE Nbss. After isothermal oxidation at a pest temperature (800 oC/100 h) the contaminated with oxygen Nbss in the diffusion zone is CC/HE Nbss, whereas the Nbss in the bulk can be “conventional” Nbss or CC/HE Nbss. The parameters of “uncontaminated” and contaminated with oxygen sss are linked with linear relationships. There are correlations between the oxygen concentration in contaminated sss in the diffusion zone and the bulk of alloys with the parameters ΔχNbss, δNbss and VECNbss, the values of which increase with increasing oxygen concentration in the ss. The effects of contamination with oxygen of the near surface areas of a HT RM(Nb)IC with Al, Cr, Hf, Si, Sn, Ti and V additions and a high vol.% Nbss on the hardness and Young’s modulus of the Nbss, and contributions to the hardness of the Nbss in B free or B containing alloys are discussed. The hardness and Young’s modulus of the bcc ss increased linearly with its oxygen concentration and the change in hardness and Young’s modulus due to contamination increased linearly with [O]2/3.

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7

Zacharis, Eleftherios, Claire Utton, and Panos Tsakiropoulos. "A Study of the Effects of Hf and Sn on the Microstructure, Hardness and Oxidation of Nb-18Si Silicide-Based Alloys-RM(Nb)ICs with Ti Addition and Comparison with Refractory Complex Concentrated Alloys (RCCAs)." Materials 15, no. 13 (June 30, 2022): 4596. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15134596.

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In this paper, we present a systematic study of the as-cast and heat-treated microstructures of three refractory metal intermetallic composites based on Nb (i.e., RM(Nb)ICs), namely the alloys EZ2, EZ5, and EZ6, and one RM(Nb)IC/RCCA (refractory complex concentrated alloy), namely the alloy EZ8. We also examine the hardness and phases of these alloys. The nominal compositions (at.%) of the alloys were Nb-24Ti-18Si-5Hf-5Sn (EZ2), Nb-24Ti-18Si-5Al-5Hf-5Sn (EZ5), Nb-24Ti-18Si-5Cr-5Hf-5Sn (EZ6), and Nb-24Ti-18Si-5Al-5Cr-5Hf-5Sn (EZ8). All four alloys had density less than 7.3 g/cm3. The Nbss was stable in EZ2 and EZ6 and the C14-NbCr2 Laves phase in EZ6 and EZ8. In all four alloys, the A15-Nb3X (X = Al,Si,Sn) and the tetragonal and hexagonal Nb5Si3 were stable. Eutectics of Nbss + Nb5Si3 and Nbss + C14-NbCr2 formed in the cast alloys without and with Cr addition, respectively. In all four alloys, Nb3Si was not formed. In the heat-treated alloys EZ5 and EZ8, A15-Nb3X precipitated in the Nb5Si3 grains. The chemical compositions of Nbss + C14-NbCr2 eutectics and some Nb5Si3 silicides and lamellar microstructures corresponded to high-entropy or complex concentrated phases (compositionally complex phases). Microstructures and properties were considered from the perspective of the alloy design methodology NICE. The vol.% Nbss increased with increasing ΔχNbss. The hardness of the alloys respectively increased and decreased with increasing vol.% of A15-Nb3X and Nbss. The hardness of the A15-Nb3X increased with its parameter Δχ, and the hardness of the Nbss increased with its parameters δ and Δχ. The room-temperature-specific strength of the alloys was in the range 271.7 to 416.5 MPa cm3g−1. The effect of the synergy of Hf and Sn, or Hf and B, or Hf and Ge on the macrosegregation of solutes, microstructures, and properties of RM(Nb)ICs/RCCAs from this study and others is compared. Phase transformations involving compositionally complex phases are discussed.

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8

Thandorn, Tophan, and Panos Tsakiropoulos. "On the Microstructure and Properties of Nb-Ti-Cr-Al-B-Si-X (X = Hf, Sn, Ta) Refractory Complex Concentrated Alloys." Materials 14, no. 24 (December 10, 2021): 7615. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14247615.

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We studied the effect of the addition of Hf, Sn, or Ta on the density, macrosegregation, microstructure, hardness and oxidation of three refractory metal intermetallic composites based on Nb (RM(Nb)ICs) that were also complex concentrated alloys (i.e., RM(Nb)ICs/RCCAs), namely, the alloys TT5, TT6, and TT7, which had the nominal compositions (at.%) Nb-24Ti-18Si-5Al-5B-5Cr-6Ta, Nb-24Ti-18Si-4Al-6B-5Cr-4Sn and Nb-24Ti-17Si-5Al-6B-5Cr-5Hf, respectively. The alloys were compared with B containing and B free RM(Nb)ICs. The macrosegregation of B, Ti, and Si was reduced with the addition, respectively of Hf, Sn or Ta, Sn or Ta, and Hf or Sn. All three alloys had densities less than 7 g/cm3. The alloy TT6 had the highest specific strength in the as cast and heat-treated conditions, which was also higher than that of RCCAs and refractory metal high entropy alloys (RHEAs). The bcc solid solution Nbss and the tetragonal T2 and hexagonal D88 silicides were stable in the alloys TT5 and TT7, whereas in TT6 the stable phases were the A15-Nb3Sn and the T2 and D88 silicides. All three alloys did not pest at 800 °C, where only the scale that was formed on TT5 spalled off. At 1200 °C, the scale of TT5 spalled off, but not the scales of TT6 and TT7. Compared with the B free alloys, the synergy of B with Ta was the least effective regarding oxidation at 800 and 1200 °C. Macrosegregation of solutes, the chemical composition of phases, the hardness of the Nbss and the alloys, and the oxidation of the alloys at 800 and 1200 °C were considered from the perspective of the Niobium Intermetallic Composite Elaboration (NICE) alloy design methodology. Relationships between properties and the parameters VEC, δ, and Δχ of alloy or phase and between parameters were discussed. The trends of parameters and the location of alloys and phases in parameter maps were in agreement with NICE.

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9

Senkov, O. N., D. B. Miracle, and S. I. Rao. "Correlations to improve room temperature ductility of refractory complex concentrated alloys." Materials Science and Engineering: A 820 (July 2021): 141512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2021.141512.

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10

Aksoy, Doruk, Megan J. McCarthy, Ian Geiger, Diran Apelian, Horst Hahn, Enrique J. Lavernia, Jian Luo, Huolin Xin, and Timothy J. Rupert. "Chemical order transitions within extended interfacial segregation zones in NbMoTaW." Journal of Applied Physics 132, no. 23 (December 21, 2022): 235302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0122502.

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Interfacial segregation and chemical short-range ordering influence the behavior of grain boundaries in complex concentrated alloys. In this study, we use atomistic modeling of a NbMoTaW refractory complex concentrated alloy to provide insight into the interplay between these two phenomena. Hybrid Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics simulations are performed on columnar grain models to identify equilibrium grain boundary structures. Our results reveal extended near-boundary segregation zones that are much larger than traditional segregation regions, which also exhibit chemical patterning that bridges the interfacial and grain interior regions. Furthermore, structural transitions pertaining to an A2-to-B2 transformation are observed within these extended segregation zones. Both grain size and temperature are found to significantly alter the widths of these regions. An analysis of chemical short-range order indicates that not all pairwise elemental interactions are affected by the presence of a grain boundary equally, as only a subset of elemental clustering types are more likely to reside near certain boundaries. The results emphasize the increased chemical complexity that is associated with near-boundary segregation zones and demonstrate the unique nature of interfacial segregation in complex concentrated alloys.

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11

Bhandari, Uttam, Hamed Ghadimi, Congyan Zhang, Shizhong Yang, and Shengmin Guo. "Predicting Elastic Constants of Refractory Complex Concentrated Alloys Using Machine Learning Approach." Materials 15, no. 14 (July 18, 2022): 4997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15144997.

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Refractory complex concentrated alloys (RCCAs) have drawn increasing attention recently owing to their balanced mechanical properties, including excellent creep resistance, ductility, and oxidation resistance. The mechanical and thermal properties of RCCAs are directly linked with the elastic constants. However, it is time consuming and expensive to obtain the elastic constants of RCCAs with conventional trial-and-error experiments. The elastic constants of RCCAs are predicted using a combination of density functional theory simulation data and machine learning (ML) algorithms in this study. The elastic constants of several RCCAs are predicted using the random forest regressor, gradient boosting regressor (GBR), and XGBoost regression models. Based on performance metrics R-squared, mean average error and root mean square error, the GBR model was found to be most promising in predicting the elastic constant of RCCAs among the three ML models. Additionally, GBR model accuracy was verified using the other four RHEAs dataset which was never seen by the GBR model, and reasonable agreements between ML prediction and available results were found. The present findings show that the GBR model can be used to predict the elastic constant of new RHEAs more accurately without performing any expensive computational and experimental work.

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12

Rao, S. I., B. Akdim, E. Antillon, C. Woodward, T. A. Parthasarathy, and O. N. Senkov. "Modeling solution hardening in BCC refractory complex concentrated alloys: NbTiZr, Nb1.5TiZr0.5 and Nb0.5TiZr1.5." Acta Materialia 168 (April 2019): 222–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2019.02.013.

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13

Chesetti, Advika, Sucharita Banerjee, Sriswaroop Dasari, Mohan Sai Kiran Nartu, S. M. Varahabhatla, Abhishek Sharma, Abhishek Ramakrishnan, et al. "3D printable low density B2+BCC refractory element based complex concentrated alloy with high compressive strength and plasticity." Scripta Materialia 225 (March 2023): 115160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2022.115160.

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14

Vellios, Nikos, and Panos Tsakiropoulos. "The Effect of Fe Addition in the RM(Nb)IC Alloy Nb–30Ti–10Si–2Al–5Cr–3Fe–5Sn–2Hf (at.%) on Its Microstructure, Complex Concentrated and High Entropy Phases, Pest Oxidation, Strength and Contamination with Oxygen, and a Comparison with Other RM(Nb)ICs, Refractory Complex Concentrated Alloys (RCCAs) and Refractory High Entropy Alloys (RHEAs)." Materials 15, no. 17 (August 23, 2022): 5815. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15175815.

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In this work, the RM(Nb)IC alloy Nb–30Ti–10Si–5Cr–5Sn–3Fe–2Al–2Hf (NV2) was studied in the as-cast and heat-treated conditions; its isothermal oxidation at 700, 800 and 900 °C and its room temperature hardness and specific strength were compared with other Sn-containing RM(Nb)ICs—in particular, the alloy Nb–24Ti–18Si–5Cr–5Fe–5Sn (NV5)—and with RCCAs and RHEAs. The addition of Fe (a) stabilised Nbss; A15–Nb3X (X = Al, Si and Sn) and Nb3Si; metastable Nb3Si-m’ and Nb5Si3 silicides; (b) supported the formation of eutectic Nbss + Nb5Si3; (c) suppressed pest oxidation at all three temperatures and (d) stabilised a Cr- and Fe-rich phase instead of a C14–Nb(Cr,Fe)2 Laves phase. Complex concentrated (or compositionally complex) and/or high entropy phases co-existed with “conventional” phases in all conditions and after oxidation at 800 °C. In NV2, the macrosegregation of Si decreased but liquation occurred at T >1200 °C. A solid solution free of Si and rich in Cr and Ti was stable after the heat treatments. The relationships between solutes in the various phases, between solutes and alloy parameters and between alloy hardness or specific strength and the alloy parameters were established (parameters δ, Δχ and VEC). The oxidation of NV2 at 700 °C was better than the other Sn-containing RM(Nb)ICs with/without Fe addition, even better than RM(Nb)IC alloys with lower vol.% Nbss. At 800 °C, the mass change of NV2 was slightly higher than that of NV5, and at 900 °C, both alloys showed scale spallation. At 800 °C, both alloys formed a more or less continuous layer of A15–Nb3X below the oxide scale, but in NV5, this compound was Sn-rich and severely oxidised. At 800 °C, in the diffusion zone (DZ) and the bulk of NV2, Nbss was more severely contaminated with oxygen than Nb5Si3, and the contamination of A15–Nb3X was in-between these phases. The contamination of all three phases was more severe in the DZ. The contamination of all three phases in the bulk of NV5 was more severe compared with NV2. The specific strength of NV2 was comparable with that of RCCAs and RHEAs, and its oxidation at all three temperatures was significantly better than RHEAs and RCCAs.

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15

Čížek, J., O. Melikhova, T. Vlasák, P. Hruška, D. Starý, and F. Lukáč. "Characterization of lattice distortions in refractory metal complex concentrated alloys using positron annihilation spectroscopy." Materialia 23 (June 2022): 101450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mtla.2022.101450.

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16

Startt, Jacob, Andrew Kustas, Jonathan Pegues, Pin Yang, and Rémi Dingreville. "Compositional effects on the mechanical and thermal properties of MoNbTaTi refractory complex concentrated alloys." Materials & Design 213 (January 2022): 110311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2021.110311.

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17

Butler, T. M., K. J. Chaput, J. R. Dietrich, and O. N. Senkov. "High temperature oxidation behaviors of equimolar NbTiZrV and NbTiZrCr refractory complex concentrated alloys (RCCAs)." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 729 (December 2017): 1004–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.09.164.

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18

Lacour-Gogny-Goubert, A., Z. Huvelin, M. Perrut, D. Boivin, N. Horezan, I. Guillot, Ph Vermaut, and J. P. Couzinie. "Effect of Mo, Ta, V and Zr on a duplex bcc+orthorhombic refractory complex concentrated alloy using diffusion couples." Intermetallics 124 (September 2020): 106836. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2020.106836.

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19

Thandorn, Tophan, and Panos Tsakiropoulos. "The Effect of Boron on the Microstructure and Properties of Refractory Metal Intermetallic Composites (RM(Nb)ICs) Based on Nb-24Ti-xSi (x = 16, 17 or 18 at.%) with Additions of Al, Cr or Mo." Materials 14, no. 20 (October 15, 2021): 6101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14206101.

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This paper is about metallic ultra-high temperature materials, in particular, refractory metal intermetallic composites based on Nb, i.e., RM(Nb)ICs, with the addition of boron, which are compared with refractory metal high entropy alloys (RHEAs) or refractory metal complex concentrated alloys (RCCAs). We studied the effect of B addition on the density, macrosegregation, microstructure, hardness and oxidation of four RM(Nb)IC alloys, namely the alloys TT2, TT3, TT4 and TT8 with nominal compositions (at.%) Nb-24Ti-16Si-5Cr-7B, Nb-24Ti-16Si-5Al-7B, Nb-24Ti-18Si-5Al-5Cr-8B and Nb-24Ti-17Si-3.5Al-5Cr-6B-2Mo, respectively. The alloys made it possible to compare the effect of B addition on density, hardness or oxidation with that of Ge or Sn addition. The alloys were made using arc melting and their microstructures were characterised in the as cast and heat-treated conditions. The B macrosegregation was highest in TT8. The macrosegregation of Si or Ti increased with the addition of B and was lowest in TT8. The alloy TT8 had the lowest density of 6.41 g/cm3 and the highest specific strength at room temperature, which was also higher than that of RCCAs and RHEAs. The Nbss and T2 silicide were stable in the alloys TT2 and TT3, whereas in TT4 and TT8 the stable phases were the Nbss and the T2 and D88 silicides. Compared with the Ge or Sn addition in the same reference alloy, the B and Ge addition was the least and most effective at 800 °C (i.e., in the pest regime), when no other RM was present in the alloy. Like Ge or Sn, the B addition in TT2, TT3 and TT4 did not suppress scale spallation at 1200 °C. Only the alloy TT8 did not pest and its scales did not spall off at 800 and 1200 °C. The macrosegregation of Si and Ti, the chemical composition of Nbss and T2, the microhardness of Nbss and the hardness of alloys, and the oxidation of the alloys at 800 and 1200 °C were also viewed from the perspective of the alloy design methodology NICE and relationships with the alloy or phase parameters VEC, δ and Δχ. The trends of these parameters and the location of alloys and phases in parameter maps were found to be in agreement with NICE.

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20

Zhao, Jiang, Claire Utton, and Panos Tsakiropoulos. "On the Microstructure and Properties of Nb-12Ti-18Si-6Ta-5Al-5Cr-2.5W-1Hf (at.%) Silicide-Based Alloys with Ge and Sn Additions." Materials 13, no. 17 (August 22, 2020): 3719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13173719.

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The microstructures and properties of the alloys JZ3 (Nb-12.4Ti-17.7Si-6Ta-2.7W-3.7Sn-4.8Ge-1Hf-4.7Al-5.2Cr) and JZ3+(Nb-12.4Ti-19.7Si-5.7Ta-2.3W-5.7Sn-4.9Ge-0.8Hf-4.6Al-5.2Cr) were studied. The densities of both alloys were lower than the densities of Ni-based superalloys and many of the refractory metal complex concentrated alloys (RCCAs) studied to date. Both alloys had Si macrosegregation and the same phases in their as cast and heat treated microstructures, namely βNb5Si3, αNb5Si3, A15-Nb3X (X = Al, Ge, Si, Sn), C14-Cr2Nb and solid solution. W-rich solid solutions were stable in both alloys. At 800 °C only the alloy JZ3 did not show pest oxidation, and at 1200 °C a thin and well adhering scale formed only on JZ3+. The alloy JZ3+ followed parabolic oxidation with rate constant one order of magnitude higher than the single crystal Ni-superalloy CMSX-4 for the first 14 h of oxidation. The oxidation of both alloys was superior to that of RCCAs. Both alloys were predicted to have better creep at the creep goal condition compared with the superalloy CMSX-4. Calculated Si macrosegregation, solid solution volume fractions, chemical compositions of solid solution and Nb5Si3, weight changes in isothermal oxidation at 800 and 1200 °C using the alloy design methodology NICE agreed well with the experimental results.

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21

Zhang, Cheng, Benjamin E. MacDonald, Fengwei Guo, Haoren Wang, Chaoyi Zhu, Xiao Liu, Yongwang Kang, et al. "Cold-workable refractory complex concentrated alloys with tunable microstructure and good room-temperature tensile behavior." Scripta Materialia 188 (November 2020): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2020.07.006.

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22

Lin, Yi, Yi Guo, Quan Dong, Rui Huang, and Jun Tan. "Effects of vanadium content on the high temperature oxidation behavior of NbTiZrAlV refractory complex concentrated alloys." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 905 (June 2022): 164180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.164180.

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23

Vellios, Nikos, Paul Keating, and Panos Tsakiropoulos. "On the Microstructure and Properties of the Nb-23Ti-5Si-5Al-5Hf-5V-2Cr-2Sn (at.%) Silicide-Based Alloy—RM(Nb)IC." Metals 11, no. 11 (November 20, 2021): 1868. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11111868.

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The microstructure, isothermal oxidation, and hardness of the Nb-23Ti-5Si-5Al-5Hf-5V-2Cr-2Sn alloy and the hardness and Young’s moduli of elasticity of its Nbss and Nb5Si3 were studied. The alloy was selected using the niobium intermetallic composite elaboration (NICE) alloy design methodology. There was macrosegregation of Ti and Si in the cast alloy. The Nbss, αNb5Si3, γNb5Si3, and HfO2 phases were present in the as-cast or heat-treated alloy plus TiN in the near-the-surface areas of the latter. The vol.% of Nbss was about 80%. There were Ti- and Ti-and-Hf-rich areas in the solid solution and the 5-3 silicide, respectively, and there was a lamellar microstructure of these two phases. The V partitioned to the Nbss, where the solubilities of Al, Cr, Hf, and V increased with increasing Ti concentration. At 700, 800, and 900 °C, the alloy did not suffer from catastrophic pest oxidation; it followed parabolic oxidation kinetics in the former two temperatures and linear oxidation kinetics in the latter, where its mass change was the lowest compared with other Sn-containing alloys. An Sn-rich layer formed in the interface between the scale and the substrate, which consisted of the Nb3Sn and Nb6Sn5 compounds at 900 °C. The latter compound was not contaminated with oxygen. Both the Nbss and Nb5Si3 were contaminated with oxygen, with the former contaminated more severely than the latter. The bulk of the alloy was also contaminated with oxygen. The alloying of the Nbss with Sn increased its elastic modulus compared with Sn-free solid solutions. The hardness of the alloy, its Nbss, and its specific room temperature strength compared favourably with many refractory metal-complex-concentrated alloys (RCCAs). The agreement of the predictions of NICE with the experimental results was satisfactory.

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24

Hu, Q., S. Guo, J. L. Guo, F. F. Luo, and J. W. Wang. "Effect of Mo on high-temperature strength of refractory complex concentrated alloys: A perspective of electronegativity difference." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 906 (June 2022): 164186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.164186.

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25

Leont’ev, L. I., V. I. Zhuchkov, O. V. Zayakin, A. V. Sychev, and L. Yu Mikhailova. "Potential for obtaining and applying complex niobium ferroalloys." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 65, no. 1 (February 11, 2022): 10–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2022-1-10-20.

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This paper provides information regarding the application of niobium in industry and the scale of its production in the world and the Russian Federation. Most of the niobium deposits in Russia consist of pyrochlore, apatitepyrochlore and columbitepyrochlore types of ores. They contain a significant amount of phosphorus. Therefore, all enrichment schemes for these ores contain a dephosphorization stage which increases the price of the product and reduces the degree of niobium extraction. The paper explores the possibility of improving the end-to-end production scheme: niobium ore – beneficiation – niobium ferroalloy. The bulk of ferroniobium is intended for steel microalloying and can be replaced by complex ferroalloys with a reduced niobium content. The paper considers the issues of obtaining complex niobium ferroalloys from a rough concentrate with a weak content of niobium. It has been established that the addition of 25 – 40 % of silicon or 12 – 30 % of aliminum to the twocomponent metal system Fe – Nb causes the transfer of niobium ferroalloys (15 – 20 % Nb) from the refractory category to lowmelting materials. The crystallization temperatures are less than 1400 °C. The substantiation of using a complex niobium ferroalloy instead of ferroniobium is given. This alloy has reduced niobium content and increased silicon or aluminum content. Higher service characteristics of the complex ferroalloy are noted in comparison with ferroniobium (temperature of the initiation of crystallization and density). They indicate an increased assimilation of niobium when using a complex ferroalloy for steel microalloying. The paper presents data on the possibility of dephosphorization of niobium concentrates in the process of pyrometallurgical production of a complex ferroalloy. An improved scheme for the production of niobiumcontaining ferroalloys is proposed. This consists of the use of niobium concentrate for melting the intermediate ferroalloy containing a reduced concentration of niobium oxides and an increased concentration of silicon (aluminum). This ferroalloy can be used effectively for steel microalloying with niobium.

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26

Tsakiropoulos, Panos. "Refractory Metal Intermetallic Composites, High-Entropy Alloys, and Complex Concentrated Alloys: A Route to Selecting Substrate Alloys and Bond Coat Alloys for Environmental Coatings." Materials 15, no. 8 (April 12, 2022): 2832. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15082832.

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This paper considers metallic ultrahigh-temperature materials (UHTMs) and the alloying behaviour and properties of alloys and their phases by using maps of the parameters δ (based on atomic size), Δχ (based on electronegativity), and valence electron concentration (VEC), and discusses what connects and what differentiates material groups in the maps. The formation of high-entropy or complex concentrated intermetallics, namely 5-3 silicides, C14 Laves and A15 compounds, and bcc solid solutions and eutectics in metallic UHTMs and their co-existence with “conventional” phases is discussed. The practicality of maps for the design/selection of substrate alloys is deliberated upon. The need for environmental coatings for metallic UHTMs was considered and the design of bond coat alloys is discussed by using relevant maps.

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Zhao, Jiang, Claire Utton, and Panos Tsakiropoulos. "On the Microstructure and Properties of Nb-18Si-6Mo-5Al-5Cr-2.5W-1Hf Nb-Silicide Based Alloys with Ge, Sn and Ti Additions (at.%)." Materials 13, no. 20 (October 13, 2020): 4548. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13204548.

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We studied the microstructures and isothermal oxidation of the Nb-silicide-based alloys Nb-11.5Ti-18Si-5Mo-2W-4.9Sn-4.6Ge-4.5Cr-4.7Al-1Hf (JZ4) and Nb-21Ti-18Si-6.7Mo-1.2W-4.4Sn-4.2Ge-4Cr-3.7Al-0.8Hf (JZ5), calculated their average creep rate for the creep goal conditions of T = 1200 °C and σ = 170 MPa, and compared properties of the two alloys with those of other refractory metal (RM) complex concentrated alloys (RCCAs). Both alloys had a density less than 7.3 g/cm3 and lower than the density of multiphase bcc solid solution + M5Si3 silicide RCCAs. There was macrosegregation of Si in both alloys, which had the same phases in their as-cast microstructures, namely βNb5Si3, αNb5Si3, A15-Nb3X (X = Al, Ge, Si, Sn), TM5Sn2X (X = Al, Ge, Si), C14-Cr2Nb, but no solid solution. After heat treatment at 1500 °C for 100 h, a low volume fraction of a W-rich (Nb, W)ss solid solution was observed in both alloys together with βNb5Si3, αNb5Si3 and A15-Nb3X but not the TM5Sn2X, whereas the Laves phase was observed only in JZ4. At 800 °C, both alloys did not pest, and there was no spallation of their scales at 1200 °C. At both temperatures, both alloys followed parabolic oxidation kinetics and their weight changes were lower than those of Ti-rich Nb-silicide-based alloys. The oxidation of both alloys was superior to that of other RCCAs studied to date. For each alloy the Si macrosegregation, volume fraction of solid solution, chemical composition of solid solution and Nb5Si3, and weight changes in isothermal oxidation at 800 and 1200 °C that were calculated using the alloy design methodology NICE agreed well with the experimental results.

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Mishra, Saswat, Karthik Guda Vishnu, and Alejandro Strachan. "Comparing the accuracy of melting temperature prediction methods for high entropy alloys." Journal of Applied Physics 132, no. 20 (November 28, 2022): 205901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0101548.

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Refractory complex concentrated alloys (RCCAs) are a relatively new class of materials that can exhibit excellent mechanical properties at high temperatures, and determining their melting temperature ( Tm) is critical to assess their range of operation. Unfortunately, the experimental determination of this property is challenging and computational tools to predict the Tm of RCCAs from first-principles calculations are highly desirable. We quantify the uncertainties associated with such predictions for two methods that can be used with density functional theory-based molecular dynamics and apply them to predict the melting temperature of equiatomic NbMoTaW. We find that a combination of free energy calculations of individual phases with a dynamical coexistence method can provide accurate results with the minimum possible computational cost. We predict the melting temperature for the RCCA NbMoTaW to be between 3000 and 3100 K.

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29

Kamberović, Željko, Nataša Gajić, Marija Korać, Sanja Jevtić, Miroslav Sokić, and Jovica Stojanović. "Technologically Sustainable Route for Metals Valorization from Jarosite-PbAg Sludge." Minerals 11, no. 3 (February 28, 2021): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11030255.

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By-products from zinc hydrometallurgy are classified as hazardous waste with strong leaching toxicities. Even though numerous research papers are dedicated to valorizing valuable metals in it, the primary management route is still disposal or partial reuse, such as the Waelz process. Presented experimental research investigates possibilities of sulfidization and further processing as a technologically sustainable route for valuable metals valorization from non-standard jarosite-PbAg sludge. The comprehensive thermodynamic analysis was done by HSC Chemistry®, through optimizing process parameters, i.e., temperature, sulfur addition, and selection of possible additives. Technological possibility of magnetic separation, flotation, and smelting of sulfidized material was also investigated; the results were below the values that allow practical application, due to the obtained texture of sulfidized jarosite, which does not allow the liberation of minerals. Smelting tests were performed on sulfidized jarosite with sulfur and without and with carbon as additive. By smelting sulfidized jarosite-PbAg sludge with added carbon in sulfidization stage at 1375 °C, obtained products were matte, slag, raw lead, and dust in which base, critical, and slag forming components were valorized. Valuable metals were concentrated in smelting products so as to enable further processing, which also could be interesting in the case of treatment of complex, polymetallic, and refractory primary materials, which represent a significant contribution to the circular economy.

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30

Simić, Lidija, Rebeka Rudolf, Peter Majerič, and Ivan Anžel. "Cast Microstructure of a Complex Concentrated Noble Alloy Ag20Pd20Pt20Cu20Ni20." Materials 15, no. 14 (July 8, 2022): 4788. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15144788.

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A complex concentrated noble alloy (CCNA) of equiatomic composition (Ag20Pd20Pt20Cu20Ni20–20 at. %) was studied as a potential high—performance material. The equiatomic composition was used so that this alloy could be classified in the subgroup of high—entropy alloys (HEA). The alloy was prepared by induction melting at atmospheric pressure, using high purity elements. The degree of metastability of the cast state was estimated on the basis of changes in the microstructure during annealing at high temperatures in a protective atmosphere of argon. Characterisation of the metallographically prepared samples was performed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and X–ray diffraction (XRD). Observation shows that the microstructure of the CCNA is in a very metastable state and multiphase, consisting of a continuous base of dendritic solidification—a matrix with an interdendritic region without other microstructural components and complex spheres. A model of the probable flow of metastable solidification of the studied alloy was proposed, based on the separation of L—melts into L1 (rich in Ni) and L2 (rich in Ag). The phenomenon of liquid phase separation in the considered CCNA is based on the monotectic reaction in the Ag−Ni system.

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31

Kuriplach, J., J. Čížek, T. Vlasák, O. Melikhova, F. Lukáč, J. Zýka, and J. Málek. "Behavior of Positrons in the HfNbTaTiZr Complex Concentrated Alloy." Acta Physica Polonica A 137, no. 2 (February 2020): 260–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.12693/aphyspola.137.260.

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32

Badea, Ioana-Cristina, Ioana Csaki, Beatrice-Adriana Serban, Nicolae Constantin, Dumitru Mitrica, Marian Burada, Ioana Anasiei, Mihai Tudor Olaru, Andreea-Nicoleta Ghita, and Ana-Maria Julieta Popescu. "Characterisation of a Novel Complex Concentrated Alloy for Marine Applications." Materials 15, no. 9 (May 6, 2022): 3345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15093345.

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Complex concentrated alloys (CCAs) are a new family of materials with near equimolar compositions that fluctuate depending on the characteristics and destination of the material. CCAs expand the compositional limits of the traditional alloys, displaying new pathways in material design. A novel light density Al5Cu0.5Si0.2Zn1.5Mg0.2 alloy was studied to determine the structural particularities and related properties. The alloy was prepared in an induction furnace and then annealed under a protective atmosphere. The resulted specimens were analysed by chemical, structural, mechanical, and corrosion resistance. The structural analyses revealed a predominant FCC and BCC solid solution structure. The alloy produced a compression strength of 500–600 MPa, comparable with conventional aluminium alloys. The corrosion resistance in 3.5% NaCl solution was 0.3424 mm/year for as-cast and 0.1972 mm/year for heat-treated alloy, superior to steel, making the alloy a good candidate for marine applications.

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33

Cao, Fuhua, Yan Chen, Shiteng Zhao, En Ma, and Lanhong Dai. "Grain boundary phase transformation in a CrCoNi complex concentrated alloy." Acta Materialia 209 (May 2021): 116786. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2021.116786.

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34

Nair, Rakesh B., Harpreet S. Arora, and Harpreet Singh Grewal. "Slurry Erosion–Corrosion of Bimodal Complex Concentrated Alloy Composite Cladding." Advanced Engineering Materials 22, no. 12 (August 28, 2020): 2000626. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adem.202000626.

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35

Wu, Junxia, Peiyou Li, Hongfeng Dong, Yuefei Jia, Yaling Liu, Wei Zhang, and Mina Zhang. "Composition design, microstructure, and mechanical properties of novel Ti–Co–Ni–Zr complex concentrated alloys." International Journal of Materials Research 112, no. 11 (November 1, 2021): 880–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijmr-2021-8196.

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Abstract The composition design of complex concentrated alloys originates from the composition design of amorphous alloys. To expand the composition design of alloys, herein, the compositions of novel Ti–Co–Ni–Zr complex concentrated alloys were obtained by the proportional mixing of Ti2Co intermetallics and Ni64Zr36 binary eutectic. The theory and method of this new alloy design are also discussed. The as-cast Ti28Co14Ni37.12Zr20.88, Ti30Co15Ni35.2Zr19.8, and Ti32 . Co16Ni33.3Zr18.7 alloys were composed of body-centered cubic TiNi and Ti2Ni phases. The Ti28Co14Ni37.12Zr20.88 alloy exhibited high yield strength (2 164 MPa) and compressive strength (2 539 MPa) under quasi-static compression at roomtemperature. The high strength of Ti28Co14Ni37.12Zr20.88 alloy is related to the precipitation of Ti2Ni along the grain boundary and the precipitation in the crystal. This paper validates that using the proportional mixing method of intermetallics and eutectic alloy is an effective method to design complex concentrated alloys with high strength.

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36

Mukherjee, Sundeep. "Complex Concentrated Alloys (CCAs)—Current Understanding and Future Opportunities." Metals 10, no. 9 (September 17, 2020): 1253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10091253.

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Complex concentrated alloys with multiple principal elements represent a new paradigm in alloy design by focusing on the central region of a multi-component phase space and show a promising range of properties unachievable in conventional alloys [...]

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37

Simić, Lidija, Srećko Stopić, Bernd Friedrich, Matej Zadravec, Žiga Jelen, Rajko Bobovnik, Ivan Anžel, and Rebeka Rudolf. "Synthesis of Complex Concentrated Nanoparticles by Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis and Lyophilisation." Metals 12, no. 11 (October 24, 2022): 1802. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12111802.

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The development of new multicomponent nanoparticles is gaining increasing importance due to their specific functional properties, i.e., synthesised new complex concentrated nanoparticles (CCNPs) in the form of powder using ultrasonic spray pyrolysis (USP) and lyophilisation from the initial cast Ag20Pd20Pt20Cu20Ni20 alloy, which was in the function of the material after its catalytic abilities had been exhausted. Hydrometallurgical treatment was used to dissolve the cast alloy, from which the USP precursor was prepared. As a consequence of the incomplete dissolution of the cast alloy and the formation of Pt and Ni complexes, it was found that the complete recycling of the alloy is not possible. A microstructural examination of the synthesised CCNPs showed that round and mostly spherical (not 100%) nanoparticles were formed, with an average diameter of 200 nm. Research has shown that CCNPs belong to the group with medium entropy characteristics. A mechanism for the formation of CCNPs is proposed, based on the thermochemical analysis of element reduction with the help of H2 and based on the mixing enthalpy of binary systems.

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38

Grewal, H. S., R. B. Nair, and H. S. Arora. "Complex concentrated alloy bimodal composite claddings with enhanced cavitation erosion resistance." Surface and Coatings Technology 392 (June 2020): 125751. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2020.125751.

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39

Sonkusare, Reshma, Aditya Swain, M. R. Rahul, Sumanta Samal, N. P. Gurao, Krishanu Biswas, Sudhanshu S. Singh, and N. Nayan. "Establishing processing-microstructure-property paradigm in complex concentrated equiatomic CoCuFeMnNi alloy." Materials Science and Engineering: A 759 (June 2019): 415–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2019.04.096.

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40

Han, Xiu Li, Chang Cun Li, Li Na Liu, Ming Yan Yao, and Xin Fu Liu. "Research on Technological Mineralogy of Refractory Hematite Ore." Applied Mechanics and Materials 117-119 (October 2011): 1479–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.117-119.1479.

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The characteristics of the texture, dissemination grain size, mineral composition and content of the refractory hematite ore are researched systematically. The result shows that: the ore is be of colloidal texture, complex mineral contents, fine dissemination grain size, so the ore is difficult to be separated. In order to get the idea result of processing, the ore must be ginded and concentrated stagely.

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41

Dasari, Sriswaroop, Varun Chaudhary, Bharat Gwalani, Abhinav Jagetia, Vishal Soni, Stephane Gorsse, Raju V. Ramanujan, and Rajarshi Banerjee. "Highly tunable magnetic and mechanical properties in an Al0.3CoFeNi complex concentrated alloy." Materialia 12 (August 2020): 100755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mtla.2020.100755.

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42

Schliephake, Daniel, Alexander E. Medvedev, Mohammad K. Imran, Susanne Obert, Daniel Fabijanic, Martin Heilmaier, Andrey Molotnikov, and Xinhua Wu. "Precipitation behaviour and mechanical properties of a novel Al0.5MoTaTi complex concentrated alloy." Scripta Materialia 173 (December 2019): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2019.07.033.

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43

Yurchenko, Nikita, Evgeniya Panina, Sergey Zherebtsov, Gennady Salishchev, and Nikita Stepanov. "Oxidation Behavior of Refractory AlNbTiVZr0.25 High-Entropy Alloy." Materials 11, no. 12 (December 12, 2018): 2526. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11122526.

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Oxidation behavior of a refractory AlNbTiVZr0.25 high-entropy alloy at 600–900 °C was investigated. At 600–700 °C, two-stage oxidation kinetics was found: Nearly parabolic oxidation (n = 0.46–0.48) at the first stage, transitioned to breakaway oxidation (n = 0.75–0.72) at the second stage. At 800 °C, the oxidation kinetics was nearly linear (n = 0.92) throughout the entire duration of testing. At 900 °C, the specimen disintegrated after 50 h of testing. The specific mass gains were estimated to be 7.2, 38.1, and 107.5, and 225.5 mg/cm2 at 600, 700, and 800 °C for 100 h, and 900 °C for 50 h, respectively. Phase compositions and morphology of the oxide scales were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was shown that the surface layer at 600 °C consisted of the V2O5, VO2, TiO2, Nb2O5, and TiNb2O7 oxides. Meanwhile, the scale at 900 °C comprised of complex TiNb2O7, AlNbO4, and Nb2Zr6O17 oxides. The oxidation mechanisms operating at different temperatures were discussed and a comparison of oxidation characteristics with the other alloys was conducted.

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44

Stepanov, Nikita, and Sergey Zherebtsov. "Design of High-Entropy Alloys." Metals 12, no. 6 (June 11, 2022): 1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12061003.

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45

Choudhuri, Deep, Shivakant Shukla, Whitley B. Green, Bharat Gwalani, Victor Ageh, Rajarshi Banerjee, and Rajiv S. Mishra. "Crystallographically degenerate B2 precipitation in a plastically deformed fcc-based complex concentrated alloy." Materials Research Letters 6, no. 3 (January 22, 2018): 171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21663831.2018.1426649.

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46

Nartu, M. S. K. K. Y., A. Jagetia, V. Chaudhary, S. A. Mantri, E. Ivanov, N. B. Dahotre, R. V. Ramanujan, and R. Banerjee. "Magnetic and mechanical properties of an additively manufactured equiatomic CoFeNi complex concentrated alloy." Scripta Materialia 187 (October 2020): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2020.05.063.

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47

Nair, Rakesh B., H. S. Arora, and H. S. Grewal. "Microwave synthesized complex concentrated alloy coatings: Plausible solution to cavitation induced erosion-corrosion." Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 50 (January 2019): 114–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.09.004.

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48

Dasari, S., A. Sarkar, A. Sharma, B. Gwalani, D. Choudhuri, V. Soni, S. Manda, I. Samajdar, and R. Banerjee. "Recovery of cold-worked Al0.3CoCrFeNi complex concentrated alloy through twinning assisted B2 precipitation." Acta Materialia 202 (January 2021): 448–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2020.10.071.

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49

Borkar, T., B. Gwalani, D. Choudhuri, T. Alam, A. S. Mantri, M. A. Gibson, and R. Banerjee. "Hierarchical multi-scale microstructural evolution in an as-cast Al2CuCrFeNi2 complex concentrated alloy." Intermetallics 71 (April 2016): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2015.12.013.

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50

Mitrica, Dumitru, Ioana Cristina Badea, Mihai Tudor Olaru, Beatrice Adriana Serban, Denisa Vonica, Marian Burada, Victor Geanta, et al. "Modeling and Experimental Results of Selected Lightweight Complex Concentrated Alloys, before and after Heat Treatment." Materials 13, no. 19 (September 29, 2020): 4330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13194330.

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Lightweight complex concentrated alloys (LWCCA), composed of elements with low density, have become a great area of interest due to the high demand in a large number of applications. Previous research on LWCCAs was focused on high entropy multicomponent alloy systems that provide low density and high capability of solid solution formation. Present research introduces two alloy systems (Al-Cu-Si-Zn-Mg and Al-Mn-Zn-Mg-Si) that contain readily available and inexpensive starting materials and have potential for solid solution formation structures. For the selection of appropriate compositions, authors applied semi-empirical criteria and optimization software. Specialized modeling software (MatCalc) was used to determine probable alloy structures by CALPHAD, non-equilibrium solidification and kinetic simulations. The selected alloys were prepared in an induction furnace. Specimens were heat treated to provide stable structures. Physicochemical, microstructural, and mechanical characterization was performed for the selected alloy compositions. Modeling and experimental results indicated solid solution-based structures in the as-cast and heat-treated samples. Several intermetallic phases were present at higher concentrations than in the conventional alloys. Alloys presented a brittle structure with compression strength of 486–618 MPa and hardness of 268–283 HV. The potential for uniform intermetallic phase distribution in the selected alloys makes them good candidates for applications were low weight and high resistance is required.

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